Electronics II Laboratory

EXPERIMENT NO.(4)
Operational Amplifiers

OBJECT: To study the basic characteristics an applications of the

operational amplifiers.

EQUIPMENT
1. Signal generator
2. Dual power supply
3. Oscilloscope
4. OP AMP

THEORY
The operational amplifier is a high gain high performance direct-
coupled amplifier, which uses feedback to control its performance
characteristics. Essentially, it consists of several transistor amplifiers. It is
represented by the symbol shown in Fig.(1). It abbreviated as (Op Amp).
Operational amplifiers are capable of amplify, controlling, generating
sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal waveforms over frequencies from dc to MHz
and computing operations such as (addition, subtraction, multiplication,
integration, differentiation). Typical parameters of an operational
amplifier (A 741 ) are:
Input resistance (R.) = 6 M

Output resistance (R) = 70 M

Open loop voltage gain (A) = 5000
Common mod rejection ratio (CMRR) = 90 dB
Bandwidth (BW) = 1 MHz

Jassim K. Hmood 1 3-2011

 Electronics II Laboratory

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the circuit as Shown in Fig.(2a). Choose Rl =10kohm &
R2=100kohm, connect input terminals to earth and measure the output
voltage eo. If eo is not equal to zero, vary balance potentiometer to
obtain output voltage zero.
2. Connect ac voltage (5 kHz) or dc to one of the input and connect the
other input to the earth and adjust the input amplitude to obtain output
voltage as 4 volts. Then measure el and e2.
3. Design an inverting amplifier Fig.(2b) to have gain=10 and input
resistance to have at least 10kohm (R1=10kohm).
4. Connect the designed circuit. Measure dc gain then connect capacitor
of (1 F) at the input & output. Draw frequency response
characteristics of the amplifier by measuring gain at 10, 100, 500, 5k,
20k, 50k, 100k, 300k, 500k, 800k, and 900k. Determine half power
point frequencies (f1&fh) and bandwidth. .
5. Design a non-linear amplifier Fig.(2c) to have gain=11 and input
resistance to have at least 10kohm and repeat step(4)
6. Design a summing amplifier Fig.(2d) Which provides an output
voltage eo = 10(el + e2). Measure output voltage for el=O.5Volt &
e2=l volt.
7. Observe and draw waveform of output voltage if el=O.5volt (p.p)
sinewave of 500Hz & e =O.5V dc.
8. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.(2e). Measure output voltage for
eref= 1V and ein=0.5V, 0.95V, 1.05V, and 1.3V.
9. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.(2f) without capacitor. Apply a
square wave signal of 1kHz, lV (p.p) to the input and observe the
output waveform.
10. Connect a capacitor in parallel with resistance repeat step 9 for
C=10nF.
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 Electronics II Laboratory

11. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.(2g). Apply a square wave to the
input with a frequency of (1kHz) and amplitude 1V(p.p). Observe &
draw the output waveform.

DISCUSSION
1. Discuss the characteristics of (OP AMP). State the differences between
the inverting amplifiers.
2. Calculate the theoretical output for each of the above circuits and
compare it with the experimental results?
3. Discuss the operation of the circuits shown in Fig.(2f) & Fig.(2g).
4. Discuss the effect of changing in the value of capacitor & frequency
of input signal on the performance of the integrator & differentiator

Rf

1 Ri
2 Av1 Av1 Av1 Av1

Differential AMP
Emitter Level translator
follower and output driver

+Vcc

Inverting input -
Output
Non-inverting input +

Inputs w.r.t. earth -VEE

Fig.(1): Schematic representation of an operational amplifier.

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 Electronics II Laboratory
R2

A R1 +15V
e1
+ 741 eo
B R1
e2
R2
Balance pot
-15V

a) Subtracting amplifier
eo 
R2
e2  e1
R1

R2 R2

+15V +15V
R1
e8
Rp + 741
+ 741 eo eo

e1
Rp R1
 R2 
R2 -15V eo  e11  
-15V eo  e1  R1 
R1
b) Inverting amplifier c) non-inverting amplifier

R2 +15V

A R1 A R1
+15V
e1 e1 + 741 eo
B R3 B R3
e2 + 741 eo e2

-15V
-15V
eo  
R2
e1  e2 If e2>e1 then eo= 15V
R1
d) Inverting adder amplifier e) Comparator

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 Electronics II Laboratory
C1 R2
10k

R2
+15V
C1
+15V R1 0.001uF
220
A ei + 741 eo
R1
ei + 741
100k eo

Rp
Rp 10k -15V
10k -15V
1
RC 
eo  dei
eidt eo  RC
dt
f) Integrator g) Differentiator

Fig.(2) Application of operational amplifier

Jassim K. Hmood 5 3-2011