‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ )‪ (30‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ـ ‪2014‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ‬

‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (C12E7‬ﻭﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻨﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ )‪(SDBS‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﺯﻴﺠﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫)‪(3‬‬ ‫) ‪(2‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺯﺭﺓ‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﺎل ﺃﺒﻭ ﻟﺒﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻹﻴﺩﺍﻉ ‪2013/06/10‬‬
‫ﻗﺒل ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻓﻲ ‪2013/12/03‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﱠﺹ‬
‫ﻗِﻴﺱ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺯﻤﺭﺓ ﺇﻴﺘﻭﻜـﺴﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺤـﻭل‬
‫)‪ [CH3(CH2)10CH2(OCH2CH2)7OH] (C12E7‬ﻭﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻨﻴﻭﻨﻴـﺔ ﺩﻭﺩﻭﺴـﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺴﻠﻔﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ )‪ [CH3(CH2)10CH2C6H4SO3Na] (SDBS‬ﻭﻤﺯﻴﺠﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ‪ ،Du.Nouy‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ )‪ ،(298 ˚k ±2‬ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜل ﻟﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﻗﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻟﻭﻏﺎﺭﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﻴـﻴﻥ ﻗـﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺝ ‪critical micelle‬‬
‫‪ ،(CMC) concentrations‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟـﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻅﻤـﻲ‪(Гmax) maximum surface excess‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺸﻐﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻱﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻁﺢ ‪،(Amin) minimum area per molecule‬‬
‫ﻭﻁﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻱﺀ )‪ ،(δ‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺯﺍﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺀ – ﻫﻭﺍﺀ )‪.(α‬‬
‫ﻭﻗِﻴﺴﺕﹾ ﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻋـﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻔﺎﺕ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ )‪ (%7‬ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻨﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺒﺘـﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻔـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻭﺓ )‪.(2011/272‬‬
‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺤ‪‬ﺩ‪‬ﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴـﺯ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ‪ %4 ،%2‬ﻭ‪ %6‬ﻓـﻲ ﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜـﺭ‬
‫‪ Cloud Point‬ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ )‪ ،%1 (C12E7‬ﻭﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨـﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺎﻨﻲ )‪Tcl=f(c‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻟﻜل ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﻴﺘﻭﻜﺴﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺩﻭﺴـﻴل ﺒﻨـﺯﻥ ﺴـﻠﻔﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﻴﺘـﺎ ﺴـﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺭﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺒﺭﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺘﺭﻱ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﺘﻴل ﺴﻴﻠﻭﻜﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪ C12E7‬ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ‪( ) ،‬ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻑ‪( )،‬ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬

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 ... ‫ﺃﺒﻭ ﻟﺒﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺯﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺔ ـ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬

A Study of the surface properties of the aqueous

solution of nonionic surfactant (C12E7), anionic
surfactant (SDBS) and their mixture, and the
effect of adding organic and inorganic
compounds to their solutions
M. Abou Lebdeh(1); Y. W. Al-Bizreh(2) , M. Al-Jebeh(3)
Received 10/06/2013
Accepted 03/12/2013

ABSTRACT
Surface tension measurement were carried out for nonionic surfactant
Alcohol Ethoxylated (C12E7) and anionic surfactant Sodium Dodecyl Benzene
Sulphonate (SDBS) and their mixture by means of Du Nouy ring tensiometer in
aqueous solution, at room temperature (298˚K±2), Critical micelle
concentration (CMC), maximum surface excess (Γmax), minimum area per
molecule (Amin) and equilibrium constant of adsorption at water-air interfaces
were evaluated from a surface tension vs log10C plot(C is concentration). The
effect of adding organic or inorganic compounds used mainly in detergents on
the surface tension values has been studied in the condition that the
concentration of surfactant (7%) and the concentration of any additive is the
concentration mentioned in the Syrian National Standard (SASMO) for low
foam household detergent (272/2011).
Also the effect of adding the previous compounds at different concentrations
2%,4%, 6% on the cloud point of nonionic surfactant (C12E7) 1% has been
studied, and changes of the cloud point with concentration of each compound
separately Tcl = f (c) has been plotted.

Keywords: Alcohol Ethoxylates, Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulphonate,

Sodium Carbonate, Metasilcate, Percarbonate, Barborate,
TripolyPhosphate, Polydimethylesiloxane, cloud point of the
C12E7 nonionic surfactant in the presence of those
compounds.

