Cells Science Year 9 GZ

Cells and Microscopes
All living organisms are made up of cells.

All living organisms are made up of cells, the smallest structural (how it looks) and functional (how it works) unit.
Organisms can be Unicellular – consisting of one independent cell, or be multicellular – organised networks of
cells with different functions and structures; humans have over 100 trillion cells.
The structure of a typical plant cell includes a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall, vacuole, and
chloroplast.
Cell Wall - Gives the cell rigidity and a more angular

appearance.
Chloroplasts - The site of photosynthesis, gives the cell its

characteristic green colour
Vacuole - Assists with storage and structure
The structure of a typical animal cell includes a cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
Cell membrane - Surrounds cell and controls passage of nutrients and

chemicals. Flexible and allows cell to change shape.
Cytoplasm - A liquid filling the cell and containing all the chemicals
the cell needs to function.
Plant and animal cells similarities and differences.
Similarities Differences
1. BOTH cells have a 'skin', called the membrane, 1. ONLY Plants have a cell wall that help define the
protecting it from the outside environment. shape and give structure to the plant.
2. BOTH cells have a nucleus. The ‘information 2. ONLY plant cells contains chloroplasts that helps in
storage' of the cell. the plant’s photosynthesis.
3. BOTH cells have Cytoplasm, a fluid that protects 3. Plant cells are generally larger than animal cells.
the inside of the cell and carries nutrients 4. Plants have a larger Vacuole.
16 | P a g e GZ Science Resources
Using a Microscope EYEPIECE
Most cells are too small to be clearly seen by

eye and require a microscope to view.
Magnification: the number of times the image

is enlarged
Resolution: the clarity (how clear) and ability to
see detail in the image
Microscope parts and function
Arm - this attaches the eyepiece and body tube to the base.
Base - this supports the microscope.
Coarse focus adjustment - a knob that makes large adjustments to the focus.
Eyepiece - where you place your eye.
Fine focus adjustment - a knob that makes small adjustments to the focus (it is often smaller than the coarse
focus knob).
High-power objective - a large lens with high magnifying power.
Low-power objective - a small lens with low magnifying power.
Mirror (or illuminator) - this directs light upwards onto the slide.
Stage - the platform on which a slide is placed.
Using a microscope safely
1. Make sure the lowest power objective lens (e.g. 4x) is clicked into position.
2. Place the microscope slide on the stage and fasten it with the stage clips.
3. Look at the objective lens and the stage from the side and turn the course focus knob so the stage moves
upward. Move it up as far as it will go without letting the objective touch the coverslip.
4. Look through the eyepiece and move the course focus knob down until the image comes into focus.
5. Adjust the mirror for the greatest amount of light.
6. Use the fine focus knob for the clearest image
7. When you have a clear image of your sample with the lowest power objective, you can change to the next
objective lenses. You might need to readjust the sample into focus
8. When finished, lower the stage, click the low power lens into position and remove the slide
Making an onion cell slide

1. Collect onion, slide and cover slip, lamp and microscope.
2. Peel the epidermal cells (skin between layers) from the onion tissue.
3. Place the cell sample on your slide – spread it out and make sure it is not folded.
4. Add 2 drops of iodine (or other stain) to the onion slide.
5. Lower cover slip onto the slide one side at a time so there are no bubbles
6. Focus under the microscope – remember to start with low power!!
7. Draw 2-3 cells about 10 lines big into your books.
8. Return used slides and slips to the ice cream container with disinfectant.
Cells and Microscopes Review
1. Label the following diagrams of cells using the word bank (some words used more than once)
cell membrane cell wall nucleus cytoplasm vacuole
2. Complete the Venn diagram for the similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
3. Give the function for the following organelles (parts) of the cell
Part Function
cell membrane
cell wall
chloroplast
4. Label the diagram of the microscope using the word bank
arm rotating nosepiece eyepiece lens course focus knob fine focus knob
illuminator/light stage clip objective lens
5. Write down the letter for the CORRECT order of the steps to prepare an onion cell slide by placing the correct
letter in the box below
Correct order

Cells Science Year 9 GZ

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Cells and Microscopes

All living organisms are made up of cells.

Cell Wall - Gives the cell rigidity and a more angular

Chloroplasts - The site of photosynthesis, gives the cell its

Vacuole - Assists with storage and structure

Cell membrane - Surrounds cell and controls passage of nutrients and

Plant and animal cells similarities and differences.

Most cells are too small to be clearly seen by

Magnification: the number of times the image

Microscope parts and function

Using a microscope safely

Making an onion cell slide

cell membrane cell wall nucleus cytoplasm vacuole

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