Republic of the Philippines Community Dynamics

Pangasinan Division II • It is the process of change and development within communities.

BENIGNO V. ALDANA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL SHS • The goal of this concept is to bring about positive social change through
community-based projects and programs.
• This concept will help a person to work with community and to think creatively
HANDOUTS IN COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, SOLIDARITY AND and act strategically so that community can achieve their goals.
CITIZENSHIP • It promotes creative and sustainable projects that work to raise the quality of
living for that most vulnerable sector in the community.
Module 1: The Concept of Community, Community Action and Dynamics in
Social Sciences Module 2: The Social Institutions, Civil Society and Local or Grassroots Level
in the Community
 Based on the book of (Abenir and Alipao 2016), the word "community" is
derived from Latin and has been used in the English language since the "Social institution" refers to a social structures and social mechanisms of social
14th century. order and cooperation that govern the behavior of its members.
 The word community is derived from the Latin “communitas” (meaning  Also, it is a group of social positions, connected by social relations,
the same), which is in turn derived from “communis”, which means performing a social role. It constitutes that institution works to socialize the
“common, public, shared by all or many". group of people in a community.
 As cited in (Melegrito, et.al 2016) for us, the term community is related
with belongingness, togetherness, camaraderie and like peaceful and social Characteristics of Social Institution
relations among the members. a. Institutions are purposive.
b. Institutions are relatively permanent in content.
Why do we need to study the concept of community? c. Institutions are structured.
1. It aims to enhance your sense of shared identity and willingness to contribute to d. Institutions are a unified structure.
the pursuit of the common good of the community. e. Institutions are necessarily value laden.
2. It enables you to integrate applied social sciences in solving social problems and
issues into community-action initiatives. Functions of Social Institution
3. It gives you a holistic perspective in which socialization, collaboration and 1. Social Institutions simplify social behavior for the individual person.
camaraderie are vital in improving the quality of life in the community. 2. It provides form of social relations and social roles for individual.
3. It serves as an act as agencies of coordination and stability for the total
There are various viewpoints in which a community comprises. One of its culture.
components is called COMMUNITY DYNAMICS wherein it relates on the 4. It constitutes control behavior among the members of community.
distinct perspective of academic and sectoral orientation in social sciences.
Non-governmental organization or (NGO) is a membership organization formed in
Dynamic in Social Sciences providing welfare and development services to the poor. It consists of the complex
• It is the forces or properties that stimulate growth, development, or change within of citizens and groups outside government but working in the public arena.
a system or process.
• It refers on changing social relations and patterns in the current structure. Characteristics of Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)
 It is private, non-profit, legal, small, focused.
 It usually works with peoples’ organizations.
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 Module 3: Functions of Communities in Terms of Structures, Dynamics, and
Roles of NGO Processes
 It plays as an alternative institutional setting to political parties, articulating
and aggregating socially relevant interests. Four (4) Kinds of Structures In The Community, namely Community social
 It supplements government’s social delivery mechanisms. structure, Community cultural structure, Community political structure, and
 It privatizes policy implementation. Community economic structure

Local and Grassroots Level 1. Community social structure

 It is one which uses the people in each district, region, or community as the  It refers to the rules and expectations that people develop in the community
basis for a political or economic movement. over time to help regulate and manage their interaction with one another. It
 The most basic level of activity in a community. consists of elements such as social institutions, social groups, statuses, and
 Collective action from the local level to effect change at the local, regional, roles.
national, or international level. These are the sub-concepts of Community social structures:
 Social institutions are established patterns of belief and behavior that are
Grassroots Movement centered on addressing basic social needs of people in the community.
 It is a group of people, typically volunteers, organizing around a particular  Examples are family, religion, economy, educations, government
social cause to advocate and work towards change using whatever means and health care.
necessary.  Social groups consist of two or more people in the community who
 Characteristics of Grassroot movement regularly interact with one another.
 This term implies that the creation of the movement and the group  Examples: family, peers and neighborhood, gangs, political parties,
supporting it are natural and spontaneous, highlighting the differences labor unions, clubs, or associations or groups bonded by common
between this and a movement that is orchestrated by traditional power likes, interests, attitudes or formal groups.
structures.  Status refers to the position or rank a person holds in relation to other
 It is one driven by the politics of a community. members of the community. It can be ascribed or achieved.
 It is often at the local level, as many volunteers in the community give their  An ascribed status is that which is assigned at birth or is acquired in
time to support the local party, which can lead to helping the national party. the course of one’s life.
Examples: age, sex, social class of one’s parents and race or
Local and Grassroots Level in the Community ethnicity.
The member must involve in capacity-building on the improvement of the  An achieved status is that which is acquired based on merit or
community. accomplishment in one’s course of life
 Barangay or Municipality – bring change to community both physically Example: being a barangay chairperson, a teacher, local doctor, an
and personally. entrepreneur, or albeit negatively, even a thief or a drunkard
 Regional or National Level - involves some form of planning and work,  Role refers to the obligations or behaviors expected from an individual
usually requires some stakeholders. based on one’s status in life
 Foundations  Examples: A parent is expected to take care of his or her children
 Government and ensure their survival, growth and development, a school
 NGOs teacher is expected to deliver lectures, assign research activities,
 Academe

