Week No.

5
AC Generator
1. Enumerate and Explain 6 major parts AC generator.
Field- The field consists of coils of conductors that receive a voltage from the source and
produce magnetic flux.

Armature- This component primarily consists of coils of wire that are large enough to carry the
full-load current of the generator.

Prime Mover- Component that drives the AC generator; rotating machine, such as diesel
engine, steam turbine, or a motor.

Rotor- The rotor will be the armature if the voltage output is generated there; the rotor will be
the field if the field excitation is applied there.

Stator- The stator will be the armature if the voltage output is generated there; the stator will be
the field if the field excitation is applied there.

Slip Rings- They are typically designed to conduct the flow of current from a stationary device
to a rotating one.

2. Enumerate and explain 6 common electrical terms

Voltage (Volt) - Force that causes electrons to move in a conductor

Current (Ampere or Amp) - Movement of free electrons through a conductor

Resistance (Ohm) - One ohm is amount of resistance that limits current in conductor to one
ampere when potential difference (voltage) applied to conductor is one volt

Volt Ampere Reactive (VAR) - Power is exchanged in these circuits as inductive fields form
and collapse, and capacitors charge and discharge

Conductance (Siemens)- Opposite, or reciprocal, of resistance is conductance; it is ability to

conduct current

Power (Watt) - is rate of performing work, or rate of heat generation

3. Explain the AC generator parallel operation.

PARALLEL OPERATION OF AC GENERATORS
-Their terminal voltages must be equal. If the voltages of the two AC generators are notequal,
one of the AC generators could be picked up as a reactive load to the other ACgenerator. This
causes high currents to be exchanged between the two machines, possiblycausing generator or
distribution system damage.

-Their frequencies must be equal. A mismatch in frequencies of the two AC generatorswill

cause the generator with the lower frequency to be picked up as a load on the othergenerator (a
condition referred to as "motoring"). This can cause an overload in thegenerators and
the distribution system.

-Their output voltages must be in phase. A mismatch in the phases will cause
largeopposing voltages to be developed. The worst case mismatch would be 180° out
ofphase, resulting in an opposing voltage between the two generators of twice the
outputvoltage. This high voltage can cause damage to the generators and distribution
systemdue to high currents.
 Week No.6
DC Generator
1. Explain what is DC power generation
Direct current generation can be quite similar to AC generation, in that the electromagnetic
generation of energy still requires all the same essential components. However, direct current is
generated by photovoltaic cells and batteries.

2. Enumerate and each type of DC generator

Permanent Magnet DC Generators – Field coils excited by permanent magnets
Separately Excited DC Generators – Field coils excited by some external source
Self Excited DC Generators – Field coils excited by the generator itself

3. Explain what is DC power generation

Direct current generators are rare in major power plants due to the prevalent use of alternating
current over direct current in transmission lines. Direct current generation is therefore limited
mainly to small-scale generators.

4. Enumerate parts of DC generator and define each

Stator- The stator is a key component and its main function is to supply magnetic fields around
which the coils spin.

Rotor or Armature Core- This part is moveable and rotates in the magnetic field created by the
stator.

End Housings- End housings are the components attached to the ending parts of the mainframe
with a function to protect the bearings.

Bearings- Used to minimize the friction between the rotating and stationary parts of the
machine.

Yoke- It is the outer cover that not only provides mechanical protection to the whole inner
assembly and fixes them to the foundation of the machine, but also creates a path for the
magnetic flow that the field winding produces.

Poles- used primarily to keep windings in the sector and to support the field coils, and ensure a
more integrated magnetic flow over the armature.

Pole Shoe- The pole shoe is an iron or steel plate that used primarily to disperse the magnetic
flow and avoid the spinning field coil from falling.
Commutator- This cylindrical electrical switch sits on the machine’s shaft and contributes in
connecting the conductors of the rotating armchair to the external circuit that is fixed.

Brushes- With the aid of these carbon blocks, the electrical connection between the commutator
and the external load circuit can be assured.

Shaft- The shaft is a mechanical piece in a DC machine that produces the rotational of a force
known as torque and brings about rotation.

Magnetic Field-This is a permanent magnet that generates a magnetic field that is used to rotate
the coil.

Armature Windings- They are connected in a closed-circuit winding form in series to increase
the amount of produced current; and they are parallel.

Week No. 7
 Power Distribution System
1. Enumerate the 10 function of ships power distribution
 The function of a ship's electrical distribution system is to safely convey electrical power to
every item of equipment connected to it.
 The most obvious element in the system is the main switchboard. The main board supplies
bulk power to motor starter groups (often part of the main board), section boards and
distribution boards.
 Transformers interconnect the HV and LV distribution sections of the system.
 Circuit breakers and fuses strategically placed throughout the system automatically
disconnects a faulty circuit within the network.
 The main switchboard is placed in the engine control room and from there engine room staff
monitor and control the generation and distribution of electrical power.
 It is very important that every engineer has a profound knowledge of the electrical
distribution of the ship's power.
 The only way to acquire this knowledge is to study the ship's power diagrams.
 Almost all oceangoing ships have an A.C. distribution system in preference to a direct
current D.C. system.
 Usally a ship's electrical distribution scheme follows shore pratice.
 This allows normal industrial equipment to be used after being adapted and certied where
and if necessary, so it can withstand the conditions on board of a ship (e.g. vibration, freezing
and tropical temperatures

2. What are the concept Alternating Current

Basic concepts of alternating current
 Alternating current is an electron flow that alternates, flowing in one direction and then in
the opposite direction at regular intervals.
 Alternating current is produced by cutting a magnetic field with a conductor.
 Alternating current is graphically represented by using the sine wave.

