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    DC Lab Pes186

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    md salman
    We have simulated the bit error rate for different digital modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK, BFSK, and DPSK. For each scheme, we generated random binary data and modulated it before adding noise. We then demodulated the noisy signal and compared it to the original data to determine the bit error rate. The simulated bit error rates were plotted against the theoretical curves, showing good agreement between the two. Scatter plots were also generated to visualize the modulated signals.

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    DC Lab Pes186

    Uploaded by

    md salman
    26 views10 pages
    We have simulated the bit error rate for different digital modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK, BFSK, and DPSK. For each scheme, we generated random binary data and modulated it before adding noise. We then demodulated the noisy signal and compared it to the original data to determine the bit error rate. The simulated bit error rates were plotted against the theoretical curves, showing good agreement between the two. Scatter plots were also generated to visualize the modulated signals.

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    We have simulated the bit error rate for different digital modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK, BFSK, and DPSK. For each scheme, we generated random binary data and modulated it before adding noise. We then demodulated the noisy signal and compared it to the original data to determine the bit error rate. The simulated bit error rates were plotted against the theoretical curves, showing good agreement between the two. Scatter plots were also generated to visualize the modulated signals.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views10 pages

    DC Lab Pes186

    Uploaded by

    md salman
    We have simulated the bit error rate for different digital modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK, BFSK, and DPSK. For each scheme, we generated random binary data and modulated it before adding noise. We then demodulated the noisy signal and compared it to the original data to determine the bit error rate. The simulated bit error rates were plotted against the theoretical curves, showing good agreement between the two. Scatter plots were also generated to visualize the modulated signals.

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    DC LAB

    UE18EC355
    MOHAMMED ZAKI SALMAN
    PES2201800186
    ECE 6 A
    Lab 6: BIT ERROR RATE FOR BPSK

    Mohammed Zaki Salman

    PES2201800186

    ECE 6 A

    AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT :-

    Generate the N=10^7 length sequence s(n) of

    random QPSK symbols (+1,-1). Set Eb/No range (in dB) as -4:2:12. Plot the bit

    error rate (on log scale) vs Eb/No(in dB). Use semilogy function. Plot the

    theoretical NER and see if the two curves match.

    THEORY:

    Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is a two phase modulation

    scheme, where the 0's and 1's in a binary message are represented by two

    different phase states in the carrier signal: for binary 1 and. for binary 0. In digital

    modulation techniques, a set of basis functions are chosen for a particular

    modulation scheme.

    MATLAB CODE:

    clc;

    clear all;

    close all;

    N=10^7;
    EbNo=-4:2:10;

    s=2*(randn(1,N)>0.5)-1; for i=1:length(EbNo)

    No=10^(-EbNo(i)/10); Nvar=No/2; w=randn(1,N)*sqrt(Nvar); x=s+w;

    s_hat=2*(x>0)-1; Nerr=sum(abs(s_hat-s)/2); Ber(i)=Nerr/N;

    Pe(i)=0.5*erfc(sqrt(1/No)); end

    semilogy(EbNo,Ber,'-b'); %simulated BER hold on;

    semilogy(EbNo,Pe,'-m'); % theoritical BER title('BER plot for BPSK');

    xlabel('E_b / N_0 in dB'); ylabel('Probability of error'); No=10^(-2/10);

    Nvar=No/2; w=randn(1,N)*sqrt(Nvar); x=s+w;

    scatterplot(x); xlabel("in phase");

    ylabel("quadrature phase");

    %xlim([-4 4]);

    %ylim([-4 4]);

    Lab 6: BIT ERROR RATE FOR BPSK

    Mohammed Zaki Salman

    PES2201800186

    ECE 6 A

    SIMULATED WAVEFORM
    RESULT:

    We have plotted the simulated and theoretical BER of BPSK

    and have observed the deviation. We have also plotted the

    scatter plot for BPSK.

    Lab 7: BIT ERROR RATE FOR QPSK

    Mohammed Zaki Salman

    PES2201800186

    ECE 6 A

    AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT :

    Generate the N=10^7 length sequence s(n) of

    random QPSK symbols (+1,-1). Set Eb/No range (in dB) as -4:2:12. Plot the bit

    error rate (on log scale) vs Eb/No(in dB). Use semilogy function. Plot the

    theoretical NER and see if the two curves match.

    THEORY:

    Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK):

    It is a form of Phase Shift Keying in which two bits are modulated at once,selecting

    One of four possible carrier phase shifts (0, 90, 180, or 270 degrees). QPSK allows
    the signal to carry twice as much information as ordinary PSK using the same

    bandwidth.

