Traduci R
Traduci R
Traduci R
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
石竹科 shi zhu ke
Lu Dequan ( 鲁德全 1
) , Wu Zhengyi ( 吴征镒 Wu Cheng-yih)2, Zhou Lihua (周丽华)2, Chen Shilong (陈世龙)3;
Michael G. Gilbert4,
Magnus Lidén5, John McNeill6, John K. Morton7, Bengt Oxelman8, Richard K. Rabeler9, Mats Thulin8, Nicholas J.
Turland10, Warren L. Wagner11
Herbs annual or perennial, rarely subshrubs or shrubs. Stems and branches usually swollen at nodes. Leaves
opposite, decussate, rarely alternate or verticillate, simple, entire, usually connate at base; stipules scarious, bristly,
or often absent. Inflorescence of cymes or cymose panicles, rarely flowers solitary or few in racemes, capitula,
pseudoverticillasters, or umbels. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual, rarely unisexual, occasionally cleistogamous.
Sepals (4 or)5, free, imbricate, or connate into a tube, leaflike or scarious, persistent, sometimes bracteate below
calyx. Petals (4 or)5, rarely absent, free, often comprising claw and limb; limb entire or split, usually with coronal
scales at juncture of claw and limb. Stamens (2–)5–10, in 1 or 2 series. Pistil 1; carpels 2–5, united into a compound
ovary. Ovary superior, 1-loculed or basally imperfectly 2–5-loculed. Gynophore present or absent. Placentation free,
central, rarely basal; ovules (1 or) few or numerous, campylotropous. Styles (1 or)2–5, sometimes united at base.
Fruit usually a capsule, with pericarp crustaceous, scarious, or papery, dehiscing by teeth or valves 1 or 2 × as many
as styles, rarely berrylike with irregular dehiscence or an achene. Seeds 1 to numerous, reniform, ovoid, or rarely
dorsiventrally compressed, abaxially grooved, blunt, or sharply pointed, rarely fimbriate-pectinate; testa granular,
striate or tuberculate, rarely smooth or spongy; embryo strongly curved and surrounding perisperm or straight but
eccentric; perisperm mealy.
Between 75 and 80 genera and ca. 2000 species: widespread but mainly of temperate or warm-temperate occurrence in the N hemisphere, with
principal centers of distribution in the Mediterranean region and W Asia to W China and the Himalayas, fewer species in Africa S of the Sahara,
America, and Oceania; 30 genera (two endemic) and 390 species (193 endemic) in China.
Arenaria, Silene, and Stellaria contain over half the species in the family in China. They are mostly concentrated in the Qinghai-Xizang plateau,
and are especially rich from the Hengduan Mountains to the Himalayas.
The main uses of this family are medicinal and ornamental. Dianthus superbus, Pseudostellaria heterophylla, Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata,
and Vaccaria hispanica are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. Some species of Arenaria, Dianthus, Gypsophila, Psammosilene,
and Silene are used as medicinal herbs among the people or are habitually used in local Chinese medicine. Many species of Dianthus, Gypsophila,
Lychnis, Saponaria, and Silene are grown as ornamentals. Atocion armeria (Linnaeus) Rafinesque (Silene armeria Linnaeus), native to Russia
and Europe, is also cultivated in China. It differs from Silene in having a corymbose inflorescence and obscure calyx veins.
Wu Cheng-yih, Ke Ping, Zhou Li-hua, Tang Chang-lin & Lu De-quan. 1996. Caryophyllaceae. In: Tang Chang-lin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin.
26: 47–449.
1. Herniaria polygama J. Gáy, Rev. Bot. Recueil Mens. 2: Seed flat-orbicular, ca. 0.5 mm in diam. Fl. Jul, fr.
371. 1847. Aug–Sep.
杂性治疝草 za xing zhi shan cao
Plants annual, pubescent. Stems spreading, 3–15 cm. Meadows, mires, hillsides, ravines; 900–2400 m. W Sichuan, N
Petiole short; leaf blade oblong-elliptic, 3–10 × 1–3 mm, Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Mongolia, Russia, Uzbekistan; Europe].
base attenuate, apex obtuse. Glomerules leaf-opposed, Chaudhri (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 285: 315–320.
(6–)10–12- or more flowered. Flowers 4-merous, 1.4– 1968) divided this rather variable species into four varieties based on
1.5(–1.7) mm. Sepals lanceolate, ca. 1.5 × 0.5 mm, minor differences in flower size and indumentum.
abaxially hairy, apex apiculate. Stamens 4, shorter than
3. Herniaria caucasica F. Ruprecht, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci.
sepals. Style (0.3–)0.5 mm, often longer than sepals at
Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 15(2): 241. 1869.
maturity, divided for ca. 1/3 length. Achene ovoid,
高加索治疝草 gao jia suo zhi shan cao
subequaling calyx. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
Steppes, riverside grasslands; ca. 500 m. Xinjiang [Russia; E Europe]. Plants perennial, yellowish green, tomentose. Stems
2. Herniaria glabra Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 218. 1753. prostrate, 5–15 cm. Leaf blade obovate or oblong, 4–5
治疝草 zhi shan cao × 2–3 mm, base attenuate, apex obtuse. Glomerules
Plants annual or perennial, yellowish green. Stems leaf-opposed, (1–)4–12-flowered. Flowers 5-merous,
spreading, 5–18(–35) cm, glabrous or thinly pilose. yellowish green, (1.6–)1.8–2.3 mm. Sepals oblong, 1–
Leaf blade elliptic-obovate, 3–7 × 1–3 mm, glabrous, 1.5 × ca. 0.5 mm, ciliate, apex obtuse. Stamens 5,
base cuneate, apex obtuse. Glomerules leaf-opposed, 6– shorter than sepals. Style exserted at maturity, 0.3–0.4
10-flowered. Flowers 5-merous, 1.2–1.5(–1.7) mm. mm, stigmas 2, often spreading. Achene subequaling
Sepals ovate-oblong, ca. 1.5 × 0.5 mm, glabrous, apex calyx. Seed dark brown, subglobose, ca. 0.8 × 0.8 mm.
obtuse. Stamens 5, short. Style 0.2–0.3 mm; stigma Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
lobes nearly sessile. Achene ovoid, longer than sepals. Hillsides, meadows; 1400–2000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia,
Russia; SW Asia].
1. Spergula arvensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 440. 1753. shorter than to slightly longer than sepals, apex obtuse.
大爪草 da zhua cao Stamens 10, shorter than ovary. Ovary ovoid; style
Spergula linicola Boreau ex Nyman; S. maxima Weihe; extremely short; stigmas 5. Capsule ovoid, ca. 4 mm in
S. sativa Boenninghausen; S. vulgaris Boenninghausen. diam., slightly longer than sepals. Seed gray-black,
Plants annual. Stems (7–)13–50(–60) cm, pilose, subglobose, slightly compressed, 1–2 mm, both
apically glandular hairy. Stipules triangular-ovate, surfaces often with minute, pale, club-shaped papillae,
small, soon deciduous. Leaf blade linear, (1.1–)1.5–4 margin with narrow wing. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
cm × 0.5–0.7 mm, abaxially channeled, glabrous or Grasslands, riverbanks. SW Guizhou, N Heilongjiang, Shandong,
glandular pubescent, apex acute. Cymes lax, at first Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Philippines, Russia,
Sikkim; N Africa, SW Asia, Europe, North America].
dichasial, upper branches monochasial. Pedicel 1.5–2.5 This plant is a weed of wheat fields, and is used as fodder.
cm, slender. Sepals ovate, 3(–5) mm, glandular pub-
scent, apex subacute to obtuse. Petals obovate, slightly
4. SPERGULARIA (Persoon) J. & C. Presl, Fl. Cech. 94. 1819, nom. cons.
拟漆姑属 ni qi gu shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Richard K. Rabeler
Arenaria Linnaeus subgen. Spergularia Persoon, Syn. Pl. 1: 504. 1805; Buda Adanson, nom. rej.; Tissa Adanson,
nom. rej.
Herbs annual or perennial. Stems erect, decumbent, or procumbent, dilated at nodes, somewhat flattened. Leaves
decussate, linear; stipules pale, scarious, connate around nodes, forming ± triangular structures on either side of stem;
leaf fascicles (short, leafy lateral branches) when present borne on only one side at each node. Inflorescence of
racemose cymes; bracts immediately subtending calyx absent. Sepals 5, free, green, margin scarious. Petals 5, white
or pink, entire. Stamens 2–5 or 10. Ovary 1-loculed; ovules numerous; styles 3. Capsule ovoid, opening by 3 valves.
Seeds numerous, flat, winged or not; embryo curved.
About 25 species: N temperate regions, mostly halophytes; four species in China.
1a. Sepals 5–7 mm; capsule 1.5–2 × as long as calyx; stamens (5 or)10; all or most seeds winged ........... 3. S. media
1b. Sepals 1.5–4.5 mm; capsule ca. equaling or slightly longer than calyx; stamens 2–5 or 10; all or most
seeds unwinged.
2a. Leaves fasciculate; stipules lanceolate, silvery; stamens (5 or)10 .................................................... 1. S. rubra
2b. Leaves not or rarely fasciculate; stipules triangular (rarely lanceolate), not silvery; stamens 2–5.
3a. Capsule 1.5–3 mm, equaling calyx; seeds dark brown to black, unwinged ............................. 2. S. diandra
3b. Capsule 5–6 mm, slightly longer than calyx; seeds light brown, mostly unwinged ................. 4. S. marina
1. Spergularia rubra (Linnaeus) J. & C. Presl, Fl. Cech. 94. Herbs perennial. Stems erect or decumbent, 15–30 cm
1819. tall, glandular hairy on inflorescence. Leaves not or
无翅拟漆姑 wu chi ni qi gu rarely fasciculate, 1–2 cm × ca. 1 mm, fleshy, apex
Arenaria rubra Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 423. 1753; A. cam- mucronate; stipules not silvery, lanceolate. Cymes
pestris Linnaeus; Spergularia campestris (Linnaeus) sparse; bracts reduced. Sepals lanceolate or oblong-
Ascherson. ovate, 5–7 × 1.5–2 mm. Petals pink, rarely white,
Herbs annual, sometimes perennial. Taproot slender, oblong, equaling or somewhat exceeding sepals. Sta-
sometimes ± woody. Stems diffuse, decumbent or mens (5 or)10. Capsule 1.5–2 × as long as calyx. Seeds
procumbent, 20–25 cm, branched at base, apically dark brown, orbicular, ca. 1 mm, smooth or tuberculate,
glandular pubescent. Leaves fasciculate, 5–20 × 0.5–1 with membranous wing. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct. 2n
mm, glabrous or pubescent; stipules silvery, lanceolate, = 18.
apex acuminate. Cymes sparse; bracts nearly as large as Saline soils, floodlands; ca. 1200 m. Nei Mongol, Xinjiang
leaves. Sepals lanceolate, 3–4.5 mm. Petals uniformly [Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia, Turkmenistan; N Africa,
pink, obovate, equaling or shorter than sepals. Stamens Europe, SW Asia].
(5 or)10. Capsule 4–5 mm, ca. equaling calyx. Seeds 4. Spergularia marina (Linnaeus) Grisebach, Spic. Fl.
dark brown, subtrigonous, small, tuberculate, unwinged. Rumel. 1: 213. 1843.
Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Oct. 2n = 18, 27, 36, 54. 拟漆姑 ni qi gu
Sands, saline soils, forests, shallow watersides; ca. 800 m. Xinjiang Arenaria rubra Linnaeus var. marina Linnaeus;
[Afghanistan, N India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia; Europe]. Spergularia salina J. Presl & C. Presl.
2. Spergularia diandra (Gussone) Heldreich, in schedis
Herbs annual or biennial, rarely perennial, with slender
autogr. Pl. Atticae, a. 1848, s.n. [1851 sec. FI in sched.].
or slightly fleshy stock. Stems 10–30 cm tall, densely
二雄蕊拟漆姑 er xiong rui ni qi gu
pubescent. Leaves not or rarely fasciculate, 5–30 × 1–
Arenaria diandra Gussone, Fl. Sicul. 1: 515. 1829. 1.5 mm, fleshy, apex mucronate; stipules not silvery,
Herbs annual. Stems ascending, 5–15 cm tall, slender, broadly triangular, forming a sheath. Flowers terminal
glandular pubescent. Leaves not or rarely fasciculate, or axillary; bracts reduced. Sepals ovate, ca. 3.5 × 1.5–
5–20 × 0.3–0.5 mm, apex obtuse; stipules not silvery, 1.8 mm, abaxially glandular pubescent, margin
triangular, rarely lanceolate, short. Cymes sparse, small; membranous. Petals pink above, white near base, rarely
bracts reduced. Pedicel slender. Sepals oblong-ovate, entirely white, ovate-oblong or elliptic-ovate, shorter
1.5–2.5 × ca. 1 mm, apex obtuse. Petals lilac, rarely than sepals, apex obtuse. Stamens 2–5. Capsule 5–6
white, oblong-elliptic, shorter than sepals. Stamens 2 or mm, ovoid, usually exceeding calyx. Seeds light brown,
3. Capsule ovoid, 1.5–3 mm, ca. equaling calyx, valves 0.5–0.7 mm, smooth or densely tuberculate, mostly
purple-black at maturity. Seeds dark brown to black, unwinged, sometimes with erose wing. Fl. Apr–Jul, fr.
ovoid, ca. 0.5 mm, unwinged. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jun–Sep. May–Sep. 2n = 36.
2n = 18. Saline soils, salt meadows, riversides, lakesides, farmlands; 200–2800
Wet saline grasslands, floodlands; 900–2600 m. Gansu, Ningxia, m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei
Qinghai, Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia; Europe, SW Asia]. Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan,
3. Spergularia media (Linnaeus) C. Presl ex Grisebach, Spic. Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea,
Fl. Rumel. 1: 213. 1843. Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia; N Africa, Europe, North America].
缘翅拟漆姑 yuan chi ni qi gu
The nomenclatural history involving the first use of the epithet
Arenaria media Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 1: 606. 1762; “marina” at the species rank is complex, and some authors feel that
Spergularia marginata Kittel. Spergularia salina is the correct name for this taxon.
Flora of China 6: 1–113. 2001.
5. DRYMARIA Willdenow ex Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 5: 31. 1819.
荷莲豆草属 he lian dou cao shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Michael G. Gilbert
Herbs annual or perennial. Stems creeping or suberect, with dichotomous branching. Leaves opposite, shortly
petiolate; leaf blade orbicular or ovate-cordate, 3–5-veined; stipules small, bristly, often fugacious. Inflorescence a
cyme, terminal. Flowers (4-or)5-merous, pedicellate, small. Sepals free, green, herbaceous. Petals absent or (1–)3–5,
2-lobed, occasionally appendiculate in sinus and/or auriculate at top of claw. Stamens (2–)5, opposite sepals;
filaments joined at base. Ovary with few ovules; styles (2 or)3, joined at base. Fruit a capsule, (2-or)3-valved, 1- to
many seeded. Seeds ovate or reniform, small, flat; testa tuberculate.
About 48 species: native to Central and South America from Mexico to Patagonia, also widely distributed as weeds in the Old World tropics; two
species in China.
1a. Stems and often also leaves villous or hirsute ..................................................................................... 1. D. villosa
1b. Stems and leaves glabrous or minutely papillose ................................................................................ 2. D. cordata
1. Drymaria villosa Chamisso & Schlechtendal, Linnaea 5: Plants annual. Stems straggling, sometimes subscandent,
232. 1830. usually rooting at lower nodes, 60–90 cm, mostly
毛荷莲豆草 mao he lian dou cao glabrous, minutely papillose toward inflorescence.
Plants annual. Stems diffuse, slender, rarely rooting at Stipules membranous, splitting into few whitish setae.
lower nodes, pilose or hirsute, Stipules 0.5–1.5 mm, Petiole poorly defined, 3–7 mm; leaf blade ovate-
slender, scarious. Leaf blade ovate or reniform, 0.5–1(– cordate, (0.5–)1–3(–3.5) × 0.6–3 cm, prominently 3–5-
1.5) cm, pilose or glabrous. Peduncle 1–5 cm. Pedicel veined from base. Bracts lanceolate, scarious. Pedicel
0.2–2 cm, pilose. Sepals ovate-elliptic, ca. 3 × 1 mm, 3–5 mm, slender, glandular hairy. Sepals lanceolate-
glabrous or pilose, margin membranous, apex acute. ovate, 2–3.5(–5) mm, margin membranous, 3-veined,
Petals white, subequaling sepals, 2-parted. Stamens 5, glandular hairy, apex subacute. Petals white, obovate-
shorter than sepals, 2–3.5 mm. Ovary ovoid; styles 3, cuneate, ca. 2.5 mm, deeply 2-cleft; segments narrow,
connate to below middle. Capsule ovoid, 2–3 mm. Seed apex ± acute. Stamens 2–3(–5), shorter than sepals.
reniform, tuberculate. Styles 3, connate at base. Capsule ovoid, (1.5–)2–3 mm
in diam., 3-valved. Seed dark brown, suborbicular, ca.
Grasslands between forests; 1700–1900 m. S Xizang [native to 1.5 mm, regularly densely tuberculate. Fl. Apr–Oct, fr.
Central and South America]. Jun–Dec.
This plant is much more delicate than the more common, following Damp shaded sites, often near streams or under shrubs, disturbed
species. areas; 200–1900(–2400) m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
Hainan, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [native
2. Drymaria cordata (Linnaeus) Schultes in Roemer & to Central and South America].
Schultes, Syst. Veg. 5: 406. 1819. This species is used medicinally and is a widely distributed, noxious
荷莲豆草 he lian dou cao weed.
Holosteum cordatum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 88. 1753;
Dry-maria cordata subsp. diandra (Blume) J. A. Duke;
D. diandra Blume.
6. POLYCARPON Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 859, 881, 1360. 1759.
多荚草属 duo jia cao shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Michael G. Gilbert
Herbs annual or perennial. Stems diffuse or erect, usually branched. Leaves opposite, sometimes apparently
verticillate, sessile or indistinctly petiolate; leaf blade obovate or spatulate; stipules membranous. Inflorescence a
cymose cluster, axillary or terminal; bracts scarious. Flowers small. Sepals 5, margin hyaline, midvein raised
abaxially into rounded fleshy keel. Petals often fewer than 5, hyaline, less than 1/2 as long as sepals. Stamens 3–5;
filaments ± united at base. Ovary 1-loculed with numerous ovules; style short, 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule, 3-valved,
several seeded.
About 16 species: tropics and subtropics; one species in China.
1. Polycarpon prostratum (Forsskål) Ascherson & Schwein- Linnaeus; Polycarpon indicum (Retzius) E. D. Merrill;
furth in Ascherson, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 39: 128. 1889. P. loeflingii Wight & Arnott ex Bentham.
多荚草 duo jia cao Plants annual. Stems prostrate or ascending, ± woody at
Alsine prostrata Forsskål, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 207. 1775; base, 10–25 cm, pubescent or glabrous. Leaf blade
Loeflingia indica Retzius; Pharnaceum depressum obovate or spatulate, 5–15(–25) × 1.5–2.5(–5) mm,
glabrous, base attenuate, apex acute. Cymes often
axillary, sometimes rather lax, 2–4 cm; bracts cylindric, with raised lateral hylum, reticulate, ca. 0.5
stipulelike. Pedicel short or absent, pilose. Sepals mm. Fl. Feb–May, fr. May–Jun.
lanceolate, 2.5–3(–4) mm, apex obtuse, ± hooded.
On open sands, farmlands; 300–1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,
Petals often fewer than 5, oblong, less than 1/2 as long
Hainan, Yunnan [tropical regions of Asia and Africa].
as sepals, entire. Stamens 3(–5), shorter than sepals.
Capsule ovoid, shorter than sepals. Seed light brown,
8. PSEUDOSTELLARIA Pax in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 318. 1934.
孩儿参属 hai er shen shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Richard K. Rabeler
Krascheninikovia Turczaninow ex Fenzl in Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 968. 1840, not Gueldenstaedt (1772).
Herbs perennial. Root tubers fusiform, ovoid or subglobose. Stems erect or ascending, sometimes repent. Leaves
ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate; stipules absent. Flowers of two types. Chasmogamic flowers larger,
solitary in distal leaf axils or in terminal cymes, bracts immediately subtending calyx absent, pedicel longer, usually
without fruit; sepals (4 or)5; petals (4 or)5, white, entire or emarginate; stamens (8 or)10; ovary globose or ovoid, 1-
loculed, ovules numerous; styles (2 or)3; stigma capitate. Cleistogamic flowers smaller, on stem in proximal leaf
axils, shortly pedicellate or subsessile; sepals 4(or 5); petals very small, membranous, or absent; stamens reduced,
rarely 2; ovary globose or ovoid, 1-loculed, ovules numerous; styles 2 or 3. Capsule (2 or) 3(or 4)-valved. Seeds few,
large, somewhat flattened, tuberculate or smooth; embryo curved.
About 18 species: E and N Asia, one species in Europe, two species in North America; nine species (two endemic) in China.
1a. All leaves linear, lanceolate-linear, or ovate-lanceolate.
2a. Stems 15–25 cm tall; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, 3–5(–7) cm × 2–3(–5) mm; seeds with
awned
tubercles ...................................................................................................................................... 1. P. sylvatica
2b. Stems 5–10 cm tall; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1–3 cm × 3–8 mm; seeds with anchor-
shaped
barbs ............................................................................................................................................ 2. P. rupestris
1b. Middle and distal leaves ovate, broadly ovate, ovate-oblong, or oblong.
3a. Leaves rounded at base, subsessile; seeds mammillate, with pointed mammillae.
4a. Stems repent, procumbent to 50 cm; capsule 4-valved; seeds with non-bristly protuberances 3. P. davidii
4b. Stems erect, 15–20 cm tall; capsule 3-valved; seeds with bristly protuberances ................... 4. P. japonica
3b. Leaves attenuate at base into petiole; seeds tuberculate or not.
5a. Chasmogamic flowers with sepals 4, petals 4, stamens 8; seeds tuberculate, apex of tubercles
with
one short hair ............................................................................................................... 5. P. helanshanensis
5b. Chasmogamic flowers with sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 10; seeds tuberculate or not.
6a. Stems with apical 2(or 3) pairs of leaves larger, approximate, decussate, broadly ovate 8. P. heterophylla
6b. Stems not as above.
7a. Chasmogamic flowers with sepals glabrous; cleistogamic flowers subsessile; leaves ovate
or
oblong .......................................................................................................................... 9. P. tibetica
7b. Chasmogamic flowers with sepals abaxially pubescent; cleistogamic flowers shortly
pedicellate;
distal middle leaves ovate-oblong.
8a. Capsules 2–3 mm; seeds without protuberances ................................................ 6. P. himalaica
8b. Capsules 3.5–4 mm; seeds tuberculate .............................................................. 7. P. heterantha
1. Pseudostellaria sylvatica (Maximowicz) Pax in Engler & sepals, apex 2-lobed; stamens shorter than petals,
Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 318. 1934. anthers brown; styles 2 or 3, usually exserted.
细叶孩儿参 xi ye hai er shen Cleistogamic flowers axillary on stem or terminal on a
dwarf shoot; sepals narrowly lanceolate, abaxially
Krascheninikovia sylvatica Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. pubescent, apex acuminate; petals absent. Capsule
Amur. 57. 1859; Stellaria sylvatica (Maximowicz) ovoid, slightly longer than sepals, 3-valved. Seeds
Maximowicz ex Regel. reniform, ca. 1.5 mm, tuberculate, apex of tubercles
awned. Fl. and fr. Jun–Jul.
Root tubers usually several in a row (moniliform),
Pine forests, mixed forests; (1500–)2400–2800(–3800) m. Gansu,
narrowly ovoid or shortly fusiform. Stems erect, 15–25
Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning,
cm tall, 4-angled, with 2 lines of hairs. Leaves sessile, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Japan,
linear or lanceolate-linear, 3–5(–7) cm × 2–3(–5) mm, Korea, Russia].
thin, margin ciliate at base, abaxially grayish blue; This species is used medicinally.
midvein prominent. Chasmogamic flowers solitary or in
dichasium; pedicel 5–15 mm, slender; sepals 5, green, 2. Pseudostellaria rupestris (Turczaninow) Pax in Engler &
lanceolate, abaxially pubescent, margin membranous, Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 318. 1934.
apex acuminate; petals 5, obovate, slightly longer than 石生孩儿参 shi sheng hai er shen
Krascheninikovia rupestris Turczaninow, Fl. Baical- 1.5–2.5 cm × 2–3 mm; middle and distal leaves
Dahur. 1: 238. 1842; Pseudostellaria terminalis W. Z. subsessile, ovate or broadly ovate, 1.5–3 × 1–2 cm,
Di & Y. Ren. both surfaces sparsely pubescent, base rounded, ciliate,
Root tubers globose or broadly ellipsoid, ca. 1 cm. apex acute. Chasmogamic flowers solitary or in cymes;
Stems erect, 5–10 cm tall, slender, unbranched, or pedicel 1.5–2.5 cm, slender, pubescent; sepals 5,
lanceolate, 3–3.5 × 1.5–2 mm, with sparse long hairs at
sparsely branched apically, glabrous or with 1 or 2 lines
of short hairs. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1– margin and abaxially at midvein, margin membranous;
3 cm × 3–8 mm, base attenuate into a short petiole, petals 5, obovate or broadly elliptic-obovate, ca. 5 mm,
ca. 2 × as long as sepals, base attenuate, apex
glabrous or ciliate, apex acute. Chasmogamic flowers
terminal or axillary; pedicel 1.5–2.5 cm, slender, emarginate; stamens 10, shorter than petals, anthers
glabrous or pubescent; sepals 5, oblong-lanceolate, purple-brown; ovary ovoid; styles 3. Cleistogamic
veins pilose, margin membranous; petals 5, oblong, ca. flowers axillary; pedicel slender. Capsule ovoid, longer
1.5 × as long as sepals, margin entire, rarely emarginate; than sepals, 3-valved. Seeds brown, ovoid, slightly
compressed, ca. 1 mm, mammillate with pointed
stamens 10, subequaling petals; styles (2 or)3.
Cleistogamic flowers axillary, small; pedicel ca. 1.2 cm; projections, apex of projections bristly. Fl. May–Jun, fr.
sepals 4; petals absent; stamens 2; styles 2 or 3. Capsule Jul–Aug.
ellipsoid, ca. 4 × 3 mm. Seeds brown, ovoid, ca. 1.5 Coniferous and broadleaf mixed forests in shaded, wet areas; ca. 400
mm, with anchor-shaped barbs. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul– m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Japan, Korea,
Russia].
Sep. 5. Pseudostellaria helanshanensis W. Z. Di & Y. Ren, Acta
Picea forests, rocky mountain slopes, 2700–3400 m. S Jilin Phytotax. Sin. 25: 478. 1987.
(Changbai Shan), SW Nei Mongol (Helan Shan), Qinghai [Mongolia,
Russia]. 贺兰山孩儿参 he lan shan hai er shen
3. Pseudostellaria davidii (Franchet) Pax in Engler & Prantl, Root tubers solitary or several in fascicles, lilac. Stems
Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 318. 1934.
usually repent at base, ascending above, 5–10 cm tall,
蔓孩儿参 wan hai er shen slender, much branched, with 2 lines of hairs, with
dwarf shoots from leaf axils. Proximal leaves narrowly
Krascheninikovia davidii Franchet, Pl. David. 1: 51. elliptic, 1.5–2.5 cm × 4–6 mm, base attenuate into a
1884; Stellaria davidii (Franchet) Hemsley. petiole, margin rough, apex acute. Middle and distal
Root tubers fusiform. Stems repent, decumbent, to 50 leaves: petiole 3–10 mm, sparsely pubescent; leaf blade
cm, slender, sparsely branched, with 2 lines of hairs. ovate or broadly ovate, 1–2.5 × 0.6–1.5 cm, base
Leaves subsessile, petiole 3–5 mm; leaf blade ovate, cuneate, apex acute. Chasmogamic flowers solitary,
1.5–3 × 1–2 cm, base rounded, ciliate, apex acute. terminal at stem apex; pedicel slender, sparsely
Chasmogamic flowers axillary; pedicel ca. 3.8 cm, pubescent; sepals 4, narrowly elliptic, ca. 3 × 1.5 mm;
slender, with 1 row of hairs; sepals 5, lanceolate, ca. 3 petals 4; stamens 8; ovary ovoid; styles 2. Cleistogamic
mm, abaxially pubescent at midvein; petals 5, narrowly flowers solitary in leaf axils of dwarf shoot; pedicel 5–
obovate or oblanceolate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, 20 mm, sparsely pubescent; sepals 4, narrowly elliptic;
margin entire; stamens 10, shorter than petals; anthers petals absent; stamens 2. Capsule with purple stains,
purple; styles (2 or)3. Cleistogamic flowers axillary; ovoid, 3–4 mm, 4-valved. Seeds deep brown,
pedicel ca. 1 cm, hairy; sepals 4, narrowly lanceolate, subreniform, ca. 1.5 mm, tuberculate, apex of tubercles
ca. 3 × 0.8–1 mm, pubescent; stamens reduced; styles 2. with one short hair. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
Capsule ovoid, slightly longer than sepals, 4-valved. • Forested wetlands, near drainage areas; 2800–3000 m. Nei Mongol
Seeds reniform or subglobose, ca. 1.5 mm, mammillate (Helan Shan).
with pointed projections. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
6. Pseudostellaria himalaica (Franchet) Pax in Engler &
Mixed forests, brooksides, stony hillsides, forest margins; 1000–3800 Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 318. 1934.
m. Anhui, Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin,
Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, 须弥孩儿参 xu mi hai er shen
Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
4. Pseudostellaria japonica (Korshinsky) Pax in Engler & Stellaria davidii Hemsley var. himalaica Franchet, Pl.
Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 318. 1934. Delavay. 100. 1889; Krascheninikovia himalaica
(Franchet) Korshinsky; Pseudostellaria cashmiriana
毛脉孩儿参 mao mai hai er shen Schaeftlein; P. dalaolingensis Z. E. Zhou & J. Q. Wu;
Krascheninikovia japonica Korshinsky, Bull. Acad. P. heterantha (Maximowicz) Pax var. himalaica
Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 5, 9: 40. 1898. (Franchet) Ohwi.
Root tubers fusiform. Stems erect, 15–20 cm tall, un- Root tubers globose or fusiform. Stems erect, 3–13 cm
branched, with 2 lines of hairs. Basal leaves lanceolate, tall, slender, branched, pubescent. Leaves ovate, 3–14 ×
2–8 mm, midvein prominent, both surfaces pubescent, 孩儿参 hai er shen
base attenuate into a short petiole, apex acute.
Chasmogamic flowers solitary, terminal; pedicel 2–4 Krascheninikovia heterophylla Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot.
cm, pilose; sepals 5, lanceolate, 3–4 × ca. 1 mm, Lugduno-Batavi 3: 187. 1867; K. rhaphanorrhiza
abaxially pilose, margin narrowly membranous, apex (Hemsley) Korshinsky; Pseudostellaria rhaphanorrhiza
acuminate; petals 5, obovate, slightly longer than sepals, (Hemsley) Pax; Stellaria heterophylla (Miquel)
margin entire or emarginate, base slightly narrowed; Hemsley; S. rhaphanorrhiza Hemsley.
stamens 10, shorter than petals, anthers brown-purple; Root tubers white, slightly grayish yellow, long
styles 2 or 3. Cleistogamic flowers 1 or 2 in proximal fusiform. Stem solitary, erect, (8–)15–20 cm tall, with 2
leaf axils; pedicel 8–10 mm, pilose; sepals 4, lanceolate; lines of hairs. Proximal leaves usually 1 or 2 pairs,
petals absent. Capsule ovoid, 2–3 mm. Seeds brown, spatulate or oblanceolate, base attenuate into a petiole,
compressed, orbicular, ca. 0.5 mm, without protu- apex obtuse; middle leaves lanceolate, 3–4 cm × 5–8
berances. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Jul. mm; distal leaves 2 or 3 pairs, decussate, approximate,
Picea forests or evergreen broadleaf forests, in scrub on rocks; 2300– broadly ovate, 3–6 × 1–2 cm, abaxially pilose at veins,
3800 m. Gansu, Hubei, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, adaxially glabrous, base attenuate, apex acuminate.
India, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim]. Chasmogamic flowers axillary, solitary or in cymes;
Pseudostellaria dalaolingensis, described from Hubei, is tentatively pedicel 1–2(–4) cm, pubescent; sepals 5, lanceolate, ca.
assigned here; the present authors have not seen material of this 5 mm, abaxially pilose and ciliate; petals 5, oblong or
species. Although in the protologue Zhou and Wu distinguished it obovate, 7–8 mm, margin entire, slightly toothed, or
from P. maximowicziana (P. heterantha here), the description more emarginate; stamens 10, shorter than petals; ovary
closely fits P. himalaica. ovoid; styles 3, slightly longer than stamens, stigmas
7. Pseudostellaria heterantha (Maximowicz) Pax in Engler capitate. Cleistogamic flowers axillary, pedicels short;
& Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 318. 1934. sepals 4, pilose; petals absent; stamens 2; styles 3.
异花孩儿参 yi hua hai er shen Capsule ovoid, unsplit or 3-valved. Seeds brown,
oblong-reniform or compressed orbicular, ca. 1.5 mm,
Krascheninikovia heterantha Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. tuberculate. Fl. Apr–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 18: 376. 1873; K. Mountain valleys, moist shaded forests; 800–2700 m. Anhui, Hebei,
eritrichoides Diels; K. maximowicziana Franchet & Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Mongol,
Savatier; Pseudostellaria eritrichoides (Diels) Ohwi; P. Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
maximowicziana (Franchet & Savatier) Pax. This species is used medicinally.
Root tubers fusiform. Stems solitary, erect, 8–15 cm tall, 9. Pseudostellaria tibetica Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 9: 103. 1937.
branched at base, with 2 lines of hairs. Proximal middle
leaves oblanceolate, base attenuate into a petiole, apex 西藏孩儿参 xi zang hai er shen
acute; distal middle leaves shortly petiolate, ovate- Pseudostellaria heterantha var. tibetica (Ohwi)
oblong, 2–2.5 × 0.8–1.2 cm, base sparsely ciliate. Kozhevnikov.
Chasmogamic flowers terminal or axillary; pedicel 3– Stems erect, 5–10(–20) cm tall, slender, with 2 lines of
3.5 cm, pilose; sepals 5, green, lanceolate, 3–4 mm, hairs. Leaves with petiole 3–20 mm; leaf blade ovate or
abaxially pilose, margin ciliate; petals 5, oblong- oblong, 0.5–3 cm × 3–10 mm, adaxially pubescent,
oblanceolate, longer than sepals, apically obtuse or base cuneate, margin ciliate with short hairs, apex
acute; stamens 10, slightly shorter than petals, anthers obtuse, apiculate. Chasmogamic flowers solitary and
purple; styles 2 or 3. Cleistogamic flowers axillary at terminal, or axillary; pedicel 2–3 cm, with 1 line of
stem base; pedicel short; sepals 4, lanceolate, 2–3 mm; hairs; sepals 5, lanceolate, 5–6 mm, long acuminate,
petals absent; stamens 4 or 5; styles very short; stigma subglabrous; petals 5, cuneate-obovate, slightly longer
2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 3.5–4 mm, slightly longer than than sepals, margin entire; stamens 10; ovary ovoid;
sepals, 4-valved. Seeds reniform, slightly compressed, styles 3, ca. 3 mm. Cleistogamic flowers axillary, small,
tuberculate. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. subsessile; sepals 4, 3–4 mm, with long hairs; petals
Mountain forests, scrublands, hillside grasslands; 1400–4100 m. absent. Capsule globose, 2.5–4 mm. Seeds brown,
Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, SW Nei Mongol (Helan elliptic, ca. 1 mm, tuberculate. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul.
Shan), Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi (Taibai Shan), Shanxi, Sichuan,
Xizang [Japan, Russia]. • Hillsides, mountain valleys, forest margins, wet river shores; 2900–
8. Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miquel) Pax in Engler & 4000 m. W Sichuan, E Xizang.
Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 318. 1934.
繁缕(原变种) fan lu (yuan bian zhong) Chinese records of Stellaria apetala Ucria (e.g., in FRPS) are almost
certainly referable to S. pallida.
Alsine media Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 272. 1753; Stellaria
9. Stellaria vestita Kurz, J. Bot. 11: 194. 1873.
monogyna D. Don.
Herbs annual or biennial. Stems 10–30 cm tall. Basal 箐姑草 qing gu cao
leaves long petiolate, distal leaves sessile or shortly
petiolate; leaf blade ovate, 1.5–2.5 × 1–1.5 cm, apex Herbs perennial, stellate hairy. Stems sparsely tufted,
acuminate. Stamens 3–5, shorter than petals. Styles 3, diffuse or decumbent, 30–60(–90) cm tall, basally
linear. Capsule ovoid, slightly longer than persistent branched, apically densely stellate hairy. Leaves ovate
sepals, 6-valved. Seeds numerous, red-brown, ovoid to or elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 1–10 × 0.8–3 cm, both
suborbicular, slightly compressed, 1–1.2 mm in diam., surfaces stellate hairy, midvein conspicuous abaxially,
semiglobose-tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = base rounded or clasping, rarely narrowed into short
40, 42, 44. petiole, apex acute or acuminate. Flowers in sparse
Fields. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, cymes; peduncles long, densely stellate pubescent;
Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, bracts ovate-lanceolate, herbaceous, margin
Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, membranous. Pedicel unequal, 1–3 cm, slender, densely
Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Japan, Korea, stellate hairy. Sepals 5, gray-green, lanceolate, 4–6 mm,
Pakistan, Russia, Sikkim; Europe].
outside stellate pubescent, 3-veined, margin
7b. Stellaria media var. micrantha (Hayata) T. S. Liu & S. S.
Ying, Fl. Taiwan 2: 350. 1976. membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, shorter than or sub-
equaling sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes linear.
小花繁缕 xiao hua fan lu Stamens 10, shorter than or nearly as long as petals.
Styles 3(or 4). Capsules ovoid, 4–5 mm, 6-valved.
Stellaria micrantha Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Seeds numerous, reniform, compressed, ca. 1.5 mm,
Tokyo 30: 36. 1911. ridges tuberculate. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = 24,
Herbs perennial. Stems decumbent, ascending above, 26, 28.
10–25 cm tall. Leaves sessile, broadly ovate-orbicular, Stony places, grassland slopes, forests; 600–3600 m. Fujian, Gansu,
Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi,
0.8–1 cm × 5–7 mm, base narrowed, somewhat
Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan,
clasping, apex acute, aristate. Flowers terminal or in India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sikkim,
axillary cymes. Pedicel usually opposite; bracts ovate- Vietnam].
orbicular, very small, 1–1.5 mm. Sepals 5, ovate-oblong, 1a. Plants 30–60(–90) cm tall; leaves ovate or
2–2.5 mm, apex acute. Petals 5, subequaling sepals, 2- elliptic ............................................. 9a. var. vestita
cleft nearly to base. Stamens 5. Styles 3, short. Capsule 1b. Plants ca. 100 cm tall; leaves oblong-
ovoid, 6-valved. Seeds compressed globose, curved lanceolate
reticulate, apex with short rostellum, reflexed. or ovate-lanceolate .............. 9b. var. amplexicaulis
• Taiwan. 9a. Stellaria vestita var. vestita
8. Stellaria pallida (Dumortier) Crépin, Man. Fl. Belgique, 箐姑草(原变种) qing gu cao (yuan bian zhong)
ed. 2, 19. 1866. Stellaria hamiltoniana Majumdar; S. laxa Merrill; S.
pseudosaxatilis Handel-Mazzetti; S. saxatilis
无瓣繁缕 wu ban fan lu
Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don (1825), not Scopoli
Alsine pallida Dumortier, Fl. Belg. 109. 1827. (1772); S. saxatilis f. petiolata Mizushima; S.
stellatopilosa Hayata.
Herbs annual or biennial. Stems usually decumbent, Stems 30–60(–90) cm tall. Leaves ovate or elliptic, 1–
sometimes ascending, basal branches with 1 line of 3.5 × 0.8–2 cm, both surfaces stellate hairy, midvein
villous nonglandular hairs. Middle and distal leaves conspicuous abaxially, base rounded, rarely narrowed
sessile, proximal leaves long petiolate; leaf blade into a short petiole, apex acute, rarely acuminate.
suborbicular, small, 5–8(–15) mm, both surfaces Stony places, grassland slopes, forests; 600–3600 m. Fujian, Gansu,
glabrous, base cuneate, apex acute. Flowers in terminal Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi,
dichotomous cymes. Pedicel slender. Sepals lanceolate, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan,
rarely ovate-lanceolate, 3–4 mm, ± densely pubescent,
India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sikkim, • Forest margins, grasslands; 2200–2800(–3700) m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
Vietnam].
12. Stellaria petiolaris Handel-Mazzetti, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 89:
9b. Stellaria vestita var. amplexicaulis (Handel-Mazzetti) C.
57. 1940.
Y. Wu, Index Fl. Yunnan. 1: 263. 1984.
抱茎箐姑草 bao jing qing gu cao 细柄繁缕 xi bing fan lu
Stellaria saxatilis Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don var. Stellaria capillipes (Franchet) C. Y. Wu; S. pilosa Fran-
amplexicaulis Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 190. chet var. capillipes (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; S.
1929.
saxatilis Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don var. capillipes
Stems ca. 100 cm tall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or Franchet.
ovate-lanceolate, 5–10 × 1–3 cm, base clasping, apex
acuminate. Herbs perennial. Stems numerous, tufted, decumbent or
• Slopes; 1900–3200 m. Sichuan, Yunnan. ascending, ca. 20 cm; branches quadrangular, slender,
10. Stellaria chinensis Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes white villous. Distal several leaves slightly denser than
Moscou 35: 283. 1862. middle ones. Leaves narrowly ovate, 1.5–2.5 cm × 5–
中国繁缕 zhong guo fan lu 13 mm, abaxially paler than adaxially, veins prominent,
Stellaria hassiana Loesener. base slightly rounded and narrowed, apex acuminate.
Herbs perennial. Stems diffuse or decumbent, Flowers numerous (to 13) in sparsely dichotomous
quadrangular, 30–100 cm tall, slender, glabrous. Leaves cymes; peduncles long; proximal bracts herbaceous,
shortly petiolate or sessile; petiole villous; leaf blade other bracts membranous. Pedicel long, 1.5–2.5 cm,
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3–4 × 1–1.6 cm, both slender, declinate. Sepals 5, lanceolate, ca. 5 mm,
surfaces glabrous, midvein conspicuous abaxially, base glabrous or long hairy at anthesis, veins 3, margin
broadly cuneate or nearly rounded, apex acuminate. narrowly membranous, apex acute. Petals 5,
Flowers in sparse cymes; peduncles slender; bracts subequaling sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes
membranous. Pedicel ca. 1 cm or longer, slender. narrowly linear. Stamens 5, nearly as long as petals;
Sepals 5, lanceolate, 3–4 mm, margin membranous, filaments filiform. Styles 3, subequaling filaments.
apex acuminate. Petals 5, nearly as long as sepals, 2- Capsule ca. 1/2 as long as persistent sepals, 3-valved.
cleft nearly to base. Stamens 10, slightly shorter than Seeds rarely formed, tuberculate.
petals. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, slightly longer than or • Picea and Quercus forests, scrublands; 1800–2700(–3700) m.
subequaling persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds brown, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
ovoid, slightly compressed, papillate. Fl. May–Jun, fr.
13. Stellaria lanipes C. Y. Wu & H. Chuang in C. Y. Wu et
Jul–Aug. al., Fl. Yunnan. 6: 836. 1995.
• Scrub, Abies forests, wetlands; (160–)500–1300(–2500) m. Anhui, 绵柄繁缕 mian bing fan lu
Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi,
Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Zhejiang. Herbs diffuse. Stems 15–25 cm tall, slender, branched,
11. Stellaria pilosoides Shi L. Chen et al., Novon 11: 302. shiny, glabrous; nodes densely white lanate. Leaves
2001. sessile or proximal leaves very shortly petiolate,
narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, rarely
长毛箐姑草 chang mao qing gu cao lanceolate, 0.6–2 cm × 2–5 mm, dark, abaxially white
Stellaria pilosa Franchet, Pl. Delavay. 99. 1889, not lanate at midvein, adaxially glabrous, both surfaces
Dulac (1867). with prominent midvein, base narrowed or rounded,
apex acuminate or acute. Flowers in terminal cymes;
Herbs annual, grayish white villous. Stems sparsely bracts linear-lanceolate, smaller than leaves, herbaceous.
tufted, diffuse, decumbent or ascending, 20–30 cm tall, Pedicel 0.7–1(–2.5) cm, slender, white lanate, hairs
apically branched, villous. Basal leaves smaller, middle dense distally. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 2.5–3 mm, glabrous,
and distal ones larger. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2.5–4 veins very slender and inconspicuous, margin
cm × 3–10 mm, both surfaces villous, rarely glabrous, membranous, apex acute. Petals absent. Stamens 10,
base narrowed into short petiole or sessile, apex acute slightly shorter than petals; anthers suborbicular, small;
or acuminate. Flowers numerous in sparse cymes; filaments subulate. Ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm; styles 3,
bracts lanceolate, 2–3 mm, densely villous. Pedicel 1–4 subequaling ovary. Capsule narrowly ovoid, 3–4 mm.
cm, slender, densely villous. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 5–6 × Seeds red-brown, globose, compressed, ca. 0.5 mm in
ca. 1 mm, margin narrowly membranous, apex long diam., nearly smooth. Fl. Jun, fr. Jun.
acuminate. Petals 5, slightly shorter than sepals, 2-cleft
• Wet valleys; ca. 3500 m. Yunnan.
nearly to base. Stamens 10, nearly as long as petals;
filaments linear; anthers yellow-brown, ellipsoid. Styles 14. Stellaria omeiensis C. Y. Wu & Y. W. Tsui ex P. Ke,
3, linear. Capsule oblong-ovoid, nearly as long as Acta Bot. Yunnan. 7: 72. 1985.
persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds brown, compressed 峨眉繁缕 e mei fan lu
orbicular, tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
Herbs annual. Stem solitary, quadrangular, 20–30 cm hairy, margin membranous, apex acute. Petals 5,
tall, apically branched, pilose. Leaves ovate, orbicular- slightly shorter than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes
ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–2.5(–4.5) × 0.8–1.2(–1.5) narrowly linear. Stamens 10, slightly shorter than petals.
cm, abaxially sparsely hairy, adaxially glabrous, Styles 3. Capsules ovoid, ca. 4 mm, slightly longer than
midvein conspicuously protuberant, densely hairy, base persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds brown, reniform, ca.
rounded, sessile, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. 0.8 mm, with protuberances. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
Flowers numerous, in terminal, sparse cymes; bracts
• Grasslands; 800–2500(–3200) m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Nei
ovate, membranous. Pedicel 1–2 cm, subglabrous.
Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan.
Sepals 5, lanceolate, 2–2.5 mm, midvein conspicuous,
17. Stellaria gyirongensis L. H. Zhou in C. Y. Wu, Fl.
margin membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, shorter Xizang. 1: 700. 1983.
than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base. Stamens 10, shorter
than petals. Styles 3. Capsule oblong-ovoid, ca. 1.5 × as 吉隆繁缕 ji long fan lu
long as persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds brown- Stems 15–30 cm tall, slender, shiny, glabrous. Leaves
purplish, compressed globose, inconspicuously sessile or shortly petiolate, pale green, ovate, 1–2.5 ×
tuberculate. Fl. Apr–Jul, fr. Jun–Aug. 0.5–1.5 cm, midvein raised, base rounded, apex acute.
• Forests, grasslands; (1200–)1500–2900 m. Guizhou, Hubei,
Flowers numerous, terminal; bracts lanceolate, 5–10
Sichuan, Yunnan. mm, membranous. Pedicel green, 1–3.5 cm, slender,
shiny. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 3–5 mm, membranous, 1-
15. Stellaria reticulivena Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 7: 1. veined, base broad, apex long acuminate. Petals 5,
1918.
subequaling sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base. Stamens
网脉繁缕 wang mai fan lu shorter than petals; anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid; styles
Herbs annual. Stems decumbent or ascending, 3, narrowly linear.
quadrangular, 20–30 cm tall, pilose, nodes densely • Mixed forests; ca. 2500 m. Xizang.
pilose. Leaves sessile, orbicular-ovate, 1.5–2.5 × 0.8– 18. Stellaria zangnanensis L. H. Zhou, Bull. Bot. Lab. N. E.
1.2 cm, base rounded, apex long acuminate. Basal Forest. Inst., Harbin 9: 56. 1980.
leaves petiolate, withered at anthesis, abaxially midvein 藏南繁缕 zang nan fan lu
prominent, hairy, reticulate veins conspicuous, Stems yellow, 10–30 cm tall, glandular hairy. Leaves
adaxially midvein impressed, margin shortly ciliate. sessile, ovate, 0.5–1.5 cm × 3–7 mm, both surfaces
Flowers in terminal cymes; peduncles 4–6 cm, glabrous; glandular pubescent, base rounded, margin ciliate, apex
bracts ovate, 1–1.5 mm, membranous. Pedicel 1–2 cm, acute. Flowers numerous, in terminal cymes; bracts
slender. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 × 1 mm, ovate-lanceolate, 5–10 × 2–3 mm, both surfaces
glabrous, midvein conspicuous, margin membranous, glandular pubescent, base rounded, apex acuminate.
apex acuminate. Petals 5, ca. 2 × 0.3 mm, 2-cleft nearly Pedicel 0.5–1.5 cm, densely glandular pubescent.
to base; lobes narrowly linear, narrowed at base, apex Sepals 5, lanceolate, 3–4 × ca. 1 mm, outside glandular
obtuse. Stamens 10; filaments linear, ca. 2 mm; anthers pubescent, base broad, margin membranous, apex
subglobose. Ovary ovoid-orbicular; styles 3, ca. 0.5 mm. acuminate. Petals 5, 2–3 mm, 2-cleft nearly to base;
Capsule ovoid, ca. 3 mm, 6-valved to middle. Seeds lobes linear. Stamens 8, subequaling petals. Styles 3,
brown, oblong, ca. 0.6 mm, inconspicuously muriculate. linear. Capsules narrowly ovoid, 3–4 × ca. 1 mm,
Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. subequaling or slightly longer than persistent sepals.
