Connection Final

CE-4109
Design of Steel Structures

(Connection)
Slide # 1
Bolted Connections
 Types of Connections
 Simple Bolted Shear Connections
 Bearing and Slip Critical Connections
 Eccentric Bolted Connections
 Moment Resisting Bolted Connections
 Simple Welded Connections
 Eccentric Welded Connections
 Moment Resisting Welded Connections
Slide # 2
Types of Connections
Simple Connections Eccentric Connections
Bolted Connections Welded Connections
Common Bolts High Strength Bolts

Filet Weld
Slip Critical Groove Weld
Bearing Type
Slide # 3
Types of Connections
Simple Connections Eccentric Connections
Bolted Connections Welded Connections
Elastic Ultimate Moment Elastic Ultimate Moment

Analysis Analysis Resisting Analysis Analysis Resisting
Slide # 4
Simple Bolted Connections
 There are different types of bolted connections.
They can be categorized based on the type of
loading.
• Tension member connection and splice. It subjects the
bolts to forces that tend to shear the shank.
• Beam end simple connection. It subjects the bolts to forces
that tend to shear the shank.
• Hanger connection. The hanger connection puts the bolts
in tension
Slide # 5
P P
Tension member
Connection/ splice
P P
Beam end
Simple shear connection
Slide # 6
P P
Hanger connection Moment resisting

(Tension) connection
Slide # 7
 The bolts are subjected to shear or tension loading.
• In most bolted connection, the bolts are subjected to shear.
• Bolts can fail in shear or in tension.
• You can calculate the shear strength or the tensile strength of a bolt
 Simple connection: If the line of action of the force acting on

the connection passes through the center of gravity of the
connection, then each bolt can be assumed to resist an equal
share of the load.
 The strength of the simple connection will be equal to the
sum of the strengths of the individual bolts in the connection.
Slide # 8
Bolt Types & Materials
A307 - Unfinished (Ordinary or Common) bolts
low carbon steel A36, Fu = 413 MPa,
for light structures under static load
A325 - High strength bolts, heat-treated medium
carbon steel, Fu = 827 MPa,
for structural joints
A490 - High strength bolts, Quenched and
Tempered Alloy steel, Fu = 1033 MPa
for structural joints
A449 - High strength bolts with diameter > 1 ½”,
anchor bolts, lifting hooks, tie-downs
Slide # 9
Common Bolts
 ASTM A307 bolts
 Common bolts are no longer common for current structural
design but are still available
Pu   Rn   0.75
Rn  f v Abolt
f v  165 MPa
Slide # 10
High Strength Bolts
 High strength bolts (HSB) are
available as ASTM A 325 and ASTM
A490 Bolt
Courtesy of Kao Wang Screw Co., Ltd.
Washer
Slip Critical
Nut
 Advantages of HSB over A307 bolts Bearing Type
 Fewer bolts will be used compared to 307  cheaper connection!
 Smaller workman force required compared to 307
 Higher fatigue strength
 Ease of bolt removal  changing connection
Slide # 11
High Strength Bolts
 Snug tight
• All plies of the connection are in firm contact to
each other: No pretension is used.
• Easer to install and to inspect
 Pre-tensioned Courtesy of www.halfpricesurplus.com
• Bolts are first brought to snug tight status

• Bolts are then tensioned to 70% of their tensile
stresses
• Bolts are tensioned using direct tension indicator, calibrated wrench or other
methods (see AISC)
 Slip critical
• Bolts are pre-tensioned but surfaces shall be treated to develop specific friction.
• The main difference is in design, not installation. Load must be limited not to
exceed friction capacity of the connection (Strength Vs. Serviceability!)
• Necessary when no slip is needed to prevent failure due to fatigue in bridges.
Slide # 12
HSB – Bearing Type Connections
 The shear strength of bolts shall be determined as follows
Pu   Rn   0.75
Rn  f v Abolt AISC Table J3.2
The table bellow shows the values of fv (MPa) for different types of bolts
Type Type N Thread Type X Thread
A325 330 413

A490 413 517
• If the level of threads is not known, it is conservative to

assume that the threads are type N.
Slide # 13
Bolted Shear Connections
 We want to design the bolted shear connections so that
the factored design strength (Rn) is greater than or equal
to the factored load.  Rn  Pu
 So, we need to examine the various possible failure
modes and calculate the corresponding design strengths.
 Possible failure modes are:
• Shear failure of the bolts
• Failure of member being connected due to fracture or yielding or ….
• Edge tearing or fracture of the connected plate
• Tearing or fracture of the connected plate between two bolt holes
• Excessive bearing deformation at the bolt hole
Slide # 14
Failure Modes of Bolted
Connections
 Bolt Shearing
 Tension Fracture
 Plate Bearing
 Block Shear
Slide # 15
Actions on Bolt
Shear, bearing, bending
P P
P
P Bearing and single plane Shear
Lap Joint
P P
Bending
Butt Joint Bearing and double plane Shear

P/2 P/2
P P
P/2
P/2
Slide # 16
 Possible failure modes
 Failure of bolts: single or double shear
Single shear
PSingle Shear  f v Abolt P P
Double shear
P/2
PDouble Shear  2 f v Abolt P
P/2
 Failure of connected elements:

 Shear, tension or bending failure of the connected elements (e.g. block shear)
 Bearing failure at bolt location
Slide # 17
 Shear failure of bolts
• Average shearing stress in the bolt = fv = P/A = P/(db2/4)
• P is the load acting on an individual bolt
• A is the area of the bolt and db is its diameter
• Strength of the bolt = P = fv x (db2/4) where fv = shear yield
stress = 0.6Fy
• Bolts can be in single shear or double shear as shown above.
• When the bolt is in double shear, two cross-sections are effective
in resisting the load. The bolt in double shear will have the twice
the shear strength of a bolt in single shear.
Slide # 18
Slide # 19
 Failure of connected member
• We have covered this in detail in this course on tension members
• Member can fail due to tension fracture or yielding.
 Bearing failure of connected/connecting part due to

bearing from bolt holes
• Hole is slightly larger than the fastener and the fastener is loosely
placed in hole
• Contact between the fastener and the connected part over
approximately half the circumference of the fastener
• As such the stress will be highest at the radial contact point (A).
However, the average stress can be calculated as the applied force
divided by the projected area of contact
Slide # 20
• Average bearing stress fp = P/(db t), where P is the force applied
to the fastener.
• The bearing stress state can be complicated by the presence of
nearby bolt or edge. The bolt spacing and edge distance will have
an effect on the bearing strength.
• Bearing stress effects are independent of the bolt type because
the bearing stress acts on the connected plate not the bolt.
• A possible failure mode resulting from excessive bearing close to
the edge of the connected element is shear tear-out as shown
below. This type of shear tear-out can also occur between two
holes in the direction of the bearing load.
Rn = 2 x 0.6 Fu Lc t = 1.2 Fu Lc t
Slide # 21
• The bearing strength is independent of the bolt material as it is failure in
the connected metal
PBearing  f p dbolt t
• The other possible common failure is shear end failure known as “shear
tear-out” at the connection end
Pu   Rn   0.75
Lc
Rn  1.2 Lc t Fu  2.4 d t Fu Lc
Shear limitation Bearing limitation