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 and rear the hearts and minds of his or her students toward the Module 4: Typologies in the Community
subjects he or she is teaching.
2. Community Cultural Structure refers to the institutionalized patterns of Community can be referred to either in terms of geographic boundary, shared
ways of life that are shared, learned, developed, and accepted by people in common interest, or emotional and spiritual connection. Communities come in
the community. It consists of basic elements such as symbols and language, different types depending on the quality of human association, the scope of its
norms, values and beliefs, rituals, and artifacts. geographical boundaries, functions of subdivisions, and avenues of social
 Symbols and language - symbols are the shared words, gestures, objects or interaction
signals which people in community use or signals which people in a
community use to convey and develop recognizable meanings. Examples Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are ideal types of social organizations that were
are traffic lights, wedding rings, flags, and logos. systematically elaborated on by German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies in his
 Language is a symbolic system that allows people to develop complex influential work Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887; Community and Society).
thoughts and record and explain new ideas either through written
communication, oral communication or non-verbal actions.  Gemeinschaft, or communal society, refers to human associations that are
 Norms refer to specific cultural expectation on how to behave in a given characterized by being intimate, informal, caring, homogenous, and group
situation. Examples of this are folkways, mores, and laws. welfare oriented.
 Values and Beliefs – values are the abstract standards in a community that  Gesellschaft or associational society pertains to human associations that
define the ideal principles of what is good, just, and desirable. Examples characterized by being impersonal, formal, rational, heterogenous, and
are the close family ties, hospitality towards guests. Beliefs are the shared individualistically oriented. Simply put, gemeinschaft are types of
ideas of what is held collectively true by people in a community. communities that are governed by informal and loose relationship while
 Rituals- refers to the established sacred or secular procedures and gesellschaft are types of communities that are governed by formal and rigid
ceremonies that people in the community regularly perform. Examples are relationship.
fasting during Ramadan, throwing a party when one becomes 18 or 21
years old CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNITY BASED ON POLITICAL
 Artifacts – are any objects or things that have special meaning for people in TERRITORY AND HERITAGE
the community. Example are trophies, won in awards, a monument that 1. Urban communities are cities of big towns where there is a large, highly
commemorates an important person in the community or a statue of a saint dense, and heterogeneous population. There is not much open space in
or a deity. urban areas for vegetation, but space is maximized to build public and
private infrastructure such as houses, business establishments, road
Community Dynamics refers to the changes that occur in the community power networks, bridges, railways, airports and the like. The division of labor is
structure and community population over time. complex, and the people’s occupational specialization could be industrial,
Community power structures are hierarchical interrelationships that govern the administrative or professional. The class status of people is varied ranging
interaction of individuals among each other within a localized group setting. from very rich down to the very poor.
 Example: In a barangay, the community power structures can be 2. Rural communities are territorial areas or villages where there is a small,
observed in the hierarchical interrelationship between barangay low density, and homogenous population. There are lots of open spaces for
captain and his constituents, between the elite and disadvantaged vegetation and the natural environment. The use of available land is often
members of the community, or between the adult and young dedicated for agriculture, and if the community is near the coast, nearby
members of the community. waters are used for fisheries. The division is of labor is based on