1800–2800 m. Taiwan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, Sikkim]. Seeds brown, orbicular-reniform, rugulose. Fl. May–Jul,
16. Stellaria infracta Maximowicz, Trudy Imp. S.-Peter-
fr. Jul–Aug.
• Grassy valleys; (1900–)2300–2700 m. Xizang, Yunnan.
burgsk. Bot. Sada 11: 72. 1889.
19. Stellaria tibetica Kurz, Flora 55: 285. 1872.
内弯繁缕 nei wan fan lu
Arenaria velutina Pax & K. Hoffmann; Stellaria 西藏繁缕 xi zang fan lu
dichasioides F. N. Williams; S. infracta Maximowicz
var. ovatolanceolata Mattfeld; S. nutans F. N. Williams. Herbs annual, densely glandular pubescent. Stems
Herbs perennial, densely grayish white stellate hairy. ascending, 7–13 cm tall, somewhat stout, base glabrous.
Stems diffuse, decumbent or ascending, rooting at Leaves sessile, oblong-ovate, 1.2–1.8 cm, veins
nodes basally, 15–35(–50) cm, branched, stellate hairy. inconspicuous, apex obtuse or acute. Flowers few,
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, rarely narrowly axillary or in terminal cymes, ca. 8 mm in diam.; bracts
ovate, 1.5–3(–5) cm × 3–5(–9) mm, gray-green, both herbaceous. Pedicel shorter to longer than flowers.
surfaces stellate hairy, midvein raised abaxially, base Sepals 5, elliptic, margin membranous, apex acute. Pet-
clasping, apex acute. Flowers numerous, in terminal als 5, longer or shorter than sepals, 2-cleft to middle.
dichotomous cymes, stellate hairy; bracts herbaceous, Styles 3, slender. Capsule broadly ovoid, slightly
stellate hairy. Pedicel 0.3–1.5 cm, slender. Sepals 5, shorter than persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds brown,
gray-green, linear-lanceolate, 3–4 × ca. 1.5 mm, stellate tuberculate.
• Rocky crevices; 3600–5500 m. Xizang. minate, rarely glabrous. Flowers numerous, in terminal
20. Stellaria lanata J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 232. 1874. cymes. Pedicel 1–2 cm, slender, pubescent. Sepals 5,
lanceolate, 4–5 mm, midvein conspicuous, glandular
绵毛繁缕 mian mao fan lu hairy or pubescent, rarely glabrous outside, margin
membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, oblanceolate, ca.
Herbs perennial, densely white woolly. Stems sparsely 4 mm, subequaling sepals, 2-cleft nearly to 1/3 or 1/2;
tufted, ascending, 25–30 cm tall, slender, branched, lobes sublinear. Stamens 10, 1/3–1/2 as long as petals.
woolly. Leaves sessile, narrowly lanceolate to linear,
Ovary ovoid or broadly elliptic-oblanceolate; styles 3,
1–3 cm × 2–5 mm, midvein conspicuous, abaxially
linear. Capsule broadly ovoid, ca. 3 mm, shorter than
white woolly, adaxially gray green, sparsely hairy or
persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds 1–5, brown-black,
glabrous, base rounded or cuneate, apex acute. Flowers
ovoid-orbicular, slightly compressed, tuberculate. Fl.
few, in terminal cymes. Pedicel erect in fruit, longer
than leaves, white woolly. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, May–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = 28.
Slopes, stony and sandy hills and steppes; 200–3100 m. Gansu, Hebei,
5–7 mm, outside lanate, margin membranous, apex Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi,
acute. Petals 5, shorter than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia].
base; lobes linear. Stamens 8, shorter than petals. Styles 1a. Leaves linear, 0.5–2 cm × 1–2 mm 22c. var. linearis
3. Capsule narrowly ovoid, ca. 2 × as long as persistent 1b. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, 0.5–2.5 cm ×
sepals, 6-valved. Seeds brown, reniform, granulose. Fl. 1.5–10 mm.
Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep. 2a. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
Forests, grasslands, stony banks; 2700–3800(–4100) m. Xizang 0.5–2 cm × 3–10 mm ...... 22a. var. dichotoma
[Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim]. 2b. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, 0.5–2.5 cm × 1.5–5
21. Stellaria patens D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 215. 1825.
mm .................................. 22b. var. lanceolata
白毛繁缕 bai mao fan lu 22a. Stellaria dichotoma var. dichotoma
Stellaria fenzliana Klotzsch; S. longissima Wallich ex 叉歧繁缕(原变种) cha qi fan lu (yuan bian zhong)
Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker; S. mollis Klotzsch. Stellaria dichotoma var. cordifolia Bunge.
Herbs perennial, compressed globose, glandular hairy.
Herbs diffuse, with long, white filiform hairs. Stems Stems 15–30(–60) cm tall. Leaves ovate or ovate-
yellow, 10–40 cm, slender, shiny, with long filiform lanceolate, 0.5–2 cm × 3–10 mm. Capsule broadly
hairs, basally glabrous. Leaves sessile, linear or linear- ovoid, ca. 3 mm, shorter than persistent sepals, 6-valved.
lanceolate, 1–2.5 cm × 2–5 mm, midvein conspicuously Seeds 1–5, brown-black, ovoid-orbicular, slightly
raised, both surfaces with long filiform hairs, base compressed, tuberculate. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.
broadly cuneate, apex acute or acuminate. Flowers few Slopes, stony and sandy hills; 200–800 m. Gansu, Hebei, Hei-
to numerous, in dichotomous cymes; bracts ovate- longjiang, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Xinjiang [Mongolia,
lanceolate, 4–5 mm, with long filiform hairs, margin Russia (Siberia)].
broadly membranous, apex acute. Pedicel 5–10 mm, 22b. Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata Bunge, Verz. Altai
with dense long filiform hairs. Sepals 5, ovate- Pfl. 34. 1836.
lanceolate or lanceolate, 5–7 × 1–1.5 mm, outside with 银柴胡 yin chai hu
white filiform hairs, 3-veined, margin narrowly Stellaria dichotoma var. heterophylla Fenzl; S.
membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, shorter than or sub- dichotoma var. stephaniana (Willdenow ex
equaling sepals, 2-cleft to base; lobes narrowly ovate. Schlechtendal) Regel; S. gypsophiloides Fenzl; S.
Stamens 10, subequaling petals. Ovary ovoid-orbicular; gypsophiloides var. lanceolata (Bunge) Kozhevnikov; S.
styles 3, linear, ca. 2 mm. Capsules yellow, narrowly stephaniana Willdenow ex Schlechtendal.
ovoid, shorter than persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds Leaves linear-lanceolate, lanceolate, or oblong-
brown, reniform to suborbicular, granulose. 2n = 26. lanceolate, 0.5–2.5 cm × 1.5–5 mm, apex acuminate.
Seed 1. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = 28.
Forests, forest margins; 2200–2800(–3600) m. Xizang [Bhutan, India,
Stony slopes, stony steppes; 1300–3100 m. Gansu, Liaoning, Nei
Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim].
Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi [Mongolia, Russia].
22. Stellaria dichotoma Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 421. 1753.
22c. Stellaria dichotoma var. linearis Fenzl in Ledebour, Fl.
叉歧繁缕 cha qi fan lu Ross. 1: 38. 1842.
Herbs perennial, compressed globose, glandular hairy. 线叶繁缕 xian ye fan lu
Stems tufted, terete, 15–30(–60) cm tall, with numerous Stems and pedicels with 1 line of short hairs. Leaves
dichotomous branches, glandular hairy or pubescent, linear, 0.5–2 cm × 1–2 mm, glabrous. Sepals oblong, ca.
sometimes with 1 line of hairs. Leaves ovate or ovate- 3 mm, outside glabrous.
lanceolate, 0.5–2.5 cm × 1–10 mm, both surfaces • Sandy steppes, slopes; 500–1700 m. Nei Mongol, Shaanxi.
glandular hairy or pubescent, base rounded or 23. Stellaria amblyosepala Schrenk, Enum. Pl. Nov. 2: 54.
subcordate, somewhat clasping, apex acute or acu- 1842.
钝萼繁缕 dun e fan lu Wet valleys. Heilongjiang [Korea, Russia].
Stellaria dichotoma Linnaeus var. rigida Bunge; S. 26. Stellaria winkleri (Briquet) Schischkin in Komarov, Fl.
potaninii Krylov. URSS 6: 403. 1936.
Herbs perennial, glandular pubescent. Stems tufted, dif-
fuse, quadrangular, 15–30 cm. Leaves sessile, linear to 帕米尔繁缕 pa mi er fan lu
linear-lanceolate, 1–3.5 cm × 1.5–5 mm, both surfaces Cerastium winkleri Briquet, Annuaire Conserv. Jard.
subglabrous, base narrowed, apex acute. Flowers Bot. Genève 13: 382. 1911, based on C. schizopetalum
terminal in few branched dichotomous cymes. Pedicel H. Winkler, Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren.
1.5–2.5 cm, slender, glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, Kjobenhavn 51. 1902, not Maximowicz (1888).
oblong, 3.5–4 × 1.5–2 mm, outside sparsely glandular
pubescent, midvein conspicuous, margin broadly Stems 3–5(–8) cm tall, slender, glabrous. Leaves sessile,
membranous, apex rounded-obtuse. Petals 5, slightly ovate-lanceolate, 5–10 × 2(–3) mm, midvein
shorter than or subequaling sepals, 2-lobed; lobes conspicuous, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Flower
oblong-ovate, apex obtuse. Stamens 10, subequaling solitary, axillary. Pedicel 1–1.2 cm. Sepals ovate-
petals. Styles 3, linear. Capsule ovoid, shorter than lanceolate, 3–4 mm, margin white, membranous. Petals
persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds black-brown, 2–2.5 mm, subequaling or slightly longer than sepals,
2-cleft nearly to base. Stamens subequaling petals; an-
orbicular-ovoid, somewhat compressed, ca. 1.5 mm in
thers yellow-brown. Ovary globose, ca. 1 mm; styles 3,
diam., tuberculate. Fl. May–Jul.
linear, ca. 1.5 mm. Capsule ovoid. Fl. Jul–Aug.
Stony slopes, stony areas, forests; 500–1800 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol,
Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia]. Stony slopes; (2500–)3800–4100 m. Xinjiang [Kyrgyzstan, Tajik-
istan].
24. Stellaria henryi F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 34:
434. 1899. 27. Stellaria crassifolia Ehrhart, Hannover. Mag. 8: 116.
1784.
湖北繁缕 hu bei fan lu
叶苞繁缕 ye bao fan lu
Herbs annual. Stem solitary, nearly erect, 15–30 cm tall,
slender, apically branched, glabrous or sparsely Herbs perennial, glabrous. Stems ascending,
pubescent. Leaves with petiole short, ca. 2 mm; leaf quadrangular, 5–14 cm tall, slender, branched. Leaves
blade linear-lanceolate, 1–2 cm × 3–5 mm, both sessile, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 0.5–1.6(–2) cm ×
surfaces glabrous, 1-veined, base broadly cuneate, 1–4 mm, midvein conspicuously raised abaxially, base
margin sometimes slightly undulate, apex acuminate. nearly rounded or cuneate, apex acuminate. Flower
Flowers axillary, solitary or in cymes. Pedicel 1–2.5 cm. solitary, axillary or terminal; bracts leaflike, herbaceous,
Sepals 5, lanceolate, sometimes with sparse, purplish without membranous margin. Pedicel 1–2 cm, to 3.5 cm
stiff hairs. Petals 5, ca. 1.5 × as long as sepals, 2-cleft in fruit, slender. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, 3.5–4 × ca.
nearly to base. Stamens 5; filaments slender. Ovary 2 mm, 3-veined, margin broadly membranous, apex
ellipsoid; styles 3, shortly linear, slightly shorter than acuminate. Petals 5, subequaling sepals, 2-cleft nearly
ovary. Capsule globose, 6-valved. Fl. Apr–May, fr. to base; lobes linear. Stamens 10, shorter than petals.
Jun–Sep. Ovary suborbicular; styles 3. Capsule ellipsoid, 1.5–2
× as long as persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds brown,
• Slopes. Hubei, Sichuan.
compressed globose, ca. 1 mm in diam., tuberculate. Fl.
25. Stellaria ebracteata Komarov, Trudy Imp. S.- May–Jul, fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = 26.
Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 18: 441. 1901.
River banks, meadows, fields. Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Japan,
无苞繁缕 wu bao fan lu Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia; Europe, North America].
Herbs perennial. Stems solitary, ascending or erect, 15– 1a. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate,
20 cm tall, simple, narrowly striate, pubescent. Leaves 5–15(–20) × 2–4 mm .............. 27a. var. crassifolia
sessile or shortly petiolate, ovate-lanceolate or 1b. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear,
lanceolate, 2–3 cm × 4–10 mm, abaxially and 7–16(–20) × 1–3 mm ................... 27b. var. linearis
marginally glabrous or sparsely hairy, apex acute.
27a. Stellaria crassifolia var. crassifolia
Flowers solitary, rarely 2, terminal, ca. 8 mm in diam.;
bracts absent. Pedicel 2–3 cm, pubescent. Sepals ovate- 叶苞繁缕(原变种) ye bao fan lu (yuan bian zhong)
lanceolate, margin membranous, ciliate, apex acuminate.
Petals oblong-cuneate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, apex Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5–15(–20)
retuse. Filaments glabrous; anthers black. Capsule × 2–4 mm, midvein conspicuously raised abaxially,
shorter than persistent sepals. Seeds usually 3, small, base nearly rounded or cuneate, apex acuminate.
tuberculate. Capsule ellipsoid, 2.5–3 × as long as persistent sepals,
6-valved. Seeds brown, compressed globose, ca. 1 mm
in diam., tuberculate. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = dichotomous cymes; bracts usually purplish, lanceolate,
26. dry membranous. Pedicel 0.5–1.5 cm. Sepals purplish,
River banks, meadows, fields. Nei Mongol [Japan, Kazakhstan,
lanceolate, 5–6 × 1–1.5 mm, 1(–3)-veined, base broad,
Mongolia, Russia; Europe, North America]. margin narrowly dry-membranous, apex acuminate or
acute. Petals subequaling or slightly longer than sepals,
27b. Stellaria crassifolia var. linearis Fenzl in Ledebour, Fl. 2-cleft. Stamens conspicuously perigynous, shorter than
Ross. 1: 383. 1842. petals. Ovary obovoid-globose; styles 3, linear, ca. 3
线形叶苞繁缕 xian xing ye bao fan lu mm. Seeds brown, orbicular-reniform, papillose.
Grassland slopes, stony ground; 3900–4600 m. Xizang [Sikkim].
Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, 7–16(–20) × 1–3 mm.
Petals shorter to slightly longer than sepals. Fl. Jun–Jul, 30. Stellaria pusilla Em. Schmid, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni
fr. Jul–Aug. Veg. 31: 41. 1932.
29. Stellaria gyangtseensis F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. Herbs perennial. Stems diffuse, tufted, ca. 12 cm, shiny,
38: 396. 1909. glabrous, apically slightly pubescent. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, 3–7 mm, glabrous, 1-veined, margin
江孜繁缕 jiang zi fan lu cartilaginous, apex subobtuse. Flowers 2–7, in cymes;
Herbs green, branched, glabrous. Stems 5–15(–30) cm bracts ovate-lanceolate, membranous, apex acuminate.
tall, slender, angular, branched; branchlets with Pedicel 3–4 mm. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, 3–4 mm,
numerous leaves, terete, apically slightly pubescent. glabrous, margin white, green, or purplish, broad, apex
Leaves sessile, blackish when dried, narrowly linear, subobtuse. Petals slightly shorter than sepals, 2-cleft
usually sickle-shaped, declinate, 0.5–1.1(–2.5) cm × 1– (rarely absent). Stamens 10, 2.5–3 mm. Styles 3.
2.5 mm, apex acuminate; nodes puberulent. Flowers in Capsule ovoid-orbicular.
• 5000–5500 m. ?Xinjiang, Xizang. 高山雀舌草 gao shan que she cao
Kozhevnikov described Stellaria depressa var. arenicola (Novosti.
Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 20: 105. 1983) based on a specimen from
Labraea uliginosa Murray var. alpina Schur, Enum. Pl.
Kaschgaria (Xinjiang). It was described as having smaller, often Transsilv. 115. 1866; Stellaria uliginosa Murray var.
apetalous flowers (2–2.5 vs. 4–5 mm) and indistinct sepal veins. The alpina (Schur) Gürke.
present authors have seen no material of this taxon and do not know if
it warrants recognition.
Stem slender. Leaves ca. 2 × 1 mm, sometimes
lanceolate. Flower solitary, terminal or axillary.
33. Stellaria alsine Grimm, Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Capsule longer than persistent sepals.
Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 3. App. 313. 1767. 3000–4000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan [Europe].
雀舌草 que she cao
Herbs annual, glabrous. Stems tufted, slightly diffuse, 34. Stellaria graminea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 422. 1753.
ascending, 15–25(–35) cm tall, much branched. Leaves 禾叶繁缕 he ye fan lu
sessile, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, (0.2–)0.5–2 cm Herbs perennial, often glabrous. Stems densely tufted,
× (1–)2–4 mm, basally sparsely ciliate, both surfaces slightly erect, quadrangular, 10–30 cm tall, slender,
slightly pinkish green, base cuneate, semiclasping, glabrous or with 2 lines of hairs; sterile branches
margin cartilaginous, slightly undulate, apex acuminate. axillary from proximal leaves present. Leaves sessile,
Flowers 3–5 in cymes or solitary, terminal or axillary. pinkish green, linear to lanceolate, 0.5–4(–5) cm × 1.5–
Pedicel 0.5–2 cm, slender, glabrous, slightly declinate 3(–4) mm, basal margin sparsely ciliate, midvein
in fruit. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 2–4 × ca.1 mm, glabrous, inconspicuous, base slightly narrowed, apex acute.
midvein raised, margin membranous, apex acuminate. Flowers many or sometimes few, in terminal or axillary
Petals 5, shorter than or subequaling sepals, 2-cleft cymes, 7–11 mm in diam.; bracts lanceolate, 2(–5) mm,
nearly to base; lobes linear, apex obtuse. Stamens 5(– midvein conspicuous, margin membranous. Pedicel
10), slightly shorter than petals. Ovary ovoid; styles 3, 0.5–2.5 cm, to 3.8 cm in fruit, slender. Sepals 5, green,
sometimes 2, linear, short. Capsule ovoid-orbicular, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 4–4.5 mm or longer,
subequaling or slightly longer than persistent sepals, 6- shiny, 3-veined, margin membranous, apex acuminate.
valved. Seeds numerous, brown, reniform, slightly Petals 5, slightly shorter or longer than sepals, 2-cleft
compressed, rugulose. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = nearly to base. Stamens 10; filaments filiform, glabrous,
24, 26, 46. 4–4.5 mm; anthers brown, broadly ellipsoid, ca. 0.3 mm.
Fields, streamsides, wetlands; 500–4000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Ovary ovoid-oblong; styles 3(or 4), ca. 2 mm. Capsule
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei ovoid-cylindric, much longer than persistent sepals.
Mongol, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Seeds black-brown, nearly compressed orbicular,
Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, Vietnam; Europe].
granulose. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 26, 39, 52.
1a. Flowers 3–5, in cymes; leaves 5–20 × 2–4 Forests, forest margins, grasslands, grassy slopes, rock crevices;
mm ................................................. 33a. var. alsine 1400–4000(–4200) m. Gansu, Hubei, Qinghai, Shandong, Shaanxi,
1b. Flower solitary; leaves ca. 2 × 1 mm 33b. var. alpina Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang [Afghanistan, India, Kashmir, Ne-
pal, Pakistan, Russia, ?Sikkim; Europe].
33a. Stellaria alsine var. alsine
1a. Petals slightly shorter than sepals; stems
雀舌草(原变种) que she cao (yuan bian zhong) glabrous.
2a. Flowers ca. 11 mm in diam. 34b. var. chinensis
Stellaria alsine var. phaenopetala Handel-Mazzetti; S. 2b. Flowers 7–8 mm in diam. . 34a. var. graminea
alsine var. undulata (Thunberg) Ohwi; S. uliginosa 1b. Petals longer than sepals; stems pubescent
Murray; S. uliginosa var. undulata (Thunberg) Fenzl; S. or glabrous.
undulata Thunberg. 3a. Stems with 2 lines of hairs .. 34c. var. pilosula
Flowers 3–5, in terminal or axillary cymes. Leaves 3b. Stems glabrous ............... 34d. var. viridescens
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 5–20 × 2–4 mm. 34a. Stellaria graminea var. graminea
Pedicel slightly declinate in fruit, 0.5–2 cm, slender,
glabrous. Capsule ovoid-orbicular, subequaling or 禾叶繁缕(原变种) he ye fan lu (yuan bian zhong)
slightly longer than persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds ?Stellaria patentifolia Kitagawa.
numerous, brown, reniform, slightly compressed,
rugulose. Stems densely tufted, slightly erect, quadrangular, 10–
30 cm tall, slender. Leaves sessile, linear, 0.5–4(–5) cm
Fields, streamsides, wetlands; 500–4000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu,
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei
× 1.5–3 (–4) mm. Flowers 7–8 mm in diam. Petals
Mongol, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, slightly shorter than sepals. Styles 3(or 4), ca. 2 mm.
Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, Vietnam; Europe]. Capsule ovoid-cylindric, much longer than persistent
sepals. 2n = 26, 39, 52.
33b. Stellaria alsine var. alpina (Schur) Handel-Mazzetti, Forests, grassy slopes, rock crevices; 1400–3700(–4200) m. Gansu,
Symb. Sin. 7: 191. 1929. Hubei, Qinghai, Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xi-
zang [Afghanistan, India, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, ?Sikkim; Herbs perennial. Stems erect, terete, 10–30 cm tall,
Europe]. simple or branched. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear-
34b. Stellaria graminea var. chinensis Maximowicz, Fl. lanceolate, 3–5(–7) × 0.5–1(–1.5) cm, abaxially pinkish
Tangut. 90. 1889. green, margin sparsely ciliate, base rounded or slightly
narrowed, apex acuminate. Flowers in dichotomous
中华禾叶繁缕 zhong hua he ye fan lu cymes, glabrous; bracts lanceolate, margin membranous,
apex acuminate. Pedicel 1–2 cm, longer in fruit, slender.
Leaves larger than in var. graminea. Flowers ca. 11 mm
Sepals 5, lanceolate, 4–5 mm, 3-veined, margin
in diam. Styles slightly shorter than ovary.
membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, slightly shorter
• Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang. than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes linear. Stamens
10. Ovary ovoid; styles 3, linear. Capsule ovoid-
34c. Stellaria graminea var. pilosula Maximowicz, Fl.
orbicular, slightly shorter than persistent sepals, 6-
Tangut. 91. 1889.
valved. Seeds 2–6, brown, reniform, slightly
毛禾叶繁缕 mao he ye fan lu compressed, sparsely tuberculate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–
Oct.
Stem pilose, with 2 lines of hairs. Leaves linear- • Forests, forest margins; 1800–3300 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
lanceolate, ca. 2.2 cm × 3 mm. Flowers ca. 7 mm in
37. Stellaria palustris Retzius, Fl. Scand. Prodr., ed. 2, 106.
diam. Fruiting pedicel ca. 3.8 cm. Petals longer than 1795.
sepals.
• Qinghai. 沼生繁缕 zhao sheng fan lu
34d. Stellaria graminea var. viridescens Maximowicz, Fl.
Tangut. 90. 1889. Stellaria dilleniana Moench (1777), not Leers (1775); S.
常绿禾叶繁缕 chang lu he ye fan lu glauca Withering; ?S. hsinganensis Kitagawa.
Stellaria viridescens (Maximowicz) Kozhevnikov. Herbs perennial, gray-green, glabrous. Stems tufted,
Stems taller than in var. graminea, glabrous. Flowers erect, quadrangular, (10–)20–35 cm tall, slender,
numerous. Petals longer than sepals. Styles shorter than basally branched, papillose. Leaves sessile, pinkish
ovary. green, linear to linear-lanceolate, 2–4.5 cm × 2–4 mm,
• Forest margins, grasslands; 2000–4000 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, both surfaces glabrous, midvein conspicuous and
Sichuan, Xizang.
abaxially papillose, base slightly narrowed, margin
35. Stellaria brachypetala Bunge in Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2:
161. 1830.
papillose, apex acute. Flowers in dichotomous cymes;
短瓣繁缕 duan ban fan lu peduncles 7–10 cm; bracts white, lanceolate to ovate-
Stellaria graminea Linnaeus var. brachypetala (Bunge) lanceolate, (3–)5–6(–7) mm, margin membranous.
Regel. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, (4–)5–7 mm, abaxially with
Herbs perennial. Stems erect, sometimes diffuse, 10–30 3 conspicuous veins, margin membranous, apex
cm tall, basally branched. Leaves sessile, ovate- acuminate. Petals 5, 4–7 mm, subequaling or slightly
lanceolate to lanceolate, 1–2 cm × 1.5–4 mm, both longer than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes nearly
surfaces glabrous, base cuneate, apex acuminate, linear, apex obtuse. Stamens 10, slightly shorter than
axillary sterile branches from proximal leaves sepals. Ovary ovoid; styles 3, filiform, ca. 3 mm.
sometimes present. Flowers 1–3, sometimes 6–10, in Capsule ovoid-cylindric, subequaling or slightly longer
cymes; bracts herbaceous, margin membranous. Pedicel than persistent sepals. Seeds numerous, black-brown,
ca. 1 cm. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, 5–8 × 1–2 mm, suborbicular, conspicuously rugulose. 2n = ca. 100, ca.
margin membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, 1/2–2/3 130, 174–188.
as long as sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes linear. Grassland slopes, sparse valley forests; 1000–3600 m. Gansu, Hebei,
Stamens 10; filaments short. Ovary ovoid; styles 3. Heilongjiang, Henan, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Shaanxi,
Capsule ovoid-orbicular, 5–7 mm. Seeds orbicular- Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Afghanistan, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia,
ovoid, rugulose. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. Russia; SW Asia, Europe].
Mountains; 1700–2900(–4300) m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, 38. Stellaria salicifolia Y. W. Tsui & P. Ke, Acta Bot.
Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia]. Yunnan. 7: 77. 1985.
Kozhevnikov described Stellaria brachypetala var. magna (Novosti. 柳叶繁缕 liu ye fan lu
Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 20: 106. 1983) based on a specimen from the Tian Herbs perennial. Stems erect or ascending,
Shan region of Xinjiang. It was described as being more robust (stems
quadrangular, 20–30 cm tall, usually simple, glabrous.
to 25 cm), with the pedicels spreading in fruit. The present authors
have seen no material of this taxon and do not know if it warrants Leaves lanceolate, 3–6 cm × 4–12 mm, abaxially gray-
recognition. green, hairy at base, base cuneate, slightly clasping,
36. Stellaria yunnanensis Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France margin cartilaginous, usually undulate, apex acuminate.
33: 433. 1886. Flowers in sparse terminal cymes; peduncles ca. 5 cm;
千针万线草 qian zhen wan xian cao bracts lanceolate, 1–2 mm, membranous. Pedicel 1–2.5
cm, slender, glabrous. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 4–5 mm,
conspicuously 3-veined, base slightly rounded, margin numerous, brown, ovoid-orbicular or ellipsoid, 0.8–1
membranous, apex long acuminate. Petals 5, slightly mm, nearly smooth. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = 26.
shorter than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes Wet meadows, forest margins, forests; ca. 1900 m. Hebei, Hei-
narrowly linear. Stamens 10, slightly shorter than petals; longjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi [Japan,
anthers brown, cylindric. Ovary ovoid-orbicular; styles Korea, Mongolia, Russia; Europe, North America].
3, linear. Capsules ovoid-orbicular, slightly shorter 41. Stellaria imbricata Bunge in Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 159.
than or subequaling persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds 1830.
narrowly ovoid-orbicular, ca. 1 mm, rugulose. Fl. May– 覆瓦繁缕 fu wa fan lu
Jun, fr. Jul–Aug. Stellaria palustris Ehrhart var. imbricata (Bunge)
• Slopes, wet places in sparse forests; 1200–3000 m. Gansu, Hubei, Krylov.
Hunan, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.
Herbs perennial. Stems ascending or semidiffuse, quad-
39. Stellaria dianthifolia F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. rangular, ca. 10 cm tall, slender. Leaves imbricate,
38: 396. 1908. oblong-lanceolate, 1–1.1 cm, glabrous, smooth, apex
石竹叶繁缕 shi zhu ye fan lu slightly obtuse. Flowers solitary, rarely 2, terminal;
Stellaria yunnanensis Franchet f. villosa C. Y. Wu ex P. bracts ovate, membranous. Pedicel short. Sepals 5,
Ke. ovate, ca. 5 mm, margin broadly membranous. Petals 5,
Herbs perennial, pinkish green, glabrous or sparsely slightly longer than sepals, 2-cleft; lobes ovate-oblong.
pubescent. Stems diffuse or ascending, (5–)10–40 cm Capsule cylindric, ca. 1.5 × as long as persistent sepals,
tall, slender, simple or apically branched. Leaves linear, tuberculate at maturity, apex acuminate. Seeds
(1–)1.6–4.5 cm × 2–4 mm, midvein conspicuous, orbicular-reniform, ca.1.2 mm, slightly rugulose. Fl.
abaxially densely pubescent, basal ones with margin Jun–Jul.
ciliate, apex acuminate. Flowers 6–9, in terminal and Montane river banks, slopes. Xinjiang [Russia].
sparse dichotomous cymes; bracts linear, margin 42. Stellaria nipponica Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 83.
membranous, apex acute. Pedicel 1.2–1.4 cm. Sepals 5, 1934.
lanceolate-linear, 6–7 mm, 3-veined, margin narrowly 多花繁缕 duo hua fan lu
membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, 2-cleft nearly to Stellaria florida Fischer ex de Candolle var.
base; lobes narrow. Capsule ovoid-orbicular. Seeds angustifolia Maximowicz.
brown, minute, compressed, auriculate, rugulose, with Herbs perennial. Stems nearly tufted, erect,
granular protuberances. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep. quadrangular, (5–)10–20 cm tall, slender, internodes
• Forests; (3200–)3400–3800(–4400) m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, shorter than leaves, glabrous except sparsely shortly
Xizang. ciliate basally. Leaves linear, 2–3(–4.5) cm × 1–2 mm,
40. Stellaria longifolia Muhlenberg ex Willdenow, Enum. Pl. both surfaces glabrous, midvein conspicuous, abaxially
479. 1809. raised, adaxially retuse, base slightly narrowed, apex
长叶繁缕 chang ye fan lu acute. Flowers 1–8, in sparse terminal cymes; bracts
Stellaria diffusa Willdenow ex Schlechter; S. diffusa f. lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, margin membranous. Pedicel
ciliolata Kitagawa; S. diffusa var. ciliolata (Kitagawa) erect, 1.5–4(–6) cm. Sepals 5, lanceolate to oblong-
Kitagawa; S. friesiana Seringe; S. longifolia f. ciliolata lanceolate, 4–5.5 mm, 3-veined, apex acute. Petals 5,
(Kitagawa) Y. C. Chu; S. longifolia var. legitima Regel. 1.5–2 × as long as sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base.
Herbs perennial, glabrous. Stems densely tufted, Stamens 10; filaments slender. Styles 3, 2–3 mm.
ascending, quadrangular, 15–25 cm tall, branched, Capsule yellow, ellipsoid to ovoid-orbicular, slightly
diffuse; axillary sterile branches present. Leaves linear shorter than or subequaling persistent sepals. Seeds
or broadly linear, 1.5–3.5 cm × 0.5–2 mm, sometimes brown, compressed, orbicular-reniform, ca. 1 mm,
sparsely shortly ciliolate, midvein conspicuous, slightly tuberculate. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = 26.
narrowed at base, apex acuminate. Flowers in terminal Montane rocks; ca. 1800 m. Hubei [Japan].
or mostly axillary cymes; peduncles 3–6 cm, glabrous; Stellaria montioides (Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker) Ghazanfar (Fl.
bracts white, ovate-lanceolate, 1–2 mm, ciliate, some- Pakistan 175: 25. 1986, based on S. graminea Linnaeus var.
times margin membranous, apex long acuminate. montioides Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India
Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, to 2.5 cm after anthesis, slender. 1: 233. 1874) may also key out near S. filicaulis and S. nipponica. It is
Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, 2.5–3 mm, 3–4 mm in fruit, an alpine plant with glabrous stems, linear leaves with a raised
inconspicuously 3-veined, margin membranous, apex abaxial midvein, and solitary flowers with petals about as long as the
obtuse or slightly acute. Petals 5, subequaling or sepals. Although Ghazanfar (loc. cit.) gave the taxon as occurring in
W Xizang (probably referring to territory now in Pakistan), the
slightly longer than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes
present authors have no further information on the occurrence of this
sublinear, base narrowed, apex obtuse. Stamens 10;
species in China.
filaments linear; anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid-cylindric;
43. Stellaria filicaulis Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 15: 113.
styles 3. Capsule brown-black, ovoid-orbicular, 1.5–2
1901.
× as long as persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds
细叶繁缕 xi ye fan lu margin white, cartilaginous. Petals slightly shorter
Stellaria filicaulis f. jaluana (Nakai) Kitagawa; S. than sepals, 2-cleft to base. Styles 4.
jaluana Nakai; ?S. neopalustris Kitagawa. • Sandy places on river banks. Sichuan.
Herbs perennial, glabrous. Stems tufted, erect or
ascending, quadrangular, 30–50 cm tall, slender, 46. Stellaria uda F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 34: 435.
1899.
apically branched. Leaves linear, 2–3 cm × 1–2(–3) mm,
marginally sparsely ciliate, midvein abaxially raised, 湿地繁缕 shi di fan lu
adaxially retuse, base cuneate, slightly clasping, apex
Herbs perennial. Stems tufted, base diffuse, nearly erect
acuminate. Flowers solitary or in axillary cymes; bracts
above, 5–15 cm tall, slender, with 1 line of hairs.
lanceolate, 1–2 mm, margin membranous, sometimes Leaves dense and small proximally, distal leaves sessile,
herbaceous below, apex acuminate. Pedicel filiform, 2– linear-lanceolate, 5–10 × ca. 1 mm, both surfaces
5 cm. Sepals 5, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 4–5 glabrous or sparsely pubescent, midvein raised
mm, midvein conspicuous, margin membranous. Petals abaxially, base cuneate, semiclasping, apex acuminate.
5, linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 × as long as sepals, 2-cleft Flowers in terminal cymes; bracts herbaceous. Sepals 5,
nearly to base; lobes linear. Stamens 10, shorter than lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, midvein conspicuous, 3-veined,
sepals. Styles 3. Capsule yellow, cylindric-ovoid, as margin membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, ca. 2/3
long as to 1.5 × as long as persistent sepals, 6-valved. as long as sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base. Stamens 10.
Seeds numerous, brown, ellipsoid, 0.7–1 mm, regularly Ovary ovoid; ovules ca. 10; styles 3, linear. Capsule
rugulose. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jun–Aug. cylindric, slightly longer than persistent sepals. Seeds
Wet grasslands, river banks; 500–700 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, brown, reniform. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.
Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi [Japan, Korea].
44. Stellaria alaschanica Y. Z. Zhao, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. • Gullies, slopes, plateaus; 1200–4800 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xinjiang,
Intramongol. 13(3): 283. 1982. Xizang, Yunnan.
贺兰山繁缕 he lan shan fan lu 47. Stellaria souliei F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 34:
434. 1899.
Stellaria uda F. N. Williams var. pubescens Y. W. Cui
& L. H. Zhou. 康定繁缕 kang ding fan lu
Herbs perennial. Stems densely tufted, quadrangular, 5– Herbs perennial. Stems tufted, 20–30 cm tall, sparsely
15 cm tall, slender, branched, pubescent with retrorse pubescent. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, 0.3–3.5 cm
hairs; sterile axillary branches present. Leaves linear or × 1.5–2.5 mm, margin sparsely long ciliate, apex long
lanceolate-linear, 0.5–2 cm × 1–2.5 mm, midvein acuminate. Flowers in terminal cymes; peduncles
abaxially raised, base narrowed, margin ciliate, apex slender; bracts ovate, ca. 2 mm, membranous. Pedicel
acuminate. Flowers 1–3, in terminal cymes; bracts 0.5–1(–4.5) cm. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 3–4 mm, midvein
ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–3 mm, margin broadly conspicuous, 3-veined, margin membranous, apex acute.
membranous. Pedicel 0.7–1.5 cm, slender, glabrous. Petals 5, slightly shorter than or subequaling sepals, 2-
Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 × 1.2 mm, glabrous, cleft nearly to base. Stamens 10. Ovary ovoid-orbicular;
midvein conspicuous, margin membranous, apex ovules 7 or 8; styles 3, linear. Capsule shortly obovoid.
acuminate. Petals 5, ca. 2 mm, ca. 2/3 as long as sepals, Fl. Jul, fr. Sep.
2-cleft nearly to base; lobes oblong-linear, base • Grassland slopes. Sichuan.
narrowed, apex obtuse. Stamens 10, slightly longer than
48. Stellaria soongorica Roshevitz in Komarov, Fl. URSS 6:
petals. Styles 3, ca. 1 mm. Capsule cylindric-ovoid, ca. 881. 1936.
4 mm, ca. 1.25 × as long as persistent sepals. Seeds 准噶尔繁缕 zhun ga er fan lu
numerous, broadly ovoid or suborbicular, slightly
Herbs perennial, glabrous. Stems solitary or tufted,
compressed, 0.5–0.8 mm, nearly smooth. Fl. Jul, fr. slightly quadrangular, 15–25 cm tall, slender, simple or
Aug. branched, usually glabrous. Leaves sessile, linear-
• Slopes, Picea forests; 2100–2800(–3200) m. Gansu, Ningxia, lanceolate or linear, 2.5–6 cm × 2.5–4 mm, both
Qinghai. surfaces glabrous, pubescent at base, midvein raised,
45. Stellaria oxycoccoides Komarov, Repert. Spec. Nov. base slightly semiclasping, apex long acuminate.
Regni Veg. 13: 234. 1914. Flower solitary, terminal; bracts lanceolate, margin
membranous, apex acuminate. Pedicel 1.5–5.5(–8) cm,
莓苔状繁缕 mei tai zhuang fan lu
slender. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 5 × 2.5 mm,
Stem pale brownish red, diffuse, slender, branched only glabrous, midvein conspicuous, margin white,
at base, pubescent with retrorse hairs. Leaves sessile, membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, ca. 1.2 × as
green, linear-lanceolate, minute, glabrous, apex acute. long as sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes oblong-ob-
Flowers in terminal racemes; bracts white, dry, lanceolate, apex obtuse. Stamens 10, 1–1.2 mm; anthers
membranous. Sepals purplish or green, long acuminate, yellow. Ovary ovoid; styles 3. Capsule brown or nearly
black, cylindric-ovoid, longer than persistent sepals, 6- 亚伞花繁缕 ya san hua fan lu
valved. Seeds brown, reniform-orbicular or ovoid,
slightly compressed, minute, tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Herbs annual, glabrous. Stems tufted, ascending, 12(–
Aug–Sep. 20) cm tall, slender. Leaves sessile, linear to linear-
Picea forest margins, scrublands, grassland slopes; 1600–3500 m. lanceolate, 5–15 × (0.8–)1.5–2(–4) mm, both surfaces
Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Russia]. glabrous, midvein conspicuous, base rounded, apex
49. Stellaria irrigua Bunge, Verz. Altai Pfl. 35. 1836. obtuse. Flowers 2–4, in cymose umbel; bracts ovate, ca.
冻原繁缕 dong yuan fan lu 2 mm, membranous. Pedicel 1.2–2.4 cm, slender.
Herbs perennial. Stems 2–3 cm tall, simple, glabrous. Sepals 5, green, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, 3-veined,
Leaves ovate-oblong, narrowed at base, apex obtuse. margin broadly membranous, apex acute. Petals absent.
Flowers 3–7, in terminal cymes; bracts membranous. Stamens 5; filaments slender. Styles 3, short. Capsule
Pedicel filiform, elongated after anthesis. Sepals ovate, ovoid, ca. 4 mm, ca. 2 × as long as persistent sepals, 6-
apex acute. Petals minute, ca. 0.5 mm, 2-cleft nearly to valved. Seeds pale brown or dark brown, compressed
base; lobes linear. Stamens 10, subequaling sepals. Fl. orbicular, with granular protuberances. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr.
Jul. Jul–Aug.
Montane wet places, mossy frozen areas. Xinjiang [Russia].
Montane meadows, rocky crevices, cushionlike scrub; 3500–5000 m.
50. Stellaria parviumbellata Y. Z. Zhao, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim].
Intramongol. 20(2): 226. 1989. Species nos. 53–57 are members of Stellaria sect. Adenonema (Bunge)
小伞花繁缕 xiao san hua fan lu Turczaninow. This group is in need of thorough revision. There are
Herbs perennial. Stems 5–8 cm tall, pilose. Leaves now several different ideas on which of these taxa should be
sessile, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-orbicular, 5–11 × 2–4 recognized. It is also possible that additional taxa may (or may not)
mm, both surfaces glabrous, ciliate at proximal margin, belong to this section.
midvein raised abaxially, base connate, clasping, apex In addition, Kozhevnikov described Stellaria divnogorskajae
acuminate. Flowers in terminal cymose umbel; bracts 2, (Novosti. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 20: 103. 1983) based on a specimen from
opposite, ovate-orbicular, margin white, membranous. Kaschgaria (Xinjiang). It is similar in size to S. arenarioides (stems
5–7 cm), with oblong-elliptic leaves, 4- or 5-merous flowers, 2 styles,
Pedicel 3–25 mm, slender, glabrous. Sepals 5, ovate-
and a 4-valved capsule. He also described S. divnogorskajae var.
lanceolate, 2.5–3 mm, 3-veined, margin membranous, pilosa (Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 20: 104. 1983) based on a specimen
apex acuminate. Petals absent. Stamens 10, shorter than from Tagdumbasch-Pamir (Xinjiang), noting that the plant is pilose
sepals. Ovary ovoid-globose; styles 3. Capsule throughout. The present authors have seen no material of either taxon.
cylindric-ovoid, ca. 3.5 mm, slightly longer than
53. Stellaria arenarioides Shi L. Chen et al., Novon 11: 302.
persistent sepals. Seeds black, ellipsoid, compressed, ca. 2001.
0.7 × 0.3 mm, with protuberances. Fl. and fr. Jun–Jul.
• Valleys; ca. 2900 m. Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Xinjiang. 沙生繁缕 sha sheng fan lu
51. Stellaria umbellata Turczaninow ex Karelin & Kirilov, Stellaria arenaria Maximowicz, Fl. Tangut. 91. 1889,
Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 173. 1842. not Linnaeus (1753).
伞花繁缕 san hua fan lu Herbs perennial. Stems tufted, prostrate, diffuse, yellow
basally, green apically, 5–7 cm tall, basally shiny,
Stellaria wutaica Handel-Mazzetti. glabrous, apically pubescent. Leaves sessile, ovate or
Herbs perennial, glabrous. Stem solitary, 5–15 cm tall, ovate-lanceolate, 4–6 × 2–3 mm, midvein raised
branched. Leaves elliptic, 1.5–2 cm × 4–5 mm, both abaxially, base nearly rounded, margin pubescent, apex
surfaces glabrous, base cuneate, slightly clasping, apex acute. Flowers 1–5, in terminal cymes; bracts ovate, ca.
obtuse or acute. Flowers 3–10, in cymose umbel; bracts 3 × 1.5 mm, membranous. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate,
3–5, ovate, nearly membranous. Pedicel filiform, 0.5–2 3–4 × 1–1.5 mm, midvein conspicuous. Petals 5, 1–1.5
cm, slightly longer in fruit. Sepals 5, green, lanceolate, mm, shorter than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes
2–3 mm, margin membranous, apex acuminate. Petals linear. Stamens 10, conspicuously shorter than petals.
absent. Stamens 10, shorter than sepals. Ovary Disc orbicular, with 5 glands. Styles 3, enlarged at apex.
cylindric-ovoid; styles 3, linear, short. Capsule sub- Seeds 1 or 2. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
equaling persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds reniform, • Grassland slopes, mountains, river banks; 2500–5200(–5500) m.
slightly compressed, rugulose, without protuberances. Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Xizang.
Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = 26. 54. Stellaria cherleriae (Fischer ex Seringe) F. N. Williams,
Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 7: 830. 1907.
Montane grasslands, forests, steppes; 1600–3800(–5000) m. Gansu, 兴安繁缕 xing an fan lu
Hebei, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang [Ka-
zakhstan, Russia; North America]. Arenaria cherleriae Fischer ex Seringe in de Candolle,
Prodr. 1: 409. 1824; Stellaria petraea Bunge var.
52. Stellaria subumbellata Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl. fasciculata Bunge ex Turczaninow; S. petraea var.
Brit. India 1: 233. 1874.
vegeta Fenzl; S. viridiflora Pax & K. Hoffmann.
Herbs perennial, pubescent with curved hairs. Stems 6-valved. Seeds 2–8, suborbicular, smooth. Fl. Jun–Aug,
tufted, erect or ascending, 5–12(–18) cm tall, base fr. Jul–Oct. 2n = 18.
usually woody, basally branched; short axillary sterile Scrub, montane meadows, stony areas, slopes, mossy areas, roadsides;
branches present. Leaves subsessile, linear or linear- 3000–5600 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India,
Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim].
oblanceolate, (0.7–)1–2(–2.5) cm × 1–2.5 mm, both
surfaces glabrous, lower margin pubescent, base 1a. Stems glabrous ......................... 56b. var. pulvinata
narrowed, apex acute. Flowers few, in terminal cymes; 1b. Stems pubescent.
bracts lanceolate, ca. 4 × 1.2 mm, herbaceous, glabrous, 2a. Stems with glandular hairs 56c. var. arenarioides
margin membranous, apex acute. Pedicel slightly longer 2b. Stems with nonglandular hairs.
than sepals, ca. 1 cm, distally sparsely pubescent. 3a. Leaves ovate-lanceolate; flower
Sepals 5, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 5 × 1–1.5 mm, midvein solitary or few in cymes 56a. var. decumbens
raised, base sparsely pubescent, margin membranous, 3b. Leaves subulate-lanceolate or
apex acute. Petals 5, 1/3–1/2 as long as sepals, 2-cleft subulate-ovate; flowers in dense
nearly to base; lobes linear. Stamens 10, ca. 1/2 as long headlike cymes .......... 56d. var. polyantha
as petals; anthers yellow, compressed globose. Capsule 56a. Stellaria decumbens var. decumbens
obovoid, ca. 1/2 as long as persistent sepals. Seeds 2, 偃卧繁缕(原变种) yan wo fan lu (yuan bian zhong)
nearly black, ellipsoid-obovoid, 1–1.5 mm in diam., Stellaria cherleriae (Fischer ex Seringe) F. N. Williams
tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. var. minor (Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker) Majumdar; S.
• Stony slopes, steppes, forests; 2800–3400 m. Hebei, Nei Mongol, decumbens var. edgeworthii Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker;
Shaanxi, Shanxi. S. decumbens var. minor Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker.
55. Stellaria petraea Bunge in Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 160. Stems stout or slender, densely white pubescent. Leaves
1830. ovate-lanceolate, 3–4 × 1–1.5 mm. Flower solitary or
岩生繁缕 yan sheng fan lu few in cymes. Stamens 8–10. Capsule shorter than
Adenonema petraeum (Bunge) Bunge var. alpinum persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds 2–8, suborbicular,
Bunge; Stellaria cherleriae (Fischer ex Seringe) F. N. smooth. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.
Williams var. alpina (Bunge) Schischkin; S. petraea Slopes, roadsides; 3000–5600 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan
var. alpina (Bunge) Turczaninow; S. petraea var. [Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim].
imbricata Fenzl. 56b. Stellaria decumbens var. pulvinata Edgeworth & J. D.
Herbs perennial, cushionlike. Stems densely tufted, as- Hooker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 235. 1875.
cending or erect, 2–7 cm tall, glabrous or nearly so. 垫状偃卧繁缕 dian zhuang yan wo fan lu
Leaves lanceolate-linear, 4–10 × ca. 1.5 mm, margin Stellaria maximowiczii Kozhevnikov.
nearly imbricate, thick, apex acute, hard, sometimes Plant densely cushionlike. Stems glabrous. Leaves
sickle-shaped; axillary leaves clustered. Flowers 1–3(– ovate-lanceolate, margin ciliate. Flower solitary. 2n =
12), in terminal cymose umbel, rarely solitary. Sepals 18.
lanceolate, 4–5 × 1–1.3 mm, glabrous, apex acuminate. Montane meadows, stony areas, scrub; (4600–)4900–5600 m.
Petals 1/3–2/3 as long as sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim].
lobes linear. Capsule subglobose, shorter than persistent In his original description of Stellaria maximowiczii, Kozhevnikov
petals, base narrowed. Seeds 1 or 2. Fl. Jul–Aug. (Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 20: 104. 1983) stated that the plant has 4-
Steppe hills to montane stony slopes. Nei Mongol, Xinjiang merous flowers, with only two styles. The present authors have been
[Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia]. unable to verify his statements.
56. Stellaria decumbens Edgeworth, Trans. Linn. Soc. 56c. Stellaria decumbens var. arenarioides L. H. Zhou in C.
London 20: 35. 1846. Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang. 1: 703. 1983.
偃卧繁缕 yan wo fan lu 错那繁缕 cuo na fan lu
Herbs perennial, cushionlike. Stems 10–20 cm tall, Stellaria cuonaensis L. H. Zhou.
stout or slender, densely white pubescent, glandular, Stems slender, glandular pubescent. Leaves linear-
or glabrous. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate to linear- subulate, margin ciliate. Petals absent. Stamens 5. Fl.
lanceolate, 3–4 × 1–1.5 mm, margin glabrous or ciliate, Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
hard, midvein conspicuously raised, base nearly • Scrub, mossy areas; 3800–4100 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
56d. Stellaria decumbens var. polyantha Edgeworth & J. D.
rounded, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary or few in
Hooker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 235. 1874.
(sometimes dense) cymes. Pedicel ca. 4 mm or less.
多花偃卧繁缕 duo hua yan wo fan lu
Sepals (4 or)5, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
ca. 4 × 1.5 mm, herbaceous, 3-veined, base truncate, Stellaria cherleriae (Fischer ex Seringe) F. N. Williams
apex acuminate. Petals 5, ca. 1/2 as long as sepals, 2- var. polyantha (Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker) R. R.
cleft nearly to base; lobes linear or absent. Stamens (5– Stewart.
)8–10. Styles 3. Capsule shorter than persistent sepals, Leaves subulate-lanceolate or subulate-ovate, margin
ciliate or glabrous. Flowers in dense headlike cymes.
Stony areas; 4600–5000 m. Xizang [India, Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim].
57. Stellaria congestiflora H. Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 52: 195. 1977. oblong-obovate. Stamens 8. Capsule ovoid, 4-valved to
密花繁缕 mi hua fan lu base, slightly longer than persistent sepals. Fl. Apr–Jul.
Stellaria semivestita Edgeworth var. brevipetala L. H. Stony slopes; Xinjiang (Altai Mts.) [Russia].
Zhou. Stellaria alexeenkoana Schischkin (in Komorov, Fl. URSS 6: 882.
1936; Mesostemma alexeenkoana (Schischkin) Ikonnikov) was
Herbs perennial. Stems densely tufted, 3–20 cm tall,
described based on a specimen from Tagdumbasch Pamir (Xinjiang).
apically white pilose. Leaves nearly sessile, pale green, It is similar to S. martjanovii, but has linear-oblong leaves, pubescent
linear-lanceolate, 0.7–1.3 cm × 1–3.5 mm, both sepals, and petals shorter than the sepals. The present authors have
surfaces glabrous, sometimes distal leaves pubescent, seen no material of this taxon.
margin glabrous or sometimes ciliate, apex acuminate. 60. Stellaria monosperma Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don,
Flowers numerous, in dense terminal cymes. Pedicel Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 215. 1825.
short, rarely 6 mm, white pilose; bracts herbaceous. 独子繁缕 du zi fan lu
Sepals 5, green, lanceolate, (4–)5–6 mm, glabrous or Herbs perennial. Stems yellow, quadrangular, 50–80
densely white pilose, 3-veined, margin white, apex (–120) cm tall, stout, shiny, pubescent with 1 or 2 rows
acuminate. Petals 5, 1.5–3 mm, shorter than sepals, 2- of glandular hairs above. Leaves short or long petiolate,
cleft nearly to base; lobes linear. Stamens 10, 1.5–3.5 lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, 4–11(–23) ×
mm; filaments broadened and glandular at base; anthers 1.2–2.5(–6) cm, broadest from middle to base, base
purplish, ovoid, ca. 0.3 mm. Ovary ovoid, 0.5–1 mm; nearly rounded, semiclasping, adaxially pubescent or
carpels 6; styles 3, ca. 2 mm. glabrous, midvein raised, pale yellow, margin crisp,
Scrub; 3800–4100 m. Xizang [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim]. apex long acuminate. Flowers numerous, in paniculate
58. Stellaria radians Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 422. 1753. cymes, bisexual or unisexual; bisexual flowers large,
瘰瓣繁缕 sui ban fan lu female flowers small; bracts lanceolate. Pedicel 2–9
mm, slender, densely glandular pubescent. Sepals 5,
Cerastium fimbriatum Ledebour (1815), not E. Pritzel
gray-green, ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, (3–)5–
(1900); Fimbripetalum radians (Linnaeus) Ikonnikov; 6(–8) × 1–2 mm, sparsely glandular pubescent, margin
Stellaria radians f. fimbriata (Ledebour) Kitagawa; S. narrowed, dry, membranous, apex acuminate or rarely
radians var. ovato-oblonga Koidzumi. obtuse. Petals 5, 1/2–1 × as long as sepals, 2-cleft to
Herbs perennial, woolly, densely so above. Stems erect middle; lobes sometimes sickle-shaped, apex acute.
or ascending, quadrangular, 40–60 cm tall, basally Stamens 5 or 10; filaments 5–6 mm; anthers yellow, ca.
branched, densely woolly. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to 0.3 mm in diam. Ovary ca. 2 mm, 1-loculed; ovules 3;
ovate-lanceolate, 3–12 × 1.5–2.5 cm, both surfaces styles 3, linear, ca. 4 mm. Seed 1 maturing per carpel,
lanate, midvein raised abaxially, base narrowed into brown, globose, ca. 3 mm, somewhat rugulose or
short petiole, apex acuminate. Flowers in large terminal, granular. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 36, 44, 52.
dichotomous cymes; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous, Forests, mixed forests, montane forests, grassland slopes; 1200–
densely lanate. Pedicel 1–3 cm, densely woolly, pen- 2900(–3300) m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei, Taiwan,
dulous after anthesis. Sepals oblong-ovate or narrowly Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Japan,
ovate, 6–8 × 2–2.5 mm, outside densely lanate. Petals 5, Kashmir, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam].
broadly obovate-cuneate, 8–10 mm, 5–7-cleft to 1a. Stamens 10 .......................... 60a. var. monosperma
middle or below; lobes nearly linear. Stamens 10, 1b. Stamens 5.
shorter than petals. Ovary broadly ellipsoid-ovoid; 2a. Sepals lanceolate ............. 60b. var. paniculata
styles 3, linear. Capsule ovoid, slightly longer than 2b. Sepals ovate-lanceolate ...... 60c. var. japonica
persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds 2–5, black-brown, 60a. Stellaria monosperma var. monosperma
reniform, slightly compressed, scrobiculate. Fl. Jun– 独子繁缕(原变种) du zi fan lu (yuan bian zhong)
Aug, fr. Jul–Sep. Stellaria crispata Wallich ex D. Don; S. glandulifera
Hill scrublands, forest margins; 300–500 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang,
Klotzsch; S. nyalamensis L. H. Zhou.
Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
59. Stellaria martjanovii Krylov, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Stems yellow, quadrangular, 50–80(–120) cm tall, stout,
Bot. Sada 21: 3. 1902. shiny, glandular pubescent, with 1 or 2 rows of hairs
长裂繁缕 chang lie fan lu above. Seed 1 maturing per carpel, brown, globose, ca.
Mesostemma martjanovii (Krylov) Ikonnikov. 3 mm, somewhat rugulose or granular. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr.
Herbs perennial, glandular hairy. Stems 3–6 cm tall, Sep–Oct. 2n = 36, 52.
Forests; 2700–2800 m. Xizang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kashmir,
simple or sparsely branched. Leaves congested, sessile, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim].
oblong-ovate, 5–7 × ca. 3 mm, midvein conspicuous, 60b. Stellaria monosperma var. paniculata (Edgeworth)
apex acuminate. Flowers axillary or terminal. Pedicel Majumdar, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 44(1): 141. 1965.
5–7 mm or longer, pendulous at anthesis. Sepals 4, 锥花繁缕 zhui hua fan lu
ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4 × 2 mm, margin narrowly Stellaria paniculata Edgeworth, Trans. Linn. Soc.
membranous, apex acute. Petals 4, ca. 1.5 × as long as London 20: 35. 1846.
sepals, ca. 6 × 4 mm, 2-cleft to 2/3 length; lobes
Leaves variously shaped, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, Herbs perennial. Stems ca. 1 m tall, basally branched,
adaxially rough, margin usually glabrous, base sparsely pubescent, apically densely pubescent. Leaves
narrowed into short or long petiole, apex long sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate
acuminate. Female flowers small. Sepals lanceolate, ca. or lanceolate, 3–10 × 2–4 cm, marginal veins
4 mm. Petals 1/2–1 × as long as sepals. Stamens 5. conspicuous, ciliate, abaxially densely pubescent,
Mixed forests, grassland slopes; 1500–2900(–3300) m. Xizang, adaxially sparsely pubescent, base rounded, apex long
Yunnan [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Myanmar, Nepal, Sik- acuminate. Flowers in broad cymes, densely glandular
kim, Thailand, Vietnam].
pubescent; bracts narrowly lanceolate, densely
60c. Stellaria monosperma var. japonica Maximowicz, Bull.
Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 18(4): 384. 1873.
pubescent and ciliate, apex acute. Pedicel 0.5–1.2 cm,
皱叶繁缕 zhou ye fan lu slender, densely glandular pubescent. Sepals 5,
lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, outside glandular pubescent,
Stellaria paniculigera Makino.
midvein conspicuous, margin membranous, apex acute.
Stems with 1 line of hairs. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
Petals 5, slightly shorter than or subequaling sepals, 2-
broadly lanceolate, or oblanceolate, subglabrous or
cleft. Stamens 5, alternating with petals, subequaling
adaxially pubescent, midvein abaxially pubescent, base
petals. Styles 3. Capsule 6-valved. Seeds 2 or 3. Fl.
cuneate, narrowed into a short petiole, apex acuminate.
Aug–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
Sepals ovate-lanceolate, soft, apex acuminate. Petals • Forest margins, grassland slopes; 1800–2900(–3400) m. Sichuan,
shorter than sepals, narrow, 2-cleft to base; lobes nearly Yunnan.
sickle-shaped, apex acute. Stamens 5. 2n = 44. 63. Stellaria bistyla Y. Z. Zhao, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 5(4):
Montane forests; 1200–1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei, 142. 1985.
Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan]. 二柱繁缕 er zhu fan lu
61. Stellaria ovatifolia (Mizushima) Mizushima, J. Jap. Bot.
41: 259. 1966. Stellaria bistylata W. Z. Di & Y. Ren.
卵叶繁缕 luan ye fan lu Herbs perennial. Stems densely tufted, diffuse, purplish,
Brachystemma ovatifolium Mizushima, Acta Phytotax. subterete, 10–30 cm tall, dichotomously branched,
densely glandular hairy. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1–2
Geobot. 16: 42. 1955.
cm × 2–10 mm, margin hairy or glabrous, midvein
Herbs perennial. Stems diffuse, basally purplish,
apically yellow-green, 1–2 m, slightly shiny, branched, conspicuous, raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, base
narrowed, apex acute. Flowers in terminal dichotomous
pubescent with 2 lines of recurved hairs, somewhat
densely pubescent above. Proximal and middle leaves cymes; bracts lanceolate, 1.5–3 mm, both surfaces
usually broadly ovate or elliptic; distal leaves ovate- glandular hairy. Pedicel 0.3–2 cm. Sepals 5, oblong-
lanceolate, 4–5 × ca. 1 mm, outside shortly hairy or
lanceolate to lanceolate, (2–)3–10 × (1–)1.5–2.5 cm,
both surfaces glabrous, margin ciliate, midvein con- glabrous, margin broadly membranous, apex acute.
spicuous, base nearly rounded, apex acute or acuminate. Petals 5, obovate, ca. 3 × 2 mm, shorter than sepals,
apex 2-cleft to 1/4–1/3 length, base cuneate. Stamens
Flowers numerous in dichotomous, nearly subglobose
cymes; distal bracts narrow, membranous, others 10, ca. 3 mm. Ovary globose, 1-loculed; ovules 4 or 5;
herbaceous, usually shorter than pedicel, densely ciliate, styles 2(or 3), 2–3 mm. Capsule obovoid, ca. 2.5 mm,
shorter than persistent sepals, 4(or 6)-valved. Seeds
subglabrous on both surfaces. Pedicel 3–5 mm after
anthesis, densely pubescent. Sepals yellow-green, 1(or 2), black-brown, ovoid to obovoid, 1.5–1.8 mm,
tuberculate. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug.
oblong to long ovate, 3–4(–6) × 1–1.5 mm, basal
• Dry gullies; 2000–2600 m. Nei Mongol, Ningxia.
margin pubescent, pubescent outside, subglabrous 64. Stellaria strongylosepala Handel-Mazzetti, Oesterr. Bot.
inside, 3-veined, lateral veins conjoined at apex, base Z. 88: 301. 1939.
nearly rounded, margin dry, membranous, apex obtuse. 圆萼繁缕 yuan e fan lu
Petals minute, ca.1 mm, ca. 1/3 as long as sepals, 2- Herbs perennial. Stems tufted, nearly erect,
cleft nearly to base; lobes nearly linear, forked, base quadrangular, ca. 20 cm tall, ca. 2 mm in diam., dry
entire or undulate-crenate. Stamens 10; filaments ca. 2 after anthesis, basally branched, with short branchlets
mm, base broad, ca. 1/2 as long as sepals, glabrous; and axillary leaf clusters; proximal leaves and
anthers pale yellow. Ovary globose or compressed inflorescences white papillate with stiff hairs. Leaves
globose, 1-loculed, ca. 1 mm, base narrowed, apex crowded below, distant above; leaf blade green, lanceo-
umbonate; ovules 3 or 4; styles 2 or 3, longer than late-linear, ca. 1.5 cm × 1.2 mm, somewhat thick,
ovary, apex curved. Capsule globose, shorter than margin erose, midvein slightly raised abaxially,
persistent sepals, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., 4- or 6-valved. impressed adaxially, apex acute. Flowers 5–16 in
Seed 1, reniform-globose, densely papillate, papillate dichotomous cymes; branches nearly forked, sparse;
cells much branched, rotate. Fl. Jul, fr. Nov. bracts herbaceous, distal ones ca. 2 mm. Pedicel 0.5–
Forest margins, river banks; 2600–2800 m. Xizang [Nepal]. 1.5 cm, slender. Sepals 5, white, oblong, ca. 1.5 mm
62. Stellaria delavayi Franchet, Pl. Delavay. 97. 1889. wide, glabrous or papillate-pubescent, veins 3 and
大叶繁缕 da ye fan lu dichotomously branched, margin broadly membranous,
apex rounded, green; calyx ca. 9 mm in diam. Petals ca. Capsule 4-valved. Seeds 2 or 3. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Sep–
2/3 as long as sepals, 2-cleft to middle; lobes oblong. Oct.
Stamens 10, slightly shorter than petals, inserted on • Nei Mongol.
carnose, semiorbicular, separated disc lobes; anthers
pale yellow, nearly rectangular. Ovules few; styles 4.
1. Cerastium cerastoides (Linnaeus) Britton, Mem. Torrey Styles 5. Capsule cylindric, subequaling or 1.5–2 × as
Bot. Club 5: 150. 1894. long as calyx, 10-toothed. Seeds brown, compressed
triangular, tuberculate. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. May–Jun.
六齿卷耳 liu chi juan er
Forest margins, mountain slope grasslands, sandy riversides; 100–
Stellaria cerastoides Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 422. 1753; 3700 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,
Cerastium cerastoides var. foliosum Kozhevnikov; Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [cosmopoli-
Dichodon cerastoides (Linnaeus) Reichenbach. tan weed].
Herbs perennial, 10–20 cm tall. Stems caespitose, 1a. Capsule 1.5–2 × as long as calyx 3a. var. glomeratum
creeping basally, decumbent or ascending, branched 1b. Capsule subequaling calyx . 3b. var. brachycarpum
distally, pubescent. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 8–20 × 3a. Cerastium glomeratum var. glomeratum
1.5–2(–3) mm, apex acuminate. Cyme 3–7-flowered,
球序卷耳(原变种) qiu xu juan er (yuan bian zhong)
rarely solitary; bracts leaflike, lanceolate. Pedicel 1.5–2
cm, glandular pubescent, recurved in fruit. Sepals Cerastium vulgatum Linnaeus var. glomeratum
broadly lanceolate, 4–6(–7) mm, 1-veined, margin (Thuillier) Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker.
membranous. Petals obovate, 8–12 mm, 2-lobed for ca.
1/4 their length. Stamens 10. Styles 3. Capsule Capsule 1.5–2 × as long as calyx.
cylindric, 10–12 mm, 6-toothed. Seeds reniform- Mountain slope grasslands; below 3700 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou,
globose, tuberculate. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Xizang, Yunnan,
Zhejiang [cosmopolitan weed].
Mountain valleys near moist grasslands; 1000–2400 m (3300–5100 m
in Xizang). Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Xizang [Afghanistan, 3b. Cerastium glomeratum var. brachycarpum L. H. Zhou
India, ?Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, ?Nepal, Pakistan, Russia & Q. Z. Han, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 15: 49. 1995.
(Siberia); N Africa, SW Asia, Europe, North America]. 短果卷耳 duan guo juan er
2. Cerastium parvipetalum Hosokawa, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Capsule subequaling calyx.
Taiwan 22: 227. 1932.
• Forest margins, sandy riversides; ca. 100 m. Liaoning.
小瓣卷耳 xiao ban juan er The status of this variety needs further study. In other parts of the
range of Cerastium glomeratum, plants growing in very dry
Herbs annual or biennial, 10–20 cm tall. Stems slender,
conditions often have short capsules.
pilose. Leaves subsessile, ovate-elliptic, ca. 3 × 1 cm, 4. Cerastium pusillum Seringe in de Candolle, Prodr. 1: 418.
adaxially pubescent, base abruptly attenuate, apex 1824.
acuminate. Cyme terminal, lax. Pedicel filiform, ca. 8
mm, viscous pilose. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 山卷耳 shan juan er
mm, abaxially pilose, apex acuminate. Petals 5, ovate, Cerastium vulgatum Linnaeus var. leiopetalum Fenzl.
ca. 2 mm; claw short; limb apex shortly 2-toothed,
teeth acuminate at tip. Stamens 5. Ovary ovoid, ca. 1 Herbs perennial, 5–15 cm tall. Roots slender, fibrous.
mm. Styles 3, ca. 2 mm. Capsule cylindric-globose, ca. Stems caespitose, ascending, densely pubescent.
2 mm, apex truncate, 6-toothed. Proximal leaves spatulate, long pubescent; distal leaves
oblong to ovate-elliptic, 5–15 × 3–7 mm, both surfaces
• Mountains; 1000–1500 m. S Taiwan. white pubescent, midvein conspicuous, base cuneate,
3. Cerastium glomeratum Thuillier, Fl. Env. Paris, ed. 2, margin ciliate, apex obtuse. Cyme terminal; bracts
226. 1799. leaflike. Pedicel 5–8 mm, densely glandular pubescent,
after anthesis usually nutant. Sepals 5, lanceolate-
球序卷耳 qiu xu juan er oblong, 5–6 mm, abaxially densely pubescent, margin
Herbs annual, 10–20 cm tall. Stems simple or broadly membranous, sometimes purplish. Petals 5,
caespitose, densely villous, distally glandular pubescent. white, oblong, 1.3–1.5 × as long as sepals, 2-lobed for
Proximal leaves spatulate; distal leaves obovate-elliptic, ca. 1/4 their length. Styles 5. Capsule narrowly
1.5–2.5 × 0.5–1 cm, base attenuate into a short petiole, cylindric, ca. 2 × as long as calyx, 10-toothed. Seeds
both surfaces villous, midvein prominent, margin ciliate. brown, compressed globose, tuberculate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr.
Inflorescence of compact, cymose clusters (glomerules); Aug–Sep.
rachis densely glandular pubescent; bracts leaflike, Mountain summit grasslands; 2800–3800 m. Gansu, SW Nei Mongol
ovate-elliptic, densely pubescent. Pedicel 1–3 mm, (Helan Shan), Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Yunnan [Afghanistan,
densely pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia].
abaxially densely long glandular pubescent, margin 5. Cerastium limprichtii Pax & K. Hoffmann in Pax, Repert.
Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 365. 1922.
narrowly membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white,
oblong, subequaling or slightly longer than sepals, base 椭圆叶卷耳 tuo yuan ye juan er
pilose, apex 2-lobed. Stamens shorter than sepals.
Herbs perennial, 10–15(–20) cm tall. Stems simple, Herbs perennial, 5–15 cm tall, glandular pubescent.
spreading whitish pilose, distally glandular. Leaves Stems sparsely caespitose. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 1–
elliptic, 5–7 × 2–4 mm, margin remotely ciliate, apex 2.5 × 0.3–1 cm, both surfaces white pilose, apex acute.
obtuse. Dichasium few flowered; bracts leaflike. Flower solitary, terminal; pedicel erect, 1–3 cm. Sepals
Flowers 8–10 mm in diam.; pedicel ca. 1.5 cm, 5, oblong-elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 7–8 × ca. 3 mm,
glandular. Sepals oblong, 4–5 mm, pilose, margin white, apex acuminate. Petals white, broadly obovate, 14–16
apex obtuse. Petals obovate, ca. 7 mm, glabrous, apex mm, apex retuse. Styles 5. Capsule cylindric, ca. 2 × as
2-lobed. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule ca. 2 × as long long as calyx, 10-toothed, teeth revolute. Seeds light
as calyx. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep. brown, compressed globose, tuberculate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr.
• Forests, mountain slope grasslands and summit rocks, roadsides; Aug–Oct.
3000–3500 m. W Hebei (Xiaowutai Shan), S Shaanxi (Taibai Shan). Mountain slope grasslands; 300–3600 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan,
6. Cerastium thomsonii J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 228. Mongolia, Russia].
1874. 9. Cerastium szechuense F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
藏南卷耳 zang nan juan er 34: 433. 1899.
四川卷耳 si chuan juan er
Herbs perennial, 5–15 cm tall. Stems caespitose, erect,
slender, densely glandular pubescent. Leaves elliptic or Herbs annual, 17–20 cm tall, glandular pubescent.
Stems simple or basally branched. Leaves sessile,
oblong, 0.5–1.5 × 0.3–1 cm, both surfaces long pilose,
lanceolate, apex obtuse. Cyme terminal, many flowered,
midvein prominent, base attenuate into a short petiole
inflexed after anthesis; bracts leaflike. Sepals oblong-
on proximal leaves, broader and amplexicaul on distal
lanceolate, margin membranous, apex acute. Petals
leaves, apex subacute. Cyme subumbellate, few
white, narrowly elliptic-cuneate, slightly shorter than
flowered; bracts with narrowly scarious margin. or equaling sepals, apex 2-lobed. Stamens 10. Capsule
Flowers large; pedicel 3–15 mm, densely glandular narrowly cylindric, 10-toothed, ca. 2 × as long as calyx.
pubescent. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, 7–8 × ca. 2 mm, Seeds few.
abaxially laxly glandular pubescent, margin broadly • Mountain slope grasslands; 2100–3500 m. N and W Sichuan.
membranous, apex subacute. Petals white, broadly 10. Cerastium baischanense Y. C. Chu, Fl. Pl. Herb. Chin.
obovate, 8–9 mm, apex 2-lobed. Stamens shorter than Bor.-Orient. 3: 227. 1975.
sepals. Ovary ovoid. Styles 5. Capsule cylindric, ca. 1 长白卷耳 chang bai juan er
cm. Seeds brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm, tuberculate. Herbs perennial, 6–20 cm tall, densely pubescent.
Forests, scrub, mountain slope grasslands, mire meadows; 2500–3500 Stems caespitose, ascending, slender. Proximal leaves
m. Xizang [Afghanistan, NW India, ?Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan]. oblanceolate, small, pilose, base attenuate into a short
7. Cerastium dichotomum Linnaeus subsp. inflatum (Link) petiole, apex acute; middle and distal leaves lanceolate
Cullen in Hedge & al., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 27: or linear-lanceolate, larger, 1.3–2 cm × 2–4 mm,
211. 1967.
midvein conspicuous, base cuneate, apex acute; leaf
膨萼卷耳 peng e juan er axils with dwarf, sterile shoots. Cyme terminal, 3–5-
Cerastium inflatum Link in Desfontaines, Tabl. Ecole flowered; bracts leaflike, broadly lanceolate, pilose,
Bot., ed. 3, 462. 1829. apex acute. Pedicel 4–15 mm, densely spreading hairy.
Herbs annual, 10–15 cm tall. Stems simple or few Sepals oblong-lanceolate or suboblong, 4–5 mm,
branched, erect, pubescent, mixed with glandular hairs abaxially pilose, margin membranous, apex obtuse.
distally. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 1–3 cm × 2–5 mm, Petals white, oblong-obovate, 5–5.5 × 2–2.5 mm,
pilose, base amplexicaul, margin ciliate, apex slightly longer than sepals, 2-lobed for 1/5–1/4 their
acuminate. Dichasium terminal, somewhat lax; bracts length. Stamens 10, shorter than petals. Styles 5.
leaflike, ovate-lanceolate, pilose. Calyx ovate, 1–1.2 cm Capsule cylindric, 8–10 mm, 10-toothed, teeth erect.
× ca. 3.5 mm, strongly inflated in fruit, abaxially Seeds broadly ovoid, slightly compressed, tuberculate.
glandular pubescent, margin membranous. Petals Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Jul–Aug.
oblong-obovate, ca. 1.5 × as long as calyx, apex retuse. • Alpine tundra, moist stony slopes, near hot springs; ca. 1700 m. S
Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule erect, conical-cylindric, Jilin (Changbai Shan).
ca. 1.5 × as long as calyx, teeth flat. Fl. May–Jul. 11. Cerastium morrisonense Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ.
Tokyo 25: 57. 1908.
Coniferous forests, hilly meadows; ca. 1500 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan; 玉山卷耳 yu shan juan er
SW Asia]. Cerastium formosanum (Ohwi) Ohwi; C. morrisonense
Some authors treat this taxon at specific rank, as Cerastium inflatum. var. formosanum Ohwi; C. trigynum Villars var.
It differs from typical C. dichotomum (from N Africa, C and SW Asia, morrisonense (Hayata) Hayata; C. trigynum var.
and S Europe) in having the dichasium somewhat lax and the calyx taiwanianum S. S. Ying.
strongly inflated in fruit.
8. Cerastium lithospermifolium Fischer, Mém. Soc. Imp.
Herbs perennial or biennial, glandular pubescent when
Naturalistes Moscou 3: 81. 1812. young. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 5–10 × 1–2 mm, base
紫草叶卷耳 zi cao ye juan er attenuate, semiamplexicaul, apex acute, aristate. Cyme
ca. 3-flowered or flower solitary; bracts scalelike.
Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, glandular pubescent. Sepals broadly so, ca. 6 mm, abaxially pilose, margin
lanceolate, 6–7 mm, abaxially glandular pubescent, membranous, apex acute. Petals narrowly obovate, ca. 2
adaxially glabrous, margin membranous. Petals white, × as long as sepals, 2-lobed for ca. 1/2 their length,
obovate, 1–1.3 cm, apex 2-lobed. Stamens 10, inserted lobes lanceolate, apex acuminate. Stamens slightly
opposite sepals; filaments 5–6 mm, 2-glandular at base. longer than sepals. Styles 5, linear. Capsule cylindric,
Ovary ovoid, ca. 2 mm, 1-loculed; ovules numerous. slightly longer than calyx, 10-toothed. Seeds numerous,
Styles 5, inserted opposite sepals, ca. 3 mm. Capsule brown, subtriangular-globose, slightly compressed, ca.
erect, cylindric, ca. 7 × 1–2 mm, 10-toothed. Seeds 1 mm, tuberculate. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Jul.
reniform-globose, compressed, ca. 1 mm, tuberculate. • Forest margins, mountain slopes; 1100–2000 m. Anhui, Gansu,
• Forests, slopes, rocks; 2500–4000 m. Taiwan. Henan, Hubei, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
12. Cerastium davuricum Fischer ex Sprengel, Pl. Min. 15. Cerastium fontanum Baumgarten, Enum. Stirp.
Cogn. Pug. 2: 65. 1815. Transsilv. 1: 425. 1816.
达乌里卷耳 da wu li juan er
喜泉卷耳 xi quan juan er
Cerastium amplexicaule Sims.
Herbs perennial, 50–100 cm tall, subglabrous or proxi- Herbs short-lived perennial or annual, 15–40 cm tall.
mally villous. Stems stout, longitudinally striate. Stems caespitose or simple, suberect; sterile stems
Leaves sessile, oblong to elliptic or ovate, 5–8 × 1.5–3 decumbent; flowering stems pilose and/or glandular
cm, base amplexicaul, apex subobtuse or acute. Cyme pubescent all round. Basal leaves ovate, obovate-
large, spreading; bracts leaflike, ovate. Flowers ca. 3 lanceolate, ovate-spatulate, or spatulate, 5–13 × 3–10
cm in diam.; pedicel 1–2.5(–6) cm. Sepals 5, glossy, mm, both surfaces pilose, base attenuate into a petiole;
elliptic-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 0.8–1.2 cm × 3.5–5 cauline leaves subsessile, ovate, oblong, or narrowly
mm, margin membranous, apex acute. Petals white, ovate-oblong, 1–3(–4) × 0.3–1(–1.2) cm, both surfaces
obovate, 1.5–2 × as long as sepals; claw bearded; limb pilose or pubescent, margin densely ciliate, apex acute.
apex 2-lobed. Stamens equaling sepals. Styles 5. Cyme terminal, spreading, lax, up to 40-flowered;
Capsule cylindric, straight, 1.5–2 × as long as calyx. bracts leaflike, ovate, 3–5 mm, both surfaces glandular
Seeds dark brown, oblate, ca. 1.5 mm, acutely pubescent. Pedicel slender, 0.5–2.5 cm, densely
tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep. glandular pubescent, recurved after anthesis. Sepals
Coniferous forests, hill scrub, meadows; (1000–)1900–2400 (–2800) oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, 5–6 mm, abaxially densely
m. N Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia; SW Asia]. glandular pubescent, margin membranous or narrowly
The specific epithet was spelled “dahuricum” in FRPS; however, the so. Petals obovate or obovate-oblong, shorter than to 2
protologue used the spelling “davuricum.” × as long as sepals, apex 2-lobed. Stamens shorter than
The flowers are large and ornamental.
petals. Ovary ovoid, ca. 2 mm. Styles 5, linear, slightly
13. Cerastium verticifolium R. L. Dang & X. M. Pi, Bull. longer than ovary. Capsule cylindric, 8–10 mm, ca. 2 ×
Bot. Res., Harbin 15: 431. 1995. as long as calyx, 10-toothed, teeth usually recurved.
轮叶卷耳 lun ye juan er Seeds brown, usually 0.4–0.8 mm in diam., tuberculate.
Herbs perennial, 40–100 cm tall, glabrous or sparsely Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. May–Jul.
villous. Stems stout, longitudinally striate. Leaves 3- Forests, forest margins, mountain slopes, hilltop grasslands, fields,
verticillate, sessile, oblong or elliptic, 6–8 × 1.5–4 cm, sandy soils, rock crevices, roadsides; 100–4300 m. Anhui, Fujian,
base cuneate or amplexicaul, apex obtuse. Cyme Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei,
terminal; bracts 3-verticillate, leaflike, elliptic- Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qing-
hai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan,
lanceolate. Flowers large; pedicel 1–4 cm. Sepals
Zhejiang [cosmopolitan weed].
glossy, oblong-lanceolate, 0.9–1.1 cm × 4–5 mm,
margin membranous, apex acute. Petals white, 1a. Herbs short-lived perennial; petals shorter
obcordate, 2-lobed for ca. 1/3 their length. Stamens 10, than or equaling sepals ............ 15a. subsp. vulgare
equaling sepals. Styles 5. Capsule not seen. 1a. Herbs annual; petals 7–9 mm,
• Mountain valleys; 1800–2000 m. Xinjiang.
1.5–2 × as long as sepals 15b. subsp. grandiflorum
14. Cerastium wilsonii Takeda, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 15a. Cerastium fontanum subsp. vulgare (Hartman) Greuter
1910: 381. 1910. & Burdet in Greuter & Raus, Willdenowia 12: 37. 1982.
卵叶卷耳 luan ye juan er 簇生泉卷耳 cu sheng quan juan er
Herbs perennial, 25–35 cm tall. Roots slender. Stems Cerastium vulgare Hartman, Handb. Skand. Fl. 182.
ascending, glabrescent. Basal leaves spatulate, base 1820; C. caespitosum Gilibert ex Ascherson, nom. illeg.
attenuate into a long petiole; cauline leaves sessile, (included C. viscosum Linnaeus and C. vulgatum
ovate or ovate-elliptic, 1.5–2.5 cm × 8–12 mm, midvein Linnaeus); C. caespitosum subsp. triviale (Spenner)
and base villous, apex acute. Cyme terminal, many Hiitonen; C. fontanum var. angustifolium (Franchet) H.
flowered; bracts leaflike, small, pilose. Pedicel slender, Hara; C. fontanum subsp. holosteoides (Fries) Salman
to 3 cm, glandular pubescent. Sepals lanceolate or
et al.; C. fontanum var. tibeticum (Edgeworth & J. D. Forest margins, mountain valleys, hillsides and summits, meadows;
Hooker) C. Y. Wu & L. H. Zhou; C. fontanum subsp. 1200–3800 m. Gansu, Henan, S Jilin (Changbai Shan), Ningxia,
Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [N Korea, E Russia].
triviale (Spenner) Jalas; C. holosteoides Fries; C.
17. Cerastium takasagomontanum Masamune, Trans. Nat.
holosteoides var. hallaisanense (Nakai) Mizushima; C. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 28: 120. 1938.
holosteoides subsp. triviale (Spenner) Möschl; C.
高山卷耳 gao shan juan er
ianthes F. N. Williams; C. triviale Link, nom. illeg.
Arenaria takasagomontana (Masamune) S. S. Ying;
(included C. viscosum and C. vulgatum); C. vulgatum
Cerastium subpilosum Hayata var. takasagomontanum
Linnaeus var. angustifolium Franchet; C. vulgatum
(Masamune) S. S. Ying.
subsp. caespitosum Dostál; C. vulgatum var.
Herbs annual, usually densely glandular pubescent.
hallaisanense Nakai; C. vulgatum var. tibeticum
Stems erect. Leaves oblanceolate, 1–3.5 cm × 3–8 mm,
Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker. base attenuate, semiamplexicaul, apex acute. Cyme
Herbs short-lived perennial. Petals shorter than or terminal; bracts ovate, margin ciliate. Pedicel 1–2 cm.
equaling sepals. Sepals ovate, 2–3 × 1–1.5 mm, apex obtuse. Petals
Forest margins, mountain slopes, hilltop grasslands, fields, sandy
spatulate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, apex entire.
soils, rock crevices, roadsides; 100–2300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu,
Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,
Stamens 1.5–2 mm. Ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm. Styles 1–
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, 1.5 mm. Capsule erect, cylindric-ovoid, 2.5–3 mm,
Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, acutely 8–10-toothed.
Zhejiang [cosmopolitan weed]. • Mountain slopes and rocks; 2500–3400 m. C Taiwan.
15b. Cerastium fontanum subsp. grandiflorum H. Hara, J. 18. Cerastium falcatum Bunge ex Fenzl in Ledebour, Fl.
Jap. Bot. 52: 353. 1977. Ross. 1: 398. 1842.
大花泉卷耳 da hua quan juan er 披针叶卷耳 pi zhen ye juan er
Cerastium grandiflorum Hamilton ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Cerastium maximum Linnaeus var. falcatum Grenier.
Nepal. 216. 1825, not Gilibert (1782), nor Waldstein & Herbs perennial, 15–40 cm tall, sparsely glandular
Kitaibel (1803–1805); C. holosteoides subsp. triviale pubescent. Stems ascending or erect. Leaves sessile,
var. grandiflorum Majumdar; C. nipaulense Wallich ex lanceolate, 2–6 × 0.2–1 cm, both surfaces and margin
G. Don, nom. illeg. (included C. grandiflorum pilose, midvein conspicuous, base cuneate, apex acute.
Hamilton ex D. Don); C. triviale var. nipaulense F. N. Cyme terminal; bracts ovate-lanceolate. Pedicel slender,
Williams, nom. illeg.; C. vulgatum var. grandiflorum 2.5–3 cm, glandular pubescent, usually pendent in fruit.
Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker. Sepals lanceolate, 3–5 mm, glandular pubescent,
Herbs annual. Petals 7–9 mm, 1.5–2 × as long as sepals. margin membranous, apex sharply pointed. Petals
Forested mountain slopes; 3100–4300 m. Xizang [Nepal]. obovate-oblong, 1.5–2 × as long as sepals, apex 2-
The placement of this variety under Cerastium fontanum requires lobed. Stamens shorter than petals. Styles 5. Capsule
further study. oblong-ovoid, 10-toothed. Seeds brown, reniform-
16. Cerastium furcatum Chamisso & Schlechtendal, globose, obtusely tuberculate. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Jul–Sep.
Linnaea 1: 61. 1826. Scrub forests, grassy forest margins, mountain slopes, ravines, edges
缘毛卷耳 yuan mao juan er of farmland; 800–2800 m. Gansu, Hebei, Nei Mongol, Shanxi,
Cerastium amurense Ohwi; C. ciliatum Ohwi; C. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia].
ciliatum var. acutifolium (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; C. 19. Cerastium pauciflorum Steven ex Seringe in de
ciliatum var. brevifolium (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; C. Candolle, Prodr. 1: 414. 1824.
rigidum Ledebour (1815), not (Scopoli) Vitman (1789); 疏花卷耳 shu hua juan er
C. rubescens Mattfeld; C. vulgatum Linnaeus var. Herbs perennial, 20–60 cm tall. Roots slender. Stems
acutifolium Franchet; C. vulgatum var. brevifolium caespitose, erect or ascending, pubescent, distally
Franchet. glandular hairy. Basal leaves spatulate, small; cauline
Herbs perennial, 15–55 cm tall. Stems caespitose or leaves sessile, lanceolate, 3–8 × 1–2 cm, both surfaces
simple, suberect, villous, distally both villous and hairy, base attenuate, margin ciliate, apex acute or
glandular pubescent. Basal leaves spatulate; cauline acuminate. Cyme terminal; bracts leaflike, ovate-
leaves ovate-lanceolate, 1–3 × 0.4–1.1 cm, base lanceolate. Flowers 1.5–1.8 cm in diam.; pedicel
rounded or cuneate, apex obtuse or acute. Cyme slender, 0.5–3 cm, densely glandular pubescent. Sepals
spreading; bracts leaflike. Pedicel slender, 1–3.5 cm, ovate-oblong, ca. 6 × 2 mm, abaxially glandular
densely pubescent and glandular pubescent, recurved in pubescent, margin membranous. Petals obovate or
fruit. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, pubescent, obovate-oblong, 1–1.3 cm, 1.5–3 × as long as calyx,
glabrous or pilose at base, apex entire. Stamens
margin broadly membranous. Petals oblong or obovate,
glabrous or filaments pilose at base. Styles 5. Capsule
1.5–2 × as long as sepals, base ciliate, apex 2-lobed.
cylindric, ca. 2 × as long as calyx, 10-toothed, teeth
Stamens sparsely villous. Styles 5. Capsule cylindric, ca. revolute. Seeds yellow-brown, triangular-reniform,
2 × as long as calyx. Seeds brown, compressed globose, tuberculate. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.
tuberculate. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Jul–Sep.
Forests, hillside scrub forests, meadows, wet river banks, wet Xinjiang, Yunnan [Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; Eu-
mountain roadsides; 200–2500 m. Gansu, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liao- rope, North and South America].
ning, Xinjiang [Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
In FRPS, Cerastium arvense var. arvense was recorded from China,
1a. Leaves 3–6 cm; petals 1.5–2 × as long as as well as var. angustifolium (a synonym of the widespread subsp.
calyx; strictum) and var. glabellum. The identity of Chinese material as
petals and filaments glabrous 19a. var. pauciflorum subsp. arvense needs confirmation: this taxon is native to W Europe
1a. Leaves 4–8 cm; petals 2.5–3 × as long as and has been introduced into several other temperate regions, where it
calyx; grows as a weed in grassy places. Its chromosome number is
petals and filaments pilose at base 19b. var. oxalidiflorum
tetraploid (2n = 72), as compared with diploid (2n = 36) in subsp.
strictum. These two subspecies are very difficult to separate
19a. Cerastium pauciflorum var. pauciflorum morphologically, especially in the herbarium, but a chromosome
疏花卷耳(原变种) shu hua juan er (yuan bian zhong) count can provide a strong indication of identity. Cerastium arvense
var. glabellum (Turczaninow) Fenzl (in Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 1: 413.
Cerastium ledebourianum Seringe; C. pilosum 1842, based on C. glabellum Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp.
Ledebour (1815), not Smith (1809). Naturalistes Moscou 15: 614. 1842) is probably only a glabrous form
of subsp. strictum.
Leaves 3–6 cm. Petals 1.5–2 × as long as calyx. Petals
and filaments glabrous. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug. 21. Cerastium subpilosum Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 3: 39.
1913.
Hillside scrub forests, wet river banks; 1000–2500 m. Gansu,
Xinjiang [Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia]. 毛卷耳 mao juan er
19b. Cerastium pauciflorum var. oxalidiflorum (Makino) Arenaria subpilosa (Hayata) Ohwi; Cerastium
Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 11: 254. 1942. taiwanense T. S. Liu.
毛蕊卷耳 mao rui juan er Herbs perennial. 15–40 cm tall. Stems slender,
somewhat prostrate, pilose. Leaves sessile, linear-
Cerastium oxalidiflorum Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) lanceolate, 3–4.5 cm × 3–4 mm, adaxially aristate
19: 102. 1905; C. pauciflorum var. amurense (Regel) pilose, abaxially subglabrous, base attenuate, margin
Mizushima; C. pilosum var. amurense Regel. remotely ciliate, apex acute. Cyme terminal, lax.
Leaves 4–8 cm. Petals 2.5–3 × as long as calyx. Petals Pedicel slender, 1–3 cm, pubescent. Sepals ovate-
and filaments pilose at base. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. oblong, 2–4 × 1–1.5 mm, margin ciliate, apex obtuse.
Forests, meadows, wet mountain roadsides; 200–800 m. Heilongjiang,
Petals spatulate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, base attenuate,
Jilin, Liaoning [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)]. apex rounded, entire. Ovary 1–1.5 mm. Styles 4 or 5.
Capsule cylindric, 3–4 × 2–2.5 mm, 8–10-toothed.
20. Cerastium arvense Linnaeus subsp. strictum Gaudin, Fl. Seeds brown-red, oblong-globose, slightly compressed,
Helv. 3: 245. 1828. ca. 1 mm, tuberculate.
卷耳 juan er • Mountains; 3000–3900 m. C Taiwan.
22. Cerastium tianschanicum Schischkin, Trudy Bot. Inst.
Cerastium arvense var. angustifolium Fenzl; C. arvense Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 2: 136. 1936.
var. strictum W. D. J. Koch; C. strictum Haenke (1789), 天山卷耳 tian shan juan er
not Linnaeus (1753). Cerastium vulgatum Linnaeus var. tianschanicum
Herbs perennial, 15–35 cm tall. Stems sparsely (Schischkin) Kozhevnikov.
caespitose, creeping proximally, erect distally, Herbs perennial, 15–35 cm tall, densely pubescent.
retrorsely purplish red hairy, distally both retrorsely Stems ascending, distally branched. Leaves sessile,
hairy and glandular pubescent, or glabrous throughout. linear-lanceolate, 3–5 cm × 3–6 mm, base
Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, 0.5–2.5 cm × 1–4 semiamplexicaul. Cyme lax; bracts ovate-triangular,
mm, pilose or glabrous, base cuneate, amplexicaul, small, margin ciliate. Pedicel equaling or 2–3 × as long
margin sometimes ciliate, apex acute or acuminate; leaf as sepals. Sepals lanceolate, 6–7.5 × 2–3 mm, abaxially
axils with dwarf, sterile shoots. Cyme terminal, 3–7- glandular pubescent, margin membranous. Petals
flowered; bracts leaflike, lanceolate, pilose, margin oblong-obovate, ca. 9 × 5 mm, ca. 1.5 × as long as
scarious. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, densely white glandular sepals, apex retuse. Stamens shorter than petals; anthers
pubescent. Sepals lanceolate, ca. 6 × 1.5–2 mm, yellow, ovoid. Styles 5. Capsule erect, oblong, ca. 2 ×
abaxially densely villous, margin membranous. Petals as long as calyx, 10-toothed. Seeds deep brown,
obovate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, 2-lobed for 1/4–1/3 reniform or globose, ca. 1 mm, finely and obtusely
their length. Stamens shorter than petals. Styles 5. tuberculate. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Jul.
Capsule cylindric, ca. 1.3 × as long as calyx, 10-toothed. Coniferous forests, subalpine meadows, river banks, gullies; 700–
2700 m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakhstan].
Seeds numerous, brown, reniform, slightly compressed,
23. Cerastium maximum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 439. 1753.
tuberculate. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Jul–Sep. 2n = 36. 大卷耳 da juan er
Sand dunes under forests of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, forest Herbs perennial, 20–40 cm tall, tomentellous, distally
margins, sand dune scrub, hillsides, grassy mountain valleys and glandular pubescent. Stems simple, erect. Leaves
hilltops, steppes, ditches; 600–4300 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Jiangxi, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 4–8 × 0.5–1.5 cm, apex
Jilin, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan,
acuminate. Cyme terminal; bracts leaflike. Pedicel straight, 1.5–2 × as long as calyx, teeth revolute. Seeds
glandular hairy. Sepals oblong-ovate or ovate, 6–10 × brown, ca. 2 mm, obtusely tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr.
3–4 mm, glandular pubescent, margin membranous, Aug–Sep.
apex obtuse. Petals obcordate, 2–3 × as long as sepals, Scrub, grassy river banks. Xinjiang [Russia; North America].
apex crenately 2-lobed. Styles 5. Capsule conical,
14. PSEUDOCERASTIUM C. Y. Wu, X. H. Guo & X. P. Zhang in X. P. Zhang & X. H. Guo,
Acta Bot. Yunnan. 20: 395. 1998.
假卷耳属 jia juan er shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Richard K. Rabeler
Herbs perennial. Stems erect or ascending. Leaves ovate to obovate-spatulate; stipules absent. Inflorescence a leafy
dichasium; bracts immediately subtending calyx absent. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white, deeply bifid. Stamens 10. Ovary
1-loculed; ovules numerous; styles 5, opposite sepals, attached to deciduous disc. Capsule shortly cylindric,
dehiscing with 10 apical teeth. Seeds numerous, reniform, tuberculate; embryo curved.
• One species.
1. Pseudocerastium stellarioides X. H. Guo & X. P. Zhang, hairy; pedicel slender, densely glandular hairy. Sepals
Acta Bot. Yunnan. 20: 396. 1998. ovate-oblong, 5–7 mm, abaxially glandular pubescent,
假卷耳 jia juan er margin membranous, apex acuminate. Petals obovate-
oblong, 1–1.2 cm; lobes 3–4 mm. Stamens shorter than
Stems 5–25 cm tall, villous, sometimes with intermixed petals. Ovary globose; styles linear. Capsule included in
glandular hairs. Proximal leaves petiolate, distal leaves sepals. Seeds brown. Fl. and fr. Jul.
sessile; leaf blade 1.5–3 × 1–2 cm, pubescent, base
rounded or cordate, apex acuminate. Flowers terminal; • 800–1000 m. Anhui.
bracts leaflike, margin pubescent, sometimes glandular
1. Myosoton aquaticum (Linnaeus) Moench, Methodus 225. glandular hairy. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 4–5 mm, to ca.
1794. 7 mm in fruit, abaxially glandular pubescent, margin
鹅肠菜 e chang cai narrowly membranous. Petals bifid to base; lobes
lanceolate, 3–3.5 mm. Stamens shorter than petals.
Cerastium aquaticum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 439. 1753; Ovary ovoid; styles linear. Capsule pendent from
Malachium aquaticum (Linnaeus) Fries; Stellaria spreading pedicel, exceeding sepals. Seeds rusty brown,
aquatica (Linnaeus) Scopoli. globose, ca. 1 mm, mammillate. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–
Stems 20–80 cm, weak, apically glandular hairy. Aug. 2n = 20*, 28.
Proximal leaves petiolate; distal leaves sessile; leaf Mountain slopes, valleys, forests, floodlands, field margins; 300–
blade 2.5–5.5 × 1–3 cm, pubescent or glabrous, base 2700 m. Throughout China [cosmopolitan].
rounded or subcordate, margin undulate, apex acute.
This species is used medicinally, as a wild vegetable, and as fodder.
Flowers terminal or axillary; bracts leaflike, margin
glandular hairy; pedicel 1–2 cm, slender, densely
1a. Styles usually 3 and capsules 6-valved or -toothed, or styles rarely 2 and capsules 4-valved or -toothed;
petal apex entire or slightly emarginate; sepals never truncate and saccate at base, not excurved.
2a. Sepals not incrassate at base, veins not obviously impressed; leaf blade subulate to ovate, margin and
apex incrassate, apex not setiform but spinose.
3a. Sepal apex obtuse, margin scarious; basal leaf blade subulate to linear-lanceolate, cauline leaf blade
imbricate in 4 rows (decussate), ovate, less than 5 mm, persistent; flowers solitary or 3 in cymes;
plants congested caespitose or pulvinate (4. A. subgen. Dolophragma).
4a. Plants densely caespitose; stems 10–20 cm, glandular villous ........................................... 33. A. przewalskii
4b. Plants densely pulvinate; stems 2.5–15 cm, glandular villous or glabrous.
5a. Stems 4–15 cm, villous or glandular hairy.
6a. Stems 10–15 cm, villous; sepals ovate to lanceolate-ovate ............................................. 34. A. smithiana
6b. Stems 4–9 cm, glandular villous; sepals elliptic .............................................................. 35. A. oreophila
5b. Stems 2.5–6 cm, glabrous.