    MATLAB CODE

    clc;

    clear all;

    close all;

    n=10^7;

    s=(2*(rand(1,n)>0.5)-1)+1j*(2*(rand(1,n)>0.5)-1);

    ebno=[-4:2:12];

    for i=1:length(ebno) no=10^(-ebno(i)/10)/2;

    nvar=no/2;

    w=(randn(1,n)+1j*randn(1,n))*sqrt(nvar);

    x=w+s;

    s_h=(2*(real(x)>0)-1)+1j*(2*(imag(x)>0)-1);

    nerr=size(find([s-s_h]),2);

    ser(i)=nerr/n; pe(i)=erfc(sqrt(1/no));

    end

    semilogy(ebno,ser,'-m');

    hold on;

    semilogy(ebno,pe,'-dk');

    title("ser of qpsk");

    ebno=12;

    nvar=10^(-ebno/10)/2; w=(randn(1,n)+1j*randn(1,n))*sqrt(nvar); x=w+s;

    scatterplot(x);

    Lab 7: BIT ERROR RATE FOR QPSK

    Mohammed Zaki Salman

    PES2201800186

    ECE 6 A
    RESULT :

    We have plotted the simulated and theoretical BER of

    QPSK and have observed the deviation. We have also plotted the

    scatter plot for QPSK

    Lab 8: BIT ERROR RATE FOR BFSK

    Mohammed Zaki Salman

    PES2201800186

    ECE 6 A

    THEORY:

    Binary frequency-shift-keying (BFSK) is a simple and robust form of modulation, and it

    has been widely used in digital communication systems. BFSK uses a pair of discrete

    frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) information. With this scheme, the 1 is

    called the mark frequency and the 0 is called the space frequency.

    MATLAB CODE

    clear all;
    close all;
    n=10^7;
    ebn=[0:2:14];
    s=double(rand(1,n)>0.5);
    st=s;
    si=find(s==0);
    st(si)=1*j;
    for i=1:length(ebn)
    no=10^(-ebn(i)/10);
    nvar=no/2;
    w=(randn(1,n)+(j*randn(1,n)))*sqrt(nvar);
    x=st+w;
    xr=real(x);
    xi=imag(x);
    sh=double(xr>xi);
    nerr=size(find(s-sh),2);

    ber(i)=nerr/n;
    pe(i)=0.5*erfc(sqrt(1/(2*no)));
    end
    semilogy(ebn,ber,'-sb');
    hold on

    semilogy(ebn,pe,'-*r');
    title('BER OF BFSK');
    xlabel('EbNo in dB');
    ylabel('BER');
    legend('Practical BER','Theoretical BER');

    Lab 8

    Mohammed Zaki Salman

    PES2201800186

    ECE 6 A

    SIMULATED WAVE FORM


    RESULT :

    We have plotted the simulated and theoretical BER of BFSK and have observed the

    deviation.
    LAB 9:BER FOR DPSK

    MOHAMMED ZAKI SALMAN

    PES2201800186

    ECE 6A

    AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT :

    Generate the N = 107 length sequence s(n) of

    random symbols 0'sand 1's (rand function in matlab can be used). Perform

    differential encoding of the symbols generated in first step by using xnor

    operation. Initial bit can be assumed to be 1 (or 0) to obtain the sequence d(n).

    Convert the sequence d(n) into (+1, -1) here, Eb = 1. Set the Eb/N0 range (in dB)

    as - 4:2:10. Plot the bit error rate (on log scale) vs. Eb/N0 (in dB).

    Use the semilogy function.Plot the theoretical BER (the probability of error

    expression) and see if the two curves match.

    Explain if any discrepancy is observed.

    THEORY:

    Differential Phase Shift Keying DPSK, here the phase of the modulated signal is

    shifted relative to the previous signal element. No reference signal is considered

    here. The signal phase follows the high or low state of the previous element. This

    DPSK technique doesn’t need a reference oscillator.

    MATLAB CODE

    clear all;
    close all;
    n=10^7;
    s=rand(1,n)>0.5;
    d=zeros(1,n+1);
    d(1)=1;
    for i=1:n
    d(i+1)=not(xor(d(i),s(i)));
    end
    d=d(1,2:end);
    d=2*d-1;
    ebn=[-4:2:10];
    for j=1:length(ebn)
    no=10^((-ebn(j))/10);
    nvar=no/2;
    w=randn(1,n)*sqrt(nvar);
    x=d+w;
    xd=[1 x(1:end-1)];
    sh=(x.*xd)>0;
    ner=sum(abs(s-sh));
    ber(j)=ner/n;
    pe(j)=0.5*exp(-1/no);
    end
    semilogy(ebn,ber,'-dk');
    hold on;

    semilogy(ebn,pe,'-*m');
    xlabel('Eb by No in dB');
    ylabel('BER');
    title('Bit error rate of DPSK');
    legend('Simulated BER','Theoretical BER');

    SIMULATED WAVEFORM

    RESULT :
    We have plotted the simulated and theoretical BER of DPSK
    and have observed that there is deviation.

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