Slide # 22
Slide # 23
Slide # 24
Spacing and Edge-distance
requirements
 The AISC code gives guidance for edge distance and spacing to
avoid tear out shear
h
Lc  Le  AISC Table J3.4
2 Le
h is the hole diameter h  dbolt  1.6 mm
Le S
NOTE: The actual hole diameter is 1.6 mm bigger than the bolt,
we use another 1.6 mm for tolerance when we calculate net area. Here use 1.6 mm only not 3.2
 Bolt spacing is a function of the bolt diameter

 Common we assume S  3 d bolt
 The AISC minimum spacing is S  2 23 d bolt

Slide # 25
Bolt Spacings & Edge Distances
 Bolt Spacings
- Painted members or members not subject to corrosion:
2 2/3d ≤ Bolt Spacings ≤ 24t or 305 mm
(LRFD J3.3) (LRFD J3.5)
- Unpainted members subject to corrosion:
3d ≤ Bolt Spacings ≤ 14t or 178 mm
 Edge Distance
Values in Table J3.4M ≤ Edge Distance ≤ 12t or 152 mm
(LRFD J3.4) (LRFD J3.5)
d - bolt diameter
t - thickness of thinner plate
Slide # 26
• To prevent excessive deformation of the hole, an upper limit is
placed on the bearing load. This upper limit is proportional to the
fracture stress times the projected bearing area
Rn = C x Fu x bearing area = C Fu db t
yp
• If deformation is not a concern then C = 3, If deformation is a
concern then C = 2.4
• C = 2.4 corresponds to a deformation of 6.3 mm.
• Finally, the equation for the bearing strength of a single bolts is
Rn
• where,  = 0.75 and Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu < 2.4 db t Fu
• Lc is the clear distance in the load direction, from the edge of the
bolt hole to the edge of the adjacent hole or to the edge of the
material
Slide # 27
• This relationship can be simplified as follows:
The upper limit will become effective when 1.2 Lc t Fu > 2.4 db t
Fu
i.e., the upper limit will become effective when Lc > 2 db
If Lc < 2 db, Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu
If Lc > 2 db, Rn = 2.4 db t Fu
Fu - specified tensile strength of the connected material

Lc - clear distance, in the direction of the force, between the edge
of the hole and the edge of the adjacent hole or edge of the
material.
t - thickness of connected material
Slide # 28
Important Notes
Lc – Clear distance
Slide # 29
Design Provisions for Bolted Shear
Connections
 In a simple connection, all bolts share the load equally.
T/n T/n
T T/n T/n
T
T/n T/n
Slide # 30
Connections
 In a bolted shear connection, the bolts are subjected to
shear and the connecting/connected plates are subjected
to bearing stresses.
T
T
Bearing stresses in plate

T
Bolt in shear
T
Bearing stresses in plate
68402/61420 Slide # 31
Connections
 The shear strength of all bolts = shear strength of one bolt
x number of bolts
 The bearing strength of the connecting / connected plates
can be calculated using equations given by AISC
specifications.
 The tension strength of the connecting / connected plates
can be calculated as discussed in tension members.
Slide # 32
AISC Design Provisions
 Chapter J of the AISC Specifications focuses on
connections.
 Section J3 focuses on bolts and threaded parts
 AISC Specification J3.3 indicates that the minimum
distance (s) between the centers of bolt holes is 2.67. A
distance of 3db is preferred.
 AISC Specification J3.4 indicates that the minimum edge
distance (Le) from the center of the bolt to the edge of the
connected part is given in Table J3.4. Table J3.4 specifies
minimum edge distances for sheared edges, edges of
rolled shapes, and gas cut edges.
Slide # 33
 AISC Specification indicates that the maximum edge
distance for bolt holes is 12 times the thickness of the
connected part (but not more than 152 mm). The maximum
spacing for bolt holes is 24 times the thickness of the
thinner part (but not more than 305 mm).
 Specification J3.6 indicates that the design tension or

shear strength of bolts is FnAb
•  = 0.75
• Table J3.2, gives the values of Fn
• Ab is the unthreaded area of bolt.
• In Table J3.2, there are different types of bolts A325 and A490.
Slide # 34
• The shear strength of the bolts depends on whether threads are
included or excluded from the shear planes. If threads are included
in the shear planes then the strength is lower.
 We will always assume that threads are included in the

shear plane, therefore less strength to be conservative.
 We will look at specifications J3.7 – J3.9 later.

• AISC Specification J3.10 indicates the bearing strength of plates at
bolt holes.
• The design bearing strength at bolt holes is Rn
• Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu ≤ 2.4 db t Fu - deformation at the bolt holes is a
design consideration
Slide # 35
Common bolt terminologies
 A325-SC – slip-critical A325 bolts
 A325-N – snug-tight or bearing A325 bolts
with thread included in the shear
planes.
 A325-X - snug-tight or bearing A325 bolts
with thread excluded in the shear
planes.
 Gage – center-to-center distance of bolts in p p Edge
direction perpendicular to p
distance
member’s axis
 Pitch – ...parallel to member’s axis
 Edge Distance – Distance from
center of bolt to adjacent
edge of a member p
g Slide # 36
Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength
 Calculate and check the design strength of the simple
connection shown below. Is the connection adequate for
carrying the factored load of 300 kN.
10 mm
3/8 in.
A36 5 x ½ mm
120x15
301.25
mm
A36
60 2.50
mm
301.25
mm
65
63kkN
300 k
¾20
in.mm A325-N
bolts
bolts
30 1.25
mm 602.50
mm 1.25
30 mm
Slide # 37
 Step I. Shear strength of bolts
• The design shear strength of one bolt in shear = Fn Ab = 0.75 x
330 x  x 202/4000 = 77.8 kN
•  Fn Ab = 77.8 kN per bolt (See Table J3.2)
• Shear strength of connection = 4 x 77.8 = 311.2 kN
Slide # 38
 Step II. Minimum edge distance and spacing requirements
• See Table J3.4M, minimum edge distance = 26 mm for rolled edges
of plates
• The given edge distances (30 mm) > 26 mm. Therefore, minimum
edge distance requirements are satisfied.
• Minimum spacing = 2.67 db = 2.67 x 20 = 53.4 mm.
(AISC Specifications J3.3)
• Preferred spacing = 3.0 db = 3.0 x 20 = 60 mm.
• The given spacing (60 mm) = 60 mm. Therefore, spacing requirements
are satisfied.
Slide # 39
 Step III. Bearing strength at bolt holes.
• Bearing strength at bolt holes in connected part (120x15 mm plate)

