Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 27 views

    Dereje Teferi (PHD) Dereje - Teferi@Aau - Edu.Et

    Uploaded by

    dave
    This document provides an overview of sound and the process of digitizing analog audio signals. It discusses key topics like: - Sound waves having properties like wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. - Fourier's theory that any sound wave can be represented as a combination of sine waves. - Analog to digital conversion requiring sampling the analog signal and quantizing the samples into discrete digital values. - The Nyquist theorem specifying the minimum required sampling frequency to avoid aliasing errors. - Factors that affect audio quality like sampling rate, quantization, and compression algorithms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Dereje Teferi (PHD) Dereje - Teferi@Aau - Edu.Et

    Uploaded by

    dave
    27 views30 pages
    This document provides an overview of sound and the process of digitizing analog audio signals. It discusses key topics like: - Sound waves having properties like wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. - Fourier's theory that any sound wave can be represented as a combination of sine waves. - Analog to digital conversion requiring sampling the analog signal and quantizing the samples into discrete digital values. - The Nyquist theorem specifying the minimum required sampling frequency to avoid aliasing errors. - Factors that affect audio quality like sampling rate, quantization, and compression algorithms.

    Original Title

    Lecture 2-Sound

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an overview of sound and the process of digitizing analog audio signals. It discusses key topics like: - Sound waves having properties like wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. - Fourier's theory that any sound wave can be represented as a combination of sine waves. - Analog to digital conversion requiring sampling the analog signal and quantizing the samples into discrete digital values. - The Nyquist theorem specifying the minimum required sampling frequency to avoid aliasing errors. - Factors that affect audio quality like sampling rate, quantization, and compression algorithms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views30 pages

    Dereje Teferi (PHD) Dereje - Teferi@Aau - Edu.Et

    Uploaded by

    dave
    This document provides an overview of sound and the process of digitizing analog audio signals. It discusses key topics like: - Sound waves having properties like wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. - Fourier's theory that any sound wave can be represented as a combination of sine waves. - Analog to digital conversion requiring sampling the analog signal and quantizing the samples into discrete digital values. - The Nyquist theorem specifying the minimum required sampling frequency to avoid aliasing errors. - Factors that affect audio quality like sampling rate, quantization, and compression algorithms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 30

    Dereje Teferi(PhD)

    dereje.teferi@aau.edu.et

    1
    2
    3
    What is sound?

    4
    Wave parameters
    • Sound travels in waves. Waves have the following characteristics

    • Wavelength is distance Infra-sound 0 – 20 Hz


    sound travels in one cycle Human hearing range 20 – 20 kHz
    • 20 Hz is about 16.5 meters Ultrasound 20 kHz – 1 GHz
    • 20 kHz is 1.6 cm Hyper sound 1 GHz – 10 THz
    5
    Phase angles

    6
    Fourier Series
     The sine wave is the simplest possible wave.
     In 1807, Fourier proved that any repeating wave form
    could be broken down into a series of sine waves.
     The lowest frequency sine wave (in a repeating wave
    form) is called the Fundamental.
     The frequencies of the other sine waves are always
    integer multiples (2x, 3x, 4x, etc) of the fundamental.
     These are called Harmonics.
     Each harmonic has a different amplitude and phase
    7
    Adding Harmonics

    8
    Sound Fields
    directed sound
    early reflections reverberation
    (50-80 msec)
    amplitude

    time

    9
    Analog to digital conversion
     Sound waves are continuous
     One needs analog to digital convertor to store
    audio/sound in a computer (or any digital device)
     Sampling is required
     The sampled data then need to be quantized

    10
    Quantization
     Quantization in general approximates a signal varying
    continuously in amplitude by one whose amplitude is
    restricted to a prescribed set of discrete values
     It is a method to digitize the sampled analog signal
     It determines how many discrete digital values should
    be used to encode the sampled signals? and
     What analog value does each digital value correspond
    to?
     Commonly used quantization methods are Linear (8 bit
    and 16 bit) and logarithmic

    11
    12
    The sample and hold technique
     Sample at a specific time intervals
     Hold the sample value until the next sample position is
    reached
     This allows quantization
     Then the digitized codes are transmitted via digital devices
    as numbers

    13
    14
    Reconstruction of audio from
    digitized data

    15
    Increasing the sampling rate

    16
    Low Vs. High sampling rate

    17
    More example
     Real music sample at two different sampling rates
    (8KHz and 48KHz)

    18
    Sampling
     Information is lost during digitization especially in the
    first example where the samples are small in number
     This is basically due to the sampling rate
     If too much samples are taken, the amount of data will be
    huge
     The questions now are
     How many samples should we take between every cycle?
     Should we take the same number of samples for high
    frequency as well as low frequency?

    19
    Nyquist-(Shannon) Theorem
    • Nyquist Theorem (written by Harry Nyquist in 1928 and
    proved by Claude Shannon in 1949) suggests that Optimal
    sampling frequency should al least be twice the highest
    frequency of the audio to be sampled
    • In mathematical terms:
    fs > 2*fm
    where fs is sampling frequency (the No of samples taken in one second) and fm is the
    maximum frequency in the signal

    • Although certain limitations are observed, any arbitrary


    wave form can be recorded by taking samples at fixed time
    intervals.
    • The wave form is played back by outputting the same
    samples at the same fixed intervals.
    20
    • Some example samples for specific applications are listed in
    the table below

    Format Sampling Rate Bandwidth Frequency Band


    Telephony 8 kHz 3.2 kHz 200-3400 Hz
    Teleconferencing 16 kHz 7 kHz 50-7000 Hz
    Compact Disk 44.1 kHz 20 kHz 20-20,000 Hz
    Digital Audio Tape 48 kHz 20 kHz 20-20,000 Hz

    21
    Sampling rate

    22
    Digitization and playback

    23
    Aliasing
    Aliasing occurs when the input frequency is greater
    than half the sampling frequency.

    24
    Audio filtering
     To reduce aliasing errors, analog to digital convertors
    apply low pass filtering on the input signal with a cut
    of frequency of (fs/2)

     the signal is sampled at sampling frequency fs

     Then the sampled signal is quantized into discrete


    values

    25
    26
    Sampling rate Vs storage

    27
    Audio Compression
     Compression in general is a mechanism used to reduce the
    amount of storage space required by a signal
     The signal could be text, audio, image, video or any
    combination of them

    28
    Reading Assignment
     Overview of speech codecs
     PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
     DPCM: Differential PCM
     ADPCM : Adaptive differential PCM
     etc

    29
    30

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy