Lecture-8

Introduction to Smart Grid

Electrical Engineering department

Umm Al-Qura University

Dr. Omar Abdulaziz Hafez

 This Topic …
• Increase in energy demand is one of the major challenges that utilities
are faced with.
• Environmental pollution and global warming.
• Also, one of the main goal of Saudi Arabia vision 2030 is to achieve
environmental sustainability,
• Therefore, the Government of Saudi Arabia has chalked out a path to
move toward a green, clean, economy, reliable, and smart electric power
grid.

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 2

Topic Content
— Why we need a Smart Grid
— INTRODUCTION TO THE SMART GRID
— Introduction to the smart grid, including objectives and
functions, views of the smart grid within the industry,
and design criteria.
— ELECTRIC GRID
— Overview of the electric grid, covering traditional grid
components and new grid technologies, such as energy
storage, distributed generation, and micro-grids.

Slide 3
 Topic Content
— SMART GRID CONTROL ELEMENTS
— Smart grid control elements required to monitor and
control the grid, such as smart meters, sensors, and
phasor measurement units.
— COMMUNICATIONS AND INTEROPERABILITY
— Communications and interoperability, including
communications requirements, reliability, security, and
technologies, from power-line communications to
wireless.
— SMART GRID OPERATIONS AND ECONOMICS
— Smart grid operations and economics, covering control
and management functions, smart grid (ED), operations
architectures (OPF), and information models.
Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 4
 Topic Content
— SMART GRID APPLICATIONS
— Smart grid applications, covering demand response and
demand side management, advanced metering
infrastructure, energy efficiency.
— CHALLENGES AND SUMMARY
— Smart grid challenges that need to be met, including
research topics and implementation considerations.

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 5

 INTRODUCION …
— Introduction to Smart Grid and power grid operation:
generation, transmission, distribution, And end-user.
— What is Smart Grid?
— Distributed energy resources.
— Integration of intermittent renewable generation
— Wind/solar power output & forecasting
— Micro-grids
— Energy storage
— Electrical vehicles
— Examples of different application of Smart Grid; Demand
response, Demand side management, Advanced Metering
Infrastructure
Slide 6
INTRODUCION …

Slide 7
INTRODUCION …

Slide 8
 Smart Grid Benefits …
— Improving Power Reliability and Quality
— Minimizing the Need to Construct new Power Plants
— Enhancing the capacity and efficiency of existing grid
— Improving Resilience to Disruption and Being Self-Healing
— Expanding Deployment of Renewable
and Distributed Energy Sources
— Automating maintenance and operation
— Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and oil consumption
— Enabling transition to plug-in electric vehicles & V2G
— Increasing consumer choice (home automation &
Energy smart appliances)
Slide 9
 (SGCN) Smart GRID Comm. Network
Microgrid

Smart
Substation Substation Customer
Meter
Non-renewable Enegy Electric Vehicle

Microgrid
Wind Enegy Solar Enegy

Power Generation Power Transmission Grid Power Distribution Grid Power Consumption

(a) Power System Layer

Wireless
Backhaul
Control Center
Concentrator Smart
Base Home
Station Device
Wired Backhaul Smart
Network Meter
Data Aggregation
Point (DAP)

Wide Area Network (WAN) Neighbor Area Network (NAN) Home Area Network (HAN)

(b) Communications Layer

The overall layered architecture of SG

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 10

 (SGCN) Smart GRID Comm. Network
Home Area Network (HAN):
Which is an information and communication network formed by
appliances and devices within a home to support different
distributed applications (e.g. smart metering and energy
management in the consumer premises).
Neighborhood Area Network (NAN):
Which collects data from multiple HANs and deliver the data to a
data concentrator.
Wide Area Network (WAN):
Which is the data transport network that carries metering data to
central control centers; and Gateway which is the device that
collects or measures energy usage information from the HAN
members (and of the home as a whole) and transmits this data to
interested parties.
Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University
Smart Grid Needs Secure Communications

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University

SMART GRID SECURITY AND PRIVACY
ISSUES
Cyber-physical security:
• Power stations and SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) systems have
always been targeted by hackers.
• Once an entry point is found, it becomes easier for the attacker to cascade an attack
down the smart grid.
• For example, compromising the real-time pricing channel may result in energy
theft or remote control of appliances.
• Also the attacker he might be able to send smart meters a demand response
command interrupting supply.
• The interruption can be made permanent by also commanding all the meters to
change their keys to some new value only known to the attacker.
The impact can be enormous: millions of homes could be left without power until they
are locally replaced or rehashed with authentic keys, people, health and safety suffer,
and businesses could lose millions.

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University 12/2/18 13

SMART GRID SECURITY AND PRIVACY
ISSUES
Privacy:
Currently, the smart grid privacy problem is highlighted by Non-intrusive
Appliance Load Monitoring (NALM) technologies that use energy
measurements to extract detailed information regarding domestic appliance.

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University 12/2/18 14

 Examples of Smart Grid Applications :

• Energy Storage System

• Electrical Vehicles

• Demand Response

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University 12/2/18 15

 Energy Storage System (ESS)
— Why?

