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    Flags and Flow Control Structure

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    Muhammad Umer
    The document discusses flags and flow control in assembly language. It describes the flag register, which contains status and control flags that reflect the results of computations. The status flags include carry, parity, auxiliary carry, zero, sign, and overflow flags. It provides examples of how instructions like ADD, SUB, INC, and NEG affect the different flags. The document also discusses unconditional jumps, conditional jumps based on flag statuses, and the CMP instruction for comparisons without modifying operands. Finally, it provides examples of branching and looping structures that can be implemented in assembly using flags and jumps.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Flags and Flow Control Structure

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Umer
    80 views19 pages
    The document discusses flags and flow control in assembly language. It describes the flag register, which contains status and control flags that reflect the results of computations. The status flags include carry, parity, auxiliary carry, zero, sign, and overflow flags. It provides examples of how instructions like ADD, SUB, INC, and NEG affect the different flags. The document also discusses unconditional jumps, conditional jumps based on flag statuses, and the CMP instruction for comparisons without modifying operands. Finally, it provides examples of branching and looping structures that can be implemented in assembly using flags and jumps.

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    4. Flags and Flow Control structure.ppt

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    The document discusses flags and flow control in assembly language. It describes the flag register, which contains status and control flags that reflect the results of computations. The status flags include carry, parity, auxiliary carry, zero, sign, and overflow flags. It provides examples of how instructions like ADD, SUB, INC, and NEG affect the different flags. The document also discusses unconditional jumps, conditional jumps based on flag statuses, and the CMP instruction for comparisons without modifying operands. Finally, it provides examples of branching and looping structures that can be implemented in assembly using flags and jumps.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    80 views19 pages

    Flags and Flow Control Structure

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Umer
    The document discusses flags and flow control in assembly language. It describes the flag register, which contains status and control flags that reflect the results of computations. The status flags include carry, parity, auxiliary carry, zero, sign, and overflow flags. It provides examples of how instructions like ADD, SUB, INC, and NEG affect the different flags. The document also discusses unconditional jumps, conditional jumps based on flag statuses, and the CMP instruction for comparisons without modifying operands. Finally, it provides examples of branching and looping structures that can be implemented in assembly using flags and jumps.

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    Microprocessor and Assembly

    Language
    Lab 4 Flags and Flow control introduction CSC 321

    Mughees Ahmad
    mugheesahmad@cuilahore.edu.pk
    The FLAG Register
     Nine individual bits called as flag are used to represent the
    8086 processor state.
     Flags are placed in FLAG Register.
     Two types of flags:
     Status Flags: Reflects the result of a computation. Located in
    bits: 0, 2, 4, 6, 7 and 11.
     Control Flags: Used to enable/disable certain operations of the
    processor. Located in bits 8, 9 and 10.

    2
    The Status Flags
    1. Carry Flag:
     Set (CY), Unset (NC)
     The Carry Flag is set to 1 when there is a carry out from MSB on
    addition or there is a borrow into the MSB on subtraction. Also affected
    by shift and rotate instructions.
     Examples:
     128 + 128 = 256 (1 byte = 0 - 255)
     0FFh + 11h = 110h (If a register can store only 1 byte, then where to
    store the carry generated by MSB?)
     1000 0001b – 1000 0010b = 11111111b (How processor would know a
    borrow is required to perform subtraction?)

    3
    Contd..
    2. Parity Flag:
     Set (PE), Unset (PO)
     PE (Even Parity): If the low byte of a result has an even number of one
    bits. For Even parity, PF =1
     PO (Odd Parity): If the low byte of a result has odd number of one bits.
    For Even parity, PF = 0
     Examples:
     1000 0001b – 1000 0010b = 11111111b (Number of one’s in result = 8,
    so PF = 1)

    4
    Contd..
    3. Auxiliary Carry Flag:
     Set (AC), Unset (NA)
     The Auxiliary Carry Flag is set to 1 if there is a carry out from bit 3 on
    addition, or a borrow into bit 3 on subtraction.
     Used in Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) Operations.
     Examples:
     1000 0001b
     – 0000 0010b
     = 01111111b (Borrow from bit 4 to bit 3)

    5
    Contd..
    4. Zero Flag:
     Set (ZR), Unset (NZ)
     Zero Flag is 1 when the result is zero.
     Zero Flag is 0 when result is non zero.
     Examples:

    0FFh – 0FFh = 00h

    6
    Contd..
    5. Sign Flag:
     Set when MSB of a result is 1; it means the result is negative (signed
    interpretation)
     Unset/0 when MSB is 0 i.e. result is positive.
     Examples:
    0FFh – 0FFh = 00h (MSB = 0, PF = 0)

    7
    Contd..
    6. Overflow Flag:
    Set if signed overflow occurred, otherwise it is 0.
     Overflow:
    Range of numbers that can be represented in a computer is limited.
    If the result of an operation falls outside the defined range, Overflow
    occurs and the truncated result will be incorrect.
    1 BYTE SIGNED = -128 to 127
    1 BYTE UNSIGNED = 0 to 255

    8
    How Instructions Affect the Flags
    Instructions Affects Flags

    MOV/XCHG None

    ADD/SUB All

    INC/DEC All except CF

    NEG All

    9
    Example 5.1
     ADD AX, BX, where AX contains FFFFh, BX contains FFFFh
     Solution:
     Actual Result = 1FFFEh
     Result stored in AX = FFFEh
     Flags:
     SF = 1 because the MSB is 1
     PF = 0 because there are 7 (odd number) of 1 bits in the low byte of the
    result.
     ZF = 0 because nonzero result
     CF = 1 because there is a carry out of the MSB on addition
     OF = 0 because the sign of the stored result is the same as that of the
    numbers being added (in binary addition, there is a carry into the MSB and
    carry out from MSB also)

    10
    Example 5.5
     MOV AX, -5
     Solution:
     Result in AX = -5 = FFFBh

    11
    High – level operators 8086 conditional jumps
    > JG / JNLE
    < JL / JNGE
    >= JGE / JNL
    <= JLE /JNG
    == JE / JZ
    != JNE / JNZ

    12
    Unconditional Jump
     Syntax:
    JMP destination_label
     Purpose: To Transfer control to another part of the program.
     Example:
    MOV AX, 2
    MOV BX, 2
    JMP LABEL_SUB
    ADD AX, BX ;this instruction will never execute
    LABEL_SUB:
    SUB AX, BX

    13
    Conditional Jump
     Syntax:
    Jxxx destination_label
    where xxx represents the condition
     If condition is true, the next instruction to be executed is the one at
    destination_label.
     If condition is false, the instruction immediately following the jump is done
    next.
     Note: The destination_label must precede the jump instruction by no more
    than 126 bytes.
     To implement a conditional jump, the CPU looks at the FLAG register (set
    by last instruction executed by the processor).
     JUMP instructions themselves do not affect flags.

    14
    CMP Instruction
     CMP (compare) instruction performs an implied subtraction of a source
    operand from destination operand. Neither operand is modified.
    CMP destination, source
     FLAGS
    CMP Result ZF CF

    Destination < Source 0 1

    Destination > Source 0 0

    Destination = Source 1 0

    15
    CMP Instruction Examples
     Destination < Source:
    mov ax, 5
    cmp ax, 10 ;CF = 1, ZF = 0
     Destination = Source
    mov ax, 1000
    mov cx, 1000
    cmp cx, ax ; ZF = 1, CF = 0
     Destination > Source
    mov ax, 105
    cmp ax, 0 ; ZF = 0 and CF = 0

    16
    High Level Language Structures
     Branching Structure
     IF-THEN
     IF-THEN-ELSE
     CASE
     Branching with Compound Conditions
     AND CONDITIONS
     OR CONDITIONS
     Looping Structures
     FOR LOOP
     WHILE LOOP

    17
    IF-THEN
    ;Code in Assembly Language:

    False True MOV AX, -128d


    AX < 0 CMP AX, 0

    JGE END_IF

    NEG AX
    Replace AX
    END_IF:
    by –AX
    MOV AH, 4CH
    INT 21H

    End

    18
    IF-THEN-ELSE
    ;Code in Assembly Language:

    False True MOV AH, 1


    INT 21H
    AL <= BL
    MOV BL, AL ;first input in BL
    INT 21H ;second input in AL

    MOV AH, 2
    CMP AL, BL ;If AL <= BL
    Display the Display the JLE ELSE_
    character in BL character in AL MOV DL, AL ;then
    JMP DISPLAY
    ELSE_:
    MOV DL, BL
    DISPLAY:
    End INT 21H

    19

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