• At edges, Lc = 30 – hole diameter/2 = 30 – (20 + 1.6)/2 = 19.2
• Rn = 0.75 x (1.2 Lc t Fu) = 0.75 x (1.2 x19.2 x15x400)/1000 = 103.7 kN
• But, Rn ≤ 0.75 (2.4 db t Fu) = 0.75 x (2.4 x 20x15x400)/1000 = 216 kN
• Therefore, Rn = 103.7 kN at edge holes.
• At other holes, s = 60 mm, Lc = 60 – (20 + 1.6) = 38.4 mm.
• Rn = 0.75 x (1.2 Lc t Fu) = 0.75x(1.2 x 38.4 x15 x400)/1000 = 207.4 kN
• But, Rn ≤ 0.75 (2.4 db t Fu) = 216 kN. Therefore Rn = 207.4 kN
Slide # 40
• Therefore, Rn = 216 kN at other holes
• Therefore, bearing strength at holes = 2 x 103.7 + 2 x 207.4 = 622.2 kN
• Bearing strength at bolt holes in gusset plate (10 mm plate)
• At edges, Lc = 30 – hole diameter/2 = 30 – (20 + 1.6)/2 = 19.2 mm.
• Rn = 0.75 x (1.2 Lc t Fu) = 0.75 x (1.2 x 19.2 x 10 x 400)/1000 = 69.1
kN
• But, Rn ≤ 0.75 (2.4 db t Fu) = 0.75 x (2.4 x 20 x 10 x 400)/1000 = 144
kN.
• Therefore, Rn = 69.1 kN at edge holes.
Slide # 41
• At other holes, s = 60 mm, Lc = 60 – (20 +1.6) = 38.4 mm.
• Rn = 0.75 x (1.2 Lc t Fu) = 0.75 x (1.2 x 38.4 x 10x 400)/1000 = 138.2
kN
• But, Rn ≤ 0.75 (2.4 db t Fu) = 144 kN
• Therefore, Rn = 138.2 kN at other holes
• Therefore, bearing strength at holes = 2 x 69.1 + 2 x 138.2 = 414.6 kN
• Bearing strength of the connection is the smaller of the bearing
strengths = 414.6 kN
Slide # 42
Connection Strength
Shear strength = 311.2
Bearing strength (plate) = 622.2 kN
Bearing strength (gusset) = 414.6 kN
Connection strength (Rn) > applied factored loads (gQ).

311.2 > 300 Therefore ok.
• Only connections is designed here

Need to design tension member and gusset plate
Slide # 43
Eccentrically-Loaded Bolted Connections
P P P
P
Pe
CG CG
Pe
e
e
Eccentricity in the plane of Eccentricity normal to the plane
the faying surface of the faying surface
Direct Shear + Additional Shear due to Direct Shear + Tension and Compression
moment Pe (above and below neutral axis)
Slide # 44
Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts
Eccentricity in the plane of the faying surface
LRFD Spec. presents values for computing design
strengths of individual bolt only. To compute
forces on group of bolts that are eccentrically
loaded, there are two common methods:
- Elastic Method: Conservative. Connected parts

assumed rigid. Slip resistance between
connected parts neglected.
- Ultimate Strength Method (or Instantaneous Center of
Gravity Method): Most realistic but tedious to apply
Slide # 45
with Eccentricity on the Faying Surface
 Elastic Method
P P
e Pe
r3
d3 d1 r1
P/3
CG P/3 CG
d2
r2
P/3
Assume plates are perfectly rigid and bolts perfectly elastic 
rotational displacement at each bolt is proportional to its
distance from the CG  stress is greatest at bolt farthest from
CG
Slide # 46
MCG = Pe = r1d1 + r2d2 + r3d3

Since the force on each bolt is proportional to its distance
from the CG:
r1 r2 r3 r1d1 r1d 2 r1d3
   r1  ; r2  ; r3 
d1 d 2 d3 d1 d1 d1
Substitute into eqn. for MCG:
 
2 2 2
r1d1 r1d 2 r1d 3 r1
    d1  d 2  d 3
2 2 2
M CG
d1 d1 d1 d1
r1
M CG  d2
d1
M CG d1 M CG d 2 M CG d 3
r1  ; r  ; r 
  
2 2 2 3 2
d d d
Slide # 47
ry M d y
pmx  r1 sin   1 1  CG 1 1
H1
d1 d1 d2 
y1 r1
d1 M CG y1 Pe y1
pmx  
 
 V1 2
CG x1 d d2
M CG x1 Pe x1
pmy  
Total Forces in Bolt i:

 d2  d2
Pey i
-Horizontal Component =
 d2
P Pex i

-Vertical Component = n
 d2
Slide # 48
Ex. 6.3 – Eccentric Connections –
Elastic Method
Determine the force in the most stressed bolt of the group
using elastic method
e P=140 kN
125 mm
Eccentricity wrt CG:
e = 125 + 50 = 175 mm
100 Direct Shear in each bolt:
mm
100 P/n = 140/8 = 17.5 kN
mm
CG Note that the upper right-hand and
100
mm
the lower right-hand bolts are the
most stressed (farthest from CG and
consider direction of forces)
100
mm
Slide # 49
Elastic Method
Additional Shear in the upper and lower right-hand bolts
due to moment M = Pe = 140x175 = 24500 kN.mm:
d 2
  x 2   y 2 (8)(50) 2  (4)(50 2  150 2 )  120000
My (22500)(150)
pmx    30.6 kN
 d 2
120000
Mx (24500)(50)
pmy    10.2 kN
 d 2
120000
The forces acting on the upper right-hand bolt are as

follows:
The resultant force on this bolt is:
30.6 kN
10.2 kN R  (10.2  17.5) 2  (30.6) 2  41.3 kN
17.5 kN
Slide # 50
 Eccentricity Normal to Plane of Faying Surface
(a) Neutral Axis at CG
Shear force per bolt due to concentric force Pu
2rut
ruv = Pu/n n: # of bolts
Bolts above NA are in tension. Bolts below NA
are in compression. Tension force per bolt:
rut = (Pue)/n’dm
n’: # of bolts above NA
dm: moment arm between resultant tensile and
compressive forces
Slide # 51
 Eccentricity Normal to Plane of Faying Surface
(b) Neutral Axis Not at CG
Bolts above NA resist tension
tf
Bearing stress below NA resist compression
CG
(tension 2rut Shear per bolt due to concentric
force Pu:
group)
ruv= Pu/n
d=Depth/6
Depth
Select first trial location of NA as 1/6

of the total bracket depth.
y
NA Effective width of the compression

X X block:
beff = 8tf ≤ bf (for W-shapes, S-
beff shapes, welded plates and
angles)
Slide # 52
Check location of NA by equating the moment of the bolt area
above the NA with the moment of the compression block area
below the NA:
Ab x y = beff x d x d/2

Ab = sum of areas of bolts above the NA
y = distance from X-X to the CG of bolts above NA
d = depth of compression block (adjust until satisfy)
Once the NA has been located, the tensile force per bolt:
rut = (PuecAb)/Ix
c = distance from NA to most remote bolt in group
Ix = combined moment of inertia of bolt group and compression block
about NA
Slide # 53
Bolts Subjected to Shear and Tension
• Nominal Tension Stress Ft of a bolt subjected to combined
factored shear stress (fv =Vu/NbAb) and factored tension stress (ft
= Tu/NbAb) can be computed as functions of fv as:
Fnt
Fnt  1.3Fnt  f v  Fnt
 Fnv
•  = 0.75
• F’nt = nominal tensile strength modified to include the effect of shear
• Fnt = nominal tensile strength from Table J3.2 in (AISC Spec.)
• Fnv = nominal shear strength from Table J3.2 in (AISC Spec.)
• fv = the required shear stress
Bolt Type Fnt (MPa)
A325 620
A490 780
Slide # 54
Ex. 6.5 – Combined Tension & shear
Is the bearing-type connection below satisfactory for the
combined tension and shear loads shown?
Shear stress per bolt: fv = Vu/NbAb=537000/(8x380)= 176.6 MPa
Fnv=(0.75)(413)=310 MPa> fv = 176.6 MPa (OK)
1200 kN 537 kN
Tension stress per bolt:
1073 kN 1
ft = Tu/NbAb=1073000/(8x380)= 353 MPa
2
Nominal Tension Strength Ft (Table J3.5)
Ft = 0.75[(1.3x620 – (620/310)x176.6) ≤ 620]
Eight 22 mm = 496 MPa ≤ 620]
A325X bolts = 496 MPa > ft = 353 MPa (OK)
Slide # 55
Simple Welded Connections
 Structural welding is a process by which the parts that
are to be connected are heated and fused, with
supplementary molten metal at the joint.
 A relatively small depth of material will become molten,
and upon cooling, the structural steel and weld metal will
act as one continuous part where they are joined.
P P Fillet weld
Fillet weld
P P
Slide # 56
Introductory Concepts
Welding Process – Fillet Weld

Slide # 57
 The additional metal is deposited from a special
electrode, which is part of the electric circuit that includes
the connected part.
• In the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process, current arcs
across a gap between the electrode and the base metal, heating
the connected parts and depositing part of the electrode into the
molten base metal.
• A special coating on the electrode vaporizes and forms a
protective gaseous shield, preventing the molten weld metal
from oxidizing before it solidifies.
• The electrode is moved across the joint, and a weld bead is
deposited, its size depending on the rate of travel of the
electrode.
Slide # 58
• As the weld cools, impurities rise to the surface, forming a
coating called slag that must be removed before the member
is painted or another pass is made with the electrode.
• Shielded metal arc welding is usually done manually and is
the process universally used for field welds.
 For shop welding, an automatic or semi automatic
process is usually used. Foremost among these is the
submerged arc welding (SAW),
 In this process, the end of the electrode and the arc are
submerged in a granular flux that melts and forms a
gaseous shield. There is more penetration into the base
metal than with shielded metal arc welding, and higher
strength results.
Slide # 59
 Other commonly used processes for shop welding are
gas shielded metal arc, flux cored arc, and electro-slag
welding.
 Quality control of welded connections is particularly

difficult, because defects below the surface, or even minor
flaws at the surface, will escape visual detection. Welders
must be properly certified, and for critical work, special
inspection techniques such as radiography or ultrasonic
testing must be used.
Slide # 60
 The two most common types of welds are the fillet weld
and the groove weld. Fillet weld examples: lap joint – fillet
welds placed in the corner formed by two plates
Tee joint – fillet welds placed at the intersection of two
plates.
 Groove welds – deposited in a gap or groove between two

parts to be connected
e.g., butt, tee, and corner joints with beveled (prepared)
edges
 Partial penetration groove welds can be made from one or

both sides with or without edge preparation.
Slide # 61
Welded Connections
 Classification of welds
• According to type of weld
Fillet weld Groove weld
• According to weld position

Flat, Horizontal, vertical or overhead weld
• According to type of joint
• Butt, lap, tee, edge or corner
• According to the weld process
• SMAW, SAW
Slide # 62
Slide # 63
Weld Limit States
The only limit state of the weld metal in a
connection is that of fracture
Yielding is not a factor since any deformation that

might take place will occur over such a short
distance that it will not influence the performance of
the structure
Slide # 64
Design of Welded Connections
 Fillet welds are most common and used in all structures.
 Weld sizes are specified in 1 mm increments
 A fillet weld can be loaded in any direction in shear,
compression, or tension. However, it always fails in
shear.
 The shear failure of the fillet weld occurs along a plane
through the throat of the weld, as shown in the Figure
below.
Slide # 65
hypotenuse
L
Throat = a x cos45o
a = 0.707 a
a
root Failure Plane
L – length of the weld

a – size of the weld
Slide # 66
 Shear stress in fillet weld of length L subjected to load P
P
= fv = If the ultimate shear strength of the weld = f w
0.707 a L w
 Rn = f w  0.707  a  L w
 Rn = 0.75  f w  0.707  a  L w i.e.,  factor = 0.75
 fw = shear strength of the weld metal is a function of the
electrode used in the SMAW process.
• The tensile strength of the weld electrode can be 413, 482, 551, 620,
688, 758, or 827 MPa.
• The corresponding electrodes are specified using the nomenclature
E60XX, E70XX, E80XX, and so on. This is the standard terminology
for weld electrodes.
Slide # 67
• The two digits "XX" denote the type of coating.
 The strength of the electrode should match the strength of

the base metal.
• If yield stress (y) of the base metal is  413 - 448 MPa, use
E70XX electrode.
• If yield stress (y) of the base metal is  413 - 448 MPa, use
E80XX electrode.
 E70XX is the most popular electrode used for fillet welds

made by the SMAW method.
E – electrode 70 – tensile strength of electrode (ksi) = 482 MPa
XX – type of coating
Slide # 68
Fillet Weld
 Stronger in tension and compression than in shear
Convex Concave Unequal leg
Surface Surface fillet weld
Leg Leg
Throat Leg Throat Leg
 Fillet weld designations:

12 mm SMAW E70XX: fillet weld with equal leg size of 12 mm,
formed using Shielded Metal Arc Welding Process, with filler metal
electrodes having a minimum weld tensile strength of 70 ksi.
9 mm-by-12 mm SAW E110XX: fillet weld with unequal leg sizes,
formed by using Submerged Arc Metal process, with filler metal
electrodes having a minimum weld tensile strength of 758 MPa.
Slide # 69
Fillet Weld Strength
Stress in fillet weld = factored load/eff. throat area
Limit state of Fillet Weld is shear fracture through

the throat, regardless of how it is loaded
  0.75
f w  0.6 FEXX
Design Strength: Vn  f wte Lw
For equal leg fillet weld: Vn  f w ( 0.707a )Lw
Slide # 70
 Table J2.5 in the AISC Specifications gives the weld design
strength
• fw = 0.60 FEXX
• For E70XX, fw = 0.75 x 0.60 x 482 = 217 MPa
 Additionally, the shear strength of the base metal must also

be considered:
• Rn = 0.9 x 0.6 Fy x area of base metal subjected to shear
• where, Fy is the yield strength of the base metal.
Slide # 71
 For example
T
Plan
Elevation
Strength of weld in shear = 0.75 x 0.707 x a x Lw x fw
 In weld design problems it is advantageous to work with

strength per unit length of the weld or base metal.
Slide # 72
Limitations on Weld Dimensions
 Minimum size (amin)
• Function of the thickness of the thinnest connected plate
• Given in Table J2.4 in the AISC specifications
 Maximum size (amax)

• function of the thickness of the thinnest connected plate:
• for plates with thickness  6 mm, amax = 6 mm.
• for plates with thickness  6 mm, amax = t – 2 mm.
 Minimum length (Lw)

• Length (Lw)  4 a otherwise, aeff = Lw / 4 a = weld size
• Read J2.2 b page 16.1-95
• Intermittent fillet welds: Lw-min = 4 a and 38 mm.
Slide # 73
Limitations on Weld Size – AISC
Specifications J2.2b Page 16.1-95
 The minimum length of fillet weld may not be less than 4 x
the weld leg size. If it is, the effective weld size must be
reduced to ¼ of the weld length
 The maximum size of a fillet weld along edges of material
less than 6 mm thick equals the material thickness. For
material thicker than 6 mm, the maximum size may not
exceed the material thickness less 2 mm. (to prevent
melting of base material)
 The minimum weld size of fillet welds and minimum effective
throat thickness for partial-penetration groove welds are
given in LRFD Tables J2.4 and J2.3 based on the thickness
of the base materials (to ensure fusion and minimize
distortion)
 Minimum end return of fillet weld  2 x weld size
Slide # 74
Limitations on Weld Dimensions
 Maximum effective length - read AISC J2.2b
• If weld length Lw < 100 a, then effective weld length (Lw-eff) = Lw
• If Lw < 300 a, then effective weld length (Lw-eff) = Lw (1.2 – 0.002 Lw/a)
• If Lw > 300 a, the effective weld length (Lw-eff) = 0.6 Lw
 Weld Terminations - read AISC J2.2b

• Lap joint – fillet welds terminate at a distance > a from edge.
• Weld returns around corners must be > 2 a
Slide # 75
Guidelines for Fillet Weld design
 Two types of fillet welds can be used
• Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
0.707 a
teff  0.707 a
• Automatic Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
teff  a AISC – Section J2.2
Slide # 76
Weld Symbols
(American Welding Society AWS)
10 200 Fillet weld on arrow side. Weld’s leg size is 10 mm.
Weld size is given to the left of the weld symbol.
Weld length (200 mm) is given to the right of the
12 75@125 symbol
Fillet weld, 12 mm size and 75 mm long intermitten

welds 125 on center, on the far side
6 200
Field fillet welds, 6 mm in size and 200 mm long, both

10 50@150 sides.
Fillet welds on both sides, staggered intermitten 10

mm in size, 50 mm long and 150 mm on center
Weld all around joint
Tail used to reference certain specification or process
Slide # 77
0.707 a
a
 Fillet weld design can be governed by the smaller value of
• Weld material strength
Pu _ Weld   ( 0.707 a Lweld f w ) Electrode FEXX (MPa)
  0.75 & f w  0.6 FExx E70XX 482

E80XX 551
• Base Metal Strength
Pu _ BM   ( tbase Lweld 0.6FY )
AISC Table J2.5   0.9 Yield Limit State
Slide # 78
 The weld strength will increase if the
force is not parallel to the weld
Pu _ Weld   ( 0.707 a Lweld f w ) 
 
f w 0.6 FExx 1  0.5 sin1.5  &   0.75
 Maximum weld size
 Minimum weld size

6 mm if tbase  6 mm
t weld _ max  tweld _ min  tthinner part
tbase  2 mm if tbasemetal  6 mm
AISC Table J2.4
Slide # 79
Capacity of Fillet Weld
 The weld strength is a function of the angle 

Pu _Weld  weld 0.707wLweld 0.6 FExx 1  0.5 sin1.5  

Strength
Weld governs
w = weld size
Pu _ BM   y (tbaseLweld 0.6 FY )
Base metal governs
Angle ()
Slide # 80
Ex. 7.6 – Design Strength of Welded
Connection
 Determine the design strength of the tension member and connection
system shown below. The tension member is a 100 mm x 10 mm
thick rectangular bar. It is welded to a 15 mm thick gusset plate using
E70XX electrode. Consider the yielding and fracture of the tension
member. Consider the shear strength of the weld metal and the
surrounding base metal. t = 15 mm
a = 6 mm 100 mm x 10 mm
125 mm
12 mm
12 mm
125 mm
Slide # 81
Connection
 Step I. Check for the limitations on the weld geometry
• tmin = 10 mm (member)
tmax = 15 mm (gusset)
Therefore, amin = 5 mm - AISC Table J2.4
amax = 10 mm – 2 mm = 8 mm - AISC J2.2b page 16.1-95
Fillet weld size = a = 6 mm - Therefore, OK!
• Lw-min = 4 x 6 = 24 mm and 38 mm - OK.

• Lw-min for each length of the weld = 100 mm (transverse distance
between welds, see J2.2b)
• Given length = 125 mm, which is > Lmin. Therefore, OK!
Slide # 82
Connection
Slide # 83
Connection
• Length/weld size = 125/6 = 20.8 - Therefore, maximum effective
length J2.2 b satisfied.
• End returns at the edge corner size - minimum = 2 a = 12 mm
-Therefore, OK!
 Step II. Design strength of the weld

• Weld strength = x 0.707 x a x 0.60 x FEXX x Lw
= 0.75 x 0.707 x 6 x 0.60 x 482 x 250/1000
= 230 kN
 Step III. Tension strength of the member

• Rn = 0.9 x 344 x 100 x 10/1000 = 310 kN - tension yield
Slide # 84
Connection
• Rn = 0.75 x Ae x 448 - tension fracture
• Ae = U A
• Ae = Ag = 100 x 10 = 1000 mm
• Therefore, Rn = 336 kN
• The design strength of the member-connection system = 230 kN.