— Types of storage

— Which is better?

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 16

 Why Energy Storage System?
— Balance supply and demand

— Load leveling

— Load shifting

— UPS – Uninterruptible Power Supply

— Potential to save fuel and cost

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 17

 Types of Energy Storage
ESS can be classified as
— Mechanical Energy Storage.
— Magnetic Energy Storage.
— Thermal Energy Storage.
— Chemical Energy Storage.

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 18

 Mechanical Energy Storage
Fly Wheels
— Kinetic energy storage
— Changed from heavy rotors to fast rotors
— Turn around efficiency up to 85%
— Short-term storage

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 19

Compressed Air Energy Storage

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 20

Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 21

Battery Energy Storage

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 22

 Which is better?
Ø Comparing one method of energy storage with another is
pointless.
Ø The reason - None of them are optimal for all purposes.
Ø Different storage methods differ in capacity and maximum
usable storage time.
Ø For large scale storage Underground thermal, pumped hydro
and compressed air energy storage systems are preferable.
Ø Superconductors can store energy with negligible losses.
Ø Fuel cells are a viable alternative to petrol engines due to their
high efficiency.
Ø Flywheels have a narrow range and are not an answer for large
scale operations.

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 23

Electrical Vehicles
— Definition of Electric Vehicles
— How Does a PHEV or HEV Work
— Charging Levels
— Electrical Vehicles Benefits
— V2G

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 24

 Definition of Electric Vehicles
EV: Electric Vehicle PHEV: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
BEV: Battery-only Electric Vehicle EREV: Extended Range Electric Vehicle

Combustion
Engine

Electric Motor
Electric Motor Generator

Batteries
Battery Batteries
Batteries

Gasoline

25
Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 25
 How Does a PHEV or HEV Work?
PHEV
HEV Ø PHEVs overcome the range
problem of BEVs
Combustion Ø Electric-only range vary with
Engine battery size
Ø PHEV20 = 20 miles range
Ø PHEV40 = 40 miles range
Electric Motor
Generator
Ø PHEVs well suited for our daily
Battery
driving patterns
5-15 kWh Ø 50% of all daily drives <25 miles
Ø 80% of all daily drives <50 miles
Battery
1 kWh Ø Average daily driving=33 miles
Batteries
Additional Batteries

Gasoline

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 26

Charging Levels

Charging outside: 120V (Level 1) Charging inside: 240V (Level 2)

With 120V: 8-12 hours charging With 240V: 1-3 hours charging

(Home Charging)
Fast Charging in 15 Minutes using DC
electricity (Public Charging)
DC plug

240V (AC) DC connection

(Level 2) (Level 3) DC connection 240V (AC)
(Level 3) (Level 2)
Electrical Vehicles Benefits

– Reduced emissions
– Reduced oil consumption
– Enhanced cost-effectiveness
– Improved demand-side management?
– Flexibility to integrate renewable and distributed energy
resources?
– Improved reliability?

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 29

Vehicle 2 Grid

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 30

 Demand Response
• Changes in electric usage by end-use customers from their normal
consumption patterns in response to changes in the price of electricity over
time.

• or to incentive payments designed to induce lower electricity use at times of

high wholesale market prices.

• or when system reliability is at risk.

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 31

 What is Demand Response (DR)?
§ DR is set of action taken to reduce electric loads when:

„ Contingencies, such as emergencies or congestion, occur that threaten the

supply-demand balance
-OR-

„ Market Conditions occur that raise electric supply costs

§ The goals are to improve electric grid reliability and lower use of electricity
during peak demand

§ DR is high priority electricity – second only to Energy Efficiency in the

Energy Action Plan’s “loading order”

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 32

 Types of Demand Response
§ Load response for reliability purposes:
„ Direct load control, partial, or curtailable load reductions (e.g., Air
Conditioning Cycling)
„ Complete load interruptions
„ Use of AutoDR technologies

§ Price response by end-use customers:

„ Time Varied Rates: Real-Time Pricing (RTP), Critical Peak Pricing
(CPP), Time-of-Use rates (TOU)
„ Demand Bidding Programs
„ Capacity Bidding Programs
„ Aggregator Managed Programs

§ Programs that bid directly in the CAISO’s wholesale

markets
Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 33
 Example of Demand Response

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 34

 Example of Demand Response

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 35

 Read about Smart Meter please !

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 36

For more information please read the following
Paper:
• For more information on different smart grid cyber security attacks and threat
impact, interested readers are referred to the NIST guidelines [A].

• Z. Fan, P. Kulkarni, S. Gormus, C. Efthymiou, G. Kalogridis, M. Sooriyabandara,

Z. Zhu, S. Lambotharan, and W. Hau Chin, “Smart Grid Communications:
Overview of Research Challenges, Solutions, and Standardization
Activities” IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, ACCEPTED
FOR PUBLICATION.
And
• HANDBOOK ON GREEN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
“Chapter 5: Smart Grid Communications Networks: Wireless Technologies,
Protocols, Issues and Standards”.

Electrical Engineering Umm Al-Qura University Slide 37

Class homepage