7a. Pedicels 2–4 cm; petals ca. 2 × as long as sepals; anthers violet ................................... 36. A. densissima
7b. Pedicels absent (flowers sessile); petals slightly longer than sepals; anthers yellow 37. A. polytrichoides
3b. Sepal apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse, apex and margin usually hard; leaf blade remote or
sometimes approximate (covering each other), but never imbricate in 4 rows, lanceolate, elliptic,
ovate, or orbicular,
more than 5 mm, deciduous, rarely persistent; flower solitary; plants densely caespitose but never
pulvinate
(5. A. subgen. Solitaria).
8a. Floral disc large, with 5 obvious glands.
9a. Stems 1–15 cm, villous on one side; leaf blade glabrous except ciliate at base; petals white or
pink ........................................................................................................................................ 42. A. forrestii
9b. Stems 2–6 cm, villous all round; leaf blade glandular pubescent; petals violet ............ 43. A. glanduligera
8b. Floral disc small or not impressed, glands small or degenerate.
10a. Petals violet; anthers violet ............................................................................................. 41. A. rhodantha
10b. Petals white or pink; anthers pale yellow, green, or black.
11a. Plants hairy throughout; stems diffuse; leaf blade ovate or ovate-orbicular, margin long hairy;
petals
white; anthers dark green or black ................................................................................... 38. A. ciliolata
11b. Plants not hairy throughout; stems erect; leaf blade lanceolate or narrowly orbicular, margin
shortly
hairy or glabrous; petals white or pink; anthers yellow or green.
12a. Stems 4–6 cm; leaf blade lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, margin shortly hairy; inflorescence
rachis bracteate proximally; sepal apex excurved; petals white or pink; anthers pale yellow 39. A. ramellata
12b. Stems 2–5 cm; leaf blade narrowly orbicular, margin glabrous; inflorescence rachis
ebracteate proximally; sepal apex erect; petals white; anthers green .......................... 40. A. stracheyi
2b. Sepals usually (rarely not) incrassate at base, veins usually obvious (rarely not); leaf blade variously
shaped,
margin and apex not incrassate, or margin scarious, apex spinose when blade aristate.
13a. Leaf blade linear to orbicular, or aristate and narrowly linear, margin not obviously scarious; sepal
veins inconspicuous; plants solitary or caespitose, rarely compacted pulvinate; leaves deciduous,
rarely persistent.
14a. Sepals slightly or not incrassate at base; leaf blade usually linear to ovate, rarely needle-shaped
(1. A. subgen. Arenaria).
15a. Seeds with a flat wing; petals slightly shorter than or equaling sepals ............................. 6. A. compressa
15b. Seeds wingless; petals shorter than bracts, slightly shorter to longer than sepals.
16a. Seeds tuberculate with raised papillae; petals usually slightly shorter than sepals ...... 1. A. serpyllifolia
16b. Seeds not tuberculate with raised papillae; petals equaling or longer than sepals.
17a. Seeds with curls; inflorescence usually axillary; leaf blade elliptic to ovate or orbicular.
18a. Leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or suborbicular; sepals glabrous abaxially ...................... 2. A. orbiculata
18b. Leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate or obovate; sepals sparsely white villous on veins abaxially 3. A. neelgherrensis
17b. Seeds reticulate; inflorescence of terminal cymes; leaf blade linear to ovate-saccate.
19a. Capsule 1-seeded; leaf blade linear; sepals with papillose spots abaxially ........... 4. A. monosperma
19b. Capsule several seeded; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-ovate; sepals white glandular villous
abaxially .................................................................................................................. 5. A. puranensis
14b. Sepals markedly incrassate or woody at base; leaf blade linear or linear-subulate, graminoid,
rarely
aristate with a spinose tip (2. A. subgen. Eremogone).
20a. Plants completely woody at base; sepals not herbaceous, veins inconspicuous, apex usually
acuminate.
21a. Leaf blade apex acute; pedicels glabrous, rarely sparsely glandular hairy ...................... 14. A. griffithii
21b. Leaf blade apex spinose; pedicels densely glandular hairy ........................................ 15. A. androsacea
20b. Plants not completely woody at base; sepals herbaceous throughout or only at middle, veins
impressed,
apex usually obtuse, rarely acute or acuminate.
22a. Sepals herbaceous only at middle, apex long acuminate, with (1–)3 or more parallel veins 7. A. potaninii
22b. Sepals herbaceous ± throughout, apex obtuse, 1-veined.
23a. Stems with congested, pale brown, long, hardened, dead leaves at base; leaves forming a
sheath at
base .................................................................................................................................... 8. A. juncea
23b. Stems without basal leaves as above; leaves not forming a sheath at base.
24a. Plants pulvinate; stems 4–10 cm; leaf blade linear to subulate, 1.5–5 cm.
25a. Stems 4–10 cm, white glandular hairy distally; sepals ± glandular villous ............ 12. A. formosa
25b. Stems 6–10 cm, villous distally; sepals glabrous ........................................ 13. A. haitzeshanensis
24b. Plants congested caespitose; stems 4–20 cm; leaf blade linear, 2–6 cm.
26a. Stems 4–10 cm, glandular pubescent distally ................................................. 11. A. grueningiana
26b. Stems 10–20 cm; all or only peduncle proximally glandular hairy, or glabrous.
27a. Stems glabrous proximally, becoming glandular hairy or villous distally; sepals
glabrous ................................................................................................................ 9. A. capillaris
27b. Stems hirsutulous throughout; sepals densely glandular hairy .......................... 10. A. acicularis
13b. Leaf blade subulate to linear, never setiform or graminoid, margin obviously scarious; sepal veins
impressed; plants caespitose to compacted pulvinate; leaves persistent (3. A. subgen.
Eremogoneastrum).
28a. Flowers few, in cymes.
29a. Stems sparsely villous, 2–3 cm; leaf blade 5–6 mm; sepals 3-veined ..................... 31. A. taibaishanensis
29b. Stems glandular villous, to 8 cm; leaf blade 0.7–20 mm; sepals usually 1-veined ........ 32. A. festucoides
28b. Flowers solitary, rarely paired.
30a. Flowers sessile.
31a. Sepals violet abaxially; petals pink, lanceolate or orbicular .................................... 27. A. shannanensis
31b. Sepals green; petals white, ovate, obovate, or saccate.
32a. Flowers ca. 1.8 cm in diam.; sepals ovate-lanceolate; petals broadly obovate, ca. 1.5 × as
long as sepals ...................................................................................................... 28. A. edgeworthiana
32b. Flowers ca. 0.8 cm in diam.; sepals elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate; petals narrowly
obovate
or saccate, shorter or slightly longer than sepals.
33a. Sepals elliptic-lanceolate; petals narrowly obovate, slightly longer than sepals; anthers
equal;
styles equaling ovary ............................................................................................. 29. A. bryophylla
33b. Sepals lanceolate; petals saccate, shorter than sepals; anthers 5 long and 5 short; styles ca.
2.5 × as long as ovary ............................................................................................. 30. A. zadoiensis
30b. Flowers pedicellate.
34a. Pedicels glandular villous or villous.
35a. Pedicels villous.
36a. Sepals lanceolate, glabrous .................................................................................... 19. A. kansuensis
36b. Sepals narrowly lanceolate, sparsely pilose, at least at base ............................... 20. A. ischnophylla
35b. Pedicels glandular villous.
37a. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3-veined; petals ovate, ca. 1/3–1/2 as long as sepals ..... 16. A. brevipetala
37b. Sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-veined; petals elliptic, slightly longer than sepals.
38a. Flowers solitary, rarely paired, pedicel 2.5–5 × as long as bracts; anthers yellow 17. A. baxoiensis
38b. Flowers solitary, never paired, pedicel shorter than bracts; anthers black ....... 18. A. kumaonensis
34b. Pedicels glabrous.
39a. Pedicels 4–10 mm.
40a. Pedicels 5–10 mm; sepals lanceolate, ca. 5 mm; anthers yellow; petals not callose at base 21. A. roborowskii
40b. Pedicels ca. 4 mm; sepals elliptic, 3 mm; anthers white; petals with a yellow, oblong
callus
at base ................................................................................................................. 22. A. lancangensis
39b. Pedicels 1–2 mm.
41a. Sepals hard, 1-veined, base ciliate, apex greenish brown ......................................... 23. A. gerzensis
41b. Sepals soft, 1–3-veined, base not ciliate, apex green.
42a. Flowers 6–7 mm in diam. ..................................................................................... 26. A. pulvinata
42b. Flowers ca. 15 mm in diam.
43a. Sepals linear-lanceolate, 7–8 mm, 1–3 veined; petals elliptic-ovate, 8–9 mm; anthers
yellow ........................................................................................................... 24. A. qinghaiensis
43b. Sepals lanceolate, 6–7 mm, closely 3-veined; petals obovate, 4–5 mm; anthers violet 25. A. aksayqingensis
1b. Styles usually 2, sometimes 3(or 4 or 5); capsule 4-valved or -toothed, rarely 6-, 8-, or 10-valved or -
toothed;
petal apex entire to fimbriate; sepals truncate and ± saccate at base, excurved (6. A. subgen.
Odontostemma).
44a. Petal apex toothed or fimbriate; filaments opposite sepals with a gland at base; styles 2.
45a. Petals fimbriate or toothed.
46a. Roots conic.
47a. Leaf blade 0.5–1.5 × 0.2–1 cm; sepals 4–10 mm; petals slightly longer than sepals ....... 101. A. delavayi
47b. Leaf blade 1–3 × 0.5–0.6 cm; sepals 3–6 mm; petals ca. 2 × as long as sepals ......... 102. A. yunnanensis
46b. Roots fusiform, solitary or caespitose, rarely each node of rhizome globose or clavate, forming a
moniliform chain.
48a. Roots moniliform .......................................................................................................... 106. A. monilifera
48b. Roots fusiform.
49a. Leaves glabrous; sepal margin black ciliate ............................................................. 92. A. salweenensis
49b. Leaves often glandular pubescent; sepals glandular pubescent but margin not black ciliate.
50a. Anthers yellow, rarely green.
51a. Stems 10–25 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, orbicular-elliptic, or orbicular-lanceolate;
pedicels villous or glandular hairy ............................................................................ 97. A. fimbriata
51b. Stems 40–60 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic-saccate, ovate-elliptic, or ovate; pedicels
multicellular pubescent or glandular hairy.
52a. Plants annual or biennial; stems 30–60 cm; leaves to 40 cm; seeds 2 or 3 ................ 98. A. debilis
52b. Plants perennial; stems 10–40 cm; leaves to 15 cm; seeds 11 or 12 .................. 99. A. polysperma
50b. Anthers black, violet, or yellowish brown (rarely yellow in A. iochanensis).
53a. Plants hispid; leaf blade ovate or orbicular-elliptic ............................................. 93. A. trichophora
53b. Plants glandular or shortly villous; leaf blade broadly lanceolate, orbicular-ovate, or
orbicular.
54a. Stem solitary, branched below middle; leaf blade orbicular-obovate or orbicular, 3–10
mm
wide; seeds 2–4, wingless; roots several clustered together .................................... 96. A. barbata
54b. Stems branched at base, procumbent, diffuse, or erect; leaf blade lanceolate, 1–4 mm
wide;
seeds numerous, with a narrow wing; root solitary.
55a. Stems procumbent or erect; leaf blade usually broadly lanceolate, 2–4 mm wide;
pedicels 0.5–1.5 cm; petal apex fimbriate; anthers violet or black ......... 94. A. yulongshanensis
55b. Stems diffuse; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 1–3 mm wide; pedicels 0.5–2 cm;
petal apex slightly toothed; anthers yellow ..................................................... 95. A. iochanensis
45b. Petal apex toothed.
56a. Roots solitary or several clustered together, spinose, rarely conic.
57a. Stems slender; leaves glabrous or sparsely hairy; petal apex 4-toothed.
58a. Stems glandular pubescent with 2 lines of hairs; leaves sparsely hairy; petals obovate or
narrowly elliptic ..................................................................................................... 80. A. quadridentata
58b. Stems and leaves glabrous; petals obovate or cuneate ..................................................... 81. A. giraldii
57b. Stems rigid; leaves variously hairy; petal apex with small teeth.
59a. Leaf blade ovate or ovate-orbicular; sepals orbicular-ovate or orbicular-lanceolate ..... 85. A. fridericae
59b. Leaf blade mostly ovate-lanceolate or ovate; sepals lanceolate, rarely ovate.
60a. Sepals long villous; petals longer than sepals, but less than 2 × as long as them ... 82. A. trichophylla
60b. Sepals villous or glandular hairy; petals more than 1.5 × as long as sepals.
61a. Stems to 1.5 cm, with numerous branches; flower solitary, terminal, to 1.5 cm in diam.;
anthers violet to yellow-brown ............................................................................ 83. A. pogonantha
61b. Stems to 30 cm, distally with branched, dichasial cymes; flowers small, to 0.8 cm in
diam.;
anthers blue-green to yellow ........................................................................... 84. A. dimorphitricha
56b. Roots conic, fleshy, rarely fibrous.
62a. Roots fibrous; stems brown glandular villous; leaf blade tuberculate on both surfaces, petiole
2–5
mm ................................................................................................................................. 86. A. longicaulis
62b. Roots conic, fleshy; stems glabrous, subglabrous, or glandular hairy; leaf blade not tuberculate,
petiole 1–2 cm or leaves sessile.
63a. Stems glabrous or subglabrous; petiole 1–2 cm (at least proximal cauline leaves petiolate) 87. A. longipetiolata
63b. Stems villous or glandular hairy; leaves sessile or shortly petiolate.
64a. Stems pale brown, villous.
65a. Stems 4–7 cm; leaf blade elliptic or obovate-elliptic; sepals long villous abaxially 88. A. leucasteria
65b. Stems 10–15 cm; leaf blade elliptic to broadly elliptic-saccate; sepals sparsely glandular
pubescent abaxially .......................................................................................... 89. A. nivalomontana
64b. Stems green, glandular hairy.
66a. Leaf blade thin, glabrous or glandular hairy; sepals narrowly ovate, glabrous; petals ca.
1.5 ×
as long as sepals; cymes spreading .......................................................................... 90. A. omeiensis
66b. Leaf blade thick, villous with yellowish, small, nodose hairs; sepals orbicular-lanceolate,
long pubescent abaxially; petals slightly longer than sepals; cymes compact ......... 91. A. auricoma
44b. Petal apex entire, slightly emarginate, or shallowly 2-cleft, rarely lobes with 3 shallow, round teeth;
filaments opposite sepals with a gland at base or not; styles 2 or 3(–5).
67a. Filaments opposite sepals with a gland at base; seeds globose or reniform, smooth or tuberculate.
68a. Stems villous with 2 lines of hairs; sepals glabrous or only ciliate at margin.
69a. Styles 6–7 mm; petal apex entire; leaves aggregated at stem apex, leaf blade broadly linear or
linear-lanceolate ............................................................................................................... 75. A. longistyla
69b. Styles ca. 1.5 mm; petal apex 2-cleft; leaves in several distant pairs, leaf blade saccate .. 76. A. ionandra
68b. Stems glandular villous, or with long, nodose bristles; sepals glandular villous or glandular
villous mixed
with long, nodose bristles.
70a. Stems and sepals densely hairy mixed with long, nodose bristles; petals ca. 10 mm ....... 77. A. longiseta
70b. Stems and sepals hairy, without nodose bristles; petals 5–8 mm.
71a. Leaf blade obsaccate, petiole short; sepals 2–3 mm ................................................. 78. A. chamdoensis
71b. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, petiole absent; sepals 5–6 mm ...................................... 79. A. szechuensis
67b. Filaments opposite sepals without a gland at base or gland not obvious; seeds oblate or reniform,
glabrous or with small, raised tubercles, or flat but margin with a narrow wing.
72a. Seeds usually flat, with a narrow wing.
73a. Stems diffuse; flowers usually several in cymes.
74a. Stems sparsely villous; petals oblanceolate or obovate, apex 2- or 3-toothed ................ 67. A. euodonta
74b. Stems glandular hairy; petals obovate or broadly ovate, apex entire or emarginate.
75a. Leaf blade orbicular-lanceolate or orbicular; petals broadly ovate, apex emarginate 65. A. melanandra
75b. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate; petals ovate, apex entire ...................................... 66. A. pseudostellaria
73b. Stems erect or suberect; flowers solitary, rarely paired.
76a. Stems 3–6 cm, glabrous proximally .......................................................................... 68. A. dsharaensis
76b. Stems 4–25 cm, villous or glandular hairy.
77a. Plants to 6 cm tall, white villous in 2 lines or white, yellow, or black nodose villous; petals
white.
78a. Plants 5–6 cm tall; stems white villous in 2 lines; petal apex entire ....................... 74. A. monantha
78b. Plants to 4 cm tall; stems white, yellow, or black nodose villous; petal apex emarginate,
often
with a few small teeth ................................................................................................ 73. A. inornata
77b. Plants 4–25 cm tall, glandular villous; petals white, pink, or violet.
79a. Petal apex entire or emarginate; cauline leaf blade lanceolate, elliptic, ovate, or orbicular.
80a. Stems white; leaf blade violet; petal apex entire ........................................... 69. A. melandryoides
80b. Stems violet; leaf blade green; petal apex slightly emarginate ................................... 70. A. rockii
79b. Petal apex entire or shallowly 2-cleft; cauline leaf blade linear-lanceolate or lanceolate,
sometimes elliptic.
81a. Petals pink, apex shallowly 2-cleft ....................................................................... 71. A. roseiflora
81b. Petals white, apex entire ............................................................................ 72. A. melandryiformis
72b. Seeds reniform, subglobose, globose, or oblate, smooth or tuberculate, wingless.
82a. Plants usually 8–20 cm tall; proximal flowers of stem with petals and anthers reduced, distal
flowers
of stem with petals and anthers not reduced.
83a. Styles 3(or 5).
84a. Principal root napiform or conic, unbranched.
85a. Petals white; stems white; leaves glabrous .................................................................... 47. A. filipes
85b. Petals white or pink; stems white or violet; leaves ciliate at base, otherwise glabrous 46. A. napuligera
84b. Principal root conic, fleshy, many branched.
86a. Petal apex shallowly 2-lobed, lobes with small, irregular teeth; stems and leaves with
septate
hairs ............................................................................................................................ 45. A. setifera
86b. Petal apex rounded, emarginate, or bifid to near middle of petal; stems and leaves with
non-septate hairs ...................................................................................................... 44. A. weissiana
83b. Styles 2.
87a. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, to 1.5 cm, glabrous, margin not cartilaginous; stamens 5 51. A. schneideriana
87b. Leaf blade lanceolate to orbicular, to 4 cm, subglabrous, margin cartilaginous; stamens 10.
88a. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic to suborbicular, 8–15 mm wide .................................. 48. A. nigricans
88b. Leaf blade lanceolate to oblanceolate, 1–5 mm wide.
89a. Leaf blade lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1–2 cm × 2–5 mm; sepals lanceolate, pubescent
or with white, septate, glandular hairs, margin hairy; petal apex 2-cleft ..... 49. A. zhongdianensis
89b. Leaf blade oblanceolate, 0.5–2.5 cm × 1–5 mm; sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
densely
shortly hairy at base; petal apex entire .................................................................. 50. A. xerophila
82b. Plants rarely more than 8 cm tall, or very slender when more than 8 cm tall; petals and stamens
sometimes degenerate or reduced to various degrees, petals (when present) ca. 2/3 as long as or
equaling sepals.
90a. Petals absent or only 2 or 3 developed, reduced to various degrees.
91a. Sepals 5; petals absent.
92a. Stamens 5; leaf blade rhomboid-elliptic to saccate; stem with 1 or 2 lines of hairs ... 61. A. reducta
92b. Stamens 2 or 3; leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate; stem with 2 lines of hairs .... 62. A. pharensis
91b. Sepals 4; petals present or absent.
93a. Petals absent; stamens 2 or 3; sepals and leaves fleshy; pedicels and sepals glabrous 63. A. littledalei
93b. Petals present; stamens 8; sepals and leaves not fleshy; pedicels and sepals hairy 64. A. saginoides
90b. All floral parts present.
94a. Styles 3.
95a. Leaf blade subulate, 4–5 × ca. 1 mm .......................................................................... 52. A. minima
95b. Leaf blade saccate, 5–12 × 2–3 mm ........................................................................ 53. A. bomiensis
94b. Styles 2(or 3).
96a. Petals shorter than sepals.
97a. Cauline leaf blade ovate, petiole 0.5–1.5 cm; sepals white villous abaxially, margin
membranous; petals ca. 2/3 as long as sepals, apex entire; styles 2 ........................ 54. A. longipes
97b. Cauline leaf blade lanceolate, petiole absent or inconspicuous; sepals hairy abaxially
and at
margin; petals shorter than sepals, apex entire, sometimes 2-cleft; styles 2 or 3 55. A. inconspicua
96b. Petals equaling or longer than sepals.
98a. Petals 1.5–2 × as long as sepals; sepals leathery .................................................. 56. A. amdoensis
98b. Petals equaling or up to 1.5 × as long as sepals; sepals herbaceous.
99a. Roots conic, fleshy; leaf blade linear or saccate.
100a. Leaf blade linear; sepals glabrous, with wide membranous margin; petal apex
entire .................................................................................................. 68. A. membranisepala
100b. Leaf blade saccate; sepals densely glandular pubescent abaxially; petal apex
slightly emarginate or shallowly lobed .................................................... 57. A. spathulifolia
99b. Roots slender, fibrous, or with a rhizome; leaf blade linear-lanceolate or elliptic.
101a. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, herbaceous, margin ciliate; petal apex erose 59. A. karakorensis
101b. Leaf blade elliptic, leathery, margin glabrous; petal apex entire ......... 60. A. tumengelaensis
Flora of China 6: 1–113. 2001.
1. Arenaria serpyllifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 423. 1753. 3. Arenaria neelgherrensis Wight & Arnott, Prodr. Fl. Ind.
Orient. 1: 43. 1834.
无心菜 wu xin cai 尼盖无心菜 ni gai wu xin cai
Arenaria leptoclados Gussone; A. petiolata Hayata. Herbs annual. Stems prostrate, many branched, 10–20
cm, white pubescent along 1 side. Leaves basally
Herbs annual or biennial. Principal roots slender, with
attenuate into a short petiole; leaf blade elliptic, elliptic-
numerous smaller branches. Stems caespitose, erect or lanceolate, or obovate, 5–10 × 1.5–2 mm, midvein
diffuse, 10–30 cm, densely white villous. Leaves sessile; raised, base cuneate, margin ciliate, apex obtuse or
leaf blade ovate, 4–12 × 3–7 mm, both surfaces
mucronulate. Cymes axillary, few to many flowered;
glabrous or sparsely villous, 3-veined abaxially, base bracts elliptic or ovate, ca. 5 × 1 mm, herbaceous,
attenuate, margin ciliate, apex acute; proximal cauline villous along veins, midvein raised, base cuneate, apex
leaves larger, distal ones smaller. Cymes many
acute or acuminate. Pedicel 2–8 mm, white pubescent.
flowered; bracts ovate, 3–7 mm, herbaceous, usually Sepals 5, ovate, ca. 3 × 1 mm, white villous on veins
densely villous. Pedicel slender, ca. 1 cm, densely abaxially, 1-veined, margin white, membranous, apex
villous or glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 3–
acuminate. Petals 5, white, oblong, equaling or slightly
4 mm, villous abaxially, veins 3, impressed, margin longer than sepals. Stamens 10, shorter than sepals.
membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white, obovate, 1/3– Ovary ovoid, ca. 0.7 mm. Styles 3, linear. Fl. Jul.
1/2 as long as sepals, apex obtuse. Stamens 10, shorter Abies forests, riverside grasslands, alpine meadows, mountain rock
than sepals. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear. Capsule crevices; 3200–4100 m. W Xizang [India, Nepal, Pakistan].
ovoid, equaling persistent sepals. Seeds pale brown, 4. Arenaria monosperma F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
reniform, small, tuberculate with raised papillae. Fl. 38: 398. 1909.
Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. 单子无心菜 dan zi wu xin cai
Mountain grassland slopes, sandy or stony barrens, fields, gardens; Stellaria monosperma (F. N. Williams) Kozhevnikov
600–4000 m. Widespread in China [N Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, (1983), not Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don (1825); S.
North America].
williamsiana Kozhevnikov.
This species is used medicinally. Herbs perennial. Roots cylindric, fleshy. Stems
2. Arenaria orbiculata Royle ex Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker branched at base, violet proximally, cylindric, slender,
in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 240. 1874. 10–20 cm; nodes and internodes coarsely glandular
圆叶无心菜 yuan ye wu xin cai puberulent or glabrous. Leaves numerous, congested;
Herbs biennial or perennial. Stems erect or prostrate, di- leaf blade effuse, linear, 5–10 mm, slightly coarsened
chotomously branched, slender, 5–40 cm, pubescent with ± short, glandular hairs, 1-veined. Cymes terminal,
along 1 side. Leaves sessile or petiolate; leaf blade many flowered. Pedicel 5–10 mm, white pubescent.
elliptic, ovate, or suborbicular, 2–10 × 2–7 mm, both Sepals 5, elliptic, ca. 4 mm, ± papillose spotted
surfaces glabrous, or sparsely villous only on petiole, abaxially, margin slightly incrassate, sometimes
1-veined, base rounded, apex obtuse or mucronulate. membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, white, narrowly
Cymes axillary and few flowered or flower solitary; obovate, shorter than sepals. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3,
bracts similar to leaves but smaller. Pedicel 5–10 mm, linear. Capsule ovoid, equaling persistent sepals, apex
glabrous or very sparsely pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceo- 6-lobed. Seed 1, yellow-brown, reniform, reticulate. Fl.
late, ovate-lanceolate, or ovate, 3–4 mm, glabrous, and fr. Jun–Oct.
margin narrowly membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, • Sands, mountain rock crevices; 3300–3500 m. E Xizang.
white, obovate, shorter than sepals, base attenuate, apex This species may belong to Stellaria. Kozhevnikov (Novosti Sist.
obtuse. Stamens 10, shorter than sepals. Ovary ovoid. Vyssh. Rast. 20: 94–107. 1983) transferred Arenaria monosperma to
Styles 3, linear. Fl. May–Jul. Stellaria, but published a later homonym.
Forests, scrub meadows, alpine meadows, stony valleys; 2300–4500 5. Arenaria puranensis L. H. Zhou in C. Y. Wu, Fl.
m. S Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, ?Kashmir, Nepal, Xizang.1: 686. 1983.
Sikkim]. 普兰无心菜 pu lan wu xin cai
Herbs perennial. Stems many branched at base, usually Arenaria trichotoma Royle ex Edgeworth & J. D.
yellowish, sometimes violet, 8–16 cm, glabrous and Hooker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 235. 1874, not
lustrous proximally, sparsely white villous distally. Boissier (1856); A. lanceolatifolia L. H. Zhou.
Leaves sessile; leaf blade elliptic-ovate, ovate- Herbs perennial. Roots robust, woody. Stems caespitose,
lanceolate, or elliptic, 5–10 × 1.5–5 mm, densely trichotomously branched, 50–60 cm, glandular villous.
glandular pubescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially, 1- Leaf blade lanceolate, 1–2.5 cm × 1–4 mm, glandular
veined, base rounded, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. villous, base clasping, apex acute. Cymes
Cymes terminal, dichasial, many flowered; bracts trichotomously branched, conic, many flowered; bracts
herbaceous, similar to leaves but smaller, villous ovate-lanceolate, similar to leaves but smaller, margin
abaxially. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, densely white glandular broadly membranous. Pedicel 0.5–3 cm, glabrous.
hairy. Sepals (4 or)5, ca. 5 × 1 mm, white glandular Sepals 5, ovate, 3.3–5 × 1.5–3 mm, glabrous, midvein
villous abaxially, margin broadly membranous, apex raised, base broadened, margin narrowly membranous,
long acuminate. Petals (4 or)5, white, ovate, apex 2- apex acute. Petals 5, white, obovate or elliptic, equaling
cleft. Stamens (4 or)5; anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid. or slightly longer than sepals. Stamens 10, 5 long and 5
Styles 3, linear. Fl. Jul. short. Ovary obovoid, ca. 3 mm. Styles 3, linear, ca. 2
• Mountain gravelly and muddy soils. SW Xizang. mm. Seeds with flat wings. Fl. Jun–Jul.
6. Arenaria compressa McNeill, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Mountain gravels; 2600–3500 m. W Xizang [Afghanistan, NW India,
Edinburgh 24: 118. 1962. Pakistan].
扁翅无心菜 bian chi wu xin cai
2. Arenaria subgen. Eremogone (Fenzl) Fenzl in Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 1: 360. 1842.
老牛筋亚属 lao niu jin ya shu
Eremogone Fenzl, Vers. Darstell. Alsin. 13. 1833.
Herbs perennial. Rhizome branched, robust. Stems pulvinate. Leaves long linear, graminoid or shortly setiform,
apex spinose. Cymes terminal, occasionally contracted into a head or cymose clusters, rarely reduced to a solitary
flower. Sepals conspicuously hardened at base, sometimes whole receptacle and calyx proximally becoming woody
in fruit. Petals usually white.
About 70 species: primarily in C and SW Asia and North America, but extending to N Africa and Europe; nine species (three endemic) in China.
McNeill (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 24: 120–127. 1962) subdivided Arenaria subgen. Eremogone into seven sections, three of which
occur in China: A. sect. Monogone Maximowicz (Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 3, 26: 436. 1880; species no. 7); A. sect. Capillares
McNeill (loc. cit.: 122; species nos. 8–13); and A. sect. Sclerophyllae (Boissier) McNeill (loc. cit.: 126; species nos. 14 and 15).
7. Arenaria potaninii Schischkin in Komarov, Fl. URSS 6: 老牛筋 lao niu jin
536. 1936. Herbs perennial. Roots gray-brown or pale, conic,
五蕊老牛筋 wu rui lao niu jin fleshy. Stems erect, 30–60 cm, hardened, glabrous at
Arenaria pentandra Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. base, glandular hairy near cymes, with or without
Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 3, 26: 429. 1880, not Dufour persistent, pale brown, hardened, withered leaves at
(1820), nor Wallroth (1822), nor Turczaninow (1834), base. Leaf blade narrowly linear, 1–2.5 cm × ca. 1 mm,
nor (J. Gay) Ardoino (1867). 1-veined, base broadened, clasping and sheathing,
margin sparsely dentate, shortly ciliate, often involute
Herbs perennial. Roots compacted, robust, woody. or flat, apex acuminate. Cymes few to many flowered;
Stems pulvinate, many branched, 20–30 cm, slightly bracts ovate, 3–4 × ca. 2 mm, glandular pubescent
woody, glabrous. Leaves congested; leaf blade abaxially, margin broadly membranous, apex acute.
subcylindric-subulate, basal ones 2.5–4 cm, cauline Pedicel 1–2 cm, densely glandular villous or glabrous.
ones 1–1.2 cm, base membranous, margin slightly Sepals 5, ovate, ca. 5 × 2 mm, glabrous or glandular
coarsened, apex cuspidate. Cymes terminal, trichoto- villous abaxially, 1–3-veined, margin broadly
mous; bracts lanceolate, 2.5–3 mm, transparent membranous, apex acute or acuminate. Petals 5, white,
membranous except at midvein. Pedicel 1–2 cm, 8–10 mm, elliptic-orbicular or obovate, base shortly
glabrous. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 4–4.5 mm, margin clawed, apex obtuse. Stamens 10; filaments ca. 4 mm,
broadly membranous, apex long acuminate. Petals 5, those opposite sepals with a gland at base; anthers
white, orbicular, equaling or slightly longer than sepals, yellow. Ovary ovoid, ca. 2 mm. Styles 3, ca. 3 mm.
apex subtruncate or obtuse. Stamens 5 (also with 5 Capsule ovoid, equaling or slightly longer than
reduced stamens). Capsule ovoid, enveloped by persistent sepals, apex 3-valved; valves 2-cleft at apex.
persistent sepals. Seeds with concentrically ringed Seeds brown or black, triangular-reniform, tuberculate.
tubercles. Fl. Jun–Jul. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
Shaded mountain forests; ca. 2400 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Russia]. Open forest margins, mountain grasslands, sandy montane grasslands,
8. Arenaria juncea Marschall von Bieberstein, Fl. Taur.- low-elevation grassland slopes, steppes, desert steppes, rock crevices;
Caucas. 3: 309. 1819. 800–2200 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei
Mongol, Ningxia, NW Shaanxi, Shanxi [Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
This species is used medicinally. Herbs perennial. Roots long, robust, woody. Stems in
1a. Stems with persistent, pale brown, hardened, compact clusters, 6–20 cm, hirsutulous. Leaf blade
withered leaves at base; pedicel densely linear-lanceolate, 3-veined, lateral veins close to margin;
glandular villous ............................. 8a. var. juncea distal cauline leaf blade with base broadened,
1b. Stems without persistent, pale brown, membranous, forming a short sheath, margin scarious,
hardened, withered leaves at base; pedicel apex acute. Cymes dichasial, densely clustered, 6–9-
glabrous .......................................... 8b. var. glabra flowered; rachis long. Pedicel sparsely glandular hairy.
8a. Arenaria juncea var. juncea Sepals 5, erect, usually violet, lanceolate, membranous,
glandular hairy, with 3 slender veins close together
老牛筋(原变种) lao niu jin (yuan bian zhong) abaxially, margin broadly membranous, apex acuminate.
Arenaria dahurica Fischer ex Seringe. Petals 5, white, obovate, 5–6 mm. Stamens 10; anthers
yellow. Ovary obovoid. Styles 3. Capsule obovoid-
Stems with persistent, pale brown, hardened, withered globose, 3-valved; valves 2-cleft at apex. Fl. and fr.
leaves at base. Pedicel densely glandular villous. Jul–Aug.
Open forest margins, mountain grasslands, steppes, desert steppes, • River valley grasslands; 300–4600(–5200) m. SE Xizang.
rock crevices; 800–2200 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, 11. Arenaria grueningiana Pax & K. Hoffmann in Pax,
Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, NW Shaanxi, Shanxi [Korea, Mon- Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 366. 1922.
golia, Russia]. 华北老牛筋 hua bei lao niu jin
8b. Arenaria juncea var. glabra Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Arenaria formosa Fischer ex Seringe var. angustipetala
Naturalistes Moscou 35: 246. 1862. Maximowicz.
Herbs perennial. Principal roots slender, woody;
无毛老牛筋 wu mao lao niu jin rootlets fibrous. Stems densely clustered, erect, 4–10
Arenaria tonsa Kitagawa. cm, glandular pubescent distally, with dense, withered,
persistent leaves at base. Basal leaf blade linear, 1–3 cm
Stems without persistent, pale brown, hardened,
× 0.5–1 mm, glabrous, midvein impressed, base
withered leaves at base. Pedicel glabrous.
membranous, sheathing, apex acute; cauline leaf blade
Sandy montane grasslands, low-elevation grassland slopes. N Hebei lanceolate, 3–5 mm, base broadened, margin narrowly
[Russia].
membranous, apex acute. Flower solitary, terminal;
9. Arenaria capillaris Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. 6: 380. bracts lanceolate, 3–4 × ca. 1 mm, base broadened,
1804. margin membranous, ciliate, apex obtuse or acute.
毛叶老牛筋 mao ye lao niu jin Pedicel 3–10 mm, densely brown glandular hairy.
Sepals 5, ovate-oblong, 4–5 × 2–2.5 mm, glandular
Arenaria capillaris var. glabra Fenzl; A. capillaris var. hairy abaxially, margin narrowly membranous, apex
glabrata (Seringe) Schischkin; A. subulata Seringe var. obtuse or acute. Petals 5, white, obovoid-saccate, 5–7 ×
glabrata Seringe. 1.5–2 mm, base attenuate, cuneate, apex obtuse. Floral
Herbs perennial. Stems 12–15 cm; mature branches disc saucer-shaped, with 5 orbicular glands. Stamens 10;
woody, with withered, persistent leaves at base; new filaments ca. 5 mm; anthers yellow. Ovary stipitate,
branches slender, firm, glabrous proximally, becoming obovoid, ca. 1.5 mm. Styles 3, ca. 2 mm; stigmas
glandular pubescent distally. Leaf blade linear, 2–5 cm, clavate. Fl. Jul.
• Alpine meadows; ca. 3000 m. Hebei, Nei Mongol, Shanxi.
base broadened, margin coarsely and weakly serrate,
12. Arenaria formosa Fischer ex Seringe in de Candolle,
apex acute; basal leaves densely fasciculate; cauline Prodr. 1: 402. 1824.
leaves sheathing at base, clasping at inflated nodes. 美丽老牛筋 mei li lao niu jin
Cymes few to many flowered; bracts ovate, 2–3 × ca.
Arenaria formosa var. latipetala Maximowicz.
1.5 mm, scarious, 1-veined, base clasping, apex long Herbs perennial. Principal roots hard, woody; rootlets
acuminate. Pedicel slender, stiff, glabrous. Sepals 5, slender. Stems densely pulvinate, erect, 4–10 cm, white
yellow abaxially, ovate, ca. 5 × 2 mm, glabrous, 3- glandular hairy distally, with dense, brown, withered,
veined. Petals 5, white, obovate, ca. 7 × 3 mm, base persistent leaves at base. Leaf blade linear or linear-
shortly clawed, apex obtuse. Stamens 10; filaments subulate, 1.5–4 cm × ca. 1 mm, broadened and forming
opposite sepals with a gland at base. Ovary ovoid. a short sheath at base, margin not involute, apex
Styles 3, linear. Fl. Jul–Aug. acuminate. Cymes 1–3-flowered; bracts ovate-
Open montane grasslands, gravelly mountain summits; ca. 900 m.
lanceolate, 2–3 × 1–1.5 mm, glandular hairy, base
Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Mongolia, Russia; broadened, margin narrowly membranous, apex
North America]. acuminate. Pedicel 5–10 mm, glandular hairy. Sepals 5,
10. Arenaria acicularis F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 5–6 × 2–3 mm, ± glandular
400. 1909. hairy, base broadened, apex acute. Petals 5, white,
针叶老牛筋 zhen ye lao niu jin obovate or obovate-orbicular, 0.8–1.2 cm. Floral disc
with 5 glands; glands at base of filaments opposite 3 × 1.2 mm, margin membranous. Pedicel 1–1.8 cm,
sepals pale brown, orbicular. Stamens 10, 5 long and 5 glabrous or ± glandular hairy with erect or slightly
short; anthers yellow. Ovary obovoid, ca. 2 mm. Styles curved hairs. Sepals 5, orbicular-lanceolate, 3–5 × ca. 2
3, ca. 6 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug. mm, glabrous or glandular hairy, veins not obvious
Mountain grasslands; 2000–2200 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, abaxially, margin membranous, apex acute. Petals 5,
Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia]. white, sometimes pink, obovate or ovate-elliptic, 1.5–2
13. Arenaria haitzeshanensis Y. W. Tsui ex L. H. Zhou, × as long as sepals, apex obtuse. Floral disc with 5
Acta Biol. Plateau Sin. 13: 1. 1997. impressed glands. Ovary ovoid, ca. 3 mm. Styles 3, ca.
海子山老牛筋 hai zi shan lao niu jin 3 mm. Capsule globose, 4–6 mm, 3-valved; valves 2-
Herbs perennial. Roots black-brown, conic, woody. cleft at apex. Seeds brown, reniform, slightly flattened,
Stems densely clustered, pulvinate, 6–10 cm, villous ca. 1 mm in diam., smooth. Fl. Jun–Jul.
distally. Basal leaf blade linear, 2–5 cm × ca. 1 mm, Mountains; 2200–3000 m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakhstan].
base broadened, apex acute; cauline leaves in 2 or 3 15. Arenaria androsacea Grubov, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot.
pairs; leaf blade subulate or linear-subulate, 1.1–2 cm × Inst. Komarova Acad. Nauk SSSR 17: 12. 1955.
1–2 mm, midvein raised, base broadened, margin 点地梅状老牛筋 dian di mei zhuang lao niu jin
narrowly membranous, apex spinose. Cymes 1–3- Herbs perennial. Roots robust; rootlets many. Stems
flowered; rachis densely hairy; bracts lanceolate, 6–7 pulvinate, with numerous branches, slender, 5–10 cm ×
mm, base broadened, margin membranous, apex ca. 1 mm, glabrous. Leaf blade linear-subulate, 0.5–1.5
spinose. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 6–7(–8) mm, 1–3-veined, cm × ca. 1 mm, margin slightly reflexed, apex spinose.
base incrassate, margin narrowly membranous, apex Cymes 1–3-flowered; rachis densely glandular hairy;
acute. Petals 5, white, ovate, ca. 3/5 as long as sepals. bracts ovate-lanceolate, 2–3 mm, margin broadly white
Ovary obovoid, ca. 2 mm. Styles 3, 2–3 mm. Fl. Jul– scarious, apex acute. Pedicel densely glandular hairy.
Aug. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, 3–5 × 1–2 mm, glandular
• Alpine meadows; 3700–4400 m. NW Sichuan (Dêgê Xian), E hairy abaxially, 1-veined, base broadened, margin
Xizang (Jomda Xian).
narrowly membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white,
14. Arenaria griffithii Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1:
89. 1853. orbicular-obovate, longer than sepals, apex slightly
裸茎老牛筋 luo jing lao niu jin undulate. Floral disc with 5 glands. Stamens 10;
filaments equaling sepals. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, ca. 2
Herbs perennial. Principal roots many branched, robust.
Stems sparsely clustered, 5–20 cm, glabrous, with mm. Capsule ovoid, slightly longer than persistent
withered, persistent leaves at base. Leaves crowded; sepals, 3-valved; valves 2-cleft at apex. Fl. and fr. Jul–
leaf blade linear-subulate or subulate, 8–10 × ca. 1 mm, Sep.
midvein raised abaxially, margin hairy, apex acute. Mountains; 2300–4200 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai,
Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia].
Cymes 1–3-flowered; bracts ovate or ovate-subulate, ca.
3. Arenaria subgen. Eremogoneastrum F. N. Williams, Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 598. 1895.
雪灵芝亚属 xue ling zhi ya shu
Herbs perennial. Principal roots robust, woody. Stems pulvinate or caespitose. Leaves sessile, subulate to linear,
always persistent, margin narrowly membranous, apex aristate. Flowers solitary or paired, rarely more in terminal
inflorescences. Sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-veined, midvein raised, lateral veins not obvious, margin
white membranous, apex acute. Petals white, rarely pink, shorter than or equaling sepals, rarely longer than them.
Floral disc scalloped lobed, glands 5, conspicuous.
About 20 species: Asia and North America; 17 species (12 endemic) in China.
16. Arenaria brevipetala Y. W. Tsui & L. H. Zhou in L. H. villous, apex nutant. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, 6–7 ×
Zhou, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18: 360. 1980. ca. 2 mm, 3-veined, midvein raised, lateral veins not
obvious, base broadened, margin white membranous,
雪灵芝 xue ling zhi apex acute. Petals 5, white, ovate, 3–4 × ca. 2 mm.
Herbs perennial. Principal roots robust, woody. Stems Floral disc cupular, with 5 glands. Stamens 10; anthers
pulvinate, 5–8 cm, with numerous withered, persistent yellow. Ovary globose, ca. 2 mm in diam. Styles 3, ca.
leaves at base; flowering branches much taller than 3 mm. Fl. Jun–Aug.
• Alpine meadows and gravels; 3400–4600 m. SE Qinghai, NW
vegetative ones. Leaf blade needle-shaped to linear, Sichuan, NE Xizang.
1.5–2 cm × ca. 1 mm, veins raised abaxially, impressed This species is used medicinally.
adaxially, base broadened, clasping, margin narrowly 17. Arenaria baxoiensis L. H. Zhou in C. Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang.
membranous, reflexed, apex acuminate, aristate; basal 1: 676. 1983.
leaves congested, cauline ones in 2 or 3 pairs. Flowers 八宿雪灵芝 ba su xue ling zhi
solitary or paired, terminal; bracts lanceolate, ca. 5 × 1– Herbs perennial. Principal roots robust, woody. Stems
1.5 mm, herbaceous. Pedicel 0.5–1.5 mm, glandular pulvinate, 3–8 cm, glandular hairy. Basal leaves
congested; leaf blade spinose-linear, 1–1.5 cm × ca. 1 Herbs perennial. Stems pulvinate, branched at base, 4–5
mm, veins 3, raised, base broadened, clasping, cm; caudex (root crown) woody, with brown, withered,
membranous, apex acute, pillar-shaped. Cauline leaves persistent leaves at base. Leaves congested; leaf blade
in 1 or 2 pairs; leaf blade subulate, 5–10 × ca. 0.5 mm, subulate or linear-subulate, triangular in cross section,
3-veined, base broadened, clasping, membranous, apex 5–10 × ca. 1 mm, veins raised abaxially, impressed
erect or curved, acute. Flowers solitary, rarely paired, adaxially, base broadened, membranous, sheathing,
terminal; bracts ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4 × 1 mm, margin margin thickened, hardened, apex spinose. Flower
broadly membranous, apex acuminate. Pedicel 1–2 cm, solitary, terminal. Pedicel ca. 5 mm, villous. Sepals 5,
densely glandular villous. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, 6– narrowly lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, usually sparsely pilose
7 × ca. 1.5 mm, glandular hairy abaxially, 1–3-veined, abaxially, 3-veined, margin narrowly membranous,
base broadened, margin narrowly membranous, apex apex erect, acute. Petals 5, white, ovate-elliptic, ca. 5
acute. Petals 5, white, ovate, equaling sepals, apex mm, base not obviously clawed, apex obtuse. Stamens
obtuse. Stamens 10, shorter than petals; anthers yellow. 10, shorter than sepals; filaments opposite sepals with a
Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear. Fl. Jun–Jul. gland at base. Ovary globose. Styles 3. Fl. Jul.
• Mountain grasslands; 4000–4500 m. Sichuan, E Xizang. • Alpine meadows; 4500–4900(–5100) m. SE Xizang.
18. Arenaria kumaonensis Maximowicz, Fl. Tangut. 86. 21. Arenaria roborowskii Maximowicz, Fl. Tangut. 87. 1889.
1889. 青藏雪灵芝 qing zang xue ling zhi
库莽雪灵芝 ku mang xue ling zhi Herbs perennial. Roots robust, woody. Stems densely
Herbs perennial. Stems densely clustered, pulvinate, 2– clustered, 5–8 cm, with crowded, withered, persistent
3 cm. Leaf blade subulate, 2–5 × ca. 1 mm, base leaves at woody base. Leaves congested; leaf blade
broadened, margin not glandular ciliate. Flower solitary. linear, triangular in cross section, 1–1.5 cm × ca. 1 mm,
Pedicel shorter than bracts, glandular hairy. Sepals 5, veins raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, base
lanceolate, 4–5 mm, 1-veined, base broadened, margin broadened, clasping, hardened, margin slightly reflexed,
broadly membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, narrowly membranous, sparsely hairy, apex acute.
elliptic, slightly longer than sepals. Stamens 10; anthers Flower solitary, terminal; bracts linear-lanceolate, 4.5–5
black. Ovary obovoid, ca. 1.5 mm. Styles 3, linear. Fl. × ca. 1.5 mm, 1-veined, base broadened, margin
Jul–Aug. narrowly membranous, apex acute. Pedicel 5–10 mm,
Icy steppes; ca. 4700 m. Xizang [NW India].
glabrous. Sepals 5, lanceolate, ca. 5 × 1.5 mm, 1–3-
19. Arenaria kansuensis Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci.
Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 3, 26: 428. 1880.
veined, base broadened, margin narrowly membranous,
甘肃雪灵芝 gan su xue ling zhi apex acute. Petals 5, white, elliptic, ca. 4 × 1.4 mm,
base cuneate, apex acute. Floral disc patelliform, with 5
Arenaria kansuensis var. acropetala Y. W. Tsui & L. H.
large, impressed glands. Stamens 10; filaments shorter
Zhou.
than petals; anthers yellow. Ovary globose, slightly
Herbs perennial. Principal roots robust, woody. Stems
flattened, ca. 1.5 mm in diam., 1-loculed; ovules
pulvinate, 4–5 cm, with withered, persistent leaves at
numerous. Styles 3, linear, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug.
base. Leaves congested; leaf blade spinose-linear, • Alpine meadows, shifting screes; 4200–5100 m. S Qinghai, W
triangular in cross section, 1–2 cm × ca. 1 mm, Sichuan, E Xizang.
hardened, veins raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, 22. Arenaria lancangensis L. H. Zhou, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
base slightly broadened, clasping, margin slightly re- 18: 357. 1980.
flexed, narrowly membranous, with small teeth near 澜沧雪灵芝 lan cang xue ling zhi
base, apex acute, aristate. Flower solitary, terminal; Herbs perennial. Stems caespitose, pulvinate, 4–11 cm,
bracts lanceolate, 3–5 × 1–1.5 mm, 1-veined, base with crowded, withered, persistent leaves at woody
forming a short sheath, margin broadly membranous, base. Leaf blade subulate, 6–8 × ca. 1 mm, base
apex acute. Pedicel 2.5–4 mm, glandular villous. Sepals broadened, clasping, apex acute. Flower solitary,
5, lanceolate, 5–6 mm, glabrous, 1-veined, base terminal; bracts ovate, ca. 2 × 1 mm. Pedicel slightly
broadened, margin broadly membranous, apex acute. curved, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Sepals 5, elliptic, ca. 3 ×
Petals 5, white, obovate, 4–5 mm, base narrowed, 1.2 mm, 3-veined, apex obtuse or acute. Petals 5, white,
cuneate, apex obtuse. Floral disc cupular, with 5 glands. elliptic, 3–3.5 × ca. 1.2 mm, with a yellow, oblong
Stamens 10; filaments ca. 4 mm; anthers brown. Ovary callus at base. Stamens 10; filaments less than 1 mm,
globose, 1-loculed; ovules numerous. Styles 3, linear, those opposite sepals with a gland at base; anthers
ca. 3 mm. Fl. Jul. white. Ovary oblate, ca. 2 mm in diam., smooth; ovules
• Alpine meadows, mountain grasslands and gravels; 3500–5300 m. 5 or 6. Styles 3. Capsule globose, ca. 3 mm, 3-valved;
S Gansu, Qinghai, W Sichuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan. valves 2-cleft at apex. Seeds 1–3, gray, triangular-
20. Arenaria ischnophylla F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
oblate, less than 1 mm in diam., glabrous. Fl. and fr.