Weld strength governs. The end returns at the corners were not
included in the calculations.
Slide # 85
Elastic Analysis of Eccentric Welded
Connections
 It is assumed here that the rotation of the weld at failure occur around the
elastic centre (EC) of the weld. The only difference from bolts is we are
dealing with unit length of weld instead of a bolt
F
M
d
e
 The shear stress in weld due to torsion

moment M is Md
f2 
J
 M is the moment, d is the distance from the centroid of the
weld to the weld point where we evaluate the stress, J is
the polar moment of inertia of the weld
AISC Manual Part 8 Slide # 86
Connections – Shear & Torsion
 stresses due to torsional moment “M” is
M Fe
J  Ix  Iy - Calculation shall be done for teff

teff  0.707 w
- Or for teff = 1 mm
Md
f2 
J &
M y M x
f2x  f2 y 
J J
Slide # 87
Connections – Shear & Torsion
 Forces due to direct applied force is
Fx Fy
f1x  f1 y 
Aweld Aweld
 Total stress in the weld is
fx  f1x  f 2 x & fy  f1 y  f 2 y
fv  f x  f y   Rn _ weld
2 2
Slide # 88
Connection – Shear and Torsion
250 mm
 Determine the size of weld
D = 50 kN
required for the bracket connection
in the figure. The service dead load L = 120 kN
is 50 kN, and the service live load 300
is 120 kN. A36 steel is used for the mm 15 mm PL
bracket, and A992 steel is used for
the column.
200
mm
Calculations are done

for teff = 25 mm
Slide # 89
 Step I: Calculate the ultimate load:

Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2(50)+1.6(120) = 252 kN
 Step II: Calculate the direct shear stress:
252 1000
f1 y   360 N/mm
200  300  200
 Step III: Compute the location of the centroid:

x (700)  200(100)(2) or x  57.1 mm
 Step IV: Compute the torsional moment:

e = 250+ 200 – 57.1 = 392.9  M = Pe = 252(392.9)=99011 kN-mm.
Slide # 90
 Step V: Compute the moments of inertia of the total weld
area:
Ix = 1(300)3 (1/12)+2(200)(150)2=11.25×106 mm4
Iy = 2 {(200)3 (1/12)+(200)(100-57.1)2 }+ 300(57.1)2=3.05×106 mm4
J = Ix + Iy = (11.25 + 3.05)×106 = 14.3×106 mm4
 Step VI: Compute stresses at critical location:
M y 99011(150) 1000
f2x    1039 N/mm
J 14.3 10 6
M x 99011(200  57.1) 1000

f2 y    989 N/mm
J 14.3 10 6
fv  f 22x   f1 y  f 2 y   (1039) 2  (989  360) 2  1703 N/mm

2
Slide # 91
 Step VII: Check the shear strength of the base metal
The shear yield strength of the angle leg is:
ΦRn = (0.9)0.6Fyt = 0.9(0.6)(248)(15) = 2009 N/mm
The base metal shear strength is therefore:
2009 N/mm > 1703 N/mm (OK).
 Step VIII: Calculate the weld size, assuming Fw = 0.6FEXX
Rn 1703
a   11.1 mm
 (0.707) FW 0.75(0.707)(0.6  482)
 Use 12 mm
Answer: Use a 12-mm fillet weld, E70 electrode.
Slide # 92
Connections – Shear & Tension
Slide # 93
Connections – Shear & Tension
 stresses due to torsion moment “M” is
F
fv 
A
M Fe - Calculation shall be done for teff
teff  0.707 a
Mx c - Or for teff = 1 mm
ft 
Ix
 F = applied force
 e = eccentricity of load
 Ix = moment of inertia around x-axis
 c = distance from neutral axis of weld to the farthest weld point
Slide # 94
Connection – Shear & Tension
 An L6x4x1/2 is used in a seated beam connection, as shown in the
figure. It must support a service load reaction of 25 kN dead load and a
50 kN live load. The angles are A36 and the columns in A992. E70XX
electrodes are to be used. What size fillet weld are required for the
connection to the column flange?
152
mm
20
mm
20 mm 82 mm
Slide # 95
 Step I: calculate the eccentricity of the reaction with respect to
the weld is:
e = 20 + 82/2 = 61 mm
 Step II: Calculate the moment of inertia for the weld

configuration:
I = 2(1)(152)3 / 12 = 585300 mm4 c = 152/2 = 76 mm
 Step III: Calculate the factored-load reaction is:
Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2(25)+1.6(50) = 110 kN
Mu = Pue = 110(61) = 6710 kN-mm
Slide # 96
• Step III: Calculate the factored-load reaction is:
M u c 6710(76) 1000
ft    871 N/mm
I 585300
Pu 110000
fv    362 N/mm
A 2(1)(152)
fr  f t 2  f v2  (871) 2  (362) 2  943 N/mm
 Step IV: The required weld size a

• a = 943/(0.9x0.707x0.6x482) = 6.2 mm
Slide # 97
 The required size is therefore: a = 7 mm
 Step V: Check minimum and maximum weld size

• From AISC Table J2.4  Minimum weld size = 5 mm
• From AISC Table J2.2b  Maximum weld size = 13 - 2 = 11 mm
• Try a = 7 mm
 Step VI: Check the shear capacity of the base metal (the
angle controls):
• Applied direct shear = fv = 362 N/mm
• The shear yield strength of the angle leg is:
ΦRn = 0.9×0.6Fyt = (0.9)0.6(248)(13) = 1741 N/mm
• The base metal shear strength is therefore:
1741 N/mm > 362 N/mm (OK).
Slide # 98
Ultimate Strength Analysis of
Eccentric Welded Connections
 When comparing elastic analysis to experimental on eccentric welded
connections, it becomes obvious that elastic analysis is over conservative.
Load  F
90o rs e
30o IC
0o
Elastic analysis
Deformation
Slide # 99
 Similar to bolts, weld can be divided into segments  F
which rotate about an instantaneous centre (IC) rs e
 Instead of summing the forces we can integrate over
the length of the weld to get the basic equations of
equilibrium: IC
M  R r dy   R r dx
LV LH 
F  R Cos dy   R Cos dx r

