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Lab Manual # 06: The Carry Flag Indicates Whether or Not The Upper Half of The Product Contains Significant Digits

The document discusses various arithmetic instructions in assembly language like MUL, DIV and jump instructions. It provides examples of multiplying and dividing 8-bit and 16-bit numbers and performing logical operations. It also covers unconditional and conditional jump instructions. The tasks involve performing arithmetic operations like multiplication, division and averaging using various addressing modes and flags. Conditional jumps are demonstrated by comparing values.

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Muhammad Faizan
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53 views

Lab Manual # 06: The Carry Flag Indicates Whether or Not The Upper Half of The Product Contains Significant Digits

The document discusses various arithmetic instructions in assembly language like MUL, DIV and jump instructions. It provides examples of multiplying and dividing 8-bit and 16-bit numbers and performing logical operations. It also covers unconditional and conditional jump instructions. The tasks involve performing arithmetic operations like multiplication, division and averaging using various addressing modes and flags. Conditional jumps are demonstrated by comparing values.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Faizan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab Manual # 06

Implementation of Other Arithmetic Instructions like MUL, DIV and Jump

MUL
8-bit:
Command MUL BL
AX=AL*BL

16-bit: When operand is a byte: AL * operand.


MUL CX
(DX AX) =AX*CX

When operand is a word: (DX AX) = AX * operand.

Note that the product is stored in a register (or group of registers) twice the size of the operands. The
operand can be a register or a memory operand.

Example 1:
Mov al, 5h
Mov bl, 10h
Mul bl ; AX = 0050h, CF = 0

Example 2:
mov dx,100h
mov ax,2000h
mul dx ; DX:AX = 00200000h, CF=1
*The Carry flag indicates whether or not the upper half of the product contains significant digits.

DIV:
Div CL
AX is divided by CL

8 bit: AX= dividend, divided by contents of any 8-bit register or memory location
After division:
 AL= Quotient
 AH= Remainder

16 bit: DX-AX, divided by any 16-bit register or memory location


 AX= Quotient
 DX= Remainder

Example 3:
mov ax,0024h ; dividend
mov cl,0004h ; divisor
div cl ; Ax= 00 09

Example 4:
mov dx,0 ; clear dividend
mov ax,8003h ; dividend
mov cx,100h ; divisor
div cx

Gates:
 NOT - Reverse each bit of operand.
 NEG - Make operand negative (two's complement).
 AND - AND operator gives 1 only if both operands are 1.

Example 5:
mov dx,0 ; clear dividend
mov ax,8003h ; dividend
mov cx,100h ; divisor

JUMP instructions: -
There are two type of JUMP instructions:
1. Unconditional Jumps.
2. Conditional Jumps.

1. Unconditional Jumps: The basic instruction that transfers control to another point in the program is
JMP.

The basic syntax of JMP instruction is: JMP label

To declare a label in your program, just type its name and add ":" to the end, label can be any character
combination but it cannot start with a number, for example here are 3 legal label definitions: label1: or
label2:

Label can be declared on a separate line or before any other instruction, for example:
x1:
MOV AX, 1
Or
x2: MOV AX, 2

Example 6:
Mov ax, 5 ; set ax to 5.
Mov bx, 2 ; set bx to 2.
jmp calc ; go to 'calc'.

back: jmp stop ; go to 'stop'.

calc:
add ax, bx ; add bx to ax.
Jmp back ; go 'back'.

stop:

2. Conditional jumps:
Unlike JMP instruction that does an unconditional jump, there are instructions that do a conditional
jump (jump only when some conditions are in act). These instructions are divided in three groups,
 First group just test single flag
 Second compares numbers as signed
 Third compares numbers as unsigned

Jump instructions that test single flag


Instruction Description Condition Opposite Instruction
JZ , JE Jump if Zero (Equal).  ZF = 1 JNZ, JNE
JC , JB, JNAE Jump if Carry (Below, Not Above Equal).  CF = 1 JNC, JNB, JAE
JS Jump if Sign.  SF = 1 JNS
JO Jump if Overflow.  OF = 1 JNO
JPE, JP Jump if Parity Even.  PF = 1 JPO
JNZ , JNE Jump if Not Zero (Not Equal).  ZF = 0 JZ, JE
JNC , JNB, JAE Jump if Not Carry (Not Below, Above Equal).  CF = 0 JC, JB, JNAE
JNS Jump if Not Sign.  SF = 0 JS
JNO Jump if Not Overflow.  OF = 0 JO
JPO, JNP Jump if Parity Odd (No Parity).  PF = 0 JPE, JP