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 agricultural or aquatic industries, supported by farming and fishery Community sectors are various groups or subdivisions of the larger community
infrastructure. divided based on characteristics such as political, economic, cultural, and religious
3. Suburban are residential or mixed area located at the city, out skirts or beliefs. The various sectors that exist in all communities may be categorized
within the community distance of a city. Most people work in the cities, but according to the following sectors with their inclusions:
others opt to work housing subdivisions
 The boundaries of communities are flexible and can range from local to 1. Health
global. -medical and mental health professionals; pharmacists and pharmacies; hospitals
 Urban, rural, and suburban are typologies based on geographic boundaries. and other in-patient facilities, clinics, non-traditional health practitioners; public
It is also based on the resulting characteristic boundaries borne out of health agencies and systems
people’s interaction with one another, as a result of the kind environment. 2. Education
- public and private preschools, K-12 schools, colleges and universities, school
CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNITIES committees, school administrators, teachers, other educational institution
1. Local community is a term often used to denote a geographically bounded employees; parents, students, state board of education; adult basic education (ABE)
community such as territorial areas, village, barangay, town, city, and English as Second or Other Language (ESOL) programs
municipality, province, region, or even an entire country depending on the 3. Law Enforcement
pointy of reference. -the local and state police, the court system- judges, probation officers, prosecutors,
2. Global community is a term used to characterize the interconnectivity of court-appointed defense lawyers, court-mandated program for offenders.
people or countries all over the world. Such interconnectivity is made 4. Government
possible using Internet and information and communications technology. - regional, provincial, state, local, and tribal government bureaucracies, agencies,
and officials, both elected and appointed.
TYPES OF COMMUNITY SECTOR 5. Business
a. Public Sector – is a term used to denote the government and its agencies. - from the self-employed carpenter to the multinational corporation with a local
This sector is responsible for promoting the common good, providing facility.
security from external threats, and maintaining peace and order. 6. Youth
b. Private Sector – is used to refer to businesses or enterprises which are - youth themselves (generally viewed as ages 18 and younger) and those who work
responsible for producing goods and services to meet people’s need and directly with them (youth violence prevention and outreach programs, Big
wants, promoting economic growth, and generating order. Brother/Big Sister, Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs, scouting, etc.) parents, human service,
c. Voluntary Sector also known as non-profit organization is a term usually culture, and sports/recreation sectors.
reserved for NGOs, faith-based organizations, or civil society organizations 7. The Media
that promote the development of the full potential human beings, safeguard - newspapers and magazines, radio, and TV, vast array of blogs, videos, online
their human rights and pursue socio civic causes for the good of humanity news, and other materials available on the internet.
and the environment. 9
d. For benefit sector also known as for-benefit corporations is a hybrid merger 8. Human Services
of the characteristics found in private and public sectors. This sector - non-profit professional and volunteer organizations that provide free and
integrates social and environmental aims with business approaches and affordable services such as job training, food, shelter, elder services, services for
embodies features like inclusive governance, transparent reporting, fair individuals with physical or mental disabilities, support and advocacy for
compensation, environmental responsibility, community service, and immigrants, among others.
contribution of profits to the common good. (Fourth Sector Network, 2008) 9. Religion

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- places of worship and their members, religious organizations (e.g. Knights of - confined to rural areas, may also include dairy farmers, cheesemakers,
Columbus, CBCP) of all faiths, may include the hierarchy of a national church as winemakers and vineyards, and food processors and packers, including all
well (a Roman Catholic archbishop, for instance) consumers of the food produced.
10. Service/Fraternal Organization
- the Lions, Masons, Rotary, Kiwanis, and other local and national or international 3. Formal Communities
service organizations, college fraternities/sororities or other local and national  The group is created as per official authority, fulfill certain goals or
social clubs, as well veterans’ organizations and the like. objectives
11. Community Activist Volunteer Groups  The group possesses a systematic hierarchical structure.
- individuals for or against political issue, supportive of existing institutions  There is professional relationship among members
(“Friends of” the local park, a school playground volunteer corps), oriented toward
economics (groups that volunteer to help non-profit and small business owners with 4. Informal
financial and business plans), or more generally concerned with the quality of  The group is formed according to the likes, interests, and attitudes
community life (e.g. organizers of community festivals) of the members.
12. Culture  The group has a loose structure, and the members join to satisfy
- artists such as musicians, dancers and choreographers, writer, actors and directors, their social needs.
designers and visual artists, as well as arts organizations, theaters, orchestras,  There is a personal relationship among members.
museums, galleries, and those who work as support staff in the arts- stagehands, 5. Social Space
cameramen, electricians, set builders, etc. ; regular consumers and supporters of the  A social space is either a geographical or virtual community where
arts. people gather or network with one another due to common interests.
13. Housing Development Example:
- both public and private non-profit housing agencies and organizations that provide  For geographically based community, these are public parks, clubs,
rent subsidies and/or affordable housing, as well as developers who build market- gymnasiums, pubs, town square, or any public areas where people meet
rate and upscale residential and commercial properties. and interact with one another.
10  For virtual community, social space refers to electronic hubs or forums
-may include everyone from fair housing advocates to those who own and/ or where people use the internet and other social media outlets/platforms
manage urban real estate worth millions of pesos. as a channel of communication, interaction, and exchange of ideas.
14. Sports and Recreation
- sports clubs, town or county recreation departments, amateur and professional
Module 5: Community Action Modalities
athletic associations, public and private sports and recreation facilities, gyms,
coaches, personal trainers, recreation leaders, and camp directors, as well those who Community engagement is necessary so that students can learn social
participate in these groups as athletes, spectators, or supporters. responsibility and develop their penchant for civic engagement.
15. The Environment  Students learn that they have abilities in bringing positive changes to their
- individual environmentalists, international, national, and local environmental communities.
organizations, conservation land trusts, recreational hunters and fishermen, rock  Community engagement in a school setting can take the form of service
climbers and mountaineers, wildlife biologists and botanists, ecologists, hikers, learning, community outreach or community engaged research. In service-
canoers/kayakers, and other outdoor people, hydrologists (water specialists), those learning, students learn methodologies that may employ community service
who make a living from a pristine or carefully-managed environment. and a reflection on the service in learning community engagement that will
16. Agriculture develop greater community and social responsibility.