r


LV LH
Thus
IC
R  Rm (1  e    ) 
Slide # 100
 However, in weld: The force in each segment “R” is
also function of the angle  between the force
 F
direction and the weld.
rs e
R  0.6FEXX (1  0.5 Sin1.5 )[ p(1.9  0.9 p)]0.3
IC
s Deformation of the segment
p
m Deformation of the segment at max stress
m  0.209(  2)0.32 w
- Similar to bolts, the far weld element might have a higher proportion of force.
Slide # 101
However, the critical weld is that of the smallest m/rs
 F
m  0.209(  2)0.32 w rs e
IC
Determine the segment that has
( m / rs ) min
The ultimate deformation u happens for the segment with smallest m/rs
u  1.087 (  6) 0.65 w  0.17w
Slide # 102
u  1.087(  6) 0.65 w  0.17 w
 m  0.209 (  2) 0.32 w
In all equations “” is in radian ranges from zero to /2
Slide # 103
 Thus to estimate the force in the critical segment we do the following steps:
 1- Divide the weld into segments and assume an IC
 F
rs e
 2- Calculate the deformation of each element
m  0.209(  2)0.32 w
 3- Compute the ratio m/r and determine rcrit IC
m
rcrit  r at which is min
r
 4- For this critical segment compute the ultimate deformation u
u  1.087(  6)0.65 w  0.17w

r
 5- Compute the deformation of each other segment s  u
rcrit
Slide # 104
 Steps continued:
 6- Compute the stress in each segment  F
rs e
R  0.6FEXX (1  0.5Sin  )[ p(1.9  0.9 p)]
1.5 0.3
s IC
p
m
 7- Check equilibrium equations
n
F x
 zero ≡ R
i 1
xi  Fx Eqn (1)
F y
 zero ≡ R
i 1
yi  Fy Eqn (2)
M IC
 zero ≡ R
i 1
ni .rni  F ( r0  e) Eqn (3)
Slide # 105
Slip-critical Bolted Connections
 High strength (A325 and A490) bolts can be installed with
such a degree of tightness that they are subject to large
tensile forces.
 These large tensile forces in the bolt clamp the connected
plates together. The shear force applied to such a
tightened connection will be resisted by friction as shown in
the Figure below.
Tightened
Slide # 106
N =Tb
N =Tb
P
N =Tb
F=N Tb
F=N
N =Tb
Tb
P N = Tb
N = Tb
Slide # 107
 Thus, slip-critical bolted connections can be designed to
resist the applied shear forces using friction. If the
applied shear force is less than the friction that develops
between the two surfaces, then no slip will occur between
them.
 However, slip will occur when the friction force is less

than the applied shear force. After slip occurs, the
connection will behave similar to the bearing-type bolted
connections designed earlier.
 Table J3.1 summarizes the minimum bolt tension that

must be applied to develop a slip-critical connection.
Slide # 108
Slip-Critical Connections
Loads to be transferred  Frictional
Resistance (tension force in bolt x
coefficient of friction )  No slippage
between members
 No bearing and shear stresses in bolt
LRFD J3.10 requires bearing strength to be checked for both

Bearing-Type connections and Slip-Critical connections
(even though there is supposed to be little or no bearing
stresses on the bolts in Slip-Critical connections)
Slide # 109
 The shear resistance of fully tensioned bolts to slip at
factored loads & service loads is given by AISC
Specification J3.8
Shear resistance at factored load = Rn = (1.13 hscTb Ns)
 - 0.85 for factored loads & 1.00 for service loads
 - friction coefficient
Tb - minimum bolt tension given in Table J3.1
hsc – hole factor determined as:
For standrad size holes hsc = 1.0
For oversized and short-slotted holes hsc = 0.85
For long-slotted holes hsc = 0.7
Ns - number of slip planes
Slide # 110
Slip-Critical Connections
Slip Coefficients (LRFD J3.8)
Surface 
Class A (unpainted clean mill scale or 0.35

surfaces with class A coating on blast-
cleaned steel) 0.50
Class B (unpainted blast-cleaned surfaces
or surfaces with Class B coating on blast-
cleaned steel
Slide # 111
• When the applied shear force exceeds the Rn value stated above,
slip will occur in the connection.
 The final strength of the connection will depend on the

shear strength of the bolts and on the bearing strength of
the bolts. This is the same strength as that of a bearing
type connection.
 Slip critical connections shall still be checked as bearing
type in case slip occurs as a result of overload.
Slide # 112
Ex. 6.2 - Slip-critical Connections
 Design a slip-critical splice for a tension member
subjected to 600 kN of tension loading. The tension
member is a W8 x 28 section made from A36 material.
The unfactored dead load is equal to 100 kN and the
unfactored live load is equal to 300 kN. Use A325 bolts.
The splice should be slip-critical at service loads.
Slide # 113
 Step I. Service and factored loads
• Service Load = D + L = 400 kN.
• Factored design load = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 600 kN
• Tension member is W8 x 28 section made from A36 steel. The
tension splice must be slip critical (i.e., it must not slip) at service
loads.
 Step II. Slip-critical splice connection (service load)

• Rn of one fully-tensioned slip-critical bolt = (1.13 hscTb Ns)
(See Spec. J3.8)
Slide # 114
• Assume db = 20 mm.
• Rn of one bolt = 1.0 x 1.13 x 0.35 x 1.0x142x1 = 56.2 kN
• Note, Tb = 142 kN from Table J3.1M
• Rn of n bolts = 56.2 x n > 400 kN (splice must be slip-critical at
service)
• Therefore, n > 7.12
Slide # 115
 Step III. Layout of splice connection
• Flange-plate splice connection
Splice plate
W8 x 28 W8 x 28
Splice plate
C.L.
Slide # 116
• To be symmetric about the centerline, need the number of bolts to
be a multiple of 8.
• Therefore, choose 16 fully tensioned 20 mm A325 bolts with layout
as shown above.
• Minimum edge distance (Le) = 34 mm from Table J3.4M
• Design edge distance Le = 40 mm.
• Minimum spacing = s = (2+2/3) db = 2.67 x 20 = 53.4 mm.
(Spec. J3.3)
• Preferred spacing = s = 3.0 db = 3.0 x 20 = 60 mm (Spec. J3.3)
• Design s = 60 mm.
• Assume 10 mm thick splice plate
Slide # 117
 Step IV. Connection strength at factored loads
• The splice connection should be designed as a normal
shear/bearing connection beyond this point for the factored load of
600 kN.
• Shear strength of a bolt = 77.8 kN (see Example 7.1)
• The shear strength of bolts = 77.8 kN/bolt x 8 = 622.4 kN
• Bearing strength of 20 mm bolts at edge holes (Le = 30 mm) = 69.1
kN (see Example 7.1)
• Bearing strength of 20 mm bolts at non-edge holes (s = 60 mm) =
138.2 kN (see Example 7.1)
• Bearing strength of bolt holes in flanges of wide flange section
• = 4 x 69.1 + 4 x 138.2 = 829.2 kN > 600 kN OK
Slide # 118
 Step V. Design the splice plate
• Tension yielding: 0.9 Ag Fy > 300 kN; Therefore, Ag > 1344 mm2
• Tension fracture: 0.75 An Fu > 300 kN
• Therefore, An =Ag - 2 x (20 +3.2) x 10 > 1000 mm2
• Beam flange width = 166 mm
• Assume plate width 160 mm x 10 mm which has Ag = 1660 mm2
 Step VI. Check member strength
• Student on his/her own.
Slide # 119
Eccentric Bolted Connections
 Experimental study by Crawford and Kulak (1971) showed:
F
- The load-deformation relationship