Jump instructions for signed numbers


Instruction Description Condition Opposite Instruction
JE , JZ Jump if Equal (=). ZF = 1 JNE, JNZ
Jump if Zero.
JNE , JNZ Jump if Not Equal (<>). ZF = 0 JE, JZ
Jump if Not Zero.
JG , JNLE Jump if Greater (>). ZF = 0 JNG, JLE
Jump if Not Less or Equal (not <=). and
SF = OF
JL , JNGE Jump if Less (<). SF <> OF JNL, JGE
Jump if Not Greater or Equal (not >=).
JGE , JNL Jump if Greater or Equal (>=). SF = OF JNGE, JL
Jump if Not Less (not <).
JLE , JNG Jump if Less or Equal (<=). ZF = 1 JNLE, JG
Jump if Not Greater (not >). or
SF <> OF
<> - sign means not equal.

Jump instructions for unsigned numbers


Instruction Description Condition Opposite Instruction
JE , JZ Jump if Equal (=). ZF = 1 JNE, JNZ
Jump if Zero.
JNE , JNZ Jump if Not Equal (<>). ZF = 0 JE, JZ
Jump if Not Zero.
JA , JNBE Jump if Above (>). CF = 0 JNA, JBE
Jump if Not Below or Equal (not <=). and
ZF = 0
JB , JNAE, JC Jump if Below (<). CF = 1 JNB, JAE, JNC
Jump if Not Above or Equal (not >=).
Jump if Carry.
JAE , JNB, JNC Jump if Above or Equal (>=). CF = 0 JNAE, JB
Jump if Not Below (not <).
Jump if Not Carry.
JBE , JNA Jump if Below or Equal (<=). CF = 1 JNBE, JA
Jump if Not Above (not >). or
ZF = 1

Generally, when it is required to compare numeric values CMP instruction is used (it does the same as
SUB (subtract) instruction, but does not keep the result, just affects the flags).

The logic is:


It's required to compare 5 and 2, 5 - 2 = 3
the result is not zero (Zero Flag is set to 0).

Or
It's required to compare 7 and 7, 7 - 7 = 0
the result is zero! (Zero Flag is set to 1 and JZ or JE will do the jump).

here's an example of CMP instruction and conditional jump:


Example: 7
mov al, 25h ; set al to 25
mov bl, 10h ; set bl to 10.

cmp al, bl ; compare al - bl

je equal ; jump if al = bl (zf = 1).

Mov CX, BX ; if it gets here, then al <> bl,


jmp stop ; so print 'n', and jump to stop

equal: ; if gets here,


Mov CX, AX ; then al = bl, so print 'y'

stop:
Lab Tasks

Execute the following tasks CLO [1]

Task 1:
What will be the hexadecimal values of DX, AX, and the Carry flag after the following instructions
execute?
mov ax,1234h
mov bx,100h
mul bx

Task 2:
What will be the hexadecimal values of DX and AX after the following instructions execute?
mov dx,0087h
mov ax,6000h
mov bx,100h
div bx

Task 3:
Take two binary numbers such as11111111
11111111
Perform two’s complement of the first number and save it to one of the register. Then, reverse the bits
of second binary number and save it to the other register.
1. Take the value 0 in third register and perform the AND operation with both of the results computed
above.
2. Take the value 1 in third register and perform the AND operation with both of the results computed
above.

Task 5:
Division of 8 bit numbers using immediate addressing mode?
Write a code to perform multiplication on 16 bit numbers in consecutive memory locations?
Write a code to add 16 bit numbers and find the average of numbers?

Task 6:
Translate the high-level language assignment statement: A=5×A+12×B
Let A and B be word variables, and suppose there is no overflow.

Task 7:
Try the example no 7 with different numbers for AL and BL, open flags by clicking on flags button, use
single step and see what happens

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