(1)
MSC., Student, (2)Superviser, (3) Associated Superviser, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Damascus University, Syria.

230
 ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ )‪ (30‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ـ ‪2014‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺩ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ‪ Surfactant‬ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺃﺴـﺎﹰ ﻗﻁﺒﻴـﺎﹰ ﻫﻴـﺩﺭﻭﻓﻴﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﺫﻴـﻼﹰ ﻻﻗﻁﺒﻴـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﻓﻭﺒﻴﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﺘﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻨﻴﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻭﻱ ‪ micelle‬ﻴﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻓﻭﺒﻲ ﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤـﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻓﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺯ ﺒـﺎﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺴﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ‪.(CMC) critical micelle concentration‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻜﺎﺘﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺫﺒﺫﺒﺔ ]‪.[1‬‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤل ﻟﻠﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋـﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻨﻴﻭﻥ ﻁﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻁﺎﺌﻔﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻷﻤﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻤـﻭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﻤﺔ )‪ (RCOOM‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﺎﺒﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻤﻼﺡ ﺤﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻟﻔﻭ )ﺩﻭﺩﻭﺴﻴل‬
‫ﺒﻨﺯﻥ ﺴﻭﻟﻔﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‪[2] .(C12H25C6H4SO3-Na+‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺘﺘﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺘﻜﺎﺜﻑ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻹﺘﻴﻠﻴﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻏﻭﺍل ﺩﺴﻤﺔ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻤﺜﺎل ﺫﻟﻙ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻴﺘﻭﻜﺴﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺴﻤﺔ ‪ R-O (CH2-CH2 O)nH‬ﻭﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ‪ C12E7‬ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟـﺼﻴﻐﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪C12H25(CH2CH2 O)7H‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﻴﺘﻭﻜﺴﻴﻼﺕ ﺃﻟﻜﻴل ﻓﻴﻨﻭل ‪R-C6H4 O (CH2CH2O)nH‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﻌﺩ‪ ‬ﺇﻴﺘﻭﻜﺴﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭﻻﺕ ﻜﺒﺩﻴل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺇﻴﺘﻭﻜﺴﻴﻼﺕ ﺃﻟﻜﻴل ﻓﻨـﻭل ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﺫﹾ ﺘﺘﻤﻴ‪‬ﺯ ﺒﺘﻔﻜﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻷﻗل‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﺎﻨﺤﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ )ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﺘـﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺘﻠـﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺤﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ( ﻭﺭﻏﻭﺓ ﻤﻨﺨﻔـﻀﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺜﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ ﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻁﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﺓ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ]‪. [3‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺒﻭ ﻟﺒﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺯﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺔ ـ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪...‬‬

‫ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻨﺤﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻤﺎﻫﺔ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻴﺘﻭﻜﺴﻴﻼﺕ ﺇﺫﹾ ﻴـﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻋـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﺭ ﺍﻹﻴﺘﻭﻜﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜـﻡ ﺘﺘﻌـﺯﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻓﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻲ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﺭ ﺍﻹﻴﺘﺭﻴﺔ ‪. [ 4].‬‬
‫]‪R-[ CH2-CH2-O‬‬
‫|‬
‫‪H-O-H‬‬
‫ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺍﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻨﺤـﻭ )‪ ،(Kcal/mol 29‬ﻓـﺴﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻴﺘﻭﻜﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺜـﻡ‪ ‬ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻨﺤﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻴﺤﺼل ﺍﻨﻔﺼﺎل ﻓﺠﺎﺌﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﻭﺭﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻨﻔـﺼﺎل ﺒﻨﻘﻁـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺒﺏ( )‪ ،Cloud Point (Tcl‬ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ ﺒﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺇﻴﺘﻭﻜـﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﺩ‪ ‬ﺒﻌﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻤﻴ‪‬ﺯﺍﹰ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻓﻴـﺴﺒﺏ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻫـﺎ ﻨـﺯﻉ‬
‫ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻫﺔ ﺒﺘﺨﺭﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ ﻭﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﻼﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺒﺎﻷﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ]‪.[4‬‬
‫ﻴ‪‬ﺤﺩ‪‬ﺩ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺴﻠﻭﻜﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺒﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ CMC‬ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﻨﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟـ ‪ CMC‬ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﹾ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻭﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻗﻠـﻴﻼﹰ‬
‫ﻤﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺤﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻭﺭﻏﻭﺓ ﺃﻗل‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪CMC‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﺘـﺄﺜﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻻﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ]‪ .[5‬ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ‪ CMC‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺤـﺩﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﺍﺌـﻕ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻤﻁﻴﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻟﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻱ ‪NMR ،[7 ،6] fluorescence spectroscopic techniques‬‬
‫]‪ ،[8 ،6‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ )‪ ،[9] Rayleigh scattering signal (RRS‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ،[10 ،1] Electrical conductivity‬ﻭﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ‪ surface tension‬ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻕ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ ﺍﻟﺨـﺼﺎﺌﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ .[15 –6 ،1] CMC‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻗﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻭﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺠﻴﺒﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺯﺍﺯ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ‪ Гmax‬ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻅﻤﻲ )ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺯﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟـﺴﻁﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼل ﻤﺎﺀ‪ /‬ﻫﻭﺍﺀ(‪ ،‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭﻴﺔ ‪ Amin‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴـﺸﻐﻠﻬﺎ ﺠـﺯﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ δ‬ﻁﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻱﺀ ﻭ‪ K‬ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺯﺍﺯ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ )‪ (30‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ـ ‪2014‬‬

‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﻡ ﻭﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺤﻼﺏ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﻋـﺎﺩﺓﹰ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺯﻴﺞ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎﹰ ﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﺯﺍﺌﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﺘﻨﻘﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟـﻙ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﺌﺞ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﻓﺭﺍﺩﻴﺔ ]‪ .[15 ،12 ،9 ،7‬ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴـﻊ ﻻﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺯﺍﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﺸﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻤﺯﺍﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺫﹾ ﺘـﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟـﺔ ﺴـﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ‬
‫ﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻤﻴﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﻤﺯﻴﺠﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫‪ CMC‬ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺇﻓـﺭﺍﺩﻱ ﺒـﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻌـل ﺍﻟﺘـﺂﺯﺭ ‪،synergistic‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻴﺞ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﻤﺯﺝ ﻤـﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺎﺠﺯﺍﹰ ﻴﻌﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨـﺎﻓﺭ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟـﺭﺅﻭﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ .[11 ،9 ،7] CMC‬ﻭﻗـﺩ ﻻ ﻴﺤـﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘـﺂﺯﺭ ]‪[13 ،12‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺩﺭﺱ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﺯﺭ ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻭ‪ CMC‬ﻟﻠﻤﺯﻴﺞ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺠﻭﺱ ﻭﻤﻴﻠﻠﺭ ‪ .Miller, Joos‬ﺃﻴـﻀﺎﹰ ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘـﺅﺜﺭ‬
‫ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﺤﺎﺠﺯ ﻴﻌﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟـﺭﺅﻭﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ؛ ﻤﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ،CMC‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﹰ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺎﹰ ﺇﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪.[16] CMC‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻨﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺯﻴﺠﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﻁﺭﺍﺌﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤـل‬
‫ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻔﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻴﺘﻭﻜﺴﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ )‪ (C12-H25(OCH2CH2) 7OH‬ﻜﺘﻠﺘـﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (g 501‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒـ )‪.(C12E7‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﻭﺩﻭﺴﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﻥ ﺴﻠﻔﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ )‪ (C12-H25C6H4SO3Na‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (g 348.48‬ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒـ )‪.(SDBS‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺒﻭ ﻟﺒﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺯﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺔ ـ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪...‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ )‪ (Na2CO3‬ﻨﻘﻲ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﹰ )‪(Merck‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻤﻴﺘﺎ ﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ )‪ (Na2SiO3‬ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺒﻴﺭﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ )‪ (Na2CO3. 1.5H2O2‬ﻨﻘﻲ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﹰ )‪.(Merck‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺒﺭﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ )‪ (NaBO2.H2O2.3H2O‬ﻨﻘﻲ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﹶ )‪.(Merck‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺘﺭﻱ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ )‪ ( Na5P3O10‬ﻨﻘﻲ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﹰ )‪.(Merck‬‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻴﺘﻴل ﺴﻴﻠﻭﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ‪) SEO-DST30‬ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ( ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟـﺴﻁﺤﻲ )‪(σ‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (Du Noüy‬ﺒﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻻﻗﺘﻼﻉ‬
‫ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻼﺘﻴﻥ – ﺇﻴﺭﻴﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ )‪(RR‬ﻋﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺴﺨﺎﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺨﻼﻁ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ‬
‫‪ BioCote‬ﺍﻻﺒﻜﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻡ ﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪.c˚100-10‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‪ :‬ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻴﺤﻀﺭ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠـﻭل ﺍﻷﻡ‬
‫)‪ ،(g/l 10‬ﻭﻴﻤﺩﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ‪15‬ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻻﹰ ﺒﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ )‪–0.3-0.7-1-3-7‬‬
‫‪.(g/l 0.0001–0.0003–0.0007–0.001–0.003–0.007–0.01-0.03-0.07-0.1‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻴﺤﻀﺭ ﻤﺯﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪0.5‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻷﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ )‪) (g/l 10‬ﺃﻭ ﺒﻤﺯﺝ ﺤﺠﻭﻡ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻠـﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ‪ (g/l 10‬ﻭﻴﻤﺩﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻴﺤﻀﺭ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﺯﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌـﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻋـﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (g/l 10‬ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻴﺭ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ‪ %15‬ﻭﺯﻨﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺘﻴﺔ )ﻤﻴﺘﺎ ﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ( ﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸـﻜل )‪ .%2 (SiO2‬ﺇﺫﹾ ﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ SiO2‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪.% 28.67‬‬