of any bolt is non-linear
AISC Manual Part 7

Slide # 120
 The following conclusions were also shown:
F
 Failure rotation does not happen around the elastic center but
around an instantaneous centre (IC)
 The IC does not coincide with the EC
e  The deformation of each bolt is proportional to its distance from
the IC
 Similar to the elastic analysis, the connection capacity is
governed by the force in the farthest bolt
ri
EC
M
≡ IC
F
e
e
Slide # 121
M Fe
ri
Measured at the elastic centroid EC
rb
b   max IC
rmax F
e
Experiment ally  8.6 mm e
 At failure
n
F x
 zero ≡ R
i 1
xi  Fx Eqn (1)
n
F y
 zero ≡ R
i 1
yi  Fy Eqn (2)
n
M IC
 zero ≡  Rni .rni  F ( e  e ) Eqn (3)
i 1
Slide # 122
ri
EC
IC
F
e
e
 Therefore, getting the maximum force in the farthest bolt requires
determining the unknown “e´”
 Because of the non-linear relationship, e´ can be determined by trial

and error
 A spreadsheet can be used to determine e´

Slide # 123
 Ultimate Strength Method (Instantaneous Center of
Rotation Method)
Pu
R = Rult(1 – e-0.394)0.55
e’ e
R = Nominal shear strength of 1 bolt at a deformation , k
Rult= Ultimate shear strength of 1 bolt, kN
1 R1 2
 = Total deformation, including shear, bearing and
d1 d2 R2 bending deformation in the bolt and bearing
IC CG deformation of the connected elements, in. (max = 8.6
mm for 20 mm ASTM A325 bolt)
d4
3 d3 4 1/d1 = 2/d2 = … = max/dmax
R3 R4 e = 2.718…base of the natural logarithm
Slide # 124
Ultimate Strength Method (Instantaneous
Center of Rotation Method)
 Trial and error:
• Assume e’
• Compute i = dimax/dmax (max is assumed for bolt at farthest
distance from IC) r
b   max
•
b
Compute Ri=Rult(1- e-0.394i)0.55 rmax
• Check for: Pu=( Rd)/(e’+e)
Rb  Rult (1  e  b )
• If not satisfied, repeat with another e’
Slide # 125
Ultimate Method
Determine the largest eccentric force Pu for which the design
shear strength of the bolts in the connection is adequate using
the IC method. Use bearing-type 20 mm A325X bolts
e = 100 Pu
e’=60 mm mm - Design shear strength per bolt (Ex. 7-1)
Ru =  Rn= 77.8 kN
1 R1 2
d1 75 -After several trials, assume e’= 60 mm.
d2 R2 mm Bolts 2 and 4 are furthest from the IC,
IC CG therefore 2 = 4 = max = 8.6 mm
75
d4
d3 mm - Compute i and Ri in tabulated form:
3 4
R3 R4
75 mm Slide # 126
Ultimate Method
Bolt h v  Rd
d (mm) R (kN) Ry (kN)
# (mm) (mm) (mm) (kN.mm)
1 22.5 75 78.3 5.47 72.7 20.9 5692
2 97.5 75 123 8.6 77.8 61.67 7585
3 22.5 75 78.3 5.47 72.7 20.9 5692
4 97.5 75 123 8.6 77.8 61.67 7585

=
 = 26554
165.14
Check:
Pu= (Rd)/(e’+e) = (26554/(60+100))
= 166 kN ~ Ry = 165.14 kN (OK)
Slide # 127

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CE-4109

Design of Steel Structures

Bolted Connections Welded Connections

Common Bolts High Strength Bolts

Slip Critical Groove Weld

Simple Connections Eccentric Connections

Bolted Connections Welded Connections

Elastic Ultimate Moment Elastic Ultimate Moment

Hanger connection Moment resisting

 Simple connection: If the line of action of the force acting on

• Bolts are first brought to snug tight status

Rn  f v Abolt AISC Table J3.2

A325 330 413

• If the level of threads is not known, it is conservative to

Butt Joint Bearing and double plane Shear

 Failure of connected elements:

 Bearing failure of connected/connecting part due to

Shear limitation Bearing limitation

 Bolt spacing is a function of the bolt diameter

 The AISC minimum spacing is S  2 23 d bolt

Fu - specified tensile strength of the connected material

Bearing stresses in plate

 Specification J3.6 indicates that the design tension or

 We will always assume that threads are included in the

 We will look at specifications J3.7 – J3.9 later.

• Bearing strength at bolt holes in connected part (120x15 mm plate)

• Rn = 0.75 x (1.2 Lc t Fu) = 0.75 x (1.2 x19.2 x15x400)/1000 = 103.7 kN

• But, Rn ≤ 0.75 (2.4 db t Fu) = 0.75 x (2.4 x 20x15x400)/1000 = 216 kN

• Therefore, Rn = 103.7 kN at edge holes.

• At other holes, s = 60 mm, Lc = 60 – (20 + 1.6) = 38.4 mm.

• Rn = 0.75 x (1.2 Lc t Fu) = 0.75x(1.2 x 38.4 x15 x400)/1000 = 207.4 kN

Connection strength (Rn) > applied factored loads (gQ).

• Only connections is designed here

- Elastic Method: Conservative. Connected parts

MCG = Pe = r1d1 + r2d2 + r3d3

Total Forces in Bolt i:

The forces acting on the upper right-hand bolt are as

Select first trial location of NA as 1/6

NA Effective width of the compression

Ab x y = beff x d x d/2

Welding Process – Fillet Weld

 Quality control of welded connections is particularly

 Groove welds – deposited in a gap or groove between two

 Partial penetration groove welds can be made from one or

Fillet weld Groove weld

• According to weld position

Yielding is not a factor since any deformation that

L – length of the weld

 The strength of the electrode should match the strength of

 E70XX is the most popular electrode used for fillet welds

Throat Leg Throat Leg

 Fillet weld designations:

Limit state of Fillet Weld is shear fracture through

Design Strength: Vn  f wte Lw

For equal leg fillet weld: Vn  f w ( 0.707a )Lw

 Additionally, the shear strength of the base metal must also

Strength of weld in shear = 0.75 x 0.707 x a x Lw x fw

 In weld design problems it is advantageous to work with

 Maximum size (amax)

 Minimum length (Lw)