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Community outreach is a service done voluntarily by the students, faculty and
other school employees addressing the social, economic, and political needs of  Community engagement and solidarity are forms of community action that
communities. It is also done to improve the quality of life of the community can be undertaken to collectively address social problems and bring about
members. social change.
 These forms of community action also reinforce citizenship in the process,
Community engaged research is a collaborative process made by the faculty, as citizens are given opportunity to gain socio-civic consciousness and
student researchers and the partner community to conduct research that will respond participate politically in community and national affairs.
to community issues and concerns.  Community engagement and solidarity work can thaw the line of
demographic, cultural, political, and economic interventions.
Different appropriate levels of community engagement
1. First, a one-way relationship on disseminating information to community Module 6: Interpersonal Relations in Community Action
members can be done via traditional media, mass media and social media.
Solidarity is referring to the firm and persevering determination in committing
2. Second, consultation that involves obtaining stakeholder approval for an oneself to the common good by both supporting and sustaining movements for
initiative, wherein the purpose of interaction is to get feedback without
social change and social justice.
direct community participation in the project design, implementation, and
 These movements could be a local or global and it may take the form of
evaluation.
policy and action advocacies. It presents a wide cure of social problems that
3. Third would be involvement, engaging community stakeholders as
needs to be addressed.
volunteers or consumers of a visualized service learning or community
 Solidarity also entails establishing ties with people who are oppressed,
outreach project and its associated services. And lastly, there is active
participation, which is allowing the involvement of the community marginalized and vulnerable, ensuring their cause will be supported by
members in the planning, implementation and the overall assessment of whatever possible yet ethical means and that their rights will be advocated.
development initiatives, which emphasizes community knowledge, agency, In our society in the Philippines, the most common sectors that are often
control, and ownership that is defined by the ideal outcomes and drivers of vulnerable, oppressed, or marginalized are the following:
community-centered development. • Rural poor (ex. landless farmers, peasants, and fisher folk)
• Urban poor (ex. Contractual laborers and workers from the
Different modalities of community engagement informal economy)
1. Transactional modality is a one-way community project or activity from the • Migrant workers and victims of human trafficking
service providers to the community. In this level, the interaction with the • Poor children, youth, women, the elderly, and street families
community is occasional, the service comes on a need per need basis or is • Indigenous people
seasonal. • Persons with disabilities
2. Transitional modality is two-way community projects done through the • Prisoners and inmates
process of consultation and collaboration between the service provider and • Victims or survivors of disaster
the community. Community members are expected to be primarily
involved in the implementation of the community project, either as a Module 7: The Concept and Forms of Community Engagement in Terms of
volunteer workforce or participant. Community Development
3. The transformational modality is also a two-way community project Citizenship pertains to a full membership in a community in which one lives,
accomplished through an active dialogue and critical reflectivity facilitated works or was born in (Atlanta and Marquis (2010). There are three interrelated
by the process of involvement and active participation of the external agent dimensions of citizens that shape the common notion of understanding.
and the community.
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According to Leydet (2014), they are as follows:  There are three NGOs that are intermediaries between the State and POs.
• Legal dimension – a dimension of citizenship that refers to a person who is They advocate and work for disadvantaged individuals, who are not
enjoying civil, political, and social rights. He also has the right to invoke protection necessarily their members. Many NGOs work to strengthen POs by
by the law. providing financing, establishing linkages, and undertaking advocacy. In
addition to engaging volunteers, NGOs employ staff members.
• Political dimension – another dimension of citizenship that pertains to a person  The Philippine NGO sector features a wealth of experience and expertise.
who is a political agent and is actively participating in society’s political institutions Many capable staff of such organizations become trainers and mentors for
and system. As a political agent, a citizen is expected to participate in influencing others within the country and internationally. Foreign NGOs and
the behavior of political decision-makers, in the crafting of laws and policies, and in governments often send staff to the Philippines to learn about civil society
encouraging other citizens to promote the common good (Sundaram et al 2012). and cooperation between the Government and NGOs. The ability of the
country’s CSOs to promote social accountability has become one of their
• Identity dimension – this dimension of citizenship is considered a member of a defining features.
political community that actively shapes his or her cultural identity. The citizen is
expected to demonstrate national pride, loyalty, and love for his own country. The context of CSO and NGO in the Philippines
 The basis for civil society in the Philippines comes from the Filipino
FILIPINO CORE VALUES concepts of pakikipagkapwa (holistic interaction with others) and kapwa
a. Pagkamaka – Bansa (being Nationalistic) Aims to promote Philippine (shared inner self).
Nationalism, devotion and loyalty to our own country, by looking through  Voluntary assistance or charity connotes for Filipinos an equal status
the lives of different ideal and honorable heroes, modern day events, between the provider of assistance and the recipient, which is embodied in
people, etc. the terms damayan (assistance of peers in periods of crisis) and
b. Pagkamaka – Tao (being humane) – It includes the promotion of the pagtutulungan (mutual self-help).
common good and valuing of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality and  The Western notion of kawanggawa (charity) may have been introduced to
peace. the Philippines by Catholic missionaries (ADB, 2007).
c. Pagkamaka – Kalikasan (being caring for the environment) – This involves
the conservation and development of the country’s patrimony. The Philippine government has published a list of official development assistance
d. Pagkamaka – Diyos (being Godly) – This encompasses faith in the (ODA) sources of funding for NGOs.
Almighty God. 1. Responsiveness— Encouraging the implementation of projects to respond
to local needs.
2. Participation—Serving as bridges between project authorities and affected
Module 8: The Role of Global and National Sectors in Terms of Community communities and providing structures for citizen participation.
Development and Solidarity 3. Sustainability—Nurturing continuity in project work, especially when
 The two most important civil society categories in the country are NGOs implementing agencies lack capacity or when staffing changes.
and peoples’ organizations (POs) the Filipino equivalent of what in other 4. Pambansang Lakas ng Kilusang Mamamalakaya ng Pilipinas
countries are commonly called community-based organizations. (Pamalakaya)- founded in 1987, Pamalakaya is a nationwide federation of
 POs are generally composed of disadvantaged individuals and work to fisherfolk organizations with total individual membership of 80,000. It is
advance their members’ material or social well-being. POs are grassroots composed of fishermen and women in coastal and inland waters and
organizations, and their members typically work on a voluntary basis. workers in commercial fishing and aquaculture. The federation helps
members to build local organization to undertake cooperative endeavors;