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 ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ )‪ (30‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ـ ‪2014‬‬

‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺒﻴﻀﺔ )ﺒﻴﺭﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺒﺭﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ( ﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻜﺄﻜـﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻓﻌـﺎل‬

‫‪.%2.5‬‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺯﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻌﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﺘﺭﻱ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ( ‪.%20‬‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺭﻏﻭﺓ )ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻴﺘﻴل ﺴﻴﻠﻭﻜﺴﺎﻥ( ‪. % 0.07‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﺩﺩ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 15‬ﻤﺤﻠﻭﻻﹰ ﺒﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻀﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻓﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻠﺢ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻴﺤﻀﺭ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ‪ %1‬ﻭﺯﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (C12E7‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﺯﺝ‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ‪ %2‬ﻭ‪ %4‬ﻭ‪ %6‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎﹰ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻴﺭﻴﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻏﺴﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺤﻭل ﺍﻹﻴﺘﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﺤﺭﻗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻠﻬﺏ ﺒﻨﺴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﻭﻴﻤﻸ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨـﺼﻔﻪ ﺒﺎﻟـﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻤـﺭﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺴـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺭﻓﻊ ﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ﺒﻨﺤﻭ ‪ ،cm 0.5‬ﻭﺘﺘـﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻬﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ‪،‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﺼﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺨﻔﺽ ﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻨﻔـﺼل ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺎﻤل ﻋﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‪ ،‬ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻻﻨﻔﺼﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺴﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل ‪ ،F‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ‪ -R) :‬ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪ – f ،‬ﻋﺎﻤل ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ(‪.‬‬
‫‪f×F‬‬
‫=‪σ‬‬
‫‪2πR‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺎﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﺭ )‪ .(mN/m 71.97 = σ‬ﻭﺘﹸﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻷﺨﻔﺽ ﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺯﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻗﺒل ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﺍﹰ‪ .‬ﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺤﻴـﺙ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠـﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺨﻁـﺄ) ‪.(mN/m 2±‬‬
‫ﺘﻀﺒﻁ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ k˚ 298‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺘﺭﻤﻭﺴﺘﺎﺕ ﻤﺎﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﺼﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﺒﺘـﺩﺍﺀ‪ ‬ﻤـﻥ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ‪ min/c˚3-5‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺨﻼﻁ ﻟﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ‪ ،‬ﻴﺅﺨـﺫ ‪ml 10‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﻔﺼل ﻭﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ .c˚100-10‬ﺒﺨﻁﺄ ‪ ،c˚1±‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻼﺤﻅ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺼﺎﻓﻴﺎﹰ ]‪.[20,4‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺒﻭ ﻟﺒﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺯﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺔ ـ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪...‬‬

‫ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎﹰ‪ :‬ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﺭﺴﻡ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﻴﺔ )‪ σ =f(logC‬ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﹾ ﻨﺤـﺼل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨـﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺒﺎﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻨـﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺒﻁﻴﺌﺄ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ،CMC‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻨﻪ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﻴﻥ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﹾ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪. CMC‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻅﻤـﻲ )‪(maximum surface excess Гm‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ )‪ σ0 – σ = f(lnC‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺨﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺸﻴﺸﻜﻭﻓﺴﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ]ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﺃﺼﻼﹰ ﻤـﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺠﻴـﺒﺱ ‪Gibbs equation‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (1‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺯﺍﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ[ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪(1‬‬
‫ﺘﻤﺜل ‪ α‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ﻤﻤﺩﺩﺓ ﺠـﺩﺍﹰ ﺘـﺼﺒﺢ ‪،α=c‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺸﻴﺸﻜﻭﻓﺴﻜﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺩﺩﺓ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪(2‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﹾ‪ ،b = ГmaxRT :‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻅﻤﻲ ‪: Гmax‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪(3‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﹾ‪ – R :‬ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪. J/mol.k 8.313‬‬
‫‪ -T‬ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺜﺒﺘﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒـﺔ ﻋﻨـﺩ ‪ c˚25 = k˚298‬ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺭﻤﻭﺴﺘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ‪ Гmax‬ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀﻲ ﻟﺠﺯﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺸﻐﻠﻬﺎ ﺠﺯﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼـﻠﺔ ‪ (m2) Amin‬ﺒﺤـﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪(4‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﹾ‪ -N0 :‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﻓﻭﻜﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪1023 × 6.023‬‬

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 ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ )‪ (30‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ـ ‪2014‬‬

‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻁﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻱﺀ ‪:(m) δ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪(5‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﹾ‪ – ρ :‬ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل )‪(kg/m3‬‬
‫‪ -M‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ) ‪.(kg‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (1‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ‪ σ0 – σ = 0‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ‪ lnkC = 0‬ﺃﻱ ‪ lnk = - lnC‬ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺯﺍﺯ ‪ k‬ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ σ0 – σ = f(lnC‬ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ‪. lnC‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺯﻴﺠﻬﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﻀﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﺒﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻟﻜل ﻤﺤﻠﻭل‪ ،‬ﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻲ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟـ ‪ C12E7‬ﻭ‪ SDBS‬ﻭﻤﺯﻴﺠﻬﻤﺎ‬

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 ‫ﺃﺒﻭ ﻟﺒﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺯﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺔ ـ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪...‬‬

‫ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ )‪) σ= f (logC‬ﺍﻟـﺸﻜل ‪ (1‬ﻭﻴـﺸﻤل‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻭﻟﻭﻏﺎﺭﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻟﻜل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ )ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨـﻰ ‪(1،2‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ‪ C12E7‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻴﺞ )ﻜﺴﺭ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ‪) (0.5:0.5‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ (3‬ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل )‪ ،(1‬ﺇﺫﹾ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺜﻼﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟـﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻤـﻊ ﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺨﻁﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺯ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﺇﺫﹾ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (1‬ﺘﺎﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﻏـﺎﺭﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺯ ﻟﻜـل ﻤـﻥ )‪،SDBS (2) ،C12E7 (1‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﻤﺯﻴﺞ )ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ ‪SDBS:C12E7 (0.5:0.5‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪ C12E7‬ﺃﻗل ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪33 ≈ σCMC(SDBS) : SDBS‬‬
‫‪ mN/m30 ≈ CMC(C12E7) , mN/m‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ ]‪ ،[18 ،17‬ﻤﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﻴﺩلﱡ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ‪ C12E7‬ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ‪ .SDBS‬ﻭﻤﺯﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ CMC‬ﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻼﻥ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟـﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺒﺘﻐﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺇﺫﹾ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻷﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﹾ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺴﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ ،CMC‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل )‪. (2،3،4‬‬

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 ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ )‪ (30‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ـ ‪2014‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (2‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ CMC‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪C12E7‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (3‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ CMC‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻷﻨﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪SDBS‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (4‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ CMC‬ﻟﻤﺯﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ )‪SDBS:C12E7(0.5:0.5‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺒﻭ ﻟﺒﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺯﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺔ ـ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪...‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻅﻤﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼل ﻤﺎﺀ‪/‬ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ‪ Гmax‬ﻭﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴـل ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺸﻴﺸﻜﻭﻓﺴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺘﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﻴﺔ )‪ σ0 – σ = f(lnC‬ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺯﻴﺠﻬﻤﺎ ﻜل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل )‪ (7 ،6 ،5‬ﺇﺫﹾ ‪ b‬ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺸﻴﺸﻜﻭﻓﺴﻜﻲ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ Гmax‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘـﺸﻐﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼل ‪ ،Amin‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻁﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻱﺀ ‪ δ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ )‪ .(5 ،4‬ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (7 ،6 ،5‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻘـﺎﻁﻊ‬
‫ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ‪ lnC‬ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ lnk‬ﺇﺫﹾ ‪ k‬ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺯﺍﺯ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (5‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﻴﺔ )‪ σ0 – σ = f(lnC‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪C12E7‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (6‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﻴﺔ )‪ σ0 – σ = f(lnC‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪SDBS‬‬

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 ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ )‪ (30‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ـ ‪2014‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (7‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﻴﺔ )‪ σ0 – σ = f(lnC‬ﻟﻤﺯﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ )‪SDBS:C12E7(0.5:0.5‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺯﻴﺠﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪.(2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2‬ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ‪ C12E7,SDBS‬ﻭﻤﺯﻴﺠﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ CMC‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪ C12E7‬ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪ SDBS‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹸ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ ]‪ [18 ،5‬ﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻗﻠﻴﻼﹰ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴـﺔ ‪= CMCC12E7‬‬
‫‪ [20] mol/l 3 × 10-3 = CMC SDBS [19] mol/l 8.7×10-5‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺨﻁﺄ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺭ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻀﻴﻕ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ CMC‬ﻟﻠﻤﺯﻴﺞ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﻨﺕ ‪.[14] Clint‬‬

‫‪ CMC* ،CMC2 ،CMC1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﻟــ ‪SDBS ،C12E7‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺯﻴﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺒﻭ ﻟﺒﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺯﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺔ ـ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪...‬‬

‫‪ –X1‬ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌـﻲ ﻟﻠﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟـﺔ ‪(C12E7 )1‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:0.5‬‬
‫‪ - n2 ،n1‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﻟـ ‪ .SDBS ، C12E7‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﹾ ﻴﺩل ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ *‪ ،mol/l 2.34*10-4 = CMC‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺎﹰ؛ ﻤﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﻴﺩلﱡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺘﺂﺯﺭ ‪ synergism‬ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1-2‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪:C12E7‬‬
‫ﻴﺤﻀﺭ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴـل‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪:(3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (3‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ C12E7‬ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ‬

‫ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﹾ ﻟـﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻼﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺘﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ σ = f (log C‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺠـﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠـﺢ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌـﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻷﺸـﻜﺎل‬
‫)‪:(8،9،10،11،12،13‬‬

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‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ )‪ (30‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ـ ‪2014‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (8‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪C12E7‬‬

‫‪(1) C12E7+Na2CO3,(2)C12E7‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (9‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻴﺘﺎ ﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪C12E7‬‬

‫‪(1) C12E7+Na2SiO3,(2)C12E7‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (10‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﺭ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪C12E7‬‬

‫‪(1) C12E7+Na2CO31.5H2O2 ,(2)C12E7‬‬

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‫ﺃﺒﻭ ﻟﺒﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺯﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺔ ـ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪...‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) ‪ (11‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻴﺭﻴﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪C12E7‬‬

‫‪(1) C12E7+NaBO2.H2O2.3H2O, (2)C12E7‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (12‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺭﻱ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪C12E7‬‬

‫‪(1) C12E7+Na5P3O10 ,(2)C12E7‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (13‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﻱ ﻤﺘﻴل ﺴﻴﻠﻭﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪C12E7‬‬

‫‪(1) C12E7+Polydimethylesiloxane ,(2)C12E7‬‬

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 ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ )‪ (30‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ـ ‪2014‬‬

‫ﺘﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﻪ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻗﺭﻴﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻴﺘﻴل ﺴﻴﻠﻭﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﹾ ﺘـﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺘﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ‪ σ‬ﻗﻠﻴﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﻡ ‪ CMC‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﻅﻬـﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ ،(4‬ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻗـل‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﻼﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻴﺘﻴل ﺴﻠﻭﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (4‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ‪ C12E7‬ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻼﺡ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻱ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﺘﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻴﺭ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺭﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻴل‬ ‫ﻓﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺴﻴﻠﻭﻜﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫‪7.92×10-5‬‬ ‫)‪9.50×10-5 1.01×10-4 9.89×10-5 1.26×10-4- 7.70×10-5 1.18×10--4 CMC (M‬‬

