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Mecha Sensor 2

The document discusses the static and dynamic characteristics of sensors. It defines key terms related to sensor performance such as range, accuracy, sensitivity, hysteresis error, and resolution. It also explains the difference between static characteristics, which describe sensor values under steady state conditions, and dynamic characteristics, which describe sensor behavior as input values change over time. Dynamic response is often characterized using step inputs, ramp inputs, or sinusoidal inputs.

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Mohamed Adel
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78 views

Mecha Sensor 2

The document discusses the static and dynamic characteristics of sensors. It defines key terms related to sensor performance such as range, accuracy, sensitivity, hysteresis error, and resolution. It also explains the difference between static characteristics, which describe sensor values under steady state conditions, and dynamic characteristics, which describe sensor behavior as input values change over time. Dynamic response is often characterized using step inputs, ramp inputs, or sinusoidal inputs.

Uploaded by

Mohamed Adel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Kafrelsheikh Universit | ‫جامعة كفر الشيخ‬

Mechatronics Engineering

By
Dr. Mohamed E. H. Eltaib
Mechanical Engineering Department
Mechatronics Sensors
(static and dynamic characteristics)
Today Class Objectives

➢ Revision of last lectures


➢ Performance terminology
➢ Sensor Static characteristics
➢ Sensor dynamic characteristics
1
➢Revision on last lectures
➢Performance terminology
➢Sensor Static characteristics

Textbook, chapter 2
Sensor Performance Terminology

1. Range and span 8. Stability


2. Error 9. Dead band/time
3. Accuracy 10. Resolution
4. