TKP3501 Farm Mechanization & Irrigation Topic 9: Irrigation Principles
TKP3501 Farm Mechanization & Irrigation Topic 9: Irrigation Principles
TKP3501 Farm Mechanization & Irrigation Topic 9: Irrigation Principles
Farm Mechanization
& Irrigation
Topic 9 :
Irrigation Principles
Irrigation typology
Soil – Water – Crop relationship
Irrigation requirement
Crop water requirement
Irrigation scheduling
Learning outcomes
Definition of irrigation:
• Artificial watering of land
• The artificial supply and distribution of water for
agricultural purposes
• The artificial supply and distribution of water for
agricultural purposes to reach one or several of
the following objectives:
- raise productivity of land
- to guarantee a yield (risk reduction)
- crop diversification
- improve quality of the produce
How many hectare of irrigated land World wide?
250 million ha
Irrigation ……..
System
or
Scheme
or
Project ?????
LEGEND:
Main intake
Secondary
intake
Tertiary unit
Irrigation typology:
• size of scheme / size of farms
• source of water: surface water (river, reservoir,
lake) or groundwater
• perennial or seasonal
• gravity or non-gravity (pumped)
• full or supplementary irrigation
• agronomic objective
• irrigation method
• traditional, engineered / technical, modern
irrigation
• according to development objective
• type of management
• distribution method
Typology 1: Farm size
• Surface water
– Direct intake from river/stream
– Weir in river and intake structure
– Tank irrigation
– Reservoir irrigation
• Groundwater
– Artesian water
– Kanat system
– Open wells
– Shallow tube wells
– Deep tube wells
Typology 4: Perennial or seasonal source
• Seasonal irrigation
Typology 5: Gravity or non-gravity (pumped)
• Entirely by gravity
• Sub-surface irrigation
Typology 9: Traditional, engineered /
technical, modern irrigation
1) Deficient rainfall:
Rain gauge
Malaysia average rainfall: 250 – 500 mm per year
a) Variety
b) Growth stages
c) Duration
d) Plant population
e) Crop growing season
f) Transpiration loss through leaves
III. Climatic factors
a) Temperature
b) Sunshine hours
c) Relative humidity
d) Wind velocity
e) Rainfall
IV. Agronomic Management Factors
- Weather station
- Malaysian
Meteorological
Department (MET)
Print screen of monthly climatic data and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) from
CROPWAT 8.0
Exercise
Determine the crop water need (ETc) of tomatoes.
Given:
Solution
Irrigation Scheduling
• Irrigation scheduling is one of the factors that
influence the agronomic and economic viability of
small farms.
• It is important for both water savings and
improved crop yields.
• The irrigation water is applied to the cultivation
according to predetermined schedules based upon
the monitoring of:
1) the soil water status;
2) the crop water requirements.
Estimating the Irrigation Scheduling
4
2 3
1 Net irrigation
Effective Permissible
Available water application
root depth deficit
depth
8 6
7 5
Irrigation Crop coefficient (kc),
Effective Crop Reference
interval/ evapotranspiration
Irrigation rainfall evapotranspiration
(ETo)
frequency (ETc)
10
11
Gross
9 irrigation System
Irrigation application flow/
application depth capacity
efficiency
The soil water status:
Exercise:
Based on table above, the field capacity (FC) of a 45-cm layer of soil
(medium texture) is 18 percent. How much water in cubic metres per
hectare does this layer hold?
Answer:
1)Find WP:
FC = 18 %, WP = FC ÷ 1.85 = 9.7 %
2) Find Sa:
Sa = 18-9.7 = 8.3 %.
Where,
Sa is the available water in millimetres per metre,
p is the permissible depletion (fraction),
D is the root depth (m).
Example:
Where,
d is the net depth of irrigation application (dose) in
millimetres,
ETc is the daily crop evapotranspiration in millimetres per
day.
Answer:
Ea = 198 x 100 ÷ 280 = 70.7 percent, or expressed
as a fraction, 0.70.
The remaining 30 percent of water applied is lost.
10) Gross irrigation application depth
i-2
Exercise/example:
If the number of operating hours per day is seven, the
system flow should be?
• Crop: Cotton
• Area: 1.5 ha.
• Irrigation method: Pressure piped surface method.
• Irrigation efficiency: 70 percent.
• Soil of medium texture, Sa = 99 mm/m.
Answer:
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