Lecture 14 Chopper Fed DC Drives

Lecture -14: Chopper fed DC Drives
Chopper fed DC drives

o A chopper is a static device that converts fixed DC input voltage to a variable dc
output voltage directly
o A chopper is a high speed on/off semiconductor switch which connects source to load
and disconnects the load from source at a fast speed.
o Choppers are used to get variable dc voltage from a dc source of fixed voltage. Self
commutated devices such as MOSFET’s, Power transistors, IGBT’s, GTO’s and
IGCT’s are used for building choppers because they can be commutated by a low
power control signal and do not need communication circuit and can be operated at a
higher frequency for the same rating.
Chopper circuits are used to control both separately excited and Series circuits.
Advantages of Chopper Circuits

Chopper circuits have several advantages over phase controlled converters
1. Ripple content in the output is small. Peak/average and rms/average current ratios
are small. This improves the commutation and decreases the harmonic heating of
the motor.
2. The chopper is supplied from a constant dc voltage using batteries. The problem
of power factor does not occur at all. The conventional phase control method
suffers from a poor power factor as the angle is delayed.
3. Current drawn by the chopper is smaller than in phase controlled converters.
4. Chopper circuit is simple and can be modified to provide regeneration and the
control is also simple.
Chopper Controlled Separately Excited DC motor

If the source of supply is D.C. (for example in a battery vehicle or a rapid transit
system) a chopper-type converter is usually employed. The chopper-fed motor is, if
anything, rather better than the phase-controlled, because the armature current ripple can
be less if a high chopping frequency is used.
Motoring Mode of Operation
A transistor is used to chop the DC input voltage in to pieces and chopped DC

voltage is given to the motor as shown in the figure 2.17. Current limit control is used in
chopper. In current limit control, the load current is allowed to vary between two given
limits (i.e. Upper and lower limits). The ON and OFF times of the transistor is adjusted
automatically, when the current increases beyond the upper limit the chopper is turned
off, the load current free wheels and starts to decrease. When the current falls below the
lower limit the chopper is turned ON. The current starts increasing if the load. The load
current and voltage waveforms are shown in the figure 2.18. By assuming proper limits
of current, the amplitude of ripple can be controlled.
The lower the current ripple, the higher the chopper frequency. By this switching
losses increase. Discontinuous conduction avoid in this case. The current limit control is
superior one.
Duty Interval
During the ON period of the chopper (i.e) duty interval 0 <t<tON, motor terminal voltage
Va is a source voltage V and armature current increases from ia1 to ia2. The operation is
describe by,
dia
Ra Ia + La + E = V 0 ≤ t ≤ tON (2.54) dt
In this interval the armature current increases from Ia1 to Ia2 since the motor is connected
to the source during this interval, it is called as duty cycle.
Free Wheeling Interval
Chopper Tr is turned off at t=tON. Motor current free wheels through the diode D
and the motor terminal voltage is zero. During intervaltON ≤ t ≤ T . Motor operation
during this interval is known as free wheeling interval and is described by
R a I a + L a dia + E = 0 t ON
≤t≤T (2.55)
dt
During this interval current decreases from ia2 to ia1
Duty cycle (or) Duty Ratio:
Duty cycle is defined as the ratio of duty interval tON to chopper period T is called Duty
cycle (or) Duty Ratio.
t
δ = Duty Interval =
ON
(2.56)
Chopper Period T
From fig.
t
Va = T ∫Vdt
ON
1
(2.57)
0
Solving the above,

t
ON
t
V V V ON
a = ∫dt =
T 0
[t]
t
0
ON
=V
T
(2.58)
T
Va = δV (2.59)
Then the speed of the chopper drive can be obtained as
Va = E + I a Ra
Substituting Va from equation (2.59) in the above equation we get,
δV = E + Ia Ra (2.60)
Substituting E = Kωm we get

δV − Kωm
Ia = (2.61)
Ra
From above equation we get
ωm =
δV − Ia Ra
(2.62)
K K
Substituting T = KφIa in above equation we get
ω = δV −
Ra T (2.63)
K φ
m 2
K
The torque speed characteristics of chopper fed separately excited DC motor is shown in
the fig.
Regenerative Braking Mode

Regenerative braking operation by chopper is shown in the fig. Regenerative braking of a
separately excited motor is fairly simple and can be carried out down to very low speeds.
In regenerative mode, the energy of the load is fed back to the supply system. The
DC motor works as a generator during this mode. As long as the chopper is ON the
mechanical energy is converted in to electrical energy by the motor, now working as a
generator, increases the stored magnetic energy in the armature circuit. When chopper is
switched off, a large voltage appears across the motor terminals this voltage is more than
that of the supply voltage V and the energy stored in the inductance and energy supplied
by the machine is fed back to the supply system. When the voltage of the motor fall to V,
the diodes in the line blocks the current flow preventing any short circuit of the load can
be supplied to the source. Very effective braking of motor is possible up to extreme small
speeds.
Energy Storage Interval
The stored energy and energy supplied by the machine is fed to the source. The
interval 0 <t<tON is now called energy storage interval and interval tON ≤ t ≤ T is the
duty interval.
Here duty ratio δ = T − tON (2.64)

T
From figure 2.21
Va = 1 T Vdt = V T dt = V [t] T
= V (T - tON ) (2.65)
T t ON∫ T t ON∫ T
t
ON
T
T−t t ON
=V1 −
ON
Va =V (2.66)
T T
Therefore the speed torque relations under braking operation is given as
R
ωm =
(1− δ )V − a
T (2.67)
2
K K φ
Chopper control of DC series motor
Motoring control of series motor
The main drawback in the analysis of a chopper controlled series motor arises due
to the non linear relationship between the induced voltage E and armature current Ia,
because of the saturation in the magnetization characteristic. At a given motor speed ,the
instantaneous back emf E changed between E1 and E2 as Ia changes between Ia1 and Ia2
as shown in figure.
Regenerative Braking of DC series Motor
With chopper control, regenerative braking of series motor can also be obtained.
During regenerative braking, series motor functions as a self-excited series generator. For
self excitation current flowing through the winding (field) should assist residual
magnetism. Therefore when changing from motoring to braking connection, when
armature current reverses field current should flow in the same direction. This is achieved
by reversing the field with respect to armature when changing from motoring to braking
operation.
The speed of this drive ωm can be derived from the following equation
E = Va + Ia Ra but Va = δV
∴ E = δV + Ia Ra Kaωm = δV + Ia Ra
ωm = δ
V+I
a
RK
a a
The speed – torque characteristics gives unstable operation with most loads
shown in figure.Therefore regenerative braking of series motor is difficult.

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Lecture -14: Chopper fed DC Drives

Chopper fed DC drives

Advantages of Chopper Circuits

Chopper Controlled Separately Excited DC motor

A transistor is used to chop the DC input voltage in to pieces and chopped DC

Solving the above,

Substituting E = Kωm we get

Regenerative Braking Mode

Here duty ratio δ = T − tON (2.64)

Chopper control of DC series motor

Motoring control of series motor

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