38: 400. 1909.
Jun–Sep.
瘦叶雪灵芝 shou ye xue ling zhi
• Alpine meadows, gravelly areas; 3500–4800 m. SE Qinghai, W • River beaches; ca. 4900 m. Xinjiang.
Sichuan, SE Xizang, SW Yunnan. 26. Arenaria pulvinata Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit.
23. Arenaria gerzensis L. H. Zhou, Rep. Invest. Fl. Fauna India 1: 238. 1874.
Ah Li Reg. Tibet, 126. 1979. 垫状雪灵芝 dian zhuang xue ling zhi
改则雪灵芝 gai ze xue ling zhi Arenaria perlevis (F. N. Williams) Handel-Mazzetti; A.
Herbs perennial. Principal roots robust, woody. Stems polytrichoides Edgeworth var. perlevis F. N. Williams.
clustered, pulvinate, 2–5 cm, with crowded, withered, Herbs perennial. Roots conic, slender. Stems in small,
persistent leaves at woody base. Leaf blade linear, compact, subglobose clusters, pulvinate, branched at
triangular in cross section, 6–10 × ca. 1 mm, base, 4–5 cm, with crowded, withered, persistent
subleathery, veins raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, leaves at base. Leaf blade subulate-elliptic or ovate-
base broadened, clasping, margin with small teeth, apex subulate, 3–6 × ca. 1 mm, base clasping, membranous,
acute, awned. Flower solitary, terminal; bracts ovate- margin flat distally, hard, ciliate, apex acute,
lanceolate, 2–3 × ca. 1.5 mm, 1-veined, margin mucronulate. Flower solitary, terminal, 6–7 mm in diam.
membranous, apex acute. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Sepals 5, Sepals 5, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2–2.5 × ca. 1 mm,
lanceolate, 5–6 × 1.5–2 mm, subleathery, 3-veined, ca. 1/2 as long as petals, 3-veined, midvein raised,
midvein raised, lateral veins inconspicuous, base ciliate, lateral veins short, base rounded, incrassate, margin
apex greenish brown. Petals 5, white, saccate, 8–10 × hard, scarious, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, saccate or
2–3 mm. Stamens 10; filaments opposite sepals with a obovate, 4–5 × ca. 1.5 mm. Stamens 10; filaments
gland at base. Ovary narrowly ovoid, ca. 4 × 1.5 mm, opposite sepals with a gland at base; anthers yellow.
apex yellow-brown. Styles 3, linear. Fl. Jun–Jul. Ovary obovoid, ca. 1.5 × 1 mm. Styles 3, less than 1
• Alpine meadows; 4500–4700 m. NW Xizang (Ngari Diqu). mm. Fl. Jul.
24. Arenaria qinghaiensis Y. W. Tsui & L. H. Zhou in L. H. Alpine meadows, gravels; 4200–5000 m. SE Xizang [Bhutan, India,
Zhou, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18: 358. 1980. Nepal, Sikkim].
青海雪灵芝 qing hai xue ling zhi
27. Arenaria shannanensis L. H. Zhou in C. Y. Wu, Fl. Xi-
Herbs perennial. Roots robust, woody. Stems clustered, zang. 1: 677. 1983.
pulvinate, 5–8 cm, with crowded, withered, persistent
leaves at woody base. Leaf blade linear, 1–1.5 cm × ca. 粉花雪灵芝 fen hua xue ling zhi
1 mm, base broadened, clasping, membranous, margin Herbs perennial. Roots slender, woody. Stems pulvinate,
narrowly membranous, sparsely ciliate, apex slightly 3–6 cm, with crowded, withered, persistent leaves at
reflexed, acute. Flower solitary, terminal; bracts linear- base and distally. Leaf blade subulate, 5–7 cm, 3-veined,
elliptic, 3–4 × ca. 1 mm. Pedicel ca. 1 mm, glabrous. base broadened, membranous, apex acute. Flower
Sepals 5, linear-lanceolate, 7–8 × 1.5–2 mm, 1–3- solitary, terminal, sessile. Sepals 5, violet abaxially,
veined, base broadened, margin membranous, apex ovate-lanceolate, 5–6 × ca. 1.5 mm, 3-veined, margin
acute. Petals 5, white, elliptic-ovate, 8–9 × 2.5–3 mm, white membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, pink,
apex obtuse. Floral disc patellate, with 5 large, lanceolate or orbicular, 6–7 × 1.5–2 mm, apex obtuse.
impressed, elliptic glands. Stamens 10; filaments 4–5 Stamens 10; filaments shorter than sepals, those
mm; anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid, 2–3 mm, 1-loculed; opposite sepals with a gland at base. Ovary ovoid, ca. 2
ovules numerous. Styles 3, linear, 2.5–3 mm. Fl. Jun– mm. Styles 3, linear, ca. 2 mm.
Jul. • Alpine meadows; ca. 4300 m. S Xizang.
28. Arenaria edgeworthiana Majumdar, J. Indian Bot. Soc.
• Alpine meadows; ca. 4200 m. WC Qinghai (Dulan Xian). 44: 141. 1965.
25. Arenaria aksayqingensis L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. Plateau 山居雪灵芝 shan ju xue ling zhi
Sin. 6: 25. 1987. Arenaria monticola Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit.
阿克赛钦雪灵芝 a ke sai qin xue ling zhi India 1: 238. 1874, not Buckley (1862).
Herbs perennial. Principal roots robust, woody. Stems Herbs perennial. Roots robust, woody. Stems pulvinate,
clustered, pulvinate, 3–4 cm, with crowded, withered, densely branched, 4–8 cm, glabrous. Leaves crowded;
persistent leaves at woody base. Leaf blade subulate, 5– leaf blade subulate-linear, 0.8–2 cm, with 1 raised vein,
10 × ca. 1 mm, base broadened, clasping, membranous, base broadened, margin sheathing, incrassate,
margin narrowly membranous, sparsely ciliate, apex membranous, hairy, apex cuspidate. Flower solitary,
acute. Flower solitary, terminal; bracts subulate, 3–4 × terminal, sessile, ca. 1.8 cm in diam. Sepals 5,
ca. 1 mm. Pedicel ca. 1 mm, glabrous. Sepals 5, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 7–8 × ca. 2 mm, closely
lanceolate, 6–7 × 1.5–2 mm, closely 3-veined near 3-veined, base broadened, margin broadly membranous,
margin, base broadened, margin membranous, apex apex acute. Petals 5, white, broadly ovate, 0.9–1.2 cm,
acute. Petals 5, white, obovate, 4–5 mm, apex obtuse. base clawed, apex obtuse. Stamens 10; filaments
Floral disc patellate, with 5 ovoid glands. Stamens 10; shorter than sepals, those opposite sepals with a gland
filaments shorter than petals; anthers violet. Ovary at base. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear. Capsule ovoid,
ovoid, ca. 1.5 mm. Styles 3, linear, 2–3 mm. Fl. Jul.
shorter than persistent sepals, 3-valved; valves 2-cleft at Stamens 10; filaments ca. 2 mm; anthers yellow. Ovary
apex. Seeds obovoid-reniform. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. bottle-shaped, ca. 2 × 1 mm. Styles 3, ca. 2 mm. Fl.
Alpine meadows, grasslands, river beaches; 4200–5100 m. Xizang Jun–Jul.
[Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim]. • Alpine scrub, meadows; ca. 4000 m. Shaanxi.
29. Arenaria bryophylla Fernald, Rhodora 21: 5. 1919. 32. Arenaria festucoides Bentham ex Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal.
藓状雪灵芝 xian zhuang xue ling zhi Mts. 1: 81. 1834.
Arenaria musciformis Wallich ex Edgeworth & J. D. 狐茅状雪灵芝 hu mao zhuang xue ling zhi
Hooker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 237. 1874, not Herbs perennial. Principal roots robust, woody; lateral
Triana & Planchon (1862). roots smaller. Stems densely clustered, pulvinate, 5–8
Herbs perennial. Roots robust, woody. Stems clustered, cm, glandular villous, with crowded, withered, persistent
pulvinate, 3–5 cm, woody, with crowded, withered, leaves at woody base. Leaf blade linear, 0.7–2 cm × ca.
persistent leaves proximally. Leaves crowded; leaf 1 mm, 1-veined, base broadened, clasping, margin
blade linear, triangular in cross section, 4–9 × ca. 1 mm, narrowly membranous, proximally sparsely ciliate,
veins raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, base
apex acute; proximal cauline leaves congested, distal
clasping, broadened, hard, margin slightly involute,
narrowly membranous, sparsely ciliate, apex spreading middle ones gradually sparser. Cymes 1–3- or more
or reflexed, acute. Flower solitary, sessile; bracts flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 3–4 × 1–1.5 mm,
lanceolate, ca. 3 × 1 mm, 1-veined, base broadened, glandular hairy, 1-veined, margin membranous, apex
margin membranous, apex acute. Sepals 5, elliptic- acuminate. Pedicel to 7 mm, densely glandular hairy.
lanceolate, ca. 4 × 1.5 mm, 3-veined, base broadened, Sepals 5, sometimes 4, ovate-lanceolate or broadly
margin membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white, ovate, 3–7 × 2.5–3.5 mm, densely glandular hairy, 1–3-
narrowly obovate, slightly longer than sepals. Floral veined, base rounded, margin usually involute, broadly
disc patellate, with 5 orbicular glands. Stamens 10; fila- membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, white, obovate,
ments ca. 3 mm; anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid-globose, 7–9 × 4–5 mm, apex truncate or obtuse, sometimes
ca. 1.5 mm, 1-loculed; ovules numerous. Styles 3, emarginate. Floral disc patellate, with 5 glands.
linear, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul. Stamens 10; filaments 4–6 mm; anthers yellow. Ovary
Alpine meadows, stony slopes, gravelly sands along rivers; 4200– ovoid, ca. 2 mm. Styles 3, sometimes 4, linear, ca. 2.5
5200 m. S Qinghai, Xizang [Nepal, Sikkim].
mm. Fl. Jun–Jul.
30. Arenaria zadoiensis L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. Plateau Sin.
Mountain grasslands; 2000–4700 m. Qinghai, SW Xinjiang, Xizang
6: 26. 1987.
[India, ?Kashmir, ?Nepal, Pakistan].
杂多雪灵芝 za duo xue ling zhi Two varieties have been recognized. The distinguishing characters
Herbs perennial. Roots robust, woody. Stems clustered, seem to be only a matter of degree, and the variation pattern should
pulvinate, 2–3 cm, woody at base, with crowded, be studied in the field. Perhaps this variation should not be the basis
withered, persistent leaves proximally. Leaf blade for formal recognition of taxa.
subulate, 4–5 × ca. 1 mm, base membranous, margin 1a. Leaf blade 1–2 cm; pedicel 5–7
involute, apex spinose. Flower solitary, sessile; bracts mm ......................................... 32a. var. festucoides
lanceolate, 4–5 × ca. 1 mm. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 4–5 × 1b. Leaf blade ca. 0.7 cm; pedicel to 5
ca. 2 mm, 1-veined, apex acuminate. Petals 5, white, mm ........................................... 32b. var. imbricata
saccate, shorter than sepals. Floral disc with 5 glands. 32a. Arenaria festucoides var. festucoides
Stamens 10, 5 long and 5 short. Ovary obovoid, ca. 1.5 狐茅状雪灵芝(原变种) hu mao zhuang xue ling zhi
mm. Styles 3, linear, ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul. (yuan bian zhong)
• Beneath rocky cliffs; ca. 4400 m. SE Qinghai.
31. Arenaria taibaishanensis L. H. Zhou, Acta Phytotax. Sin. Leaf blade 1–2 cm. Pedicel 5–7 mm.
18: 361. 1980. Mountain grasslands; 2000–4700 m. Qinghai, SW Xinjiang, Xizang
太白雪灵芝 tai bai xue ling zhi [India, ?Kashmir, ?Nepal, Pakistan].
Herbs perennial. Roots with numerous wiry branches at 32b. Arenaria festucoides var. imbricata Edgeworth & J. D.
base. Stems pulvinate, 2–3 cm, sparsely hairy. Leaf Hooker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 237. 1874.
blade subulate-linear, 5–6 × ca. 1 mm, 1-veined, margin
slightly involute, apex acute. Cymes 2- or 3-flowered; 小狐茅状雪灵芝 xiao hu mao zhuang xue ling zhi
bracts ovate, ca. 3 × 1 mm. Pedicel 2–3 mm, sparsely Leaf blade ca. 0.7 cm. Pedicel to 5 mm.
hairy. Sepals 5, lanceolate, ca. 3 × 0.6 mm, sparsely
hairy abaxially, with 3 raised veins, base broadened, • S Xizang.
apex obtuse. Petals white, saccate, ca. 4 × 1 mm.
4. Arenaria subgen. Dolophragma (Fenzl) McNeill, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 24: 127. 1962.
福禄草亚属 fu lu cao ya shu
Dolophragma Fenzl, Ann. Wiener Mus. Naturgesch. 1: 63. 1836.
Herbs perennial. Roots often slender, woody. Stems usually densely pulvinate, sometimes caespitose. Leaves sessile,
linear to subulate or linear-lanceolate, leathery, usually persistent, margin slightly swollen, apex usually acuminate.
Inflorescence terminal, 1–3-flowered. Sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, 3-veined, margin membranous,
apex obtuse. Petals white, longer than sepals, sometimes only slightly so. Floral disc with 5 glands.
Seven species: Asia; five species (three endemic) in China.
33. Arenaria przewalskii Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Arenaria lichiangensis W. W. Smith.
Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 3, 26: 428. 1880. Herbs perennial. Stems densely pulvinate, 4–9 cm,
福禄草 fu lu cao densely glandular hairy. Basal leaf blade linear, 1–2 cm
Herbs perennial. Principal roots slender, woody; lateral × ca. 1.5 mm, midvein raised, base broadened,
roots brittle. Stems densely caespitose, prostrate at base, membranous, margin white, hard, apex acute. Cauline
erect distally, 10–20 cm, densely pale brown glandular leaves in 2 or 3 pairs; leaf blade ovate or ovate-
villous, with withered, persistent leaves. Basal leaf lanceolate, ca. 5 × 1.5 mm, margin hairy, apex obtuse.
blade linear, 2–3 cm × 1–2 mm, both surfaces glabrous, Flower solitary, terminal. Pedicel 5–8 mm, densely
midvein raised, base broadened, membranous, glandular hairy. Sepals 5, elliptic, ca. 5 × 2 mm,
sheathing, margin slightly involute, denticulate, apex glandular villous, 3-veined, margin narrowly
obtuse or acute. Cauline leaf blade lanceolate or membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, narrowly
narrowly so, 1–1.5 cm × 2–3 mm, margin slightly obovate, 7–8 mm. Stamens 10; filaments 5–8 mm,
involute, denticulate, apex obtuse. Cymes 3-flowered; those opposite sepals with a gland at base; anthers
bracts ovate-elliptic, 4–7 × 1–2 mm, glandular hairy yellow. Ovary obovoid, ca. 3 mm. Styles 3, linear, ca. 2
abaxially, base narrowed, apex obtuse. Pedicel 3–4 mm, mm. Capsule ovoid, equaling persistent sepals, 3-
densely glandular hairy. Sepals 5, violet, broadly valved; valves 2-cleft at apex. Seeds brown, reniform-
ovate, 4–5 × 2–3 mm, densely glandular hairy, base horseshoe-shaped, ca. 1 mm in diam., smooth. Fl. Jun–
broadened, margin membranous, usually ciliate Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
proximally, apex obtuse or sometimes emarginate. Alpine meadows, shifting screes; 3500–5000 m. SE Qinghai, SW
Petals 5, white, obovate, 8–10 × ca. 4 mm, base cuneate, Sichuan, NW Yunnan [Sikkim].
apex obtuse or emarginate. Floral disc patellate, with 5 36. Arenaria densissima Wallich ex Edgeworth & J. D.
elliptic glands. Stamens 10; filaments ca. 5 mm; anthers Hooker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 239. 1874.
yellow. Ovary stipitate, globose-obovoid. Styles 3, 密生福禄草 mi sheng fu lu cao
linear, ca. 3 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug. Cherleria juniperina D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 214.
• Alpine meadows, cirques; 2600–4200 m. Gansu, Qinghai. 1825, not Arenaria juniperina Linnaeus (1767), nor
The whole plant is used medicinally. Villars (1789), nor Pursh (1813); Dolophragma
34. Arenaria smithiana Mattfeld, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin- juniperinum Fenzl.
Dahlem 11: 334. 1932. Herbs perennial. Stems densely pulvinate, densely
大花福禄草 da hua fu lu cao branched, 4–5 cm. Leaves congested, imbricate; leaf
Arenaria oresbia W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. blade subulate, 5–10 × ca. 1 mm, veins raised abaxially,
Edinburgh 11: 197. 1920, not Greenman (1904). impressed adaxially, margin involute, apex excurved,
Herbs perennial. Stems densely pulvinate, 10–15 cm, spinose. Flower solitary, terminal; bracts lanceolate, ca.
sparsely villous; mature branches woody, with 2 × 1 mm. Pedicel 2–4 mm, glabrous. Sepals 5, elliptic
crowded, withered, persistent leaves. Basal leaf blade or ovate, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm, 3-veined, base broadened,
linear or subulate-linear, 0.6–1.5 cm × 1–2 mm, 3- margin membranous, apex obtuse or acute. Petals 5,
veined, midvein raised, base broadened, sheathing, white, saccate or narrowly so, ca. 5 × 2 mm. Stamens
margin involute, denticulate, apex acute, spinose. 10; filaments ca. 2 mm, those opposite sepals with a
Cauline leaves in 2 or 3 pairs; leaf blade linear-lan- gland at base; anthers violet. Ovary oblate, ca. 1.2 mm
ceolate or ovate, 3–8 × 1–2 mm, shortly villous, base
in diam. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, ca. 2.5 mm, 3-valved;
broadened, sheathing, margin involute, yellow, ciliate,
apex hard. Flower solitary, terminal. Pedicel 1–2 cm, valves 2-cleft at apex. Seeds brown, trigonous-reniform,
shortly villous. Sepals 5, ovate or lanceolate-ovate, 6– glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun–Aug.
Alpine meadows, shifting screes; 3600–5300 m. SE Qinghai, W
10 × 3–4 mm, sparsely white hairy abaxially,
Sichuan, S Xizang [Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim].
inconspicuously 3-veined, base broadened, margin 37. Arenaria polytrichoides Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl.
membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white or yellowish, Brit. India 1: 237. 1874.
obovate, 1.2–1.5 cm × 4–6 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 团状福禄草 tuan zhuang fu lu cao
10; filaments equaling sepals, those opposite sepals
with a gland at base. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear. Fl. Herbs perennial. Principal roots robust, woody. Stems
Jul. densely clustered, 2.5–11 cm, forming hemispheric
cushions 1–1.5 cm in diam.; branches cylindric, woody
• Alpine meadows; 4000–4500 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
at base, with congested, withered, persistent leaves
35. Arenaria oreophila J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 238.
1874. along their length. Leaves imbricate; leaf blade subulate,
山生福禄草 shan sheng fu lu cao 5–10 × ca. 1 mm, veins raised abaxially, impressed
adaxially, base broadened, clasping, membranous, Floral disc patellate, with 5 dark glands. Stamens 10;
margin involute distally, thickened, sparsely ciliate near filaments ca. 1.5 mm; anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid or
base, apex cuspidate. Flower solitary, terminal, sessile; obovoid, ca. 1 mm. Styles 3, ca. 1 mm. Capsule ovoid,
bracts lanceolate, 2.5–3 × ca. 1 mm, base broadened, ca. 1.5 mm, 3-valved; valves 2-cleft at apex. Seeds
clasping, forming a membranous sheath, margin ellipsoid, black-brown, slightly ridged. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr.
reflexed, hard, apex spinose. Sepals 5, ovate, ovate- Aug–Sep.
elliptic, or broadly elliptic, ca. 3 mm, obscurely 3-
veined, base broadened, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, • Alpine meadows, shifting screes; 3500–5300 m. SE Qinghai, W
ovate or broadly obovate, slightly longer than sepals. Sichuan, Xizang.
5. Arenaria subgen. Solitaria McNeill, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 24: 128. 1962.
单花亚属 dan hua ya shu
Herbs perennial. Stems clustered, short. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-orbicular, base narrowed, margin usually slightly
hard, cartilaginous. Flowers solitary, rarely paired, terminal, showy. Sepals elliptic or lanceolate to narrowly
orbicular, margin membranous, usually cartilaginous, apex acute. Petals white, pink, or violet, obovate to obovate-
elliptic.
Six species: Asia; six species (two endemic) in China.
38. Arenaria ciliolata Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. apex acute or acuminate. Flower solitary, terminal.
India 1: 240. 1874. Pedicel 5–8 mm, apex erect or nutant. Sepals 5,
缘毛无心菜 yuan mao wu xin cai suberect, narrowly orbicular, 4–5 × 3–4 mm, margin
Herbs perennial, hairy throughout. Roots conic, membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white, broadly
branched at base. Stems densely clustered, yellow, 5–8 obovate, 1.5–2 × as long as sepals, apex obtuse.
cm, white villous. Leaves sessile (rarely petiole 2–3 Stamens 10; filaments longer than sepals; anthers green.
mm), ovate or ovate-orbicular, 5–10 × 2–5 mm, Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear. Capsule ovoid, shorter
adaxially sparsely brown hairy, base cuneate, margin than persistent sepals, apex 6-valved. Seeds subreni-
thick, ciliate, apex cuspidate or acuminate. Flower form, small, smooth, not lustrous. Fl. and fr. Jul–Aug.
solitary, terminal. Pedicel 5–10 mm, white villous. Se- Swamp meadows, gravelly mountain grasslands, river beaches,
pals 5, elliptic or orbicular-lanceolate, 7–8 mm, broken alpine rocks; 3000–5300 m. W Xizang [India, ?Nepal].
sparsely hairy abaxially, margin thick, ciliate, apex 41. Arenaria rhodantha Pax & K. Hoffmann in Pax, Repert.
acuminate. Petals 5, white, obovate or broadly so, 9–10 Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 366. 1922.
mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 10; filaments shorter than 红花无心菜 hong hua wu xin cai
sepals; anthers dark green or black. Ovary ovoid. Herbs perennial. Stems sparsely clustered, erect,
Styles 3, linear. Fl. Jul–Aug. slender, 2–5 cm, glabrous. Leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or
Alpine meadows; 4000–4600 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim]. lanceolate, 5–6 × 2–3 mm, margin thick, ciliate, rarely
39. Arenaria ramellata F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: narrowly membranous, apex acute, cuspidate. Flower
399. 1909.
solitary, terminal. Pedicel 0.7–1.5 cm, glandular
嫩枝无心菜 nen zhi wu xin cai pubescent. Sepals 5, violet or green, lanceolate or
Herbs perennial, glabrous. Stems branched at base, 4–6 orbicular, ca. 5 × 2 mm, midvein and margin nodose
cm; branches ascending. Leaves congested, sessile, hairy, apex obtuse or acute. Petals 5, violet, obovate or
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5–9 mm, veins broadly so, 8–9 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens shorter than
inconspicuous, base attenuate, margin ciliate, apex petals; anthers violet. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear. Fl.
acute. Flower solitary, terminal. Pedicel 5–10 mm. Jun–Jul.
Sepals 5, elliptic or lanceolate, 5–6 × ca. 2 mm, • Alpine meadows, gravels, exposed rocks; 4000–5000 m. W Sichuan,
margin narrowly membranous, ciliate, apex excurved, E Xizang [?India, ?Nepal].
obtuse. Petals 5, white or pink, obovate, ca. 1.5 × as 42. Arenaria forrestii Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
long as sepals, base shortly clawed, apex obtuse. Edinburgh 5: 181. 1912.
Stamens 10; filaments ca. 2/3 as long as sepals; anthers 西南无心菜 xi nan wu xin cai
pale yellowish. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear, ca. 5 mm. Arenaria forrestii f. cernua (F. N. Williams) C. Y. Wu;
Fl. May. A. forrestii f. micrantha (F. N. Williams) C. Y. Wu; A.
• Alpine scrub or meadows; 4200–5000 m. S Xizang.
forrestii f. roseotincta (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu; A.
40. Arenaria stracheyi Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit.
India 1: 240. 1874.
glanduligera F. N. Williams var. cernua F. N.
藏西无心菜 zang xi wu xin cai Williams; A. glanduligera var. micrantha F. N.
Williams; A. roseotincta W. W. Smith.
Herbs perennial, dwarf, glabrous. Stems sparsely
Herbs perennial. Stems clustered, 1–15 cm, glabrous or
clustered, suberect, 2–5 cm. Leaf blade narrowly
sparsely white villous along 1 side. Proximal cauline
orbicular, flat, 5–6 × 2–3 mm, fleshy, veins
leaf blade scalelike, 3–4 × 1–1.5 mm; distal cauline leaf
inconspicuous, base narrowed, margin not thickened,
blade orbicular-lanceolate or orbicular-ovate, 5–12 × Herbs perennial. Roots conic, branched at base. Stems
1.5–3 mm, leathery, glabrous, midvein raised, base clustered, yellow, lustrous, slender, 2–6 cm, glabrous
narrowed, margin slightly hard, cartilaginous, apex proximally, white glandular hairy distally. Leaf blade
acute. Flower solitary, terminal. Pedicel 0.5–1.5 cm, greenish, ovate-lanceolate, ovate, or elliptic-orbicular,
villous in a line. Sepals 5, yellow, orbicular-lanceolate, flat, 5–6 × 2–3 mm, both surfaces white glandular
5–8 × 2–3 mm, base narrowed, margin membranous, pubescent, veins inconspicuous, base attenuate into
apex acute. Petals 5, white or pink, obovate-elliptic, petiole, margin ciliate, apex acute or acuminate.
0.7–1.5 cm × 4–6 mm, base narrowed, cuneate, apex Flowers solitary or paired, terminal; bracts similar to
obtuse, sometimes truncate or emarginate. Stamens 10; leaves but smaller. Pedicel yellow, slender, 0.5–2 cm,
filaments 5–6 mm; anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid, sparsely white villous. Sepals 5, spreading or excurved,
slightly flattened, ca. 2 mm; ovules 6–8. Styles 3, linear, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 4–5 × ca. 1.5 mm,
ca. 2.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug. glandular hairy abaxially, veins inconspicuous, margin
Mountains, alpine meadows, swamp meadows, shifting screes, narrowly membranous, apex obtuse or acute. Petals 5,
broken rocks, limestone crevices; 2900–5300 m. S Gansu, SE violet, obovate or ovate-elliptic, 5–7 × 2–3 mm, apex
Qinghai, W Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Nepal]. obtuse. Stamens 10; filaments ca. 3 mm; anthers
43. Arenaria glanduligera Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl. greenish or yellow. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear, pillar-
Brit. India 1: 240. 1874. shaped or clavate.
小腺无心菜 xiao xian wu xin cai Alpine meadows, shifting screes; 4500–5500 m. Xizang [Bhutan,
Nepal, Sikkim].
6. Arenaria subgen. Odontostemma (Bentham ex G. Don) F. N. Williams, Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 603. 1895.
齿瓣亚属 chi ban ya shu
Odontostemma Bentham ex G. Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 449. 1831; Gooringia F. N. Williams.
Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial. Leaf blade linear to ovate, rarely subulate. Inflorescences various, but often
with vegetative branches arising within them. Sepals curved, often saccate, veins inconspicuous, margin broadly
membranous, apex truncate. Petals usually longer than sepals (but sometimes smaller, cleistogamous flowers
present), apex emarginate or shallowly bifid or toothed. Styles usually 2, rarely 3. Seeds often inflated, roughened,
without reticulate striae.
About 65 species: Asia; 59 species (57 endemic) in China.
McNeill (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 24: 129. 1962) mentioned that Arenaria subgen. Odontostemma is heterogeneous, but did not further
subdivide it. The following five groups have been recognized in China: A. sect. Pseudoeuthalia C. Y. Wu (in W. T. Wang et al., Vasc. Pl.
Hengduan Mount. 1: 396. 1993, but invalid as without Latin diagnosis; species nos. 44–51); A. sect. Reductae C. Y. Wu (loc. cit., but invalid as
without Latin diagnosis; species nos. 52–64); A. sect. Moehringella Franchet (Pl. Delavay. 96. 1889; species nos. 65–74); A. sect. Macrogyne
Franchet (Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 432. 1885; species nos. 75–79); and A. sect. Odontostemma (G. Don) Pax (in Engler & Prantl, Nat.
Pflanzenfam. 3(1b): 84. 1889; species nos. 80–102).
44. Arenaria weissiana Handel-Mazzetti, Kaiserl. Akad. • Alpine meadows, shifting screes, rock crevices; 2800–4800 m.
Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 57: 47. 1920. Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
多柱无心菜 duo zhu wu xin cai A related species, which has not been validly published (Arenaria
Herbs perennial. Roots fusiform or conic. Stems galiiformis C. Y. Wu in W. T. Wang et al., Vasc. Pl. Hengduan Mount.
clustered, 2–10 cm, glandular hairy in 2 lines or yellow 1: 402. 1993), differs from A. weissiana in having stems
or densely white glandular hairy. Leaves diffusely dichotomously branched, slender, hard; leaves usually in whorls of 4,
paired; petiole 2–5 mm; leaf blade lanceolate, elliptic, blade 5–10 × 3–8 mm, thickened, both surfaces white powdery,
densely hairy, base attenuate, apex obtuse; sepals densely and shortly
obovate, or saccate, 5–10 × 3–5 mm, granular, sparsely
glandular pubescent; petals broadly ovate or suborbicular, apex
glandular pubescent or densely villous, midvein emarginate; ovary ovoid, 2–3 mm; and styles 3, ca. 2.5 × as long as
impressed, base cuneate, apex rounded or obtuse. ovary. It grows in rock crevices, from 4200–4300 m, in SW Sichuan.
Flower solitary or cymes few flowered; bracts similar to Three varieties of Arenaria weissiana have been recognized. Field
leaves but smaller. Pedicel 1–4 cm, sparsely glandular studies are needed to better characterize these entities.
hairy. Sepals 5, greenish abaxially, ovate or lanceolate, 1a. Petal apex bifid nearly to middle .... 44b. var. bifida
4–7 × 2–3 mm, sparsely glandular pubescent or 1b. Petal apex rounded, entire.
densely villous, midvein impressed, base broadened, 2a. Plants glandular hairy in 2 lines
margin narrowly membranous, ciliate, apex acute. ........................................... 44a. var. weissiana
Petals 5, white, obcordate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, 2b. Plants densely white glandular
base narrowly cuneate, apex rounded or bifid nearly to hairy ................................... 44c. var. puberula
middle. Floral disc with 5 fleshy glands. Stamens 10, 44a. Arenaria weissiana var. weissiana
longer than sepals; anthers brown or green. Ovary
多柱无心菜(原变种) duo zhu wu xin cai (yuan bian
ovoid, ca. 1.5 × 1.2 mm. Styles 4 or 5 (in female
zhong)
flowers), ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug.
Plants glandular hairy in 2 lines. Petal apex rounded, 46a. Arenaria napuligera var. napuligera
entire. 滇藏无心菜(原变种) dian zang wu xin cai (yuan bian
• Alpine meadows, shifting screes; 2800–4800 m. SW Sichuan, NW zhong)
Yunnan.
Stems branched proximally. Flowers few to many per
44b. Arenaria weissiana var. puberula C. Y. Wu ex L. H.
cyme. Styles 3.
Zhou, Acta Biol. Plateau Sin. 6: 34. 1987.
• Alpine grasslands; 3000–5000 m. W Sichuan, E Xizang, NW
微毛无心菜 wei mao wu xin cai Yunnan.
Plants densely white glandular hairy. Leaves and sepals
46b. Arenaria napuligera var. monocephala W. W. Smith,
densely villous. Petal apex rounded, entire.
Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 196. 1920.
• Rock crevices; ca. 3900 m. Sichuan.
44c. Arenaria weissiana var. bifida H. Chuang in C. Y. Wu 单头无心菜 dan tou wu xin cai
et al, Fl. Yunnan. 6: 836. 1995. Stems unbranched. Flower solitary. Styles 2.
裂瓣无心菜 lie ban wu xin cai
• Alpine meadows; 3600–5100 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
Plants glandular hairy. Petal apex bifid nearly to middle.
• Alpine meadows; ca. 3700 m. NW Yunnan. 47. Arenaria filipes C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. Pla-
45. Arenaria setifera C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. teau Sin. 6: 34. 1987.
Plateau Sin. 6: 37. 1987.
细柄无心菜 xi bing wu xin cai
刚毛无心菜 gang mao wu xin cai
Herbs. Roots conic. Stems slender, 5–10 cm, hard, Herbs. Roots napiform, branched at base. Stems
densely glandular pubescent and with hard, clustered, branched distally, 8–12 cm, shortly villous in
multicellular hairs. Leaf blade ovate, 5–6 × 2.5–3 mm, 1 line. Leaf blade decurved, saccate-oblanceolate or
base rounded, margin villous with sparse, hard, saccate-orbicular proximally, orbicular-lanceolate
multicellular hairs, apex acuminate. Cymes several distally, 5–10 × 2–3 mm, glabrous, base obtuse, apex
attenuate. Cymes few to many flowered; bracts similar
flowered; bracts similar to leaves but smaller. Pedicel
to leaves but smaller. Pedicel 2.5–5 cm, densely glan-
1–2.5 cm, with hard, multicellular hairs. Sepals 5, dular pubescent. Sepals 5, orbicular-lanceolate, 3–4 mm,
lanceolate, 4–5 × 1–1.5 mm, with hard, multicellular sparsely pubescent, base broadened, margin white, apex
hairs abaxially, apex long acuminate. Petals 5, white, acute. Petals 5, white, obovate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals,
obovate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, apex 2-cleft; lobes apex entire or emarginate. Stamens 10; anthers
shallowly toothed. Stamens 10, nearly equaling sepals. yellowish green. Ovary ovoid; ovules numerous. Styles
Ovary ovoid, ca. 2 mm. Styles 3, linear, longer than 3, filiform. Fl. Jul–Aug.
ovary. Fl. Jun–Jul.
• Montane forest margins; ca. 2800 m. SW Sichuan.
• Alpine meadows, rock crevices; 3600–4200 m. SW Yunnan.
48. Arenaria nigricans Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 196.
46. Arenaria napuligera Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33:
1929.
429. 1886.
滇藏无心菜 dian zang wu xin cai 变黑无心菜 bian hei wu xin cai
Herbs. Root solitary, small; rootlets white, long, fibrous.
Herbs annual. Roots napiform. Stems branched prox-
Stems branched at base, 10–25 cm, black glandular
imally or unbranched, slender, 5–15 cm, hard, white or hairy. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade suborbicular.
violet glandular villous. Leaf blade orbicular, narrowly Cauline leaves with sheathing petiole; leaf blade
so, or linear, 5–8 × 1.5–4 mm, base cuneate, margin narrowly elliptic to suborbicular, 1–4 × 0.7–1.5 cm,
ciliate proximally, apex obtuse. Cymes sometimes thick, bullate, both surfaces glabrous, base attenuate,
conic, few to many flowered, or sometimes flower margin ciliate, apex obtuse. Cymes many flowered;
solitary. Pedicel erect, slender, 0.5–2.5 cm, hard, bracts ovate or broadly so, 5–8 mm, apex acute. Pedicel
glandular villous. Sepals 5, violet or green, lanceolate erect in fruit, 1–4 cm, becoming shorter distally on
or ovate-lanceolate, 6–7 × ca. 2 mm, glandular cymes, glandular villous. Sepals 5, orbicular, 4–5 mm,
pubescent abaxially, margin broadly membranous, apex glandular pubescent abaxially, base narrowed, margin
obtuse. Petals 5, white or pink, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, membranous, apex rounded. Petals 5, white, obovate,
apex entire, emarginate, or 2-cleft. Stamens 10, ca. 3/4 1–2 × as long as sepals, apex truncate or emarginate.
as long as petals. Ovary obovoid, ca. 2 mm. Styles 2 or Floral disc small, with 5 subglobose glands. Stamens 10,
3, linear, ca. 3 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul. equaling sepals; anthers yellow. Ovary turbinate-obo-
• Alpine grasslands and meadows; 3000–5100 m. W Sichuan, E void, ca. 1/3 as long as sepals. Styles 2, equaling ovary.
Xizang, NW Yunnan. Capsule 4-valved. Seeds brown, large, smooth,
1a. Stems branched proximally; flowers few narrowly fimbriate. Fl. Jul–Sep.
to many per cyme; styles 3 .... 46a. var. napuligera • Limestone and montane rock crevices; 2600–3500 m. W Yunnan.
1b. Stems unbranched; flower solitary; Two varieties have been recognized. The distinguishing characters
styles 2 ............................... 46b. var. monocephala seem to be only a matter of degree or ecologically induced, and the
variation pattern should be studied in the field. Perhaps this variation obovate or broadly so, 3–8 mm, equaling or slightly
should not be the basis for formal recognition of taxa. longer than sepals, apex obtuse. Stamens 10. Ovary
1a. Leaves 1.5–4 × 0.8–1.5 cm, changing to ovoid-globose. Styles 2 or 3, 2–5 mm. Fl. Aug–Sep.
black when dry; petals 1.5–2 × as long • Pinus forest margins, mountain grasslands; 2600–3600 m. Sichuan,
as sepals .................................... 48a. var. nigricans NW Yunnan.
1b. Leaves 1–3 × ca. 0.7 cm, not changing Two weakly distinguished varieties have been recognized.
to black when dry; petals 1a. Styles 2 ..................................... 50a. var. xerophila
subequaling sepals ............ 48b. var. zhenkangensis 1b. Styles 3 .......................... 50b. var. xiangchengensis
48a. Arenaria nigricans var. nigricans 50a. Arenaria xerophila var. xerophila
变黑无心菜(原变种) bian hei wu xin cai (yuan bian 旱生无心菜(原变种) han sheng wu xin cai (yuan bian
zhong) zhong)
Sepals 2–6 × 1–3 mm. Petals slightly longer than the
Leaves 1.5–4 × 0.8–1.5 cm, changing to black when dry.
sepals. Styles 2.
Petals 1.5–2 × as long as sepals.
• Limestone crevices; 2600–3200 m. NW Yunnan. • Mountain grasslands; 2600–3600 m. Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
48b. Arenaria nigricans var. zhenkangensis (C. Y. Wu ex L.
50b. Arenaria xerophila var. xiangchengensis (L. H. Zhou)
H. Zhou) C. Y. Wu in C. L. Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin.
C. Y. Wu in W. T. Wang et al., Vasc. Pl. Hengduan Mount. 1:
26: 209. 1996.
404. 1993.
镇康无心菜 zhen kang wu xin cai
Arenaria zhenkangensis C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta 乡城无心菜 xiang cheng wu xin cai
Biol. Plateau Sin. 6: 36. 1987. Arenaria xiangchengensis L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol.
Leaves 1–3 × ca. 0.7 cm, not changing to black when Plateau Sin. 6: 36. 1987.
dry. Petals subequaling sepals.
• Montane rock crevices; 2800–3500 m. SW Yunnan. Sepals 4–5 × 1–1.5 mm. Petals equaling sepals. Styles 3.
49. Arenaria zhongdianensis C. Y. Wu in C. Y. Wu et al., Fl.
• Pinus forest margins; ca. 3000 m. W Sichuan (Xiangcheng Xian).
Yunnan. 6: 835. 1995.
中甸无心菜 zhong dian wu xin cai 51. Arenaria schneideriana Handel-Mazzetti, Kaiserl. Akad.
Herbs. Stems dichotomously branched at base, yellow Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 57: 46. 1920.
or violet, 15–20 cm, sparsely and shortly hairy. Leaf 雪山无心菜 xue shan wu xin cai
blade lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1–2 cm × 2–5 mm,
thick, both surfaces with raised granulosities, glabrous Herbs. Roots conic, wiry toward tip. Stems erect,
or with sparse, hard hairs, base attenuate, apex obtuse. dichotomously branched, yellowish or violet, slender,
Cymes often capitate; bracts ovate, 3–5 × 2–4 mm, base cylindric, 4–8 cm, white pubescent on 1 or 2 sides.
broadened, both surfaces with raised granulosities, Basal leaf blade ligulate, gradually inflated distally,
margin hairy, apex obtuse. Pedicel 2–5 mm, densely small, soon withering. Distal cauline leaf blade often
white villous. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 3–5 mm, abaxially excurved, linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm × 2 mm, slightly
shortly white nodose glandular hairy or white pubescent, fleshy, glabrous, 1-veined, base attenuate into a very
margin narrowly membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, short sheath, apex obtuse. Cymes few flowered. Pedicel
white, obovate, equaling sepals, apex 2-cleft. Stamens recurved at anthesis, suberect in fruit, 4–13 mm, wiry,
10. Ovary globose. Styles 2. Fl. Jul–Aug. glandular villous. Sepals 5, elliptic, ca. 4 mm, glandular
• Ravine margins; ca. 3300 m. NW Yunnan (Zhongdian Xian). pubescent abaxially, veins absent, margin membranous,
50. Arenaria xerophila W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. apex often excurved. Floral disc orbicular, with 5
Edinburgh 11: 198. 1920. elliptic, flat glands. Petals 5, white or rose, narrowly
旱生无心菜 han sheng wu xin cai obovate, shorter than or equaling sepals, with very
Herbs perennial. Roots conic or shortly fusiform. Stems slender veins, base clawed, apex emarginate or
suberect or ascending, branched at base, violet, 5–20 shallowly 2-cleft. Stamens 5; filaments slightly shorter
cm; branchlets numerous, diffuse, than petals; anthers yellow or green. Ovary obovoid, ca.
pseudodichotomously branched, slender, hard, sparsely 0.5 mm. Styles 2, ca. 1/2 as long as ovary. Capsule
white villous or glabrous. Leaf blade oblanceolate, 0.5– ovoid, ca. 4 mm, 4-lobed, apex subacute. Seeds 8, large,
2.5 cm × 1–5 mm, papery, adaxially with or without obtusely tuberculate. Fl. and fr. Jul–Aug.
small, clavate protuberances, base attenuate into a short • Alpine meadows; 4400–4700 m. NW Yunnan.
sheath, apex acute, not cuspidate. Cymes conic,
52. Arenaria minima C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol.
sparsely many flowered; bracts similar to leaves but
Plateau Sin. 6: 35. 1987.
smaller. Pedicel slender, 0.5–1.5 cm, soft, hairy. Sepals
5, green abaxially, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 2–6 × 1–3 微无心菜 wei wu xin cai
mm, midvein and basal veins hairy, base broadened,
margin white, ciliate, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white,
Herbs small. Roots gray, conic. Stems densely dichoto- Herbs perennial. Roots napiform. Stems 1 or 2,
mously branched at base, 3–6 cm; branchlets violet, branched at base, 1–5 cm, with black, hard hairs. Basal
subglabrous. Leaf blade subulate, 4–5 × ca. 1 mm, base leaf blade saccate; cauline leaf blade lanceolate, 8–10 ×
broadened into a sheath, apex acute. Cymes several 1–2.5 mm, glabrous or with sparse, short, hard hairs,
flowered; bracts similar to leaves but smaller. Pedicel midvein inconspicuous, apex obtuse or acute. Flower
3–10 mm, stiff. Sepals 5, lanceolate, ca. 2 × 1 mm, base solitary, terminal, or cymes few flowered. Pedicel
broadened, margin ciliate, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, robust, ca. 1 cm. Sepals 5, lanceolate or orbicular, 2–3
narrowly lanceolate, shorter than sepals, apex obtuse. mm, herbaceous, abaxially with sparse, brown, hard
Stamens 10, equaling petals. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, hairs, base saccate, margin membranous, apex acute.
equaling ovary. Capsule ovoid, longer than sepals, 3- Petals 5, white, elliptic or narrowly ovate, shorter than
valved; valves 2-cleft at apex. Fl. and fr. Jul–Aug. sepals, apex rounded, acute, or dentate to 2-cleft.
• Mountain rock crevices; ca. 4000 m. SW Sichuan.
Stamens 10; filaments unequal; anthers pale brown.
Ovary ovoid. Styles 2 or 3. Capsule ovoid, equaling
53. Arenaria bomiensis L. H. Zhou in C. Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang. persistent sepals, 4-lobed. Seeds brown, oblate. Fl. and
1: 685. 1983.
fr. Jul–Sep.
波密无心菜 bo mi wu xin cai • Alpine meadows; 3600–4600 m. NW Yunnan.
Herbs small, soft. Stems yellow, slender, 5–6 cm, soft, 56. Arenaria amdoensis L. H. Zhou in C. Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang.
1: 688. 1983.
sparsely white pubescent. Petiole 2–6 mm, sparsely
villous at base. Leaf blade saccate, 0.5–1.2 cm × 2–3 安多无心菜 an duo wu xin cai
mm, base attenuate into petiole, margin crisped- Herbs small, glandular pubescent. Roots numerous,
undulate, apex acute. Flower solitary, terminal; bracts conic, slender. Stems erect, densely dichotomously
similar to leaves but smaller. Pedicel slender, 5–9 mm, branched at base, proximally yellowish and lustrous,
distally green or violet, 2–4 cm, glandular villous.
white villous in 1 line. Sepals 5, ovate, ca. 5 mm, base
Petiole short; leaf blade saccate, 4–10 × 1–3.5 mm,
broadened, margin ciliate at base, apex obtuse. Petals 5, leathery, both surfaces sparsely glandular villous, base
white, obovate, ca. 6 mm, apex emarginate. Stamens 10, attenuate, margin densely ciliate, apex obtuse. Cymes
shorter than sepals. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear, ca. 4 3–5-flowered, rarely flower solitary. Pedicel green or
mm. Fl. Jul. brown, 2–7 mm, densely glandular villous. Sepals 5,
• Mountain grasslands; ca. 3700 m. E Xizang. ovate, 2–3 × ca. 1 mm, leathery, glandular villous
A presumably related species, which has not been validly published abaxially, 1-veined, base broadened, margin narrowly
(Arenaria microstella C. Y. Wu in C. L. Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis
membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, broadly
Sin. 26: 213. 1996), differs from A. bomiensis in having long hairs
and small retrorse bristles; leaf blade 2–4 × 1–2 mm, both surfaces
obovate, 1.5–2 × as long as sepals, apex emarginate or
raised granular, base attenuate, margin retrorsely ciliate, apex acute; 2-cleft. Stamens 10, longer than sepals; anthers black.
cymes several flowered; and styles 3. It is known from shifting screes, Ovary ovoid, ca. 1.3 mm. Styles 2, linear, ca. 1 mm. Fl.
from 4200 to 4300 m, in SW Sichuan. Jul.
54. Arenaria longipes C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. • River beaches; 4800–5000 m. E Xizang (Amdo Xian).
Plateau Sin. 6: 39. 1987. 57. Arenaria spathulifolia C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta
长梗无心菜 chang geng wu xin cai Biol. Plateau Sin. 6: 35. 1987.
Herbs annual. Roots slender. Stems branched at base, 匙叶无心菜 chi ye wu xin cai
yellow, slender, 5–10 cm, glandular villous. Petiole Arenaria muliensis C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou.
0.5–1.5 cm; leaf blade ovate, 4–5 × 2–4 mm, both Herbs small. Roots conic. Stems dichotomously
surfaces glabrous, apex rounded or obtuse. Cymes branched at base, 3–10 cm; branches violet, slender,
dichasial, many flowered; bracts similar to leaves but hard, glandular hairy. Leaf blade saccate, 5–6 × 2–3 mm,
smaller. Pedicel 0.5–1.5 cm, sparsely white villous. both surfaces glandular villous, base attenuate, margin
Sepals 5, lanceolate-ovate or ovate, ca. 2 × 1.5 mm, ciliate, apex obtuse. Cymes few flowered; bracts similar
white villous abaxially, margin membranous, apex to leaves but smaller. Pedicel slender, 0.5–1.5 cm,
densely glandular villous. Sepals 5, lanceolate, ca. 3 × 1
obtuse or acuminate. Petals 5, white, obovate, ca. 2/3 as
mm, glandular villous abaxially, base connate, margin
long as sepals, apex entire. Stamens 10. Ovary ovoid; ciliate, apex acute. Petals 5, white, obovate, 3–4 mm,
ovules numerous. Styles 2. Capsule ovoid, ca. 1.5 × as apex emarginate or dentate lobed. Stamens 10, shorter
long as persistent sepals. Seeds gray-black, subglobose. than sepals; anthers yellow. Ovary obovoid. Styles 2,
Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep. linear. Fl. Jul–Aug.
• Rocky cliffs; ca. 3500 m. SW Sichuan (Muli Zang Zu Zizhixian). • Mountain grasslands; 3500–4200 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
55. Arenaria inconspicua Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7:
197. 1929. 58. Arenaria membranisepala C. Y. Wu in C. Y. Wu et al.,
不显无心菜 bu xian wu xin cai Fl. Yunnan. 6: 835. 1995.