‫‪ -2-2‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪:SDBS‬‬
‫ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺩﻭﺩﻭﺴﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺯﻥ ﺴﻠﻔﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺤﻀﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺭﺓ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﹾ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪:(5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (5‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ SDBS‬ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ‬

‫ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺘﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻗـﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘـﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟـﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺯ‬
‫)‪ σ = f(logC‬ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻼﺡ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﹾ ﻨﺤـﺼل ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل )‪:(14،15،16،17،18،19‬‬

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‫ﺃﺒﻭ ﻟﺒﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺯﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺔ ـ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪...‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (14‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪SDBS‬‬

‫‪(1) SDBS+Na2CO3,(2)SDBS‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (15‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻴﺘﺎ ﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪SDBS‬‬

‫‪(1) SDBS+Na2SiO3,(2)SDBS‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (16‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﺭ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪SDBS‬‬

‫‪(1) SDBS+Na2CO3. 1.5H2O2 ,(2)SDBS‬‬

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‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ )‪ (30‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ـ ‪2014‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (17‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺭﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪SDBS‬‬

‫‪(1) SDBS+NaBO2.H2O2.3H2O, (2)SDBS‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (18‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺭﻱ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪SDBS‬‬

‫‪(1) SDBS+Na5P3O10 , (2) SDBS‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (19‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﺘﻴل ﺴﻴﻠﻭﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪SDBS‬‬

‫‪(1) SDBS+Polydimethylesiloxane, (2)SDBS‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺒﻭ ﻟﺒﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺯﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺔ ـ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪...‬‬

‫ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻷﻨﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻗـﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻜﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻟﻴـﺕ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (6‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻡ ‪ CMC‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (6‬ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ‪ SDBS‬ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻼﺡ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻱ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻴﺘﺎ ﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﺭ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺭﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻴل‬ ‫ﻓﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺴﻴﻠﻭﻜﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫‪1.58×10-3‬‬ ‫‪1.58×10-3‬‬ ‫‪3.33×10-3- 4.57×10-3‬‬ ‫)‪2.29×10-3 1.83×10-3 3.70×10--3 CMC (M‬‬

‫‪ -3-2‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ ﻟـ ‪ C12E7‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺱ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ )ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻤﻴﺘﺎ ﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴـﺭ ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨـﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺒﺭﺒﻭﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺘﺭﻱ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ( ﺒﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ‪ %6 ،%4 ،%2‬ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻅﻬـﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ‪ %1‬ﻤﻥ ـ ‪ .C12E7‬ﻭﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (17‬ﻟﻠﺨـﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻑ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (20‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ )‪T=f(c‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻟﻴﺕ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜـﺭ ﻭﺘﻨـﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﻼﻟﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻨﺯﻉ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻫﺔ ﺒﺘﺨﺭﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﺤﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺒﺎﻷﻴﻭﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺒـﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴـﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁـﻁ ‪ ،B O2-1<CO3-2≈SiO3-2<P3O10-5‬ﻭﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻲ ﻟﻸﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ )‪ (Cl-<CO4-2‬ﻤـﻥ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺇﻥ‪ ‬ﺍﻟـﺸﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻗل ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ )‪ (30‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ـ ‪2014‬‬

‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎﹰ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺱ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻷﻨﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪ SDBS‬ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ )‪،%2‬‬
‫‪ (%6 ،%4‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ‪ (%1) C12E7‬ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ﻜﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﺃﺩ‪‬ﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﻔـﺎﺀ ﻨﻘﻁـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻋﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻫﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺒﺎﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩ‪‬ﺭﺴﺕﹾ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻨﻴﻭﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﻤﺯﻴﺠﻬﻤـﺎ ﻭﺫﻟـﻙ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺒﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺤ‪‬ﺴﺒﺕِ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﻭﺤـﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻭ‪ CMC‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻗل ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺘـﺩل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻨﺤﻼﻟﻴﺘﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺠﻴـﺩ ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ )ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪ (c˚50‬ﻭﻴﻨﺼﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﻐﺴﻴل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻗل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﻤﺯﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﺨﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻜﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﺯﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺨﻔﺽ ﻗـﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ‪ CMC‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻷﻨﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻜﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺒﻴﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺨﺎﻓﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﻏﻭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺎﻟﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﻀﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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 ... ‫ﺃﺒﻭ ﻟﺒﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺯﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺔ ـ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺎﹰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬

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