Instructor: Fozia Noreen |Physical Chemistry-II |Assignment no.

University of Sialkot, Sialkot, BS-Chemistry

(Batch-18)
Department of Chemistry

Name of Student: Samra Roll Number: 18104008-006

Schrodinger wave equation

In order to provide sense and meaning to the probability approach, Schrodinger derived an
equation known after his name as Schrodinger’s Wave Equation. Calculation of the probability
of finding the electron at various points in an atom was the main problem before Schrodinger.
His equation is the keynote of wave mechanics and is based upon the idea of the electron as
‘standing wave’ around the nucleus. This equation tells us about the probability of an electron
and is applicable only on single electron system like H, He+1, Li+2 etc.

Schrodinger's equation describes the wave function of a quantum

mechanical system, which gives probabilistic information about
the location of a particle and other observable quantities. It is one
of the most important concepts in quantum mechanics, because
every particle is represented by a wave function. It is typically
given the Greek letter psi (Ψ), and it depends on position and
time. Consider an electron having mass and charge q revolves
around the nucleus, r is radius of circle (r=A) and ψ represents the
amplitude of the spherical wave.
From Trigonometry ratios, sinϴ is most suitable. Figure 1

Ψ
sin ϴ=
A

Ψ =A sinϴ

ϴ=¿ωt

ϴ=2 πυt

Put this value of ϴ in Ψ =A sinϴ

v x
Ψ =A sin 2 π ×
λ v

2 πx
Ψ =A sin
λ

Taking derivation
Instructor: Fozia Noreen |Physical Chemistry-II |Assignment no.2

dΨ d 2 πx
= ( A sin )
dx dx λ

dΨ d 2 πx
= A (sin )
dx dx λ

dΨ 2 πx d 2 πx
= A cos . ( )
dx λ dx λ

dΨ 2 πx 2 π dx
= A cos .( . )
dx λ λ dx

dΨ 2 πA 2 πx
= . cos
dx λ λ

Double differentiation

d 2 Ψ 2 πA d 2 πx
dx 2
=
λ
.
dx (
cos
λ )
d 2 Ψ 2 πA 2 πx d 2 πx
dx 2
=
λ
.−sin .
λ dx λ ( )
d 2 Ψ 2 πA 2 πx 2 π dx
2
= .−sin .( . )
dx λ λ λ dx

d2Ψ 4 π 2 A 2 πx
2
= 2 .−sin
dx λ λ

d 2 Ψ −4 π 2 A 2 πx
2
= 2
.sin
dx λ λ

2 πx
As we know that Asin =Ψ
λ

d 2 Ψ −4 π 2
= 2 Ψ
d x2 λ

According to De-Broglie’s equation

h
λ=
mv

2 h2
λ=
m2 v 2
Instructor: Fozia Noreen |Physical Chemistry-II |Assignment no.2

d2Ψ −4 π 2
= Ψ
d x2 h2 /m2 v 2

d 2 Ψ −4 π 2 m 2 v 2
= Ψ
d x2 h2

d 2 Ψ 4 π 2 m2 v 2
+ Ψ =0
d x2 h2

Moving electron has mechanical energy which is consist of kinetic energy and potential energy.

M . E=K . E+ P . E

1
E= m v2 +V
2

2(E−V )
v 2=
m

2 d 2 Ψ 4 π 2 m2 v 2
Put this value of v ∈ + Ψ =0, so the equation becomes
d x2 h2

d 2 Ψ 4 π 2 m2 2( E−V )
+ × Ψ =0
d x2 h2 m

d2Ψ 4 π2 m
+ 2 ×2( E−V )Ψ =0
d x2 h

d2Ψ 8 π2 m
+ 2 ×(E−V ) Ψ =0
d x2 h

This is one dimensional equation, to convert it into 3 dimensional apply Laplacian operator and
the equation becomes

∂2 ∂2
2 ∂2
Laplacian operator=∇ = 2 + 2 + 2
∂x ∂ y ∂ z

2 8 π2 m
∇ Ψ + 2 ×( E−V )Ψ =0
h

8 π 2m h2
In order to invert the operator, multiply equation with , and then apply linear
h2 8 π 2m
operator
Instructor: Fozia Noreen |Physical Chemistry-II |Assignment no.2

h2 2
2
× ∇ Ψ +( E−V )Ψ =0
8π m

h2 2
2
× ∇ Ψ + E Ψ −VΨ =0
8π m

−h2 2
E Ψ= ∇ Ψ +VΨ
8 π2 m

−h 2 2
∇ +V =Hamiltonian operator=H
¿
2
8π m

E Ψ =H ¿ Ψ

When Hamiltonian operator acts on wave function Ψ ,it regenerates the same wave function
along with its constant value called Eigen value , function is called Eigen function and the
operator called Eigen operator and represented as

H ¿ Ψ =E Ψ

In the above equation H ¿ is eigen operator , Ψ is eigen function∧E is eigen value .

Operators used is Schrodinger wave equation:

There are different operators used such as Hamiltonian operator, Eigen operator, differentiation,
double differentiation, laplacian operator, partial differentiation, linear operator like
multiplication linear operator, division, addition and subtraction.

Significance of Ψ ∧Ψ 2 :

In Schrodinger’s wave equation ψ represents the amplitude of the spherical wave. According to
the theory of propagation of light and sound waves, the square of the amplitude of the wave is
proportional to the intensity of the sound or light. A similar concept, modified to meet the
requirement of uncertainty principle, has been developed for the physical interpretation of wave
function ψ. This may be stated as the probability of finding an electron in an extremely small
volume around a point. It is proportional to the square of the function Ψ 2 at that point. If wave
function ψ is imaginary, ψψ* becomes a real quantity where ψ* is a complex conjugate of ψ.
This quantity represents the probabilityΨ 2 as a function of x, y and z coordinates of the system,
and it varies from one space region to another. Thus the probability of finding the electron in
different regions is different. This is in agreement with the uncertainty principle and gave a death
blow to Bohr’s concept.
Instructor: Fozia Noreen |Physical Chemistry-II |Assignment no.2