3. Explain what is a cycle.

 Two alternations (changes in direction) equal one cycle.
 One cycle occurs when the rotor, or conductor, cuts the magnetic field of a north
pole and south pole.

4. Explain what is a frequency.

 The frequency of alternating current is the number of complete cycles that occur in
a second.
 The frequency in known as hertz (Hz), but many times it is referred to as cycles.

5. Explain what is a 3 phase.

In a three-phase system, three circuit conductors carry three alternating currents (of the same
frequency) which reach their instantaneous peak values at different times. Taking one conductor
as the reference, the other two currents are delayed in time by one-third and two-thirds of one
cycle of the electrical current.

6. Explain what is effective votage

 Alternating current reaches a peak at 90 electrical degrees, also known as the peak
voltage.
 The effective voltage of an alternating current circuit is 0.707 times its peak voltage

7. Explain a three phase voltage.

 Three-phase electrical services supply three hot leg of power with one ground to the
distribution equipment and then on to the equipment.
 Most residences do not use enough electric energy to warrant a three-phase power
supply.

8. Explain the uses of busses.

 Busses are categorized as VITAL or NON VITAL
 Typically located in a SWITCHBOARD, which is a watertight enclosure
 Usually numbered 1S, 2S, 1B, 2B, 1E, 2E

9. What is a circuit breaker

 Designed to trip on overcurrent
 Usually have both short-term and long-term time-current characteristics
 Week No. 8
Emergency power
1. Explain what is emergency generator.
Emergency Generator is one of the most important equipment on board, which is responsible
for preventing accidents and grounding during power failure while the ship is in heavy traffic,
channels, rough weather or in manoeuvring.

2. Enumerate and explain the 8 important maintenance of emergency gen.

1. Change of Engine Sump Oil: It is important to check the oil level in the sump
regularly. Since the emergency generator is kept on auto mode, which ensures the
generator starts and comes on load automatically, it is necessary that before starting the engine
for operation, oil level is checked on regularly basis.
2. Clean Air Cleaner:It is important to clean the air filter at correct intervals of time as delay
will lead to clogging and less air going in the engine. This will reduce the efficiency of the
engine and increase the thermal parameters.
3. Check Water Separator:Some emergency generators are provided with water separator to
prevent mixing of waterwith fuel. Check the level of water and make sure it is below the
marked level and regularly drained off.
4. Check Electrolyte in the Battery:
A battery is used in one of the starting methods of the emergency generator. The
electrolyte level in the battery must be checked at regular intervals either by inserting a level
stick or by checking the water level in the level tester cap (if provided).
5. Check Alarms and Shutdowns:
All the safety devices and alarms fitted in the emergency generator must be checked and
tested regularly. Generator with V-belts have additional alarm which will be sounded in
the event of belt failure and operated by idler pulley.
6. Check V belt Tension:
When V belt is fitted, inspect the same for cracks and damages. Renew the belt if
damage/cracking appearance is more. To check the belt tension, press the belt by thumb in
midway of the pulleys and check the inward deflection in mm.
7. Clean Oil Filter Cartridge:
The emergency generator is provided with various oil filters such as by pass filter,
centrifuge filter, lube oil filter, fuel feed pump filter etc. These filters need to be cleaned or
renewal of filter cartridge is to be carried out as per the maker’s instruction or oil condition.
8. Check Valve Clearance:
The tappet clearance of the inlet and exhaust valve should be checked at running hours
stated in the maintenance section of the generator’s manual. Also ensure the engine is cold
before taking the tappet clearance.
3. Enumerate and explain each essential system supplied by emergency gen.
a) Steering gear system- It generates a torsional force at a certain scale which is then, in turn, is
transmitted to the rudder stock that turns the rudder.
b) Emergency bilge and fire p/p- The emergency bilge suction or bilge injection valve is used to
prevent flooding of the ship.
c) Watertight doors-Watertight doors are special types of doors found on the ships which
prevent the ingress of water from one compartment to other during flooding or accidents and
therefore act as a safety barrier.
d) Fire fighting system- It is installed on all cargo holds or cargo compartment, connected to a
different or separate fire pumps. The engine rooms and galley area are protected by either halon
or CO2 extinguishing system
e) Ships navigation lights and emergency lights- Navigation lights are used while navigating a
vessel near coastal areas, in heavy shipping traffic areas, maneuvering at a harbor, or simply
sailing out at the sea. They help in indicating the ship’s position, status, direction of course etc.
to other nearby vessels for avoiding collision at the sea.
f) Communication and alarm system. It is a safety measure for strengthening ship’s security and
subduing acts of piracy and/or terrorism against shipping.

4. Enumerate the protection against power loss.

 Failure of One Generator. A remote generator can be connected by bus ties to power the
switchboard that normally receives power from the failed generator.
 Circuit or Switchboard Failure. Vital loads can be transferred to an alternate or emergency
source of power by means of a transfer switch near the user equipment.
 Failure of Both Normal and Alternate Power Supplies. On some ships, when both normal
and alternate sources of ship power fail, vital auxiliaries connected to an emergency
switchboard receive power from an emergency or dual purpose generator. A dedicated
emergency system is not provided on all ships.
 Failure of Ship Service and Emergency Circuits . Temporary circuits can be rigged with the
casualty power distribution system. They will supply power to vital auxiliaries if any ship
service or emergency generator can be operated.

5. Explain the emergency distribution system.

The emergency power system is a highly reliable power source for vital ship functions. It
includes one or more emergency generators with dedicated switchboards and an emergency
distribution system that is separate from the ship service distribution system. Each feeder from
the emergency switchboards supplies distribution panels or individual loads that require
emergency power.