膜萼无心菜 mo e wu xin cai
Herbs slender. Roots conic. Stems dichotomously white pubescent or glabrous. Sepals 5, violet, ovate-
branched at base, ca. 10 cm, white pubescent, shortly lanceolate or ovate, ca. 2 mm, base broadened, margin
glandular villous. Leaves in several pairs; leaf blade narrowly membranous, ciliate, apex acute. Petals absent.
linear, 3–8 × 0.5–1.5 mm, both surfaces glabrous, veins Stamens 5. Ovary ovoid, equaling sepals. Styles 2,
inconspicuous, base shortly sheathed, apex obtuse. equaling ovary. Capsule ovoid, 4-lobed. Seeds pale
Cymes terminal or axillary; rachis slender, 1.5–2.5 cm, brown, triangular-reniform. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
densely pubescent, also shortly glandular pubescent in 1 • Abies forests, alpine meadows, chalky soils; 3500–4200 m. SW
line. Sepals 5, lanceolate-orbicular, 3–4 × 1–1.5 mm, Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
glabrous, veins inconspicuous, margin broadly 62. Arenaria pharensis McNeill & Majumdar, Bot. J. Linn.
membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, obovate, Soc. 80: 373. 1980.
equaling sepals, base clawed, apex entire. Stamens 10, 帕里无心菜 pa li wu xin cai
equaling sepals. Ovary globose, ca. 1 mm; ovules Herbs annual. Roots conic or spinose. Stems densely
numerous. Styles 2, equaling ovary. Capsule globose,
branched at base, 2–4 cm; branches slender, ca. 0.5 mm
3–4 mm, deeply 4-valved. Seeds 2 or 3, flat, orbicular,
1.5–2 mm. in diam., retrorsely white pubescent in 2 lines. Petiole
absent or short; leaf blade linear or linear-lanceolate, 4–
• NW Yunnan (Lijiang Naxi Zu Zizhixian). 5 × 1–2 mm, tuberculate, 1–3-veined, midvein
59. Arenaria karakorensis Em. Schmid, Repert. Spec. Nov. impressed proximally. Pedicel 3–5.5 mm. Sepals 5,
Regni Veg. 31: 42. 1932. narrowly elliptic, hooded, 1.5–3 × 0.5–1 mm, villous
abaxially, 3-veined, midvein impressed, lateral veins
克拉克无心菜 ke la ke wu xin cai
inconspicuous, base broadened, margin narrowly mem-
Sagina karakorensis (Em. Schmid) Kozhevnikov.
branous, apex obtuse or acute. Petals absent. Stamens 2
Herbs annual. Stems branched at base, ca. 3 cm, or 3, ca. 1 mm. Capsule ellipsoid-ovoid, 2.5–3 mm,
glandular hairy. Petiole narrow; leaf blade linear- deeply 4-valved; valves ellipsoid, ca. 1 mm in diam.
lanceolate, 1-veined, margin ciliate, apex obtuse. Seeds brown, subglobose, ca. 0.6 mm in diam.,
Cymes few flowered; flowers nutant. Pedicel glandular narrowly and irregularly parallel striate.
hairy. Sepals 5, narrowly ovate, ca. 1.8 mm, 1-veined, • Plateaus; ca. 4400 m. S Xizang.
margin white membranous, glandular ciliate. Petals 5, No specimens have been seen by the present authors; the above
white, narrowly ovate, 2–2.5 mm, apex erose. Floral description is based on literature and a photograph of the type.
63. Arenaria littledalei Hemsley, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew
disc with 5 glands. Stamens 10; filaments ca. 2 mm.
1896: 209. 1896.
Ovary ovoid. Styles 2, sparsely villous. Capsule nutant,
古临无心菜 gu lin wu xin cai
3–3.5 mm, 4-lobed. Seeds gray, flat, ca. 1.5 × 1 mm.
• Mountains; 5000–5100 m. Xizang. Gooringia littledalei (Hemsley) F. N. Williams.
60. Arenaria tumengelaensis L. H. Zhou, Acta Phytotax. Sin. Herbs small. Stems violet, 4–5 cm, glabrous, with
18: 357. 1980. numerous slender branches. Leaf blade semiterete, to
土门无心菜 tu men wu xin cai 8.5 × 0.2 mm, fleshy, base membranous, connate into a
Herbs perennial. Stems branched at base, slender, 2–10 short sheath. Flowers axillary or pseudoterminal, small.
cm. Leaf blade greenish, elliptic, 0.7–1.5 cm × 2–5 mm, Pedicel elongating to 1.6 cm in fruit, glabrous. Sepals 4,
leathery, midvein and lateral veins raised and green, narrowly lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, fleshy, base connate,
base cuneate, margin glabrous, apex obtuse. Cymes margin membranous, apex acute. Petals absent. Floral
compound, corymbose, 3-flowered. Sepals 5, violet, disc cupular, with inconspicuous glands. Stamens 2 or 3.
ovate, 5–6 mm, leathery, glabrous abaxially, 3-veined, Ovary narrowly ovoid. Styles 2. Capsule globose-ovoid,
base broadened, margin ciliate, apex cymbiform. Petals flattened on sides, deeply 4-lobed; fruiting pedicel long,
5, white, broadly obovate or suborbicular, 7–9 mm, glabrous. Seeds small, ca. 0.5 mm in diam. Fl. and fr.
apex entire. Stamens 10; filaments 3–5 mm, those Jul–Sep.
opposite sepals with a gland at base; anthers yellow. • Valleys; 5000–5300 m. C Xizang.
64. Arenaria saginoides Maximowicz, Fl. Tangut. 87. 1889.
Ovary obovoid, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm. Styles 2, ca. 2 mm,
clavate. Fl. Jun–Jul. 漆姑无心菜 qi gu wu xin cai
• Riverside grasslands; 4600–5300 m. NE Xizang. Herbs annual. Roots slender. Stems erect,
61. Arenaria reducta Handel-Mazzetti, Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. dichotomously branched at base, 2–4 cm, glabrous,
Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 57: 47. 1920. rarely sparsely glandular pubescent proximally on
减缩无心菜 jian suo wu xin cai inflorescence. Leaf blade linear-saccate, 4–5 × 1–2 mm,
Herbs small. Roots conic, slender, short. Stems dichoto- midvein inconspicuous, base narrowed, apex obtuse.
mously branched at base, often violet, slender, 2–4 cm, Flowers terminal, or axillary in trichotomous cymes;
sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Leaf blade rhomboid- bracts similar to leaves but smaller, 2–3 × ca. 1 mm,
elliptic or saccate, 1–3 mm, base narrowed, apex acute. base narrowed, apex acute. Pedicel shorter than bracts
Cymes many flowered; bracts similar to leaves but at anthesis, longer than them in fruit. Sepals 4, rarely 5
smaller. Pedicel often violet, 2–5 mm, hard, sparsely (when 2 sepals wider), narrowly ovate, 2–2.5 × 1–1.5
mm, sparsely glandular villous, 1-veined, base Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 0.5–1.5 cm × 1–2 mm,
thickened, saccate, margin membranous, apex obtuse. both surfaces tuberculate, base cuneate, margin sparsely
Petals 4(or 5), only 2 or 3 fully developed, white, ciliate, apex acute. Cymes few flowered (sometimes a
narrowly saccate or obovate, 2–2.5 × ca. 1 mm, apex small, female flower arising from stem base); bracts
emarginate or irregularly dentate. Floral disc saucer- similar to leaves but smaller. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, shortly
shaped, with 4 green glands. Stamens 8, sometimes 5, glandular hairy. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 4–5 × 1–1.5 mm,
2/3–3/4 as long as sepals; anthers ochre-colored. Ovary sparsely shortly glandular hairy abaxially (with nodose
ellipsoid, ca. 1.5 mm; ovules 6. Styles 2, ca. 1 mm; hairs in female flower from stem base), base broadened,
stigma ellipsoid. Capsule ovoid-conic, longer than margin membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white,
persistent sepals, 2-valved; valves 2-cleft at apex. Seeds obovate, 8–9 mm, apex entire (equaling sepals and
6, flat, ca. 1 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep. denticulate in female flower from stem base). Stamens
• SW Qinghai, W Sichuan, SW Xinjiang, E and N Xizang. 10, slightly shorter than sepals. Ovary ellipsoid (ovoid
65. Arenaria melanandra (Maximowicz) Mattfeld ex in female flower from stem base). Styles 3 (or 4 in
Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 202. 1929. female flower from stem base), linear. Fl. Jul–Aug.
黑蕊无心菜 hei rui wu xin cai
• Rock crevices at forest margins; 3000–3700 m. SW Sichuan, NW
Cerastium melanandrum Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Yunnan.
Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 3, 26: 429. 1880.
Herbs annual. Roots slender. Stems inclined proximally, 67. Arenaria euodonta W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot Gard.
simple or dichotomously branched at base, brown, 6–10 Edinburgh 11: 195. 1920.
cm, glandular pubescent, with sterile, axillary branches.
真齿无心菜 zhen chi wu xin cai
Proximal cauline leaves shortly petiolate; distal cauline
leaves sessile; leaf blade orbicular-lanceolate or Herbs perennial. Principal root branched, conic, robust.
orbicular, 1–1.8 cm × 3–5 mm, midvein impressed, Stems erect or diffuse, branched at base, slender, 10–35
base narrowed, margin sparsely ciliate, apex obtuse. cm, sparsely villous. Petiole short; leaf blade linear or
Cymes 1–3-flowered; flowers erect; bracts ovate- linear-lanceolate, 1–2.5 cm × 1–2 mm, margin hairy or
lanceolate, 6–10 × 2–3 mm, base narrowed, margin not, apex subobtuse; proximal cauline leaf blade often
ciliate, apex acute. Pedicel 0.5–2 cm, densely glandular lanceolate or narrowly orbicular, leaf axils usually with
villous. Sepals 5, green abaxially, elliptic, 5–6 × ca. 2 sterile branches at anthesis. Flower solitary or cymes 3–
mm, sparsely dark violet glandular villous, 1-veined, 5-flowered; bracts similar to leaves but smaller. Pedicel
base broadened, margin narrowly membranous, ciliate, 2–3(–6) cm, glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate
apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, broadly ovate, 1–1.2 cm × or orbicular-lanceolate, 8–11 mm, sparsely black vil-
5–6 mm, base narrowly clawed, apex emarginate. Floral lous below middle abaxially, margin membranous,
disc saucer-shaped, with 5 elliptic glands. Stamens 10; ciliate, apex acute. Petals 5, white or pink, oblanceolate
filaments usually longer than sepals; anthers dark violet. or obovate, 2–2.5 × as long as sepals, base shortly
Ovary ovoid, ca. 3 mm. Styles 2 or 3, ca. 3 mm; stigma clawed, apex 2- or 3-toothed. Stamens 10; equaling or
clavate. Capsule stipitate, globose-ovoid, 4–5 mm, slightly longer than sepals; anthers red, ca. 1 mm.
slightly shorter than persistent sepals, 4–6-valved. Ovary globose, 3–4 mm. Styles 2, linear, ca. 4 mm. Fl.
Seeds gray-brown, ovoid, ca. 1 mm, with curls on Jul–Aug.
surface. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug. • Alpine meadows; 3000–4200 m. NW Yunnan.
• Alpine meadows, shifting screes; 3700–5000 m. Gansu, Qinghai, 68. Arenaria dsharaensis Pax & K. Hoffmann in Pax, Repert.
SW Sichuan, Xizang [?Nepal, ?Sikkim]. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 366. 1922.
This species is used medicinally.
察龙无心菜 cha long wu xin cai
66. Arenaria pseudostellaria C. Y. Wu, Lihua Zhou & W. L.
Wagner, nom. nov.
Herbs perennial. Stems diffuse, 3–6 cm, basally
glabrous, with withered leaves, distally slightly villous,
线叶无心菜 xian ye wu xin cai with congested leaves; internodes elongate. Leaf blade
lanceolate or saccate-orbicular, 5–14 mm, base
Replaced synonym: Arenaria linearifolia Franchet, Pl. narrowed, margin hairy, apex acute. Flower solitary.
Delavay. 97. 1889, not Poiret (1804), nor Desvaux
Pedicel ca. 5 mm. Sepals ovate, ca. 4 mm, villous
(1816); A. leptophylla C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou (1987),
abaxially, margin membranous. Petals 5, white, obovate,
not Chamisso & Schlechtendal (1830); Moehringella
6–7 mm, base clawed, apex emarginate or obtuse.
linearifolia Neumayer; Moehringia linearifolia F. N.
Styles 2, equaling sepals.
Williams.
• Alpine streamsides; ca. 4700 m. W Sichuan.
Herbs annual. Roots solitary, spinose or conic. Stems
branched at base, violet, slender, 10–12 cm, pubescent.
69. Arenaria melandryoides Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl. ciliate from middle to apex, apex obtuse. Flower
Brit. India 1: 241. 1874. solitary, terminal. Pedicel recurved pubescent or long
桃色无心菜 tao se wu xin cai capitate glandular. Sepals 5, violet, lanceolate, 5–10 ×
2–3 mm, violet glandular hairy abaxially, base cuneate,
Herbs perennial. Roots slender. Stems sparsely apex obtuse. Petals 5, pink or white, obovate, ca. 2 × as
clustered or solitary, branched at base, 5–10 cm, white long as sepals, apex shallowly 2-cleft; lobes very
glandular villous. Leaves sessile, dark green or violet, narrow, irregularly 2- or 3-toothed. Stamens 10, shorter
ovate- or orbicular-lanceolate or orbicular-elliptic, 0.8– to slightly longer than sepals; anthers violet. Ovary
1.5 cm × 1.5–3 mm, leathery, glandular pubescent or ovoid, ca. 1/2 as long as sepals. Styles 2, linear. Fl.
both surfaces glabrous, 1-veined, base cuneate, apex Jun–Jul.
obtuse. Flower solitary, terminal, rarely lateral. Pedicel • Mountains, alpine meadows, shifting screes, barrens; (2700–)
recurved, 1–3 cm, white glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, 3300–4100(–4500) m. NW Yunnan.
erect or reflexed, ovate-lanceolate, 4–8 mm, sparsely 72. Arenaria melandryiformis F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc.,
glandular pubescent or glabrous, veins inconspicuous Bot. 38. 399. 1909.
abaxially, margin blue-brown, not membranous, ciliate, 女娄无心菜 nu lou wu xin cai
apex acute. Petals 5, white or pink, narrowly obovate, Herbs perennial. Roots branched, slender; lateral roots
ca. 2 × as long as sepals, apex entire. Stamens 10, pale brown. Stems 10–20 cm, white glandular
slightly longer than sepals. Ovary ovoid. Styles 2(or 3). pubescent. Basal leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade
Capsule 2-valved; valves 2-cleft at apex. Seeds brown, linear-saccate or saccate, 1–2 cm × 3–5 mm, glabrous,
with a ± thin, membranous wing. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul– base cuneate, apex obtuse. Cauline leaf blade linear-
Aug. lanceolate or lanceolate, base cuneate, margin ± ciliate,
Alpine meadows; (3700–)4300–4800(–5000) m. E and S Xizang, NW
apex acute. Flower solitary, terminal. Pedicel 1–5 mm,
Yunnan [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim]. robust, glandular hairy. Sepals 5, green or violet,
lanceolate, 4–5 mm, ± glandular hairy abaxially,
70. Arenaria rockii Diels, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem inconspicuously 3-veined, margin narrowly
9: 1027. 1926. membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, obovate, ca.
紫红无心菜 zi hong wu xin cai 2 × as long as sepals, apex entire. Stamens 10; fila-
ments slightly longer than sepals; anthers yellow. Ovary
Herbs perennial. Stems branched at base, 4–10 cm; ovoid. Styles 2, linear. Fl. Jun–Jul.
underground part white, with small, white scales; aerial • Shifting screes, barrens; 4000–4900 m. Xizang.
part violet, pubescent and violet glandular villous, 73. Arenaria inornata W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
with axillary, sterile branches. Leaves sessile, Edinburgh 11: 196. 1920.
lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 0.5–1.5 cm × 1–2 mm, 无饰无心菜 wu shi wu xin cai
thick, glabrous except sparsely glandular pubescent Herbs perennial. Roots conic, or numerous, spinose,
abaxially and at margin, 1-veined or vein inconspicuous, and fleshy; primary one lepidote. Stems 1–3, erect or
base cuneate, apex obtuse. Flower solitary, terminal. suberect, to 4 cm, white, yellow, or black villous.
Sepals 5, green or violet, orbicular, 5–8 × 1–2 mm, 3- Proximal cauline leaves imbricate, lepidote; distal
veined, base saccate, margin broadly membranous, cauline leaf blade lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 1–
apex obtuse. Petals 5, violet or white, broadly obovate, 1.3 cm × 3–4 mm, both surfaces glabrous, tuberculate,
ca. 1.5 cm × 6–7 mm, base attenuate, apex emarginate. base attenuate into petiole, margin ciliate or glabrous,
Stamens 10; filaments equaling sepals. Styles 2. Fl. Jul– apex subobtuse or acute. Flower solitary or cymes ca.
Aug. 3-flowered; bracts leaflike, small. Pedicel ca. 1 cm,
• Mountains; 3800–4700 m. NW Yunnan. densely black nodose hairy. Sepals 5, orbicular-
71. Arenaria roseiflora Sprague, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew lanceolate, ca. 5 × 1–1.5 mm, margin membranous,
1916: 33. 1916. ciliate, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, obovate, ca. 1 cm,
粉花无心菜 fen hua wu xin cai apex emarginate, often few toothed. Stamens 10, longer
Arenaria atuntziensis C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou var. than sepals. Ovary ca. 2 mm. Styles 2, ca. 4 mm. Fl. Jul.
stenopetala Y. W. Tsui ex L. H. Zhou; A. roseiflora f. • Mountains; 4000–4200 m. NW Yunnan.
albiflora C. Y. Wu; Moehringella roseiflora (Sprague) 74. Arenaria monantha F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
Neumayer. 38: 401. 1909.
Herbs perennial. Stems violet, 10–25 cm, distally with 山地无心菜 shan di wu xin cai
recurved, brown, short hairs and long, glandular hairs.
Basal leaves attenuate into a petiole at base; leaf blade Herbs perennial. Stems sparsely clustered, 5–6 cm,
saccate, 1–2 cm × 3–5 mm, apex obtuse. Cauline leaves proximally hairy in 2 lines, distally retrorsely hairy.
sessile, lanceolate or elliptic, 0.7–1.5 cm × 2–5 mm, Leaf blade elliptic-linear, ca. 8 mm, villous abaxially,
midvein raised abaxially, violet, base rounded, margin glabrous adaxially, veins inconspicuous, margin ciliate,
apex acute. Flower solitary, erect; bracts in 2 pairs at 75c. Arenaria longistyla var. pleurogynoides Diels, Notes
base of pedicel. Pedicel slender, ± hairy. Sepals 5, Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 182. 1912.
elliptic, villous abaxially, veins inconspicuous, base 侧长柱无心菜 ce chang zhu wu xin cai
connate, margin membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, Stems 7.5–10 cm. Leaf blade 1.2–2 cm × 1–2 mm.
white, ovate, ca. 1.5 × as long as sepals, veins Pedicel 0.6–0.7 cm. Sepals 6–7 mm. Petals to 10 mm.
impressed, base shortly clawed, apex entire. Floral disc Styles 5–6 mm.
with raised, yellow-green glands. Fl. Aug. • Alpine meadows, shifting screes; (3200–)3900–4800(–5000) m.
SW Xizang, NW Yunnan.
• Mountains. S Xizang (near Lhasa Shi). 76. Arenaria ionandra Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edin-
No specimens have been seen by the present authors; the above burgh 5: 182. 1912.
description is based on the protologue. 紫蕊无心菜 zi rui wu xin cai
75. Arenaria longistyla Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: Herbs small. Roots branched, conic. Stems branched at
433. 1886. base, yellow or violet, 4–10 cm, densely glandular hairy
in 2 lines or glabrous. Petiole short; leaf blade saccate
长柱无心菜 chang zhu wu xin cai or ovate, 3–7 × 1–3 mm, thick, both surfaces glabrous,
Herbs small. Roots slender, with numerous branches. base attenuate, apex obtuse. Flower solitary, terminal;
Stems slender, 4–10 cm, villous in 2 lines, or brown bracts similar to leaves but smaller. Pedicel 1–2.5 mm,
glandular villous. Leaves aggregated at stem apex; leaf glandular villous. Sepals 5, dark violet at base abaxially,
blade broadly linear or linear-lanceolate, 0.5–2 cm × to orbicular-lanceolate or orbicular, 3–5 × 1.5–2.5 mm,
2 mm, base connate into a sheath, margin sparsely hairy, glabrous or black glandular hairy, base broadened,
apex mucronate. Flowers axillary. Pedicel 0.6–5 cm, margin broadly membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5,
glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 5–10 × 1– white or partly violet, broadly ovate or obovate-elliptic,
1.5 mm, glabrous or glandular pubescent abaxially, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, base shortly clawed, apex 2-
base saccate after anthesis, margin broadly white cleft. Stamens 10; filaments ca. 4 mm; anthers violet or
membranous, apex acute, mucronate. Petals 5, white, dark violet. Ovary subglobose, ca. 1.5 mm in diam.
obovate-orbicular, 5–10 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 10, Styles 2, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug.
slightly shorter than petals; anthers yellow. Ovary • Mountains, alpine shifting screes; 3600–5300 m. SW Sichuan, NW
subglobose, ca. 2 mm. Styles 2, subulate, 5–7 mm. Fl. Yunnan.
Jun–Jul. 1a. Sepals glabrous; petals white .... 76a. var. ionandra
1b. Sepals black glandular hairy; petals
• Forest margins, alpine meadows, mountain grasslands, shifting partly violet ........................ 76b. var. melanotricha
screes; 2800–5000 m. W Sichuan, S Xizang, NW Yunnan.
76a. Arenaria ionandra var. ionandra
Three weakly distinguished varieties have been recognized. The
distinguishing characters seem to be only a matter of degree, and the 紫蕊无心菜(原变种) zi rui wu xin cai (yuan bian
variation pattern should be studied in the field. Perhaps this variation zhong)
(at least for the first two varieties) should not be the basis for formal Sepals glabrous. Petals white.
recognition of taxa. • Mountains; 3600–5300 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
1a. Leaf blade less than 1 mm wide 75b. var. eugonophylla 76b. Arenaria ionandra var. melanotricha H. F. Comber,
Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 229. 1934.
1b. Leaf blade 1–2 mm wide.
黑毛无心菜 hei mao wu xin cai
2a. Pedicel 2–5 cm ................. 75a. var. longistyla
2b. Pedicel 0.6–0.7 mm . 75c. var. pleurogynoides Sepals black glandular hairy. Petals partly violet.
75a. Arenaria longistyla var. longistyla • Alpine shifting screes; 3600–4200 m. NW Yunnan.
77. Arenaria longiseta C. Y. Wu in C. Y. Wu et al., Fl. Yun-
长柱无心菜(原变种) chang zhu wu xin cai (yuan bian
nan. 6: 835. 1995.
zhong)
长刚毛无心菜 chang gang mao wu xin cai
Stems 4–5 cm. Leaf blade 0.5–1.5 cm × 1–2 mm.
Pedicel 2–5 cm. Petals 5–6 mm. Styles 6–7 mm. Herbs. Stems violet, ca. 10 cm, densely glandular pub-
escent and long nodose bristly. Petiole short; leaf blade
• Forest margins, alpine meadows; 3600–5000 m. W Sichuan, SE
Xizang, NW Yunnan. obovate, 5–8 mm, both surfaces violet nodose bristly,
base attenuate, margin densely ciliate, apex obtuse,
75b. Arenaria longistyla var. eugonophylla Fernald, Cymes 2- or 3-flowered or flower solitary, terminal;
Rhodora 21: 5. 1919.
rachis and pedicel densely long bristly; bracts ovate, 3–
棱长柱无心菜 leng chang zhu wu xin cai 5 mm, long nodose bristly, base rounded, apex obtuse.
Leaf blade slender, less than 1 mm wide. Pedicel very Sepals 5, violet, ovate, 4–6 × 1–2 mm, densely nodose
slender, 2–4 cm. bristly abaxially, base broadened, margin narrowly
• Mountain grasslands; 2800–4500 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan. membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, obovate, ca.
1 cm, apex 2-cleft. Stamens 10; filaments opposite 81. Arenaria giraldii (Diels) Mattfeld, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
sepals with a gland at base. Ovary globose. Fl. Jul–Aug. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 336. 1932.
• Alpine meadows; 3800–3900 m. NW Yunnan. 秦岭无心菜 qin ling wu xin cai
78. Arenaria chamdoensis C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou in S. W. Lepyrodiclis giraldii Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36(Beibl.
Liu, Fl. Qinghai. 1: 506. 1997. 82): 38. 1905.
昌都无心菜 chang du wu xin cai Herbs soft. Roots spinose. Stems lustrous yellowish or
Herbs. Roots gray, conic, with slender branches at base. violet, 20–25 cm. Leaves sessile, narrowly elliptic,
Stems whitish proximally, violet distally, 4–7 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, or ovate, 0.5–2 cm × 2–5 mm, thin,
densely violet glandular pubescent. Petiole short; leaf base broadened, margin membranous, apex obtuse or
blade violet, obsaccate, both surfaces pubescent, base acute. Cymes few to many flowered; bracts similar to
attenuate, margin ciliate, apex rounded; axils of leaves but smaller. Pedicel slender, 1–2.5 cm. Sepals 5,
proximal cauline leaves with reduced flowers. Cymes lanceolate or narrowly so, 4–5 mm, glandular villous
conic; rachis and pedicels densely glandular pubescent. abaxially, base broadened, margin membranous, apex
Pedicel 0.5–2 mm. Sepals 5, green, ovate, 2–3 mm, obtuse. Petals 5, white, cuneate or obovate, ca. 2 × as
black glandular villous abaxially, margin membranous, long as sepals, base attenuate, apex 4-toothed. Stamens
ciliate, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, obovate, 6–8 mm. 10, shorter than petals. Ovary ovoid, 2–2.5 mm. Styles
Stamens 10; anthers yellow. Ovary obovoid. Styles 2. 2, to 5 mm. Capsule globose, apex 4-valved. Seeds
Fl. Jul–Aug. brown, ovoid, with curls. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
• Shifting screes; 4500–4700 m. SE Qinghai (Nangqên Xian), W • Scrub meadow margins, mountain grasslands; 2500–3800 m. SE
Sichuan, E Xizang (Qamdo Xian). Gansu, Shaanxi.
79. Arenaria szechuensis F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 82. Arenaria trichophylla C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta
34: 437. 1899. Biol. Plateau Sin. 6: 27. 1987.
四川无心菜 si chuan wu xin cai 毛叶无心菜 mao ye wu xin cai
Herbs perennial. Stems clustered, diffuse or erect, 3–8 Herbs perennial. Roots spinose or conic. Stems sparsely
cm, glandular pubescent. Leaves sessile, linear- clustered, lustrous yellow or violet, 8–12 cm, nodose
lanceolate, 1–2 cm, base broadened, clasping, margin hairy and long hairy. Leaf blade ovate, 4–6 × 2–3 mm,
sparsely hairy, apex obtuse. Cymes 3- or 4-flowered. both surfaces glandular pubescent, base cuneate, apex
Pedicel 2–3 cm, ± glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, obtuse. Cymes few flowered; bracts lanceolate, 3–4 ×
lanceolate, 5–6 × 1–1.5 mm, glandular pubescent ca. 1 mm, sparsely glandular pubescent along veins,
abaxially, base broadened, margin narrowly base broadened, margin ciliate, apex obtuse. Pedicel 5–
membranous. Petals 5, white, ovate, 1.5–2.5 × as long 10 mm, densely glandular pubescent. Sepals 5,
as sepals, apex emarginate. Stamens 10; filaments lanceolate, 4–5 × ca. 1.5 mm, glandular pubescent
equaling sepals. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, subulate, longer abaxially, base broadened, margin narrowly
than sepals; stigmas recurved. Fl. Jun–Jul. membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white, obovate, 8–10
• Scrub meadows, alpine meadows; (3000–)4000–4700 m. Sichuan. mm, apex weakly toothed. Stamens 10, longer than
80. Arenaria quadridentata (Maximowicz) F. N. Williams, sepals; anthers yellowish. Ovary ovoid, ca. 3 mm.
J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 33: 432. 1898.
Styles 2, linear, ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug.
四齿无心菜 si chi wu xin cai • Mountain grasslands; ca. 3900 m. SW Sichuan.
Lepyrodiclis quadridentata Maximowicz, Fl. Tangut. 83. Arenaria pogonantha W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot.
84. 1889. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 198. 1920.
Herbs. Roots spinose. Stems clustered, yellow, slender, 须花无心菜 xu hua wu xin cai
10–40 cm, glabrous or glandular hairy in 2 lines. Herbs perennial. Roots spinose or long conic. Stems
Proximal cauline leaf blade saccate or orbicular-saccate; clustered, erect or suberect, 7–15 cm, long nodose
distal cauline leaf blade ovate-elliptic or lanceolate, 1–2 villous and black glandular villous. Proximal cauline
cm × 3–5 mm, base attenuate, apex acute. Cymes few leaves with petiole 1–2 mm; distal cauline leaves sessile;
flowered; bracts similar to leaves but smaller. Pedicel leaf blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5–10 × 3–7 mm,
1–2 cm. Sepals 5, lanceolate or orbicular, 4–5 × ca. 1.5 both surfaces villous, base cuneate, apex obtuse. Cymes
mm, glandular pubescent abaxially, base broadened, terminal, few flowered, or flower solitary; bracts
margin narrowly membranous, ciliate, apex obtuse. leaflike, smaller than leaves. Pedicel 0.5–2.5 cm,
Petals 5, white, narrowly elliptic or obovate, apex 4- densely glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate or
toothed. Stamens 10; filaments longer than sepals, those ovate, 4–5 × ca. 1.5 mm, densely glandular pubescent
opposite sepals wider than others. Ovary ovoid; ovules abaxially, margin membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5,
4 or 5. Styles 2, linear. Capsule globose, apex 4-lobed. white, broadly obovate, 5–8 mm, apex weakly toothed.
Seeds orbicular, flat, obtusely tuberculate. Fl. and fr. Stamens 10, slightly longer than sepals; anthers violet
Jul–Sep. to yellow-brown. Ovary ovoid, ca. 3 mm. Styles 2, ca.
• 3000–3500 m. Gansu, N Sichuan. 2.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul.
• Alpine meadows, rock crevices; (3000–)3300–4200(–4400) m. W apex acute. Pedicel slender, 0.5–1.5 cm, glandular
Sichuan, NW Yunnan, E Xizang. pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 1–3 × ca. 1 mm,
84. Arenaria dimorphitricha C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta nodose glandular pubescent abaxially, base broadened,
Biol. Plateau Sin. 6: 28. 1987.
margin narrowly membranous, ciliate, apex acute.
滇蜀无心菜 dian shu wu xin cai Petals 5, white, obovate, equaling or slightly longer
Herbs annual or biennial. Roots spinose. Stems than sepals, apex dentate lobed. Stamens 10; anthers
sparingly branched, erect, brown or violet, 15–30 cm, yellow. Ovary subglobose, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. Styles 3,
long hairy proximally, nodose hairy and sparsely ca. 4 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug.
villous distally. Leaves opposite, sometimes in whorls • NW Yunnan.
of 3; petiole 2–4 mm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 87. Arenaria longipetiolata C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta
orbicular-lanceolate, or ovate-orbicular, rarely elliptic, Biol. Plateau Sin. 6: 29. 1987.
1–2.5 cm × 5–12 mm, both surfaces villous, base atten- 长柄无心菜 chang bing wu xin cai
uate, apex obtuse. Cymes many flowered; bracts ovate, Herbs. Roots conic, fleshy. Stems branched proximally,
5–10 mm, both surfaces villous, base broadened. yellow, 30–35 cm, soft, glabrous or subglabrous.
Pedicel 0.5–2.5 cm, glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, Petiole 1–3 mm; leaf blade saccate, 1–1.5 cm × 5–8
lanceolate, 5–6 × ca. 2 mm, glandular pubescent mm, both surfaces glabrous or sparsely pubescent, apex
abaxially, margin membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, acute. Cymes conic, many flowered; bracts lanceolate
white, obovate, ca. 1.5 × as long as sepals, apex irreg- or ovate, 3–5 × 1–3 mm, margin ciliate, apex acute.
ularly toothed. Stamens 10; filaments slightly longer Pedicel linear, 1–2.5 cm, densely glandular hairy.
than sepals; anthers blue-green to yellow. Ovary ovoid; Sepals 5, lanceolate, 4–5 mm, sparsely pubescent abax-
ovules few. Styles 2, linear. Capsule ovoid, slightly ially, base broadened, margin membranous, ciliate,
shorter than persistent sepals, apex 4-lobed. Seeds 3 or apex acuminate. Petals 5, white, saccate, 1.5–2 × as
4, black, flat, with curls. Fl. and fr. Aug–Sep. long as sepals, apex toothed. Stamens shorter than
• Subalpine forests, scrub, mountain grasslands; 2800–3900 m. SW sepals; anthers yellow-green. Ovary ovoid. Styles 2,
Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
linear, equaling sepals. Fl. Jul–Aug.
85. Arenaria fridericae Handel-Mazzetti, Kaiserl. Akad. • Forests; ca. 2800 m. SW Sichuan.
Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 57: 142. 1920. 88. Arenaria leucasteria Mattfeld, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-
玉龙山无心菜 yu long shan wu xin cai Dahlem 11: 334. 1932.
Herbs perennial, villous and glandular hairy. Roots 毛萼无心菜 mao e wu xin cai
conic or spinose. Stems usually dichotomously Herbs perennial. Roots conic, robust. Stems sparsely
branched, 4-angled, 10–20 cm, soft; internodes 1–2.5 branched, 4–7 cm, villous, hairs shorter and sparser
cm. Petiole short or absent; leaf blade ovate or ovate- proximally. Proximal cauline leaves shortly petiolate;
orbicular, 0.8–1.7 cm × 4–8 mm, both surfaces hairy, distal leaves sessile; leaf blade elliptic or obovate-
densely so on midvein and margin abaxially, base elliptic, 4–14 × 2–6 mm, both surfaces sparsely villous,
rounded. Cymes monochasial, few flowered, or flower 3-veined, midvein raised, lateral veins impressed, apex
solitary; bracts leaflike, smaller than leaves. Pedicel acute. Cymes few flowered. Sepals 5, lanceolate or
recurved, 1–2 cm, hairy. Sepals 5, orbicular-lanceolate ovate-lanceolate, 5–6 × ca. 2 mm, villous abaxially, 3-
or orbicular-ovate, 5–6 × ca. 2 mm, herbaceous, hairy veined, margin membranous. Petals 5, white, obovate
abaxially, midvein broadened at base, margin narrowly or obovate-flabellate, 7–11 × 5–7 mm, apex
membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white, broadly irregularly toothed or lobed; teeth 0.2–0.8 mm.
obovate, ca. 1.5 × as long as sepals, 5–6 mm wide, apex Stamens 10; filaments ca. 6 mm, those opposite sepals
dentate lobed or lacerate. Floral disc with 5 glands; with a globose gland at base; anthers violet. Ovary
glands 2-cleft. Stamens 10; anthers yellow-brown. ovoid, ca. 2 × 1.5 mm. Styles 2, ca. 3.5 mm, papillose.
Ovary ovoid. Styles 2 or 3, ca. 3 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul. Fl. Jul–Aug.
• Scrub, shifting screes, rock crevices on cliffs; 2800–4000 (–4700) • Mountains; 4000–5400 m. W Sichuan.
m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan. 89. Arenaria nivalomontana C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta
86. Arenaria longicaulis C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. Biol. Plateau Sin. 6: 29. 1987.
Plateau Sin. 6: 38. 1987.
大雪山无心菜 da xue shan wu xin cai
长茎无心菜 chang jing wu xin cai
Herbs. Roots conic, slender. Stems erect or ascending,
Herbs annual. Roots fibrous. Stems prostrate, yellowish,
many branched, slender, 10–15 cm, nodose glandular
slender, 10–30 cm, brown glandular villous. Petiole 2–5
villous. Petiole short; leaf blade elliptic to broadly
mm; leaf blade elliptic or ovate, 5–10 × 3–5 mm, thin,
elliptic-saccate, 5–10 mm, both surfaces tuberculate,
both surfaces tuberculate, midvein raised, base cuneate, margin nodose ciliate, apex obtuse. Cymes few
margin sparsely hairy, apex acute. Cymes few flowered; flowered; bracts ovate, 2–4 × 1–2 mm, margin ciliate,
bracts narrowly ovate, 3–5 × 1–3 mm, base cuneate, apex acute. Pedicel 0.5–2 cm, densely glandular pub-
escent. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 4–5 × 1–2 mm, sparsely leaflike, smaller than leaves. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, densely
glandular pubescent abaxially, base broadened, margin black long nodose villous. Sepals 5, black-red, orbicular,
membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, obovate, ca. 1 cm, ca. 5 × 1.5 mm, margin membranous, black ciliate,
apex irregularly shortly toothed. Stamens 10, longer apex obtuse. Petals 5, white or pinkish, obovate, ca. 1
than sepals; anthers dark yellow. Ovary ovoid, ca. 2 cm, apex somewhat weakly toothed. Stamens 10,
mm. Styles 2. Fl. Jul–Aug. equaling sepals. Ovary ca. 2 mm. Styles 2, ca. 2 mm. Fl.
• Mountains; ca. 2900 m. W Yunnan. Aug.
90. Arenaria omeiensis C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. • Grasslands. W Yunnan (Tengchong Xian).
Plateau Sin. 6: 30. 1987.
93. Arenaria trichophora Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France
峨眉无心菜 e mei wu xin cai
33: 431. 1886.
Herbs. Roots conic, slender. Stems erect, 15–20 cm, no-
dose glandular hairy and nodose villous. Leaf blade 具毛无心菜 ju mao wu xin cai
ovate, 5–10 × 4–6 mm, glabrous or glandular hairy,
midvein raised, base broadened, apex obtuse. Cymes Arenaria yunnanensis Franchet var. trichophora (Fran-
few flowered; bracts narrowly ovate, 4–5 × 1–2 mm, chet) F. N. Williams.
both surfaces sparsely glandular villous, base Herbs perennial. Roots conic or spinose. Stems
broadened, apex acute. Pedicel 1–2 cm, densely clustered, simple or branched at base, prostrate or erect,
glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, narrowly ovate, sparsely 10–30 cm, long hard hispid and glandular pubescent.
glandular pubescent abaxially, base broadened, margin Proximal cauline leaves sessile; middle and distal
membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, obovate, 8–9 cauline leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade green
mm, base long clawed, apex dentate lobed. Stamens 10, abaxially, ovate or orbicular-elliptic, 0.8–2 cm × 3–10
longer than sepals; anthers dark. Ovary ovoid, ca. 1.5 mm, thick, midvein raised, base narrowed, apex
mm. Styles 2, linear, ca. 2 × as long as ovary. Fl. Aug. obtuse. Cymes few to many flowered; bracts leaflike,
very small. Pedicel 0.8–2 cm, densely stiffly hairy and
• Forests, scrub; ca. 3100 m. C Sichuan.
glandular pubescent, hairs erect or recurved. Sepals 5,
91. Arenaria auricoma Y. W. Tsui ex L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. lanceolate, 5–6 mm, glandular pubescent abaxially,
Plateau Sin. 6: 31. 1987. base broadened, margin white membranous, apex acute.
Petals 5, white, obovate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, apex
黄毛无心菜 huang mao wu xin cai
fimbriate. Stamens 10; anthers black or yellow-brown,
Herbs perennial, yellowish hairy. Roots conic, robust. globose. Ovary ovoid; ovules numerous. Styles 2. Fl.
Stems densely clustered, ca. 8 cm, villous. Leaf blade Jul–Sep.
ovate, 4–6 × 3–5 mm, thick, both surfaces densely • Alpine scrub, grasslands, shifting screes, sands; 2500–4700 m. SW
yellowish villous, base rounded or broadly cuneate, Sichuan, SE Xizang, N Yunnan.
apex obtuse; 2 pairs of leaves aggregated at stem apex
below cyme. Cymes few to many flowered; bracts 94. Arenaria yulongshanensis L. H. Zhou ex C. Y. Wu in W.
T. Wang et al., Vasc. Pl. Hengduan Mount. 1: 410. 1993.
leaflike. Pedicel 3–10 mm, densely yellowish hairy.
Sepals 5, orbicular-lanceolate, ca. 4 × 1.5 mm, weakly 狭叶无心菜 xia ye wu xin cai
yellowish hairy abaxially, base broadened, margin
membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, obovate, Arenaria trichophora Franchet var. angustifolia
slightly longer than sepals, apex 2-cleft; lobes 3-toothed Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 431. 1886, not A.
at apex. Stamens 10, 5 long and 5 short; anthers yellow. angustifolia McNeill (1961).
Ovary ovoid. Styles 2, linear. Fl. Jul–Aug. Herbs perennial. Roots conic or spinose. Stems
• Mountain sands; 4200–4800 m. NW Yunnan. branched at base, procumbent or erect, 10–20 cm,
glandular pubescent. Leaf blade usually broadly
92. Arenaria salweenensis W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. lanceolate, 1–2 cm × 2–4 mm, base attenuate, apex
Gard. Edinburgh 12: 194. 1920. acute. Cymes few to many flowered; bracts leaflike,
怒江无心菜 nu jiang wu xin cai small. Pedicel 0.5–1.5 cm, densely glandular hairy.
Sepals 5, lanceolate, 5–6 mm, glandular hairy abaxially,
Herbs perennial. Roots long, spinose. Stems densely di- base broadened, margin white membranous, apex acute.
chotomously branched at base, suberect, 12–20 cm, Petals 5, white, obovate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, apex
yellow or black nodose villous. Petiole short or absent; fimbriate. Stamens 10; anthers violet or black. Ovary
leaf blade orbicular-lanceolate, 3–5 cm × 5–7 mm, ovoid; ovules numerous. Styles 2. Capsule shorter than
glabrous, surface raised and coarse adaxially, midvein persistent sepals, 2-valved; valves 2-cleft at apex. Seeds
impressed, lateral veins inconspicuous, base attenuate, flat, narrowly winged. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
margin narrowly membranous, apex acute. Cymes
• Alpine meadows; 4000–4500 m. NW Yunnan.
dichotomously branched, many flowered; bracts
95. Arenaria iochanensis C. Y. Wu in C. L. Tang, Fl. 髯毛无心菜(原变种) ran mao wu xin cai (yuan bian
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 26: 241. 1996. zhong)
药山无心菜 yao shan wu xin cai Stems, leaves, bracts, and sepals white nodose hairy
Cerastium mairei H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni and shortly glandular hairy.
Veg. 13: 341. 1914, not Arenaria mairei Emberger • Scrub, alpine meadows, grasslands, shifting screes; 2400–4800 m.
(1933); A. yunnanensis Franchet var. linearifolia C. Y. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
Wu ex L. H. Zhou; Drymaria mairei H. Léveillé.
96b. Arenaria barbata var. hirsutissima W. W. Smith,
Herbs. Roots spinose. Stems branched proximally, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 195. 1920.
often diffuse, violet, 10–15 cm, densely violet glandular
pubescent in 1 line. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 1–2 硬毛无心菜 ying mao wu xin cai
cm × 1–3 mm, both surfaces glabrous, midvein raised Stems, leaves, bracts, and sepals densely white nodose
abaxially, base cuneate, apex obtuse or acute. Flower hairy.
solitary, terminal, or cymes 2–5-flowered; rachis
densely violet glandular pubescent; bracts ovate- • Alpine meadows, shifting screes; (2600–)2800–3200 m. NW
lanceolate, midvein raised abaxially, base rounded, Yunnan.
97. Arenaria fimbriata Mattfeld, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-
margin ciliate, apex obtuse. Pedicel 0.5–2 cm, densely
Dahlem 11: 335. 1932.
violet glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 4–5 ×
1–2 mm, glandular pubescent abaxially, base broadened, 瘰瓣无心菜 sui ban wu xin cai
apex obtuse. Petals 5, obovate, apex toothed. Stamens
Cerastium fimbriatum E. Pritzel, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29:
10; anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid. Styles 2. Seeds flat,
320. 1900, not Ledebour (1815).
narrowly winged. Fl. Jul–Aug.
• Alpine scrub, meadows; 3200–3400 m. NE Yunnan.
Herbs. Roots spinose. Stems simple or sometimes
branched at base, often violet, 10–25 cm, white villous
96. Arenaria barbata Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: or black glandular lanate. Proximal cauline leaves
430. 1886. shortly petiolate; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, slightly
髯毛无心菜 ran mao wu xin cai fleshy. Distal cauline leaf blade orbicular-lanceolate or
orbicular-elliptic, 0.8–2 cm × 2–7 mm, slightly fleshy,
Herbs perennial, long nodose hairy and shortly sparsely white villous, base cuneate, apex acute. Cymes
glandular hairy. Roots clustered, spinose or conic. 3–5-flowered; bracts herbaceous. Pedicel 1.5–4.5 cm,
Stems usually solitary, branched below middle, 10–30 villous or glandular hairy. Sepals 5, white, lanceolate,
cm, densely glandular hairy. Leaf blade pale green 5–7 mm, villous or glandular hairy, margin narrowly
abaxially, greenish adaxially, orbicular-obovate or membranous, apex excurved, acute. Petals 5, white,
orbicular, 0.5–1.5 cm × 3–10 mm, both surfaces obovate-elliptic, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, apex
glandular pubescent, base attenuate, margin long white fimbriate toothed. Stamens 10; filaments ca. 6 mm;
ciliate, apex obtuse or acute. Cymes dichotomously anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid; ovules numerous. Styles 2,
branched, few to many flowered; bracts leaflike, small. linear. Capsule equaling or longer than persistent sepals,
Pedicel 1–2.5 cm, densely glandular pubescent. Sepals apex 4-toothed. Seeds brown, depressed triangular-
5, lanceolate, 4–5 mm, densely glandular pubescent globose, ca. 2 mm, smooth or with curls. Fl. Jul–Aug.
abaxially, 3-veined. Petals 5, white or pink, more than 2
• Forests, mountain grasslands; 3000–4000 m. SE Gansu, Shaanxi.
× as long as sepals, apex fimbriate. Stamens 10; 5
filaments inflated at base; anthers dark violet or yellow- 98. Arenaria debilis J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 242. 1874.
brown. Ovary ovoid; ovules numerous. Styles 2, linear. 柔软无心菜 rou ruan wu xin cai
Capsule 4-valved. Seeds 2–4. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
Arenaria aureocaulis C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou; A. ben-
• Scrub, alpine meadows, grasslands, shifting screes; 2400–4800 m.
SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
thamii Edgeworth (1874), not Fenzl ex Torrey & A.
Gray (1840); A. glandulosa (Bentham ex G. Don) F. N.
Two varieties have been recognized. The distinguishing characters Williams (1895), not Jacquin (1798); A. sikkimensis
seem to be only a matter of degree, and the variation pattern should Majumdar; A. stellarioides C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou
be studied in the field. Perhaps this variation should not be the basis
(1987), not Persoon (1805), nor Willdenow ex D. F. K.
for formal recognition of taxa.
Schlechtendal (1816); A. yunnanensis Franchet f.
1a. Stems, leaves, bracts, and sepals white angustifolia F. N. Williams; Lepyrodiclis debilis H.
nodose hairy and shortly glandular hairy 96a. var. barbata Ohba; L. glandulosa H. Ohba; Odontostemma
1b. Stems, leaves, bracts, and sepals densely glandulosum Bentham ex G. Don.
white nodose hairy ............... 96b. var. hirsutissima Herbs annual or biennial, violet multicellular
96a. Arenaria barbata var. barbata glandular hairy. Roots spinose or conic. Stems sparsely
clustered or solitary, yellow, 30–60 cm. Proximal ovoid, ca. 2 × 1.8 mm; ovules numerous. Styles 2,
cauline leaves shortly petiolate; distal cauline leaves relatively long, papillate above middle. Fl. Jun–Jul.
sessile; leaf blade elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 1–4 cm × • Mountains; 3000–4000 m. W Sichuan, E Xizang.
(0.5–)1–2 mm, both surfaces sparsely glandular hairy, 101. Arenaria delavayi Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33:
midvein raised abaxially, base cuneate, apex acute. 432. 1886.
Cymes dichotomously branched, few flowered; bracts 大理无心菜 da li wu xin cai
ovate-lanceolate, 3–5 mm, glandular hairy. Pedicel 1– Herbs perennial. Roots branched at base, gray-brown,
2(–3) cm, densely glandular hairy. Sepals 5, lanceolate, conic, robust, fleshy. Stems clustered, solitary or
5–6 mm, densely glandular pubescent abaxially, margin branched at base, often violet, slender, 10–20 cm,
narrowly membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white, sparsely glandular pubescent. Proximal cauline leaves
obovate or obovate-saccate, 7–8 mm, apex fimbriate. shortly petiolate, larger; distal cauline leaves sessile,
Stamens 10, slightly longer than sepals; anthers smaller; leaf blade gray abaxially, ovate-lanceolate,
yellowish. Ovary ovoid. Styles 2, linear. Capsule ovoid, ovate, elliptic, saccate, or orbicular, 0.5–1.5 cm × 2–10
slightly shorter than or equaling persistent sepals, mm, thick, ± papillate adaxially, ± villous, midvein
apex 4-valved. Seeds 2 or 3, flat, ca. 2 mm in diam., raised, pale brown. Cymes 3–5-flowered; bracts
weakly striate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. lanceolate, small, herbaceous, margin membranous,
apex excurved, acute. Pedicel slender, 1–2.5 cm,
Scrub, alpine meadows, mountain grasslands; (2500–)3200–4500 m. densely violet glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate
SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim].
or ovate-lanceolate, 4–10 mm, glandular pubescent
99. Arenaria polysperma C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. abaxially, margin membranous, apex acute or
Plateau Sin. 6: 33. 1987. acuminate. Petals 5, white, obovate, slightly longer than
多子无心菜 duo zi wu xin cai sepals, apex ciliate. Stamens 10; anthers violet-black,
Herbs perennial. Roots brown, spinose or conic. Stems yellow, or yellowish. Ovary ovoid; ovules numerous.
sparsely clustered or solitary, yellow or violet, 10–40 Styles 2, linear. Capsule equaling persistent sepals,
cm, glandular pubescent. Leaf blade elliptic-ovate, 1– apex 4-lobed. Seeds 10, brown. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
• Mountains; 3600–4000 m. E Xizang, NW Yunnan.
1.5 cm × 4–6 mm, thin, both surfaces tuberculate, base
102. Arenaria yunnanensis Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France
cuneate, apex obtuse. Cymes few flowered; bracts 33: 431. 1886.
leaflike, small. Pedicel 1–3 cm, soft, glandular
云南无心菜 yun nan wu xin cai
pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 5–6 × 1.5–2 mm,
sparsely glandular pubescent abaxially, base broadened, Herbs. Roots spinose, nodose. Stems diffuse, many
margin narrowly membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, branched, slender, 15–30 cm, glabrous at base, violet
white, obovate, 1.5–2 × as long as sepals, apex lacerate. nodose glandular hairy in 1 line distally. Proximal
Stamens 10, longer than sepals; anthers yellow, rarely cauline leaves shortly petiolate; distal cauline leaves
green. Ovary ovoid. Styles 2, linear. Capsule shorter sessile; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to orbicular, 1–3 cm
than or equaling persistent sepals. Seeds 11 or 12. Fl. × 5–6 mm, adaxially coarse, granular, hairy along veins,
and fr. Jul–Sep. base attenuate, margin ciliate, apex obtuse, mucronate.
• Mountain grasslands; 3000–4000 m. NW Yunnan. Cymes conic, many flowered; bracts similar to leaves
100. Arenaria monilifera Mattfeld, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. but smaller. Pedicel slender, glandular hairy. Sepals 5,
Berlin-Dahlem 11: 334. 1932. lanceolate, 3–6 mm, glandular pubescent abaxially,
念珠无心菜 nian zhu wu xin cai apex acuminate. Petals 5, white, obovate or orbicular,
Herbs perennial. Roots moniliform. Stems 6–10 mm, apex fimbriate. Stamens 10; anthers yellow-
dichotomously branched, ca. 20 cm, white villous green. Ovary ovoid; ovules numerous. Styles 2. Capsule
proximally, curled red hairy distally; internodes ca. 5 slightly shorter than persistent sepals, apex 4-valved.
cm. Proximal cauline leaves with petiole ca. 5 mm; Seeds 3 or 4, reniform. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
distal cauline leaves sessile; leaf blade broadly elliptic • Alpine forest margins, subalpine meadows, mountain grasslands;
or obovate-elliptic, rarely ovate-elliptic, 1–1.8 cm × 6– 2900–3800 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
9 mm, hirsutulous (on distally cauline leaves), midvein Two varieties have been recognized. The distinguishing characters
robust, lateral veins inconspicuous. Pedicel erect at seem to be only a matter of degree, and the variation pattern should
anthesis, curved in fruit, 1–4 cm. Sepals 5, elliptic or be studied in the field. Perhaps this variation should not be the basis
ovate-lanceolate, 4–5 × ca. 2 mm, densely curved white for formal recognition of taxa.
or red long hairy, also glandular hairy, 3-veined, 1a. Leaves lanceolate to orbicular 102a. var. yunnanensis
surface raised abaxially, minutely pitted adaxially, 1b. Leaves linear-lanceolate ....... 102b. var. caespitosa
margin broadly membranous, apex obtuse or acute.
102a. Arenaria yunnanensis var. yunnanensis
Petals 5, white, obovate, 5.5–7 × 2.5–4 mm, base
云南无心菜(原变种) yun nan wu xin cai (yuan bian
cuneate, apex lacerate; lobes 0.8–1 mm. Floral disc
funnelform, with 5 globose, septate glands. Ovary zhong)
Arenaria yunnanensis f. robusta C. Y. Wu ex L. H. 102b. Arenaria yunnanensis var. caespitosa C. Y. Wu in C.
Zhou. Y. Wu et al., Fl. Yunnan. 6: 835. 1995.
Leaves lanceolate to orbicular. 簇生无心菜 cu sheng wu xin cai
• Alpine forest margins, mountain grasslands; 2900–3800 m. SW Leaves linear-lanceolate.
Sichuan, NW Yunnan. • Subalpine meadows; ca. 3500 m. NW Yunnan.
Cucubalus fruticulosus Pallas; Physolychnis altaica 天山蝇子草 tian shan ying zi cao
(Persoon) Ruprecht; S. fruticulosa (Pallas) Schischkin
Herbs suffruticose, 30–40 cm tall. Roots robust, multi-
ex Krylov (1931), not Siebold ex Otth (1824), nor M.
crowned. Stems densely clustered, erect, basally
Bieberstein (1825).
lignified, solitary or sparsely branched, basally
Herbs suffruticose, 15–50 cm tall. Roots robust. Stems pubescent, apically glabrous. Leaves with short, sterile
caespitose, erect, basally lignified, not branched or only axillary branches, linear, 3–5 cm × 1–2 mm, both
branched at base, basally slightly coarse, shortly surfaces glabrous, sparsely ciliate at base, base at-
pubescent, apically viscid. Leaves with short, sterile tenuate, slightly clasping, apex acute. Flowers erect, in
axillary branches, linear or subulate, 1.5–3 cm × 0.5–1 a racemiform thyrse, with alternate, 1-flowered cymules,
mm, hard, margin coarse, ciliate at base, apex acute, slightly nutant at early stage. Pedicel 4–15 mm, slender,
triangular in cross section at maturity, pungent. Flowers glabrous; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 3–3.5 mm, margin
erect, in a racemiform thyrse with usually alternate, 1- membranous, shortly ciliate. Calyx tubular, clavate in
flowered cymules. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, glabrous, viscid; fruit, 10–12 × ca. 3 mm, glabrous, slightly inflated
bracts ovate, margin membranous, ciliate, apex above in fruit, longitudinal veins green or violet; calyx
acuminate. Calyx tubular, clavate in fruit, 1.2–1.5 cm, teeth broadly triangular-ovate, short, ciliate, apex ob-
subglabrous, longitudinal veins green or violet; calyx tuse. Androgynophore 2–3 mm, glabrous. Petal claws
teeth ca. 1 mm. Androgynophore 4–6 mm, shortly hairy. narrowly cuneate, without cilia and auricles; limbs
Petal claws slightly exserted beyond calyx, narrowly slightly exserted beyond calyx, white, bifid to base,
oblanceolate, without auricles; limbs white, bifid to 1/2; lobes narrowly obovate; coronal scales minute. Stamens
lobes linear, apex obtuse; coronal scales minute. and styles exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles 3.
Stamens and styles included or slightly exserted; Capsule ovoid, ca. 9 × 5 mm. Seeds triangular-reniform,
filaments glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule 8–10 mm. Seeds ca. 1.2 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
brown, triangular-reniform, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Stony mountains; 1100–2100 m. N Xinjiang [Kazakhstan].
Jul–Aug. The type has not been seen by the present authors.
Stony mountains, desert grasslands; 1400–1900 m. N Xinjiang 10. Silene ningxiaensis C. L. Tang, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 2: 431.
[Kazakhstan, Russia]. 1980.
The type of Silene altaica has not been seen by the present authors. 宁夏蝇子草 ning xia ying zi cao
8. Silene alexandrae B. Keller, Trav. Soc. Naturalistes Kazan.
Herbs perennial, 20–45 cm tall. Roots robust, slightly
44(5):71. 1912.
lignified. Stems sparsely caespitose, rarely solitary,
斋桑蝇子草 zhai sang ying zi cao erect, slender, basally lignified, simple or branched at
base, glabrous or with short robust hairs at base. Basal
Silene altaica Persoon var. grandiflora C. A. Meyer; S.
leaves clustered, linear, 3–5(–8) cm × 1–2.5 mm,
altaica var. hystrix Trautvetter.
glabrous, basally ciliate at margin, base attenuate, apex
Herbs suffruticose, 25–45 cm tall. Stems caespitose,
acuminate; cauline leaves few, small. Flowers erect, in
erect, basally lignified, simple or branched, basally
a racemiform thyrse, with alternate, 1-flowered
sometimes hirtellous, apically viscid. Leaves with short,
cymules. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, margin ciliate in
sterile axillary branches, linear, spiniform, 3–8 cm × 2–
lower part. Calyx tubular, 1.5–1.7 cm × ca. 2.5 mm,
3 mm, pungent, basal margin ciliate, midvein prominent.
glabrous, slightly clavate in fruit, longitudinal veins
Flowers erect, in a racemiform thyrse, with usually
sometimes violet; calyx teeth triangular-lanceolate.
alternate, 1-flowered cymules. Pedicel shorter to
Androgynophore 5–6 mm, glabrous. Petal claws
slightly longer than calyx, glabrous, usually viscid;
slightly exserted beyond calyx, narrowly oblanceolate,
bracts ovate, margin membranous, ciliate. Calyx tubular,
glabrous, auricle not obvious, limbs white, bifid to 2/3
clavate in fruit, 2–2.5 cm × 2.5–3 mm, shortly
of petal; lobes linear, apex obtuse; coronal scales
pubescent, longitudinal veins green or violet; calyx
minute. Stamens and styles exserted; filaments glabrous.
Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, 8–10 mm, shorter than calyx. coronal scales minute. Stamens and styles exserted;
Seeds grayish brown, triangular-reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. filaments glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, 8–10 mm,
Jul–Aug, fr. Aug. 2n = 24*. shorter than or subequaling calyx. Seeds brown,
• Mountains; 1700–2400 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia.
reniform, ca. 1.5 mm, pitted. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
Sand dunes, grasslands. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Russia].
11. Silene repens Patrin in Persoon, Syn. Pl. 1: 500. 1805. 13. Silene macrostyla Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 54.
蔓茎蝇子草 wan jing ying zi cao 1859.
Silene pachyrrhiza Franchet; S. repens var. angustifolia 长柱蝇子草 chang zhu ying zi cao
Turczaninow ex Regel f. sinensis F. N. Williams; S.
repens var. latifolia Turczaninow; S. repens var. Silene foliosa Maximowicz var. macrostyla
sinensis (F. N. Williams) C. L. Tang; S. repens var. (Maximowicz) Rohrbach; S. tatarica Persoon var.
vulgaris Turczaninow; S. repens var. xilingensis Y. Z. macrostyla (Maximowicz) Regel.
Zhao. Herbs perennial, 50–90 cm tall. Roots robust, lignified,
Herbs perennial, 15–50 cm tall, shortly pubescent or multicrowned. Stems solitary or clustered, erect,
glabrous throughout. Rhizome slender, branched. Stems simple or sparsely branched above, basally retrorsely
solitary or sparsely caespitose, ascending, basally pubescent, apically glabrescent. Basal leaves withered
usually lignified, simple or sometimes branched. at anthesis; cauline leaves with prominent, sterile
Leaves with short, sterile axillary branches, linear- axillary branches, narrowly lanceolate, 4–9 cm × 5–13
lanceolate, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or orbicular- mm, both surfaces glabrous, margin ciliate, midvein
lanceolate, (1.5–)2–7 cm × (1–)3–10(–12) mm, prominent, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Flowers in a
sparsely pubescent, ciliate at margin, midvein thyrse; cymules 1- to several flowered. Pedicel 4–8 mm,
prominent, base cuneate. Flowers in a racemiform slender, glabrous; bracts lanceolate-linear, margin
thyrse; cymules usually 3–7-flowered, usually opposite, membranous, ciliate. Calyx sometimes pale violet,
distal cymules often capitate. Pedicel 1–8 mm; bracts broadly campanulate, 4–6 mm, glabrous.
lanceolate. Calyx often violet-tinged, tubular to clavate, Androgynophore 1–1.5 mm, shortly hairy. Petal claws
1–1.5 cm × 3–4.5 mm, pubescent. Androgynophore 4– glabrous, auricles not obvious; limbs white, bifid to 1/3
6(–8) mm, shortly pubescent. Petal claws oblanceolate, to 1/2 of petals; lobes obtuse; coronal scales minute.
without auricles; limbs not exserted beyond calyx, Stamens and styles conspicuously exserted; filaments
white, rarely yellowish white, obovate, usually 5–7 mm, glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, 5.5–6.5 mm, shorter
bifid to middle or less. Stamens and styles slightly than calyx. Seeds dark brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl.
exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
6–8 mm, shorter than calyx. Seeds black-brown,
reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Jul–Sep. 2n = 24, Gravelly grasslands, dry steppes, forests. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Li-
48. aoning [Korea, Russia].
Forests, grasslands, stream edges, stony mountain grasslands, dry
14. Silene foliosa Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 53. 1859.
steppes, sand dunes, grasslands, mountain summit steppes; 1500–
3500 m. NW Gansu, Hebei, Jilin, Nei Mongol, N Shaanxi, Sichuan, 石缝蝇子草 shi feng ying zi cao
Xizang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; NW North America].
This taxon is very variable and in urgent need of taxonomic revision ?Silene foliosa var. mongolica Maximowicz; ?S.
on a global scale. maximowicziana Kozhevnikov (1995), not Rohrbach
12. Silene odoratissima Bunge in Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: (1869–1870); S. tatarica Persoon var. foliosa
148. 1830. (Maximowicz) Regel.
香蝇子草 xiang ying zi cao
Silene radians Karelin & Kirilov. Herbs perennial, 25–40 cm tall. Roots robust, lignified,
Herbs somewhat suffruticose, greenish white, 30–60 cm multicrowned. Stems clustered, erect, slender, basally
tall, glabrous throughout. Stems caespitose, erect, retrorsely hairy. Basal leaves withered at anthesis;
multibranched throughout. Basal leaves withered at cauline leaves with prominent, sterile axillary branches,
anthesis; cauline leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 3–7 cm linear-oblanceolate or lanceolate-linear, 2–4 cm × 3–6
× 2–5(–9) mm, ciliate at margin, base attenuate, slightly mm, shortly villous at midvein, margin shortly ciliate,
clasping, apex acuminate or acute. Flowers in a base attenuate, apex acuminate. Flowers in a thyrse;
racemiform thyrse; cymules with peduncles cymules 1- to several flowered. Pedicel 4–6 mm,
subequaling or longer than pedicels, opposite, usually slender, viscid; bracts lanceolate-linear, basal margin
1-flowered. Pedicel 1–2 cm, viscid; bracts lanceolate, membranous, ciliate. Calyx ovoid-campanulate, 6–8
herbaceous, margin membranous, ciliate. Calyx tubular, mm. Androgynophore 2–2.5 mm, sparsely hairy. Petal
clavate in fruit, 1.2–1.5 cm, glabrous; calyx teeth 1–2 claws oblanceolate, glabrous; limbs white, deeply bifid
mm. Androgynophore ca. 5 mm, sparsely villous. Petal to middle or more; lobes linear, apex obtuse; coronal
claws oblanceolate, auricles not obvious; limbs exserted scales minute. Stamens and styles conspicuously
beyond calyx, white, 4-lobed; lobes linear, apex obtuse; exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule globose-
ovoid, 5–7 × 2.5–3 mm. Seeds grayish brown, reniform, Herbs perennial, 50–70 cm tall. Stems sparsely
ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug. caespitose, erect, branched, basally shortly pubescent,
Forests, mountain grasslands, gravelly stone fissures; 1300–2000 m.
apically viscid. Basal leaves spatulate or lanceolate, 6–8
Gansu, Heilongjiang, S Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shanxi, N Shaanxi cm × 5–10 mm, both surfaces hairy, shortly ciliate,
[Japan, Korea, Russia]. marcescent, base attenuate into long petiole; cauline
leaves with short, sterile axillary branches, lanceolate or
The concept of Silene foliosa and S. macrostyla, sensu Maximowicz,
linear-lanceolate. Flowers in a slender, racemiform
is difficult to understand, and it is possible that the variation between
these two taxa is more or less continuous. More detailed studies,
thyrse. Pedicel 5–10 mm, sparsely pubescent; bracts
including typifications, are needed. lanceolate, submembranous, sparsely villous, apex
acute. Calyx tubular-clavate, 8–12 × 2–3 mm, glabrous
15. Silene koreana Komarov, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. or sparsely villous, inflated in fruit. Androgynophore 2–
Sada 18: 440. 1901. 3 mm in fruit, glabrous. Petal claws narrowly
朝鲜蝇子草 chao xian ying zi cao oblanceolate, glabrous, without obvious auricles; limb
Herbs annual or biennial, 30–70 cm tall. Principal roots pale yellowish white, narrowly obovate, margin entire
slender. Stems solitary or sparsely clustered, erect, or slightly emarginate; coronal scales minute. Stamens
sparsely branched above, basally shortly pubescent, and styles exserted. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, 7–9 mm.
apically viscid. Basal leaves withered at early anthesis; Seeds reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.
cauline leaves with short, sterile axillary branches, Dry steppes; 500–1100 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2–4(–6) cm × 2–8(–15) Tajikistan].
mm, abaxially pubescent at midvein, ciliate, midvein 18. Silene pseudotenuis Schischkin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn.
prominent. Flowers in a racemiform thyrse; cymules 1- Bot. Sada SSSR 6(3): 6. 1926.
flowered, opposite; peduncles very short. Pedicel 5–20 昭苏蝇子草 zhao su ying zi cao
mm, slender, subglabrous, viscid; bracts linear-
lanceolate, ciliate. Calyx tubular to narrowly Herbs perennial, 20–50 cm tall. Roots robust, lignified,
campanulate, 8–9 mm, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., glabrous. crowned. Stems sparsely caespitose, erect, not or
Androgynophore 1.5–2 mm, pubescent. Petal claws sparsely branched, basally pubescent, rarely
narrowly oblanceolate, ciliate at base, auricles not ob- subglabrous, apically viscid. Basal leaves spatulate to
vious; limbs not exserted beyond calyx, white, oblanceolate, (2–)4–9 cm × 4–10 mm, both surfaces
shallowly bifid; coronal scales minute. Stamens and glabrous, ciliate, midvein conspicuous, base attenuate
styles prominently exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles into long petiole, apex acute or obtuse; cauline leaves
3. Capsule globose, 7–8.5 mm, shorter than calyx. 1–4 pairs, linear-lanceolate, smaller than basal leaves,
Seeds dark brown, globose-reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jul– without short, axillary sterile branches. Flowers in a
Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. racemiform thyrse; cymules several flowered, opposite,
Forests. Heilongjiang, Jilin [Japan, Korea, Russia]. appearing verticillate. Pedicel 5–13 mm, glabrous;
16. Silene kungessana B. Fedtschenko, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 14: bracts ovate-lanceolate, margin membranous, ciliate.
2. 1908. Calyx sometimes violet, clavate, 6–7 mm, glabrous.
Androgynophore 2–3 mm, pubescent. Petal claws
巩乃斯蝇子草 gong nai si ying zi cao elliptic-oblanceolate, ciliate basally, without auricles;
Herbs perennial, 80–100 cm tall, glabrous throughout. limbs yellowish white, elliptic, margin entire or
Stems sparsely caespitose, erect. Leaves ovate- emarginate. Coronal scales minute. Stamens and styles
lanceolate, 7–12 × 1.5–3 cm, base attenuate into long prominently exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles 3.
petiole. Flowers in a slender, racemiform thyrse. Capsule ovoid, ca. 6 mm. Seeds reniform. Fl. Jun–Jul.
Pedicel 6–10 mm; bracts lanceolate, small. Calyx Gravelly steppes, sandy steppes; 1900–3200 m. N Xinjiang [Ka-
tubular, 6–8 × 2–3 mm, glabrous. Androgynophore 1– zakhstan, Kyrgyzstan].
2 mm. Petal limbs white, margin entire or emarginate at 19. Silene holopetala Bunge in Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 142.
apex. Capsule ovoid, ca. 7 mm. Styles 3. Seeds 1830.
triangular-reniform, tuberculate.
全缘蝇子草 quan yuan ying zi cao
• Xinjiang.
No specimens have been seen by the present authors. Herbs perennial, 30–80 cm tall, suffrutescent at base.
Roots robust, lignified. Stems caespitose, erect,
17. Silene komarovii Schischkin in Komarov, Fl. URSS 6:
multibranched; branchlets opposite, sparsely villous.
678. 1936.
Leaves with short, axillary branches, lanceolate to
轮伞蝇子草 lun san ying zi cao linear, 1–3 cm × 1.5–3 mm, pubescent, base attenuate,
Silene viscidula Komarov, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. apex acute. Flowers in a racemiform thyrse; cymules
Obshch. Estestvoisp., Vyp. 3, Otd. Bot. 26: 129. 1896, opposite, several flowered, appearing verticillate. Pedi-
not Franchet (1886). cel 2–6(–10) mm, viscid; bracts ovate-lanceolate, small,
margin membranous, ciliate. Calyx tubular-clavate, 6–9 Soviet Union. The treatment here is to a large extent in agreement
× 2.5 mm, glabrous, slightly inflated above in fruit. with Fl. URSS and herbarium determinations in BM, K, E, and P (but
Androgynophore ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Petal claws see note under S. graminifolia).
21. Silene graminifolia Otth in de Candolle, Prodr. 1: 368.
oblanceolate, glabrous, auricles absent or obsolete;
1824.
limbs white, pale red below, narrowly obovate, margin
entire; coronal scales minute. Stamens and styles slight- 禾叶蝇子草 he ye ying zi cao
ly exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, Silene jenisseensis Willdenow var. viscifera Y. C.
5–8 mm. Seeds reniform, tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Chu; ?S. pubistyla L. H. Zhou; S. stylosa Bunge; ?S.
Aug–Sep. tenuis Willdenow.
Stony mountains; ca. 400 m. NW Xinjiang [Kazakhstan].
Herbs perennial, 15–50 cm. Roots robust, multicrowned.
The above four species all belong to Silene sect. Holopetalae Stems caespitose, erect, slender, simple, glabrous or
Chowdhuri, with many taxa described from the region of the former pubescent at base, apically viscid. Basal leaves
Soviet Union. A revision on a global scale is needed to understand numerous, linear-oblanceolate, thin, 2–8(–10) cm × 2–
properly the variation of the Chinese plants.
4.5 mm, ciliate, base attenuate into short petiole, apex
20. Silene jenisseensis Willdenow, Enum. Pl. 1: 473. 1809. acute; cauline leaves 2 or 3 pairs, sessile, ciliate, base
山蚂蚱草 shan ma zha cao slightly connate, clasping. Flowers in a racemiform
Silene dasyphylla Turczaninow; ?S. graminifolia var. thyrse; cymules opposite, with a solitary flower;
parviflora Ledebour; ?S. jenissea Poiret; ?S. jenissea peduncles very short. Pedicel shorter than or nearly as
Stephan ex Bunge; ?S. jenissea var. parviflora long as calyx, slender, glabrous; bracts ovate-
Turczaninow; ?S. jenissea var. setifolia lanceolate, margin membranous, ciliate. Calyx
Turczaninow; ?S. jenisseensis var. oliganthella (Nakai narrowly campanulate, 7–10 × 2–3 mm, glabrous.
ex Kitagawa) Y. C. Chu; ?S. jenisseensis f. parviflora Androgynophore 2–3 mm, glabrous. Petal claws
(Turczaninow) Schischkin; ?S. jenisseensis f. setifolia narrowly oblanceolate, long ciliate, limbs exserted
beyond calyx, white, deeply bifid to middle; lobes
(Turczaninow) Schischkin; ?S. jenisseensis var.
linear, apex obtuse; coronal scales minute. Stamens and
vegetior Popov; ?S. oliganthella Nakai ex Kitagawa; ?S.
styles exserted. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, 7–8 mm. Seeds
pauciflora (F. N. Williams) Nakai; ?S. tenuis
dark brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug.
Willdenow var. jenissea Rohrbach; ?S. tenuis var.
pauciflora F. N. Williams. Mountain grasslands; 1600–4200 m. Nei Mongol, Xinjiang, ?Xizang
[Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia].
Herbs perennial, 20–50 cm tall. Roots robust, lignified. Schischkin (in Komarov, Fl. URSS 6: 626. 1936) stated that the type
Stems caespitose, erect or suberect, simple, glabrous, of Silene tenuis, a name very often applied to plants in this group,
usually with many axillary sterile shoots at base. Basal “does not correspond to the Siberian plant [S. graminifolia Otth] and
leaves numerous, narrowly oblanceolate or lanceolate- belongs to some other species.” It is imperative that the identity of S.
linear, 5–13 cm × 2–7 mm, midvein prominent, base tenuis be settled.
attenuate into long petiole, margin ciliate at base; 22. Silene gracilicaulis C. L. Tang, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 2: 434.
cauline leaves few, small, clasping at base. Flowers in a 1980.
racemiform thyrse; cymules opposite, proximal ones 细蝇子草 xi ying zi cao
usually with more than one flower, distal ones with a Silene gracilicaulis C. L. Tang var. longipedicellata C.
solitary flower; peduncles very short. Pedicel 4–18 mm, L. Tang; S. gracilicaulis var. rubescens (Franchet) C. L.
glabrous; bracts ovate or lanceolate, base slightly Tang; S. sericata C. L. Tang; S. tenuis Willdenow f.
connate, margin membranous, ciliate, apex acuminate. rubescens Franchet; S. tenuis Willdenow var. denudata
Calyx narrowly campanulate, slightly inflated in fruit, Y. W. Tsui & L. H. Zhou; S. tenuis Willdenow var.
8–10(–12) mm, glabrous, longitudinal veins green or
rubescens (Franchet) Diels.
violet. Androgynophore ca. 2 mm, shortly hairy. Petal
Herbs perennial, (15–)20–50 cm. Roots robust, slightly
claws narrowly oblanceolate, glabrous, without obvious
lignified. Stems sparsely, rarely densely, caespitose,
auricles; limbs white or pale greenish, bifid to middle;
erect or ascending, simple, rarely 1- or 2-branched
lobes linear, apex obtuse; coronal scales small. Stamens
below, glabrous, rarely shortly pubescent. Basal leaves
and styles exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles 3.
numerous, linear-oblanceolate, 6–18 cm × 2–5 mm,
Capsule ovoid, 6–7 mm. Seeds grayish brown, reniform,
both surfaces glabrous, ciliate basally, base attenuate
ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 24.
into petiole, apex acuminate at apex; cauline leaves
Forest margins, forested grasslands, shifting alpine screes, steppes, linear-lanceolate, smaller than basal leaves, ciliate, base
sandy steppes, mountain grasslands, gravelly grasslands, dune half clasping. Flowers in a racemiform thyrse; cymules
margins; 200–1000 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei opposite, 1-flowered (rarely more); peduncles very
Mongol, Shanxi [Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
short. Pedicel nearly as long as calyx, glabrous; bracts
No type material has been seen by the present authors. Such material ovate-lanceolate, 4–12 mm, ciliate, base connate, apex
is necessary for a complete understanding of this very difficult group acuminate. Calyx narrowly campanulate, 8–15(–18) × 4
(Silene jenisseensis and the following two species), which has mm, glabrous, longitudinal veins violet, connate at
numerous forms and varieties described from the region of the former apex; calyx teeth triangular-ovate, margin
membranous, white, shortly ciliate, apex obtuse. Herbs biennial, 20–70 cm tall, densely short glandular
Androgynophore ca. 2 mm, shortly hairy. Petal claws hairy throughout. Stems sparsely caespitose or solitary,
oblanceolate, glabrous, auricles triangular; limbs robust, erect, simple. Basal and proximal cauline leaves
exserted beyond calyx, white, violet or pink below, spatulate or spatulate-oblanceolate, 3–5 × ca. 1 cm,
bifid to middle or below, lobes narrowly rounded; midvein prominent, base attenuate into petiole, apex
coronal scales orbicular, small. Stamens and styles ex- obtuse or acute; distal leaves sessile, lanceolate, apex
serted; filaments glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule globose- acuminate. Flowers in a racemiform thyrse; cymule
ovoid, 6–8 mm. Seeds orbicular-reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. shortly stalked, 1–3(–7)-flowered. Pedicel 3–5 mm;
Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. bracts ovate-lanceolate, herbaceous. Calyx tubular-
• Gravelly grasslands, mountains; 3000–4000 m. Nei Mongol, clavate, 1.7–2 cm × ca. 4 mm, densely glandular hairy;
Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan. calyx teeth triangular-ovate, 1.5–2 mm.
Silene gracilicaulis var. rubescens, from Yunnan, is distinct from the Androgynophore 2–3 mm, pubescent. Petals ca. 2 cm,
typical variety in having larger flowers with pink petals. Considering claws cuneate, ciliate at base, auriculate at apex; limbs
the subtle differences between other species recognized in this group, exserted beyond calyx, white, deeply 4-lobed; medial
it may well deserve specific status. lobes ovate, margin entire; lateral lobes linear-lanceo-
late, small; coronal scales absent. Stamens and styles
Silene sericata was distinguished on its ciliate calyx teeth, which in
fact is a common character for all taxa in this group (as well as most
prominently exserted; filaments ciliate at base. Styles 3.
of the genus Silene). Capsule globose-ovoid, 1–1.2 cm, lobe teeth excurved.
Silene pterosperma Maximowicz (Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Seeds dark brown, triangular-reniform, ca. 1.2 mm,
Sada 11: 67. 1889) was placed in this group in FRPS, but we believe slightly flat on one side, striate, minutely tuberculate. Fl.
it more likely that this taxon is related to S. salicifolia (see note under May–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
that species) or S. hupehensis. Grasslands, cultivated fields; 600–1900 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan,
23. Silene dumetosa C. L. Tang, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4: 154. Mongolia, Russia].
1982.
灌丛蝇子草 guan cong ying zi cao 25. Silene suaveolens Turczaninow ex Karelin & Kirilov,
Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 168. 1842.
Herbs perennial, 10–20 cm. Roots robust, multicrowned.
Stems caespitose, suberect, simple, white pubescent; 细裂蝇子草 xi lie ying zi cao
sterile stems numerous. Basal leaves numerous,
Melandrium griffithii (Boissier) Rohrbach; M.
spatulate to oblanceolate, 3–6 cm × 3–7 mm, both
suaveolens (Turczaninow ex Karelin & Kirilov)
surfaces glabrous, ciliate, midvein obvious, base
Schischkin; M. viscosum (Linnaeus) Celakovsky f.
attenuate into short petiole, apex acute; cauline leaves
suaveolens Krylov; Silene griffithii Boissier; S. viscosa
2 or 3 pairs, narrowly oblanceolate, pubescent. Flowers
(Linnaeus) Persoon f. multifida Krylov.
in a racemiform thyrse; cymules opposite, 1-flowered,
often 3; peduncles very short. Pedicel 1–2.5 cm, slender, Herbs biennial, rarely perennial, 30–80 cm tall, densely
villous and sparsely glandular hairy; bracts lanceolate, pubescent and viscid throughout. Stems sparsely
pubescent. Calyx campanulate or broadly campanulate, caespitose, erect, simple. Basal leaves oblanceolate,
1.5–1.7 cm × 6–8 mm; longitudinal veins usually violet, base attenuate into long petiole, withered at anthesis;
pubescent. Androgynophore 3–4 mm, shortly hairy. cauline leaves sessile, lanceolate, 3–8 cm × 3–30 mm,
Petal claws oblanceolate, glabrous, auricles orbicular; apex acuminate. Flowers in a racemiform thyrse.
Pedicel 3–5 mm; bracts lanceolate, small. Calyx
limbs exserted beyond calyx, violet, bifid to middle;
tubular-club-shaped, 1.4–2 cm × ca. 3 mm, densely
lobes slightly curved, apex obtuse; coronal scales pubescent, viscid, longitudinal veins not prominent;
lanceolate. Stamens and styles included, ca. 1 cm; fila- calyx teeth triangular, short, margin membranous,
ments glabrous. Styles 3(or 4). Fl. Aug–Sep. ciliate, apex obtuse. Androgynophore 2–3 mm,
• Scrub; ca. 4000 m. NW Yunnan. pubescent. Petals exserted beyond calyx, 1.5–2 cm;
The type has not been seen by the present authors. Judging from the claws narrowly cuneate, ciliate, auricles not prominent;
original description, Silene dumetosa is possibly closely related to, or limbs white, multilobed, lobes linear; coronal scales
a synonym of, S. stewartiana, and does not belong to the S. absent. Stamens prominently exserted, to 2.5 cm;
gracilicaulis group. filaments ciliate. Styles exserted. Capsule globose-
ovoid, 1–1.2 cm, shorter than calyx. Seeds reniform, ca.
24. Silene quadriloba Turczaninow ex Karelin & Kirilov,
1 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 167. 1842.
Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Taji-
四裂蝇子草 si lie ying zi cao kistan].
This species is very closely related to Silene quadriloba, differing
Melandrium quadrilobum (Turczaninow ex Karelin & mainly in the multilobed petals.
Kirilov) Schischkin; M. viscosum (Linnaeus) 26. Silene firma Siebold & Zuccarini, Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl.
Celakovsky f. quadrilobum Krylov; Silene viscosa Konigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(2): 166. 1843.
(Linnaeus) Persoon var. quadriloba Trautvetter. 疏毛女娄菜 shu mao nu lou cai
Melandrium apricum (Turczaninow) Rohrbach var. fir- or slightly longer than calyx, bifid; coronal scales lig-
mum (Siebold & Zuccarini) Rohrbach; ?M. apricum var. ulate. Stamens and styles included; filaments ciliate at
firmum f. pubescens Makino; M. firmum (Siebold & base. Styles 3, shortly hairy at base. Capsule ovoid, 8–9
Zuccarini) Rohrbach; ?M. firmum f. pubescens (Makino) mm, subequaling or slightly longer than calyx. Seeds
Makino; ?M. firmum var. pubescens (Makino) Y. Z. gray-brown, globose-reniform, 0.6–0.7 mm, thickened,
Zhao; Silene aprica Turczaninow var. firma (Siebold & minutely tuberculate. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jun–Aug.
Plateaus, downs, mountains. Throughout China [Japan, Korea,
Zuccarini) F. N. Williams; S. epilosa W. W. Smith; ?S.
Mongolia, Russia].
firma f. pubescens (Makino) Ohwi & Ohashi; ?S. firma
var. pubescens (Makino) S. Y. He. Silene oldhamiana, described from Ningbo, Zhejiang, has pink petal
limbs 4–5 mm long, and may deserve status as an independent taxon.
Herbs annual or biennial, 50–100 cm tall, usually Wu Zhengyi (editor’s note) regards it as a maritime variety of the
glabrous throughout, sometimes only shortly hairy at widespread S. aprica. Silene morii, from Taiwan, was segregated on
base. Stems erect, sometimes dark violet basally, subtle differences in calyx teeth morphology.
robust, simple or sparsely branched. Leaves elliptic- 28. Silene orientalimongolica Kozhevnikov, Novosti Sist.
lanceolate to ovate-oblanceolate or obovate- Vyssh. Rast. 21: 68. 1984.
oblanceolate, 4–10(–16) × 0.8–2.5(–5) cm, base atten-
uate, apex acute. Flowers in an irregular thyrse. At least 内蒙古女娄菜 nei meng gu nu lou cai
distal cymules without a stalk, proximal cymules rarely Melandrium orientalimongolicum (Kozhevnikov) Y. Z.
stalked. Pedicel erect, 5–18(–30) mm, usually glabrous; Zhao.
bracts narrowly lanceolate. Calyx ovoid-campanulate,
7–9 mm, glabrous, enlarged to 1–1.2 cm in fruit, veins Herbs annual or biennial, 10–40 cm tall, densely pub-
escent throughout. Principal roots robust, lignified.
green. Androgynophore very short or obsolete, glabrous.
Stems erect, solitary or multibranched at base. Basal
Petals included, white; claws oblanceolate, glabrous,
leaves petiolate, distal leaves sessile; leaf blade
auriculate; limbs ovate, bifid. Coronal scales small. oblanceolate or lanceolate, 2–5 cm × 2–5 mm, midvein
Stamens and styles included. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, raised abaxially, both surfaces densely pubescent, base
8–11 mm, shorter or longer than calyx. Seeds gray- attenuate into petiole or sessile, apex acute. Cymes
brown, globose-reniform, ca. 1 mm, tuberculate. Fl. terminal, conical; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous, ciliate,
Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = 48. apex acuminate. Pedicels erect, unequal in length, 5–20
Mountain grasslands, scrub; 300–2500 m. Throughout China [Japan, mm, pubescent. Calyx elliptic or ovoid-campanulate, 6–
Korea, Russia]. 8 mm, ovoid in fruit, ca. 1 cm, glandular hairy;
27. Silene aprica Turczaninow ex Fischer & C. A. Meyer, longitudinal veins 10, green, cohering at apex; calyx
Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 38. 1835. teeth triangular-lanceolate, margin membranous, ciliate.
Androgynophore very short. Petals white or pale red;
女娄菜 nu lou cai limbs obovate, shallowly bifid at apex; claws narrowly
cuneate; coronal scales ligulate. Stamens included;
Hedona ischnopetala F. N. Williams; Melandrium apri- filaments hairy at base. Styles 3, short, shortly hairy at
cum (Turczaninow ex Fischer & C. A. Meyer) base. Capsule ovoid, ca. 8 mm, shorter than calyx, 6-
Rohrbach; M. apricum subsp. oldhamianum (Miquel) toothed. Seeds gray-brown, reniform, ca. 0.6 mm,
Kitagawa; M. apricum var. oldhamianum (Miquel) Y. C. tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
Chu; M. oldhamianum (Miquel) Rohrbach; Silene
• Steppes, sterile areas. Nei Mongol [?Russia].
aprica var. oldhamiana (Miquel) C. Y. Wu; S.
melandriiformis Maximowicz; S. morii Hayata; S. mu- 29. Silene otites (Linnaeus) Wibel, Prim. Fl. Werth. 241.
shaensis Hayata; S. oldhamiana Miquel; S. taquetii H. 1799.
Léveillé. 黄雪轮 huang xue lun
Herbs annual or biennial, 30–70 cm tall, densely gray
pubescent throughout. Principal roots robust, slightly Cucubalus otites Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 415. 1753; Silene
lignified. Stems erect, simple or branched. Basal leaves pseudo-otites Besser ex Reichenbach.
oblanceolate or narrowly spatulate, 4–7 cm × 4–8 mm,
midvein prominent, base attenuate into long petiole, Herbs biennial, 20–40 cm tall, villous throughout.
apex acute; cauline leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate or Roots robust. Stem solitary, erect, simple or sparsely
linear-lanceolate, smaller than basal leaves. Cymules branched. Basal leaves spatulate, 4–6 cm × 5–12 mm,
stalked. Pedicel erect, 5–20(–40) mm; bracts lanceolate, base attenuate into long petiole, apex obtuse or
herbaceous, ciliate, apex acuminate. Calyx ovoid- mucronulate; cauline leaves linear-oblanceolate, small,
campanulate, 6–8 mm, to 1.2 cm in fruit, nearly narrow. Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious), in a
herbaceous, densely pubescent; longitudinal veins green, racemiform thyrse with many-flowered cymules. Ped-
cohering at apex; calyx teeth triangular-lanceolate, icel 4–10 mm, slender, glabrous. Calyx campanulate,
margin membranous, ciliate. Androgynophore very 4–6 mm, glabrous. Androgynophore obsolete. Petal
short or obsolete, pubescent. Petal claws ciliate below; claws glabrous; limbs greenish, linear-oblanceolate,
limbs white or pink, oblanceolate, 1–5 mm, subequaling small, margin entire; coronal scales absent. Stamens
and styles slightly exserted. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid or Male and female plants of species nos. 29–31 may differ considerably,
subglobose, 3.5–5(–6) mm, slightly longer than calyx. both in vegetative and floral parts. An understanding of this variation
Seeds reniform, small. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug. 2n = 24. is desirable in order to attain a useful taxonomy of this group.
• Alpine grasslands; 2800–3900 m. NW Yunnan (Lijiang Naxi Zu This species is probably best regarded as conspecific with Silene
Zizhixian). scopulorum, because it is impossible to find sharp discontinuities in
85. Silene scopulorum Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: any of the characters used for separating them.
423. 1886. 87. Silene delavayi Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 424.
岩生蝇子草 yan sheng ying zi cao 1886.
Lychnis scopulorum (Franchet) Diels; Melandrium 西南蝇子草 xi nan ying zi cao
scopulorum (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti.
Herbs perennial, 20–25 cm tall. Roots cylindric, multi- Lychnis delavayi (Franchet) Diels; Melandrium
crowned. Stems sparsely caespitose, ascending, simple, delavayi (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti.
shortly villous. Basal leaves oblanceolate, 4–7 cm × 5– Herbs perennial, 20–40(–60) cm tall. Roots conical.
10 mm, glabrous, margin ciliate, midvein prominent, Stems sparsely caespitose, ascending, simple, apically
base attenuate into long petiole, apex acute; cauline densely glandular hairy. Basal leaves elliptic-lanceolate,
leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, small. Cymes few 3–8(–12) × 1–1.7 (–2.5) cm, minutely pubescent, ciliate,
flowered; flowers slightly nutant. Pedicel 2–4 mm, midvein obvious, densely pubescent, base attenuate into
villous with curved hairs; bracts ovate-elliptic, long petiole, sometimes nearly cuneate, apex acute or
herbaceous, shortly villous. Calyx reddish, campanulate, obtuse; cauline leaves usually 2–4 pairs, violet,
1.2–1.5 cm × ca. 6 mm, base rounded; longitudinal lanceolate, 1.5–3 cm. Cymes many flowered; flowers
veins violet, cohering at apex, multicellular glandular slightly nutant. Pedicel shorter than calyx, densely
hairy; calyx teeth nearly semirounded, margin violet glandular hairy; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous.
membranous, ciliate, apex acute. Androgynophore ca. Calyx narrowly campanulate or cylindric-campanulate,
1.5 mm, glabrous. Petals dark violet, 1.5–2 cm; claws 1–1.5(–2) cm × 4–5 mm, densely violet glandular hairy,
oblanceolate, glabrous, with auricles; limbs exserted longitudinal veins violet; calyx teeth triangular-
beyond calyx, broadly obovate, deeply 4-lobed; medial lanceolate, 4–6 mm. Androgynophore ca. 2 mm,
lobes narrowly elliptic, sometimes toothed or shallowly glabrous. Petals red or dark violet, (1.5–)2–2.5(–3) cm;
bifid; lateral lobes spreading, linear; coronal scales
claws narrowly cuneate, glabrous, auricles triangular;
subsquarrose, laciniate. Stamens included; filaments
limbs exserted beyond calyx, nearly orbicular,
glabrous. Styles included. Capsule ovoid, 8–10 mm,
shallowly bifid or emarginate; lobes nearly ovate, erose
shorter than calyx. Seeds ca. 2.5 mm, winged. Fl. Aug–
at apex, sometimes lateral part of limb 1-toothed at base;
Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
• Alpine grasslands; 3000–4000 m. NW Yunnan.
coronal scales narrowly elliptic, apex erose. Stamens
slightly exserted; filaments glabrous. Capsule globose-
86. Silene melanantha Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm, shorter than calyx. Seeds dark brown,
423. 1886. reniform, 1.2–1.5 mm, minutely tuberculate, with long,
黑花蝇子草 hei hua ying zi cao
sharp tubercles toward abaxial side. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. to middle of petals; lateral lobes linear-orbicular, small;
Sep–Oct. coronal scales suborbicular to orbicular. Stamens
• Mountain grasslands; below 3800 m. NW Yunnan. included; filaments glabrous. Styles included. Capsule
This species is used medicinally.
ellipsoid, ca. 1 cm, slightly longer than calyx. Seeds
88. Silene longicornuta C. Y. Wu & C. L. Tang, Acta Bot.
reniform, minutely tuberculate. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Oct.
Yunnan. 4: 149. 1982.
• Stony substrate of forests; 2400–3600 m. SW Sichuan, N Yunnan.
长角蝇子草 chang jiao ying zi cao 90. Silene lineariloba C. Y. Wu, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4: 148.
Herbs perennial, 7–15 cm tall. Roots robust. Stems 1982.
solitary or sparsely clustered, erect, simple, rarely 线瓣蝇子草 xian ban ying zi cao
branched at base, densely villous and glandular hairy. Herbs perennial, 6–15 cm tall. Roots robust. Stems
Basal leaves oblanceolate, 5–12 × 1–2 cm, glabrous, sparsely caespitose, erect, simple, densely glandular
margin long ciliate, midvein conspicuous, base hairy. Basal leaves saccate-oblanceolate, 3–6 × 0.8–1.2
attenuate into long petiole, apex acute or acuminate; cm, both surfaces subglabrous, margin ciliate, midvein
cauline leaves 1 or 2 pairs, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, prominent, base attenuate into petiole, apex obtuse,
smaller than basal leaves. Cymes many flowered, rarely rarely rounded; cauline leaves 1 or 2 pairs oblanceolate
2- or 3-flowered. Pedicel 1–2.5 cm, dense hairy with to lanceolate, small. Cymes multiflowered. Pedicel 5–
multicellular, violet glandular hairs; bracts ovate or 15 mm, glandular villous; bracts ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1
ovate-lanceolate, 8–15 mm, herbaceous, densely cm, herbaceous, glandular villous. Calyx narrowly
glandular villous. Calyx narrowly campanulate, 1.2– campanulate, 9–11 × 3–3.5 mm, densely glandular
1.7 cm × ca. 5 mm, densely violet glandular hairy, villous, longitudinal veins not prominent; calyx teeth
longitudinal veins violet; calyx teeth triangular-lanceo- triangular, ca. 2 mm, ciliate, apex obtuse.
late, 3–4 mm, margin membranous, ciliate, apex acute. Androgynophore 1–1.5 mm, pubescent. Petals pale red,
Androgynophore 1–2 mm, glabrous. Petals violet, to 1.2–1.4 cm; claws oblanceolate, glabrous, exauriculate;
2.5 cm; claws slightly exserted beyond calyx, white, limbs exserted beyond calyx, subsaccate, 3–5 mm,
cuneate-oblanceolate, 1–1.3 cm, glabrous, auricles deeply 4-lobed to below middle of petal; lobes linear,
orbicular, margin erose; limbs obovate, deeply 4-lobed nearly equal in size; lateral lobes spreading; coronal
to 2/3 of petals; medial lobes broadly band-shaped, scales nearly flabellate, ca. 0.6 mm, margin entire or
sometimes emarginate at apex; lateral lobes linear, slightly emarginate. Stamens included; filaments
small; coronal scales lanceolate. Stamens included; glabrous. Styles exserted after anthesis. Capsule ovoid,
filaments glabrous. Styles included. Capsule globose. ca. 8 mm, shorter than calyx. Fl. Sep–Oct.
Seeds reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Sep–Oct. • About 2900 m. NW Yunnan.
• Stony fissures in mountains; ca. 2500 m. SW Sichuan, W Yunnan. Species nos. 91–110 belong to an informal group that approximates to
89. Silene oblanceolata W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Silene sect. Cucubaloideae Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker. As cir-
Edinburgh 11: 227. 1920. cumscribed here, this is a distinct, probably monophyletic group char-
倒披针叶蝇子草 dao pi zhen ye ying zi cao acterized by more or less creeping habit and fleshy, fasciculate root
Melandrium oblanceolatum (W. W. Smith) Handel- tubers.
The species of the “Cucubaloideae” group can be described as
Mazzetti.
follows. Herbs perennial, with clustered, tuberous roots. Stems diffuse,
Herbs perennial, 15–30 cm tall. Roots slightly robust. supine or ascending, branched. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme.
Stems solitary or sparsely clustered, erect or ascending, Flowers bisexual, erect. Calyx tubular-clavate or campanulate,
simple, densely hairy with violet, nodiferous glandular appressed to capsule in fruit, 10-veined, veins usually violet, usually
hairs, apically viscid. Basal leaves usually violet, coherent at calyx teeth. Androgynophore short. Petals red, rarely
oblanceolate, 5–15 × 1–2 cm, both surfaces slightly white, bifid, sometimes 1-toothed on each side; coronal scales present.
coarse, sometimes sparsely hairy, margin ciliate, Styles 3. The group is distributed in China, the Himalayas, and Indo-
midvein prominent, base attenuate into long petiole, China.
apex acute or rarely obtuse; cauline leaves 2 or 3 pairs, 91. Silene tatarinowii Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes
Moscou 34(2): 562. 1861.
sessile, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, margin ciliate, apex
acuminate. Cymes many flowered; flowers slightly 石生蝇子草 shi sheng ying zi cao
nutant. Pedicel 5–15 mm, densely violet glandular hairy;
bracts ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, glandular hairy. Melandrium tatarinowii (Regel) Y. W. Tsui; Silene po-
Calyx narrowly campanulate, 1–1.2 cm × 3–3.5 mm, taninii Maximowicz; S. tatarinowii f. albiflora
densely violet glandular hairy, closed in fruit, (Franchet) Kitagawa; S. tatarinowii var. albiflora
longitudinal veins cohering at apex; calyx teeth Franchet.
triangular-lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, glandular hairy. Herbs perennial, finely retrorse pubescent throughout.
