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MM Ass2

This document contains a group assignment for a Multimedia Systems course. It includes definitions and explanations of key multimedia terms: 1) Quantization is the conversion of continuous values to discrete values by analog-to-digital converters. 2) Nyquist's sampling theorem states that a signal must be sampled at twice its highest frequency to be reproduced accurately. 3) It also addresses sampling and its role in multimedia, discussing areas where it is applied like audio, bit depth, speech and 3D sampling.

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93 views

MM Ass2

This document contains a group assignment for a Multimedia Systems course. It includes definitions and explanations of key multimedia terms: 1) Quantization is the conversion of continuous values to discrete values by analog-to-digital converters. 2) Nyquist's sampling theorem states that a signal must be sampled at twice its highest frequency to be reproduced accurately. 3) It also addresses sampling and its role in multimedia, discussing areas where it is applied like audio, bit depth, speech and 3D sampling.

Uploaded by

Waguma Leticia
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

NAKURU CAMPUS.

UNIT TITLE: MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS

UNIT CODE: ICS 2303

TASK: GROUP ASSIGNMENT 2

GROUP 1 MEMBERS

1. NANCY BISIERI – REG NO: SCT221-COO7-0425-2017


2. JOB NYANDUSI - REGNO: SCT221-COO7-0424-2017
3. GEOFFREY KIMANI – REG NO: SCT221-COO7-0297-2017

Due 24TH NOV 2020

NAKURU CAMPUS
MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS ASSIGNMENT 2
QUESTION 1
a) Define the following terms as used in multimedia: in each case give examples
i) Quantization (5marks)
Quantization is the process of converting a continuous range of values into a finite range
of discreet values. This is a function of analog-to-digital converters, which create a series
of digital values to represent the original analog signal. The bit depth (number of bits
available) determines the accuracy and quality of the quantized value.

ii) Nyquist theory of sampling (5marks)

The sampling theorem states that, “a signal can be exactly reproduced if it is sampled at
the rate fs which is greater than twice the maximum frequency W.”

To understand this sampling theorem, let us consider a band-limited signal, i.e., a signal
whose value is non-zero between some –W and W Hertz.

Such a signal is represented as x(f)=0for|f|>Wx(f)=0for|f|>W


For the continuous-time signal x tt, the band-limited signal in frequency domain, can be
represented as shown in the following figure.

We need a sampling frequency, a frequency at which there should be no loss of


information, even after sampling. For this, we have the Nyquist rate that the sampling
frequency should be two times the maximum frequency. It is the critical rate of
sampling.
If the signal xtt is sampled above the Nyquist rate, the original signal can be
recovered, and if it is sampled below the Nyquist rate, the signal cannot be recovered.

iii) Dithering (3Marks)

Dithering is the process by which we create illusions of the color that are not present
actually. It is done by the random arrangement of pixels.

For example. Consider this image.

This is an image with only black and white pixels in it. Its pixels are arranged in an
order to form another image that is shown below. Note at the arrangement of pixels
has been changed, but not the quantity of pixels.

iv) Halftoning (3Marks)

A halftone, or halftone image, is an image comprised of discrete dots rather than


continuous tones. When viewed from a distance, the dots blur together, creating the
illusion of continuous lines and shapes. By half toning an image (converting it from
a bitmap to a halftone), it can be printed using less ink. Therefore, many newspapers and
magazines use half toning to print pages more efficiently.

QUESTION 2
i) In the context of multimedia what do you understand by sampling
(4marks)
Sampling is the process of measuring the instantaneous values of continuous-time signal
in a discrete form.” Sample is a piece of data taken from the whole data which is
continuous in the time domain.

When a source generates an analog signal and if that has to be digitized, having 1s and 0s
either High or Low, the signal has to be discretized in time. This discretization of analog
signal is called as Sampling.

The following figure indicates a continuous-time signal x t and a sampled signal xs t.


When x t is multiplied by a periodic impulse train, the sampled signal xs t is obtained

ii) Using examples differentiate between period and amplitude


(3marks)
The period is the time it takes a wave to complete one cycle. We measure the period in
seconds, and we symbolize it with the capital letter T. You can think of the period as the
time it takes for one particle in the medium to move back and forth. If this were a water
wave, all the particles in the water would be moving up and down as the wave travels
through. The time it takes for one water molecule to move up, move back down, and then
return to its original position, is called the period.
amplitude -It's the distance between the midline of a wave and its crest or trough.
Amplitude measures how much energy is being transported by the wave. The larger the
amplitude, the more energy a wave has.

The symbol for amplitude is a capital letter A. Be careful not to make the mistake of
thinking amplitude is the distance from crest to trough. It's only the distance from the
resting point. Let's take the example of a giant water wave.

iii) What is the role /importance of sampling in multimedia


(5marks)

Some values of the input random variable in a simulation have more impact on the
parameter being estimated than others. If these important values are emphasized by
sampling more frequently, then the estimator variance can be reduced

iv) Discuss any FOUR areas where sampling is applied in multimedia.


(2marks)

Audio sampling
Digital audio uses pulse-code modulation (PCM) and digital signals for sound
reproduction. This includes analog-to-digital conversion (ADC), digital-to-analog
conversion (DAC), storage, and transmission. In effect, the system commonly referred to
as digital is in fact a discrete-time, discrete-level analog of a previous electrical analog.
While modern systems can be quite subtle in their methods, the primary usefulness of a
digital system is the ability to store, retrieve and transmit signals without any loss of
quality.

Bit depth
See also: Audio bit depth
Audio is typically recorded at 8-, 16-, and 24-bit depth, which yield a theoretical
maximum signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR) for a pure sine wave of,
approximately, 49.93 dB, 98.09 dB and 122.17 dB.[21] CD quality audio uses 16-bit
samples. Thermal noise limits the true number of bits that can be used in quantization.
Few analog systems have signal to noise ratios (SNR) exceeding 120 dB. However,
digital signal processing operations can have very high dynamic range, consequently it is
common to perform mixing and mastering operations at 32-bit precision and then convert
to 16- or 24-bit for distribution.

Speech sampling
Speech signals, i.e., signals intended to carry only human speech, can usually be sampled
at a much lower rate. For most phonemes, almost all of the energy is contained in the 100
Hz–4 kHz range, allowing a sampling rate of 8 kHz. This is the sampling rate used by
nearly all telephony systems, which use the G.711 sampling and quantization
specifications.[citation needed

3D sampling
The process of volume rendering samples a 3D grid of voxels to produce 3D renderings
of sliced (tomographic) data. The 3D grid is assumed to represent a continuous region of
3D space. Volume rendering is common in medical imaging, X-ray computed
tomography (CT/CAT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission
tomography (PET) are some examples. It is also used for seismic tomography and other
applications.

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