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 educates on issues and concerns affecting fisherfolks; spearheads Approved by:
campaigns to advance the socioeconomic and political aspirations of
fisherfolk; conducts research; and organizes symposia, fora, and dialogues.
5. Peasant Movement of the Philippines – Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas RUSS DV. BASBAS
(KMP) KMP is a nationwide federation of Philippine organizations of SHS Asst. Principal II
landless peasants, small farmers, farm workers, subsistence fisherfolk,
peasant women, and rural youth. Its organizations claim a total membership
800,000 rural people. It is the nation’s largest farmers’ organization and
embraces its militant reputation. KMP has 55 provincial and six regional
chapters nationwide. KMP organizes farmers, files court cases, carries out
lobby work, and conducts strikes and protest actions. It calls for land
reform while opposing foreign investment in the agrarian sector, charter
change, free trade in agricultural products, and higher commodity prices for
farmers.
6. Philippine Business for Social Progress (PBSP) PBSP is a private and
nonprofit foundation dedicated to promoting business sector commitment
to social development. Organized in 1970 by 50 of the country’s prominent
business leaders, it has since grown to become the nation’s largest
business-led social development foundation. Since its establishment, PBSP
has grown to about 217 members, worked with some 3,000 partner
organizations, and provided more than 4.8 billion pesos in financial
assistance, which has supported more than 4,900 projects that benefited
close to 2.8 million poor households. PBSP is Southeast Asia’s first
nonprofit consortium of companies advocating for corporate social
responsibility.
7. Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement (PRRM) PRRM’s mission is to
enhance the capacity of rural communities in the planning, advocacy, and
implementation of sustainable development through an integrated program
of education, livelihood, health, habitat, environment, and self-governance.
PRRM has 17 accredited chapters in 14 provinces and three cities of Metro
Manila.

Prepared by:

SANDRA MAE DULAY CALPITO

Teacher III