Androgynophore very short, villous. Petals included, Roots yellowish, cylindric or spiniform. Stems
lilac or red, ca. 1 cm; claws saccate or oblanceolate, ascending or supine, branched, sometimes with
glabrous, auricle erose at margin; limbs nearly orbicular, adventitious roots at nodes. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-
deeply 4-lobed; median lobes orbicular, shallowly bifid lanceolate, rarely ovate, 2–5 × 0.5–1.5(–2) cm, both
surfaces sparsely villous, margin shortly ciliate, 1- or 93. Silene yunnanensis Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33:
usually 3-veined, base broadly cuneate or attenuate into 425. 1886.
petiole, apex acuminate. Dichasial cymes lax, broad. 云南蝇子草 yun nan ying zi cao
Pedicel 8–30(–50) mm, slender, pubescent; bracts
lanceolate, herbaceous. Calyx tubular-clavate, 1.2–1.5 Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, long cylindric. Stems
cm × 3–5 mm; longitudinal veins green, rarely violet, diffuse, 20–80 cm, much branched, pubescent. Leaves
glabrous or sparsely pubescent; calyx teeth triangular, sessile, gray-green abaxially, green or gray-green
margin membranous, shortly ciliate, apex acute, rarely adaxially, lanceolate, 3–7 × 0.6–1.5 cm, base rounded
obtuse. Androgynophore ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Petals to broadly cuneate, apex acuminate, pubescent with
white, oblanceolate, claws not or slightly exserted be- small tubercle-based hairs. Cymes few flowered, dense
yond calyx, glabrous, exauriculate; limbs obovate, ca. 7 to rather lax; flowers erect, ca. 2 cm in diam. Pedicel 5–
mm, shallowly bifid to 1/4 of limbs, each with 1 small 20 mm, densely pubescent; bracts lanceolate, her-
linear lobe or slender tooth on two lateral lobes; coronal baceous, villous. Calyx tubular-clavate, ca. 15 × 3.5
scales elliptic, margin entire. Stamens prominently mm; longitudinal veins green or violet, densely spinose
exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles prominently hairy, or ± evenly pubescent; calyx teeth triangular-
exserted. Capsule ovoid or narrowly ovoid, 6–8 mm, lanceolate, margin membranous, ciliate, apex acuminate.
shorter than calyx. Seeds gray-brown, reniform, ca. 1 Androgynophore 2–3 mm, glabrous. Petals pale red to
mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct. white, 2–2.5 cm; claws slightly exserted, oblanceolate,
glabrous; limbs broadly obovate, deeply bifid to middle;
• Scrub, forested stony mountains, rock fissures; 800–2900 m. Gansu,
Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shanxi,
lobes obovate, with 1 small linear lobe on lateral side
Shaanxi, Sichuan. at base; coronal scales elliptic, margin entire. Stamens
exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles exserted. Capsule
92. Silene platyphylla Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33:
narrowly ovoid, 1–1.2 cm, shorter than calyx. Seeds
419. 1886.
dark brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm, with long papillae
宽叶蝇子草 kuan ye ying zi cao abaxially. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Sep. 2n = 24*.
• Forests, fields; (2400–)2700–3400(–3900) m. NW Yunnan.
Melandrium platyphyllum (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; 94. Silene adenocalyx F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38:
M. praticola (W. W. Smith) Pax & K. Hoffmann; 403. 1909.
Silene platyphylla f. congesta Franchet; S. platyphylla f. 腺萼蝇子草 xian e ying zi cao
involucrata Franchet; S. platyphylla f. paniculifera Herbs perennial. Stems supine, 25–40 cm,
Franchet; S. platyphylla var. praticola (W. W. Smith) C. multibranched, densely short glandular hairy,
Y. Wu; S. praticola W. W. Smith. sometimes glandular hairy apically. Leaves ovate-
Herbs perennial. Roots cylindric. Stems diffuse, 60–100 lanceolate to lanceolate, 1.5–3 cm × 5–12 mm, both
cm tall, much branched, pubescent. Leaves ovate, 6–8 × surfaces densely pubescent, margin glandular hairy, 1-
3–5 cm, abaxially pubescent, margin ciliate, or 3-veined, base rounded, apex acuminate. Dichasial
conspicuously 3- or 5-veined, base nearly rounded or cymes 3–10-flowered, lax. Pedicel 1–2.5 cm, slender,
shallowly ovate, apex acute. Lower internodes in glandular villous; bracts lanceolate, 8–10 mm,
dichasium long, subsequent short. Pedicel 6–30 mm, pubescent. Calyx tubular, 1.4–1.5 cm × 4–5 mm,
hirtellous. Bracts ovate, herbaceous, densely pubescent. truncate at base, slightly constricted above, glandular
Calyx tubular-clavate, ca. 1.5 cm, densely spinose hairy villous, longitudinal veins dark green; calyx teeth nar-
at veins; teeth triangular-lanceolate, margin rowly lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, shortly glandular hairy,
membranous, ciliate, apex acute or acuminate. margin shortly ciliate, apex acuminate.
Androgynophore 1–2 mm. Petals white or pale red, ca. Androgynophore ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Petals white or
2 cm; claws slightly exserted beyond calyx, pale red; claws cuneate-oblanceolate, ca. 1 cm, glabrous;
oblanceolate, glabrous; limbs obovate, bifid to middle; auricles triangular, margin entire or slightly erose; limb
lobes elliptic, with a linear lobe or narrow tooth on each narrow, ca. 5 mm, bifid to 1/2, lobes entire or laciniate.
side (shallowly 4-lobed in var. praticola). Stamens Stamens and styles prominently exserted. Capsule ca. 8
slightly exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles mm. Seeds not seen. Fl. Jul–Aug.
prominently exserted. Capsule ovoid, 8–10 mm, shorter • Alpine scrub grasslands, shifting screes; 3200–4300 m. C and SE
Xizang.
than calyx. Seeds dark brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm, with 95. Silene trachyphylla Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33:
lateral auricular pits. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. 417. 1886.
• Forest margins, scrub; 2400–2700(–3200) m. SW Sichuan, W 糙叶蝇子草 cao ye ying zi cao
Yunnan. Herbs perennial. Roots cylindric, with robust root
The primary dichasial branch is very long and subsequent ones short, crowns. Stems supine or ascending, branched, densely
especially so in f. involucrata. The species is not divided here, but Wu glandular villous. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or
Zhengyi (editor’s note) prefers to maintain var. praticola. lanceolate, 3–5 cm × 6–8(–12) mm, both surfaces
hirtellous, margin coarsely ciliate, midvein prominent, • Scrub grasslands, forest edges; 1300–3900 m. Guizhou, Sichuan,
base attenuate, apex acuminate. Dichasial cymes large, Yunnan.
The type material of Silene kermesina is slightly heterogeneous; the
many flowered. Pedicel nearly as long as to longer than
specimen at BM has slightly larger and less hairy calyces, whereas
calyx, densely glandular hairy; bracts lanceolate. Calyx the specimen at E fits well with our concept of S. asclepiadea.
tubular, 1.5–2 cm × ca. 3.5 mm, glandular hairy, 97. Silene khasiana Rohrbach, Linnaea 36: 258. 1869.
umbilicate at base, longitudinal veins violet; calyx 卡西亚蝇子草 ka xi ya ying zi cao
teeth triangular-ovate, ca. 2 mm, villous, margin Herbs perennial, glandular villous throughout. Stems
membranous, ciliate, apex obtuse. Androgynophore ca. sparsely caespitose, ascending, 50–80 cm, branched.
3 mm, glabrous. Petals pale red, ca. 2.5 cm; claws Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 2.5–5 × 1–2.5 cm,
slightly exserted beyond calyx, oblanceolate, glabrous, conspicuously 3- or 5-veined, both surfaces glabrous or
auricles not prominent; limbs obovate, 8–10 mm, sparsely hairy, margin ciliate, base rounded, apex
shallowly bifid; lobes ovate, with 1 small dentate lobe acuminate. Cymes few flowered, lax (smaller lateral
on lateral side of limbs; coronal scales ovoid, inflorescences often 1-flowered). Pedicel 1–3 cm;
sometimes laciniate. Stamens slightly exserted; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous. First branch in dichasium
filaments glabrous. Styles slightly exserted. Capsule sometimes very long (to 15 cm). Calyx campanulate, 8–
ovoid-globose, 1–1.2 cm. Seeds reniform. Fl. Jul–Aug, 10 mm, glandular hairy; longitudinal veins dark green,
fr. Aug–Oct. cohering at apex; calyx teeth lanceolate, apex acute.
• Scrub; 3100–3900 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan. Androgynophore ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Petals pale red,
The type could not be found by the present authors. The taxon claws narrow, subequaling calyx, glabrous, limbs
described above is similar to Silene adenocalyx, but has much larger deeply bifid, lobes obtuse; coronal scales small.
and broader petals and fits reasonably well with the type description
Filaments glabrous. Capsule ovoid, ca. 8 mm. Seeds
of S. trachyphylla.
96. Silene asclepiadea Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33:
reniform.
Xizang [India, ?Nepal].
422. 1886.
掌脉蝇子草 zhang mai ying zi cao 98. Silene lhassana (F. N. Williams) Majumdar, Bull. Bot.
Surv. India 15(1–2): 42. 1976.
Lychnis adenantha (Franchet) Diels; Melandrium 拉萨蝇子草 la sa ying zi cao
adenanthum (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; M. Melandrium lhassanum F. N. Williams; Silene
asclepiadeum (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti ex Pax & K. nyingchiensis L. H. Zhou.
Hoffmann; M. kermesinum (W. W. Smith) Handel- Herbs perennial. Stems ascending to upright, usually
Mazzetti; M. viscidulum (Franchet) F. N. Williams var. violet, 30–60 cm, branched, pubescent, apically
szechuanensis (F. N. Williams) Handel-Mazzetti; Silene glandular hairy, with sterile leafy branches. Leaves
adenantha Franchet; S. asclepiadea var. glutinosa Fran- ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–3.5 cm × 5–15 mm, both surfaces
chet; S. kermesina W. W. Smith; S. lutea Franchet; S. densely hairy, margin ciliate, 1- or 3-veined basally,
szechuanensis F. N. Williams. margin undulate. Dichasial cymes densely glandular
Herbs perennial, basally crispate-puberulent to sub- pubescent. Flowers erect, 1–1.3 cm in diam. Pedicel 5–
glabrous, apically glandular hairy. Roots clustered, 15 mm; bracts lanceolate, 2–10 mm, herbaceous. Calyx
cylindric, fleshy. Stems diffuse, to 1 m, much branched. campanulate, 1–1.2 cm × 3.5–5 mm, densely glandular
Leaves sessile, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4–7 × hairy, truncate at base, slightly inflated in late maturity,
2–4 cm, glabrous or sparsely hairy abaxially and at longitudinal veins violet; calyx teeth triangular, ca. 2.5
veins adaxially, conspicuously 3- or 5-veined. Dichasial mm. Androgynophore ca. 3.5 mm, glabrous. Petals
cymes lax and broad; proximal pedicels to 5 cm, violet, 1–1.5 cm; claws exserted beyond calyx,
subsequent ones much shorter, densely glandular hairy; oblanceolate, glabrous, with broad auricles; limbs ca.
bracts ovate-lanceolate, herbaceous, glandular 4.5 mm, bifid nearly to 1/2; lobes elliptic, margin entire.
pubescent. Calyx campanulate, 8–12(–13) × ca. 4 mm, Stamens exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles ca. 8 mm,
base rounded, slightly inflated in late maturity, densely prominently exserted. Capsule ovoid, 6–8 mm, shorter
violet glandular villous at veins; calyx teeth triangular- than calyx. Seeds dark brown, triangular-reniform, ca.
ovate, subobtuse and shortly ciliate. Androgynophore 1.2 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
1–2 mm, glabrous. Petals ca. 1.5 cm; claws cuneate, • Alpine scrub grasslands; 2900–4600 m. C and S Xizang.
glabrous, erose above; limbs violet or pale pink, 4- 99. Silene grandiflora Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33:
lobed; medial lobes narrowly orbicular; lateral lobes 427. 1886.
linear, small; coronal scales subsquarrose, margin 大花蝇子草 da hua ying zi cao
dentate or entire. Stamens and styles exserted; filaments Melandrium grandiflorum (Franchet) Y. W. Tsui.
glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, ca. 1 cm, shorter than Herbs perennial. Stems diffuse, 40–50 cm, branched,
calyx. Seeds reniform, with auricular pit. Fl. Jul–Aug, pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 3–
fr. Aug–Oct. 6 cm × 4–15 mm, both surfaces slightly coarse, sparsely
villous at veins, margin ciliate, midvein prominent, base
suborbicular or broadly cuneate, apex acuminate. Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, spiniform. Stems
Dichasial cymes lax and broad; flowers erect, to 2.5 cm diffuse, supine, 20–40 cm, multibranched, basally
in diam. Pedicel 4–7 cm, slender, pubescent; bracts eglandular pubescent, apically glandular hairy. Leaves
lanceolate, herbaceous, villous. Calyx pale green or red, elliptic or elliptic-oblanceolate, 3–6 × 1–2(–2.5) cm,
tubular-clavate, ca. 20 × 4 mm, umbilicate at base, subglabrous, midvein prominent, cuneate or gradually
sparsely pubescent, veins not prominent; calyx teeth narrowed to base, apex acute. Dichasia 1–5(–7)-
ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm, margin membranous, flowered. Pedicel 1.5–5 cm, densely violet glandular
apex obtuse. Androgynophore 5–8 mm, glabrous. pubescent; bracts ovate or lanceolate, 3–15 mm,
Petals red, 2–2.5 cm; claws narrowly oblanceolate, herbaceous, abaxially and margin violet glandular hairy.
glabrous, auriculate; limbs obcordate, shallowly bifid, Calyx campanulate, 1.3–1.5 cm × ca. 5 mm, glandular
lobes suborbicular; coronal scales orbicular. Stamens hairy, veins violet, base truncate; calyx teeth triangular,
exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles exserted. Capsule ca. 3.5 mm. Androgynophore 1–2 mm, glabrous.
Petals ca. 2 cm; claws oblanceolate, glabrous, with
ovoid-globose, shorter than calyx. Seeds reniform. Fl.
auricles; limbs pale red, obovate, deeply bifid to middle;
Jul–Aug.
lobes rounded, sometimes with 2 or 3 teeth. Stamens
• Scrub grasslands; ca. 2000 m. Yunnan. and styles included; filaments glabrous. Styles 3. Fl.
This species is similar to Silene cardiopetala, but has narrower leaves Jul–Aug.
and stiffer hairs on the calyx. • Grasslands near forest margins; 2900–3600 m. NW Yunnan
(Lijiang Naxi Zu Zizhixian).
Silene grandiflora var. xerobatica W. W. Smith (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
102. Silene monbeigii W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 11: 224. 1920) has a creeping habit, more crowded, linear
leaves, shorter internodes in the inflorescence, fewer flowers, and
Edinburgh 11: 226. 1920.
shorter pedicels. It is perhaps best regarded as a separate species. 沧江蝇子草 cang jiang ying zi cao
Silene grandiflora is cultivated as an ornamental.
Silene cardiopetala Franchet var. deqenensis C. Y. Wu;
100. Silene cardiopetala Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: S. zangdongensis L. H. Zhou.
419. 1886.
Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, cylindric. Stems
心瓣蝇子草 xin ban ying zi cao supine, 15–50 cm, slender, multibranched, retrorsely
Melandrium cardiopetalum (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti. pubescent. Leaves narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate-
elliptic, 5–15(–30) × 4–7 mm, thin, both surfaces
Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, cylindric or spiniform. pubescent, ciliate, midvein prominent, base attenuate
Stems diffuse, supine, slender, 40–100 cm, branched, into short petiole, sometimes with short, sterile axillary
pubescent. Leaves elliptic, 2–3(–4) × 0.7–1.5(–1.7) cm, branches. Dichasial cymes several flowered; ca. 1.5 cm
both surfaces subglabrous, abaxially sparsely villous at in diam. Pedicel 7–17 mm, with glandular and
midvein, ciliate, midvein prominent, base attenuate, eglandular hairs; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous. Calyx
apex acute. Dichasial cymes lax and broad, with narrowly cylindric, ca. 15 × 2 mm, glandular hairy,
flowers ca. 2 cm in diam. Pedicel longer, rarely shorter, clavate in fruit, longitudinal veins violet; calyx teeth
than calyx, densely villous; bracts linear-lanceolate, lanceolate, apex acute. Androgynophore ca. 5 mm,
sparsely villous. Calyx tubular-clavate, 1.5–1.8 cm × ca. glabrous. Petals ca. 1.5 cm; claws subequaling calyx,
glabrous, narrowly cuneate; limbs pale red, obovate, ca.
3 mm, longitudinal veins obscure, villous or
6 mm, shallowly bifid, sometimes with 1 obscure thin
subglabrous; calyx teeth ovate-lanceolate, margin
tooth on lower part of lateral lobes; coronal scales
membranous, apex obtuse. Androgynophore 5–8 mm, ovoid or suborbicular, margin entire. Stamens slightly
glabrous. Petals pale red, 2–2.5 cm; claws cuneate, exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles exserted. Capsule
glabrous, with auricles; limbs obcordate, 6–7 mm in ovoid-globose, 8–10 mm, shorter than calyx. Seeds
diam., slightly emarginate or shallowly bifid at apex; dark brown, reniform, with lateral auricular pits. Fl.
lobes broadly ovate, margin entire; coronal scales Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
orbicular, margin entire. Stamens slightly exserted; • Forest margins; 1900–3400 m. Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan.
filaments glabrous; anthers dark violet. Styles exserted. This species is very similar to Silene rosiflora, but has a markedly
Capsule ovoid-globose, ca. 1 cm, shorter than calyx. longer calyx and androgynophore.
Seeds reniform. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Aug–Oct. 103. Silene rosiflora Kingdon-Ward ex W. W. Smith, Notes
• Scrub, forest margins; 700–3200 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang (Zayü Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 8: 111. 1913.
Xian), NW Yunnan. 粉花蝇子草 fen hua ying zi cao
101. Silene lichiangensis W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Silene salweenensis W. W. Smith; ?S. sinowatsonii W.
Edinburgh 11: 225. 1920. W. Smith.
丽江蝇子草 li jiang ying zi cao Herbs perennial. Stems sparsely clustered, diffuse,
Melandrium lichiangense (W. W. Smith) Handel- ascending, 40–60 cm, multibranched, pubescent,
Mazzetti. apically glandular hairy. Leaves elliptic, sometimes
nearly obovate, 2–4 × 1–2 cm, abaxially villous,
adaxially papillose or sparsely hairy, margin coarsely Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, spiniform. Stems
ciliate, midvein prominent, base cuneate, apex rounded ascending, 20–50 cm, multibranched, pubescent,
or obtuse, mucronulate; distal leaves smaller. Dichasia basally retrorsely pubescent, apically glandular hairy.
7–15-flowered, rachis densely glandular hairy. Pedicel Leaves often with short, sterile axillary branches; leaf
2–4 cm, glandular hairy; bracts lanceolate or linear. blade lanceolate-linear, 1.5–6 cm × 1.5–4(–9) mm, both
Calyx campanulate, 1.1–1.3 cm × ca. 3.5 mm, surfaces densely pubescent, margin ciliate, sometimes
umbilicate at base; longitudinal veins violet, densely revolute, midvein prominent, base cuneate, apex acute.
glandular hairy; calyx teeth suborbicular or obtusely Dichasial cymes lax, densely glandular hairy, lateral di-
triangular, ca. 1.5 mm, sparsely villous.
chasia sometimes present. Pedicel 5–20 mm, densely
Androgynophore ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Petals pale red, ca.
glandular hairy; bracts lanceolate-linear, glandular hairy.
2 cm; claws exserted ca. 5 mm beyond calyx,
oblanceolate, glabrous, auricles inconspicuous; limbs Calyx tubular, ca. 15 × 2.5 mm, densely to sparsely
nearly orbicular, ca. 5 mm, shallowly 4-lobed; medial glandular hairy, veins violet; calyx teeth triangular,
lobes square or elliptic, entire, lateral lobes dentate; margin membranous, ciliate, apex acute.
coronal scales narrowly elliptic, small, margin entire. Androgynophore 3–5 mm, glabrous. Petals pale red, ca.
Stamens included, ca. 1/2 as long as calyx; filaments 2 cm; claws slightly exserted beyond calyx,
glabrous. Styles prominently exserted. Capsule ovoid- oblanceolate, glabrous, auricles obscure; limbs obovate,
ellipsoid, ca. 8 mm. Fl. Sep, fr. Oct. bifid, 1-toothed on each lateral side, lobes ovate;
• Grasslands of forest margins; 2800–3000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan. coronal scales orbicular, apex obtuse. Stamens exserted;
This species is similar to Silene monbeigii, but has a shorter calyx and filaments glabrous. Styles exserted. Capsule ovoid, ca.
androgynophore. Silene sinowatsonii has been reported to have the 1 cm, shorter than calyx. Seeds reniform, grossly
chromosome number 2n = 24.
tuberculate and slightly grooved abaxially. Fl. May–Jun,
104. Silene batangensis Limpricht in Pax, Repert. Spec. Nov.
Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 363. 1922. fr. Jun–Jul.
巴塘蝇子草 ba tang ying zi cao • Scrub grasslands; 1500–3600 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
Melandrium batangense (Limpricht) Pax & K. Three forms of Silene napuligera have been distinguished based on
differences in leaf morphology. These correspond to Silene rubicunda
Hoffmann.
Franchet (not A. Dietrich), with lanceolate leaves to 6 cm long; the
Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, spiniform. Stems type of S. napuligera, with linear-lanceolate leaves to 3 cm long; and
supine or ascending, 20–35 cm, multibranched, 25–35 S. rubicunda var. revoluta, with revolute, linear leaves. However, we
do not find any characters consistently correlated with these entities,
cm, densely shortly glandular hairy, apically viscid. and we therefore treat them as conspecific.
Leaves lanceolate-linear, 2–3 cm × 1.5 × 3.5(–5) mm, Silene habaensis H. Chuang (in C. Y. Wu et al., Fl. Yunnan. 6: 837.
both surfaces pubescent, margin ciliate, midvein 1995) is said to be similar to S. bilingua, but differs in having a
prominent, base cuneate, apex obtuse or acute. tubular-clavate calyx and 2-lobed petals. We have seen only a scanty
Dichasial cymes 3–7-flowered, densely glandular hairy; paratype (at KUN), which agrees with these characters. This
flowers erect, 1.6–2 cm in diam. Pedicel 1–1.8 cm, specimen also differs in having 1- or 2-flowered inflorescences and
very long pedicels; moreover, the leaves are reminiscent of plants that
slender, glandular hairy; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous.
have been called S. rubicunda var. revoluta, but the calyx is about 20
Calyx tubular-clavate, 1.2–1.5 cm, densely pubescent, mm.
viscid, longitudinal veins violet; calyx teeth triangular- 106. Silene principis Oxelman & Lidén in Oxelman et al.,
lanceolate, villous, margin membranous, apex obtuse. Novon 11: 323. 2001.
Androgynophore 2–3 mm, glabrous. Petals included in 宽瓣蝇子草 kuan ban ying zi cao
calyx, pale red; claws oblanceolate, glabrous, auricles
inconspicuous; limbs obovate, 5–6 mm, shallowly bifid; Silene platypetala Bureau & Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 5:
coronal scales orbicular. Stamens slightly exserted; 22. 1891, not Otth (1824); Melandrium platypetalum F.
filaments glabrous. Styles slightly exserted. Capsule N. Williams.
ovoid, 6–8 mm, shorter than calyx. Seeds reniform, Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, cylindric. Stems
abaxially smooth. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct. diffuse, supine, slender, 40–60 cm, multibranched,
• Forest margins, coastal scrub grasslands; 2500–3500 m. W Sichuan, shortly retrorsely pubescent. Leaves linear or ligulate,
E Xizang. 1–3(–4) cm × 1.5–3(–4) mm, abaxially pubescent at
The type has not been seen by the present authors. veins, adaxially coarse, margin ciliate, midvein
105. Silene napuligera Franchet, Pl. Delavay. 82. 1889. prominent, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Dichasial
纺锤蝇子草 fang chui ying zi cao cymes diffuse, few flowered; flowers erect, ca. 2 cm in
Melandrium napuligerum (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; diam. Pedicel 1–3 cm, pubescent; bracts lanceolate,
M. rubicundum Handel-Mazzetti; Silene rubicunda herbaceous, densely pubescent. Calyx campanulate, 1–
Franchet (1886), not A. Dietrich (1835); S. rubicunda 1.3 cm × ca. 3.5 mm, densely pubescent; calyx teeth
var. revoluta Franchet. triangular-ovate. Androgynophore 3–4 mm. Petals
white, rarely pale pink; claws included or slightly
exserted beyond calyx, oblanceolate, glabrous, broadly
triangular above; limbs obcordate, 6–8 × 5–6 mm; ovate-lanceolate, apex acute. Androgynophore 1–2 mm,
coronal scales narrowly elliptic, apex obtuse. Stamens glabrous, furrowed. Petals pale red, 1–2 cm, claws
slightly exserted; filaments glabrous; anthers dark violet. exserted 2–5 mm beyond calyx, oblanceolate, glabrous,
Styles slightly exserted beyond calyx. Capsule ovoid, auricles not prominent, limb bifid to ca. 1/2; lobes
ca. 8 mm, shorter than calyx. Seeds dark brown, narrow, sometimes with 1 slender lateral tooth.
reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. Stamens and styles prominently exserted (2–3 mm);
• Scrub grasslands; 1600–4000 m. W Sichuan. filaments glabrous. Capsule ovoid, 5–8 mm, shorter
Wilson 3751a (K) has smaller petal limbs and fasciculate leaves. than calyx. Seeds dark brown to black, globose-
107. Silene bilingua W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.
Edinburgh 11: 220. 1920.
双舌蝇子草 shuang she ying zi cao • Scrub grasslands; (1200–)1500–3200 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, SE
Xizang, Yunnan.
Melandrium bilinguum (W. W. Smith) Pax & K. Hoff-
mann. Silene viscidula is a complex that could be split into about three
species differing, for example, in indumentum, inflorescence structure,
Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, spiniform. Stems
size of calyx and petals, and degree of exsertion of petals. One form
diffuse, supine, ca. 8 cm, slender, multibranched, has a thyrse (including the types of Silene bodinieri, S. dumicola, and
basally sparsely pubescent, apically glandular hairy. S. mairei) and multicellular, often glandular hairs together with
Leaves linear, 2–3(–6) cm × 1–2(–3) mm, both surfaces recurved, short, unicellular, eglandular hairs; another form has
subglabrous, margin ciliate, midvein prominent, apex terminal dichasia and multicellular, often glandular hairs only. The
acute. Dichasial cymes multiflowered. Pedicel 1–2.5 latter form also has smaller flowers (calyx 7–8 mm) and less exserted
cm, glandular hairy; bracts narrowly lanceolate, 5–10 petal claws (by 2–3 mm). This applies also to the type of S. viscidula
at P. Another species in the vicinity of this complex is S.
mm, glandular hairy. Calyx campanulate, (8–)10–12 × phoenicodonta, which is distinguished by its small flowers and
ca. 3 mm, densely glandular hairy, base rounded, fringed petal auricles.
longitudinal veins violet; calyx teeth triangular, apex
The roots are used medicinally.
obtuse. Androgynophore ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Petals
pale red, ca. 1.5 cm; claws included in calyx, 109. Silene phoenicodonta Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France
oblanceolate, glabrous, auricles spreading to flabellate, 33: 422. 1886.
margin erose; limbs obovate, bifid; lobes ligulate, ca.
3.5 mm, 1-toothed on each lateral side; coronal scales 红齿蝇子草 hong chi ying zi cao
subsquarrose, small, margin entire or emarginate. Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, cylindric, dark brown.
Stamens exserted beyond calyx; filaments glabrous. Stems sparsely caespitose, ascending, 25–50 cm,
Styles exserted. Capsule ovoid, ca. 8(–10) mm, shorter branched, basally sparsely villous, apically sparsely
than calyx. Seeds dark brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. hairy. Proximal cauline leaves greenish, ovate-elliptic
Jun–Aug, fr. Jul–Sep. or obovate-elliptic, 5–10 (–12) × 2–3 cm, glabrous or
• Forests, alpine meadows; (2200–)3100–4100 m. Sichuan, Xizang, sparsely villous at veins, margin shortly pubescent, 3-
NW Yunnan.
108. Silene viscidula Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 421.
veined, base attenuate into petiole, apex acute at apex;
1886. distal leaves sessile, often ovate, small. Dichasia diffuse,
粘萼蝇子草 nian e ying zi cao few flowered; flowers erect. Pedicel and rachis villous,
Melandrium lankongense (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; sparsely glandular hairy; bracts ovate-lanceolate,
M. viscidulum (Franchet) F. N. Williams; Silene villous. Calyx ovoid-campanulate, 6–8 mm, base
asclepiadea Franchet var. dumicola (W. W. Smith) C. rounded; longitudinal veins green or violet, sparsely
L. Tang); S. bodinieri H. Léveillé; S. dumicola W. W. hirtellous and glandular hairy, inflated after anthesis;
Smith; S. lankongensis Franchet; S. mairei H. Léveillé. calyx teeth violet, ovate, apex acute. Androgynophore
Herbs perennial, pubescent throughout. Roots clustered, ca. 1 mm, glabrous. Petals dark violet, 1–1.2 cm; claws
dark brown, cylindric. Stems diffusely branched, to 80 included in calyx, subsaccate, glabrous, flabellately
cm, apically glandular hairy. Leaves elliptic, 3–6 cm, inflated above, laciniate; limbs obovate, deeply bifid to
1.5–2 × as long as broad, both surfaces slightly middle, lobes ovate or nearly band-shaped; coronal
tuberculate-scabrid or shortly pubescent, margin shortly scales orbicular-linear, small. Stamens included or
ciliate, midvein prominent, base cuneate or attenuate slightly exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles exserted.
into short petiole, apex acute. Dichasia large, the first Capsule broadly ovoid, 7–10 mm, shorter than calyx.
internodes very long (often 5–10 cm), distally dense, Seeds dark brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm, thickened. Fl.
densely glandular villous; flowers erect, 1–1.2 cm in Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
diam. Pedicel of first flower subequaling or longer than • Scrub, stream edges; 1600–2600 m. E and S Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
calyx, pedicels of other flowers usually shorter than 110. Silene otodonta Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 426.
calyx; bracts ovate-lanceolate, herbaceous. Calyx 1886.
campanulate, (6–)8–10 mm, densely glandular villous, 耳齿蝇子草 er chi ying zi cao
base rounded, longitudinal veins violet; calyx teeth
Herbs perennial, eglandular pubescent. Roots clustered, Petals ca. 1.8 cm; claws included in calyx, oblanceolate,
cylindric. Stems diffuse, 30–70 cm, multibranched, glabrous, with broad auricles; limbs pale red or white,
shortly pubescent. Leaves with short, sterile axillary ca. 7 mm, bifid to middle; lobes linear, with 1 narrow
branches; leaf blade elliptic, 2–3 cm × 6–15 mm, both lateral tooth; coronal scales lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm, apex
surfaces pubescent, ciliate, midvein prominent, base acute. Stamens and styles exserted; filaments glabrous.
cuneate or attenuate into short petiole, apex acute. Styles 3. Capsule subovoid, 8–10 mm. Seeds reniform.
Inflorescence a thyrse, sometimes composed of two Fl. Aug–Sep.
orders, cymules usually 5–7-flowered, dense. Pedicel
1–10(–20) mm, pubescent; bracts linear-lanceolate, • Forests; 2100–2500 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
herbaceous, blackish pointed, pubescent. Flowers ca. Silene otodonta is easily distinguished from all other species by
1.5 cm in diam. Calyx tubular or narrowly campanulate, numerous lateral dichasia, forming a complex paniculate thyrse, and
1.2–1.5 cm × ca. 3.5 mm, pubescent, base umbilicate; its acuminate flower buds, appearing pointed because of the
calyx teeth blackish violet, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3.5 mm, protruding, blackish violet calyx teeth.
apex acuminate. Androgynophore ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous.
1a. Flowers numerous, clustered into capitula, very shortly pedicellate or subsessile ........................... 1. D. barbatus
1b. Flowers solitary or several in a loose cyme, long pedicellate.
2a. Petal limb margin distally lobed to irregularly toothed.
3a. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2–4 mm wide; bracts more than 1/2 as long as calyx.
4a. Stems densely caespitose; bracts 2(or 4); calyx 1.2–1.4 cm ............................................... 2. D. repens
4b. Stems loosely caespitose; bracts 4; calyx 1.5–2.5 cm ..................................................... 3. D. chinensis
3b. Leaves linear or subulate, 1–2(–3) mm wide; bracts 1/3–1/2 as long as calyx.
5a. Petals white; calyx tube ca. 3 mm in diam.; bracts elliptic, ca. 1/3 as long as calyx 7. D. ramosissimus
5b. Petals purple, light purple-red, pink, or rose; calyx tube 4–7 mm in diam.; bracts ovate or
obovate,
ca. 1/2 as long as calyx.
6a. Plants 5–15 cm tall ................................................................................................... 4. D. semenovii
6b. Plants 20–50 cm tall.
7a. Calyx not inflated near middle, ca. 4 mm in diam.; bracts obovate, apex subulate with
short, sharp tip; leaves 1–2 mm wide ............................................................ 5. D. turkestanicus
7b. Calyx slightly inflated near middle, 5–7 mm in diam.; bracts ovate, apex long
acuminate
with caudate tip; leaves 2–3 mm wide ..................................................................... 6. D. elatus
2b. Petal limb margin distally fimbriate to deeply fimbriate.
8a. Plants more than 30 cm tall; leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate.
9a. Bracts broadly ovate, 1/4–1/3 as long as calyx; calyx 2.3–2.5 cm; capsule longer than calyx 16. D. hoeltzeri
9b. Bracts ovate or obovate, 1/5–1/4 as long as calyx; calyx 2.5–4 cm; capsule shorter to slightly
longer than calyx.
10a. Bracts in 2 or 3 pairs, obovate, ca. 1/4 as long as calyx, apex subulate or long acuminate;
calyx usually reddish purple, 2.5–3 cm; capsule equaling or slightly longer than calyx 14. D. superbus
10b. Bracts in 3 or 4 pairs, ovate, ca. 1/5 as long as calyx, apex mucronate; calyx green, 3–4
cm;
capsule shorter than calyx ................................................................................... 15. D. longicalyx
8b. Plants less than 30 cm tall; leaves linear or acicular.
11a. Plants to 15 cm tall; calyx ca. 1.8 cm (Taiwan) ......................................................... 13. D. pygmaeus
11b. Plants (10–)15–30(–40) cm tall; calyx (1.5–)2–3.5 cm.
12a. Petals dark red, yellow-brown, or pink.
13a. Petals dark red or yellow-brown; bracts in 2 pairs, oblong-elliptic, 1/5–1/4 as long
as calyx ................................................................................................... 10. D. soongoricus
13b. Petals pink; bracts in 3 or 4 pairs, ovate, 1/4–1/3 as long as calyx ............. 11. D. orientalis
12b. Petals white, rarely pale rose or claw pink.
14a. Petal limb fimbriate for less than 1/4 its length (Taiwan) ......................... 12. D. palinensis
14b. Petal limb fimbriate for at least 1/3 its length (Xinjiang).
15a. Petal limb adaxially hairy, fimbriate for ca. 1/3 its length; bracts 1/4–1/3 as
long
as calyx; leaves acicular, basal ones densely fascicled ........................ 8. D. acicularis
15b. Petal limb glabrous, fimbriate for ca. 1/2 its length; bracts 1/3–1/2 as long as
calyx; leaves linear, basal ones not densely fascicled .................. 9. D. kuschakewiczii
1. Dianthus barbatus Linnaeus var. asiaticus Nakai, Tyosen- 3. Dianthus chinensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 411. 1753.
Syokubutsu 143. 1914.
石竹 shi zhu
头石竹 tou shi zhu
Dianthus amurensis Jacques; D. chinensis var.
Herbs perennial, 30–60 cm tall, glabrous. Stems erect,
amurensis (Jacques) Kitagawa; D. chinensis var.
angular. Leaves lanceolate, 4–8 × ca. 1 cm, midvein dentosus (Fischer ex Reichenbach) Debeaux; D.
prominent, base attenuate into a sheath, apex acute. chinensis f. ignescens (Nakai) Kitagawa; D. chinensis
Flowers numerous, clustered into capitula; pedicel very var. ignescens Nakai; D. chinensis var. jingpoensis G.
short or obscure; bracts 4, ovate, equaling or slightly Y. Zhang & X. Y. Yuan; D. chinensis var. liaotungensis
longer than calyx, margin membranous, denticulate, Y. C. Chu; D. chinensis var. longisquama Nakai &
apex caudate. Calyx tubular, ca. 1.5 cm; teeth sharply Kitagawa; D. chinensis var. macrosepalus Franchet ex
pointed. Petals purple-red, spotted with white; claw L. H. Bailey; D. chinensis var. morii (Nakai) Y. C. Chu;
long; limb ovate, throat bearded, apex toothed. Stamens D. chinensis var. subulifolius (Kitagawa) Y. C. Ma; D.
slightly exserted. Ovary suboblong. Styles linear. chinensis var. sylvaticus W. D. J. Koch; D. chinensis
Capsule ovoid-suboblong, ca. 1.8 cm, 4-valved for ca. var. trinervis D. Q. Lu; D. chinensis subsp. versicolor
1/2 its length. Seeds brown, compressed ovoid, smooth. (Fisher ex Link) Voroschilov; D. chinensis var.
Fl. and fr. May–Oct. versicolor (Fisher ex Link) Y. C. Ma; D. dentosus
Fischer ex Reichenbach; D. fischeri Sprengel; D. morii
Broad-leaved forests, forest margins. E and S Jilin [N Korea, Russia Nakai; D. sequieri Chaix; D. sequieri var. dentosus
(Far East)]. (Fischer ex Reichenbach) Franchet; D. subulifolius
Dianthus barbatus var. barbatus, which is restricted to Europe as a Kitagawa; D. subulifolius f. leucopetalus Kitagawa; D.
native plant, is cultivated for ornament in China. It differs from var. versicolor Fisher ex Link; D. versicolor f. leucopetalus
asiaticus in being stouter, with broader, thicker leaves, and larger, (Kitagawa) Y. C. Chu; D. versicolor var. subulifolius
more numerous flowers. (Kitagawa) Y. C. Chu.
2. Dianthus repens Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 2: 681. 1799. Herbs perennial, 30–50 cm tall, glabrous. Stems laxly
簇茎石竹 cu jing shi zhu caespitose, erect, distally branched. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, 3–5 cm × 2–4 mm, midvein prominent, base
Dianthus chinensis Linnaeus subsp. repens (Willdenow) slightly narrowed, margin entire or denticulate, apex
Voroschilov.
acuminate. Flowers solitary or several in cymes; pedicel
Herbs perennial, to 30 cm tall, glabrous, rarely stems 1–3 cm; bracts 4, ovate, ca. 1/2 as long as calyx, margin
pilose and scabrid. Stems numerous, densely caespitose. membranous, ciliate, apex long acuminate. Calyx
Leaves pendent, linear-lanceolate, 3–5 cm × 2–3 mm, cylindric, 1.5–2.5 cm × 0.4–5 mm, striate; teeth lan-
soft, midvein prominent, base attenuate, apex ceolate, ca. 5 mm, margin ciliate, apex sharply pointed.
acuminate. Flowers 1 or 2, terminal, 2–2.5 cm in diam.; Petals 1.6–1.8 cm; limb bright red, purple-red, pink, or
bracts 2(or 4), ovate, slightly shorter than or white, obovate-triangular, 1.3–1.5 cm, throat spotted
subequaling calyx, apex subulate. Calyx sometimes and laxly bearded, apex irregularly toothed. Stamens
purplish, cylindric, 1.2–1.4 cm × ca. 4 mm; teeth exserted; anthers blue. Ovary suboblong. Styles linear.
lanceolate, margin membranous, ciliate, apex sharply Capsule cylindric, surrounded by calyx, apex 4-toothed.
pointed. Petal claw 1.4–1.5 cm; limb purple-red,
Seeds black, compressed globose. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–
obovate-cuneate, 1.2–1.3 cm × 8–9 mm, adaxially
shortly hairy, base dark purple ringed, caespitose long Sep. 2n = 30*.
pilose, apex toothed. Gynophore ca. 1 mm. Capsule not Sandy forest margins, forest grasslands, scrub on mountain slopes,
seen. Fl. Jul–Aug. hillside grasslands, dry hillsides, sandy hill summits, valleys, rocky
ravines, meadows, streamsides, mountain stream wetlands, mountain
Meadows at forest margins, mountain slopes, river banks, steppes. waterfalls, rocks, steppes, steppe sands, fixed dunes, seashores, also
Nei Mongol [Russia (Far East, Siberia); North America]. widely cultivated. Native in Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin,
Dianthus repens var. scabripilosus Y. Z. Zhao (Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi,
Intramong. 20(1): 110. 1989) was described from Nei Mongol. It and Xinjiang; naturalized in S China [Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia,
differs only in having pilose, scabrid stems. Russia (Siberia, Far East); Europe].
Dianthus chinensis is a very variable species represented in China by scabrous, apex acute. Flowers 1 or 2, terminal; bracts (4
both cultivated and wild plants. In FRPS, the species was divided into or)6(or 8), ovate, ca. 1/2 as long as calyx, apex long
eight varieties (treated in synonymy here), all of them occurring as
acuminate-caudate. Calyx cylindric, slightly inflated at
wild plants and var. chinensis also including the cultivated material.
No key to the varieties was provided, and the features given in the middle, 1.6–2 cm × 5–7 mm; teeth ovate, margin
diagnoses were not always parallel, making it almost impossible to membranous, ciliate, apex mucronate. Petals adaxially
identify any given plant to variety. Moreover, the plants cultivated as light purple-red or pink, abaxially yellowish green; limb
ornamentals comprise numerous cultivars. Further research is needed 0.8–1.2 cm × 5–8 mm, adaxially hairy, apex irregularly
on the species in China and surrounding countries before a toothed. Ovary oblong. Styles linear. Capsule shorter
satisfactory infraspecific classification can be presented. In the
present account, therefore, Dianthus chinensis is treated in the
than calyx, apex 4-toothed. Fl. and fr. Jul–Aug.
Mountain slopes; 1200–1800 m. N Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Russia (W
broadest sense.
Siberia)].
The species is used medicinally.
7. Dianthus ramosissimus Pallas ex Poiret in Lamarck, En-
4. Dianthus semenovii (Regel & Herder) Vierhapper, cycl. Suppl. 4: 130. 1816.
Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Acad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt.
1, 107: 1147. 1898. 多分枝石竹 duo fen zhi shi zhu
狭叶石竹 xia ye shi zhu Herbs perennial, 20–50 cm tall. Stems caespitose, erect,
much-branched, slender, subglabrous or pilose. Leaves
Dianthus alpinus Linnaeus var. semenovii Regel & Her- linear, 1–4 cm × 1–1.5 mm, base connate into a 1–2
der, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 39: 531. 1866. mm sheath, margin slightly revolute, apex sharply
Herbs perennial, 5–15 cm tall. Stems numerous, pointed. Flower solitary, terminal; pedicel 1–2 cm;
densely caespitose, ascending. Leaves linear, 1.5–3 cm bracts 4(or 6), elliptic, ca. 1/3 as long as calyx, leathery,
× 1–2 mm, 3–5-veined, base connate into a 1–2 mm margin membranous, apex mucronate. Calyx cylindric,
sheath, apex acuminate. Flowers 1–4; bracts 4 or 6, 1.2–1.4 cm × ca. 3 mm; teeth triangular, margin
membranous. Petals white; limb obovate, 5–6 × 3–3.5
leaflike, ovate, ca. 1/2 as long as calyx, apex sharply
mm, throat pilose, apex irregularly toothed. Ovary
pointed. Calyx greenish or lilac, cylindric, 1.5–1.9 cm ×
suboblong. Styles linear. Capsule cylindric, ca. 1.5 cm
4–5.5 mm; teeth lanceolate, apex acuminate. Petals × 3.5 mm, apex 4-valved. Fl. and fr. Sep.
purple-red, 1.1–1.2 cm × 7.5–8 mm, adaxially hairy,
apex cristate toothed. Capsule not seen. Dry grassy slopes; 1100–1900 m. N Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, W
Mongolia, Russia (W Siberia)].
Grassy mountain slopes; 1300–1800 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan,
8. Dianthus acicularis Fischer ex Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 1: 284.
Kyrgyzstan].
1842.
5. Dianthus turkestanicus Preobraschensky, Izv. Imp. Bot. 针叶石竹 zhen ye shi zhu
Sada Petra Velikago 15: 366. 1915.
Herbs perennial, 15–30 cm tall. Stems numerous, erect,
细茎石竹 xi jing shi zhu simple or branched above, glabrous. Leaves acicular, 2–
Dianthus versicolor Fischer ex Link subsp. 4(–6) cm × 0.3–1 mm, base connate into a sheath; basal
turkestanicus (Preobraschensky) Kozhevnikov. leaves clustered. Flowers 1–3, terminal, fragrant;
pedicel 1–3 cm; bracts 4, ovate or elliptic (outer pair) or
Herbs perennial, 20–40 cm tall. Rhizome woody. Stems obovate (inner pair), 1/4–1/3 as long as calyx, leathery,
caespitose, branched, scabridulous. Leaves linear, 3–5 apex sharply pointed. Calyx cylindric, 2–2.5 cm × 3–5
cm × 1–2 mm, base connate into a 2–4 mm sheath, apex mm; teeth lanceolate, apex sharply pointed. Petals
sharply pointed; basal leaves early withered; apical white; limb elliptic or obovate, 1.2–1.5 cm, adaxially
leaves usually subulate. Flowers solitary, sometimes 2 hairy, fimbriate for ca. 1/3 its length, fimbriae linear.
or 3, terminal; bracts 4 or 6, obovate, ca. 8 × 6 mm, Capsule cylindric, subequaling calyx. Seeds ca. 2 mm.
leathery, apex subulate with a short, sharp tip. Calyx Fl. and fr. Jun–Aug.
cylindric, 1.5–1.8 cm × ca. 4 mm, striate, glabrous or Rocky mountain slopes, floodlands, deserts; 500–1300 m. N Xinjiang
pubescent; teeth ciliate at margin, apex acute. Petal [Kazakhstan, Russia (W Siberia); E Europe].
limb rose or purple, ca. 1 cm × 5 mm, adaxially shortly 9. Dianthus kuschakewiczii Regel & Schmalhausen, Trudy
hairy, apex shallowly dentate. Ovary suboblong. Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 5: 244. 1877.
Capsule cylindric, subequaling calyx, apex 4-valved.
Seeds black, compressed globose, ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl. 长萼石竹 chang e shi zhu
Jul–Aug, fr. Sep.
Herbs perennial, 20–35 cm tall. Stems usually
Mountain slope grasslands; 1000–2000 m. N Xinjiang [Kazakhstan].
numerous, branched, glabrous. Leaves spreading, linear,
6. Dianthus elatus Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 136. 1830.
2–8 cm × 0.5–2 mm, flaccid, glabrous, midvein
高石竹 gao shi zhu
prominent, base connate into a ca. 1.5 mm sheath, apex
Herbs perennial, 25–50 cm tall. Stems distally branched, acute. Flower solitary, terminal and lateral; bracts 4,
scabrous or subglabrous. Leaves linear, 2.5–4 cm × 2–3 oblong to elliptic (outer pair) or ovate-elliptic (inner
mm, base connate into a 1–2 mm sheath, margin
pair), 1/3–1/2 as long as calyx, leathery, margin mem- Mountain slope grasslands, rocky areas, river banks, dry rocky deserts;
branous, apex mucronate. Calyx cylindric, 2.5–3.5 cm 900–2200 m (Xinjiang), 3100–4100 m (Xizang). N Xinjiang, W
Xizang [SW Asia].
× 3–4 mm; teeth lanceolate, margin narrowly
membranous, apex acuminate. Petals white, rarely pale The Chinese populations of Dianthus orientalis appear to be disjunct
from the main range of the species and therefore deserve further study.
rose; limb oblong, glabrous, fimbriate for ca. 1/2 its
Rechinger (Fl. Iran. 163: 155–166. 1988) recorded nine subspecies
length, fimbriae linear. Capsule not seen. Fl. Jun–Aug. from SW Asia, ranging from Turkey to Iran, but no further east, even
Forests, forest margin grasslands, mountain slopes, mire drainage though the coverage of that flora extends to the western border of
margins, steppes; 600–2800 m. N Xinjiang [Kazakhstan]. China.
10. Dianthus soongoricus Schischkin in Komarov, Fl. URSS 12. Dianthus palinensis S. S. Ying, Coloured Illustr. Fl. Tai-
6: 899. 1936. wan 2: 693. 1987.
28. PSAMMOSILENE W. C. Wu & C. Y. Wu in L. P. King et al., Icon. Pl. Medic. Libro Tien-
Nan-Pen-Tsao Lanmaoano 1: t. 1. 1945.
金铁锁属 jin tie suo shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Magnus Lidén, Bengt Oxelman
Herbs perennial. Roots long conical, fleshy. Stems several, diffuse, branched. Leaves ovate, subcarnose, midvein
prominent. Flowers bisexual, subsessile, small. Inflorescence a thyrse, densely glandular pubescent; bracts
herbaceous. Calyx tubular-campanulate, herbaceous, 15-veined, slightly convex, veins free at apex, 5-toothed. Petals
5, purple-red, narrowly spatulate, margin entire, claw attenuate. Stamens 5, opposite calyx teeth. Ovary 1-loculed;
ovules 2, anatropous; styles 2. Capsule clavate, thin, nearly unsplit. Seed 1, narrowly obovoid, plano-convex.
• One species.
1. Psammosilene tunicoides W. C. Wu & C. Y. Wu in L. P. dichasia proximally. Flowers 3–5 mm in diam. Pedicel
King et al., Icon. Pl. Medic. Libro Tien-Nan-Pen-Tsao Lan- short or flowers sessile. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4–
maoano 1: t. 1. 1945. 6 mm, densely glandular pubescent, veins green; calyx
金铁锁 jin tie suo teeth triangular-ovate, margin membranous, apex
Silene cryptantha Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. obtuse or acute. Petals 7–8 mm. Stamens exserted
Edinburgh 5: 180. 1912, not Viviani (1824). beyond calyx, 7–9 mm; anthers yellow. Ovary narrowly
Roots brown-yellow. Stems prostrate, purple-green, 20– obovoid, ca. 7 mm; styles ca. 3 mm. Capsule ca. 7 mm.
35 cm, dichotomously branched, pubescent. Leaves Seed brown, ca. 3 mm. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Jul–Oct.
subsessile, 1.5–2.5 × 1–1.5 cm, adaxially pilose, base • Warm and dry valleys along Jinsha Jiang and Yarlung Zangbo
rounded, rarely broadly cuneate, apex entire, acute. Jiang, rocky mountain slopes, dry pastures, calcareous rock crevices,
Inflorescence a thyrse with a terminal, lax dichasium forests; 900–3800 m. W Guizhou, SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan.
This species is used medicinally.
and 2 opposite, similarly lax and many-flowered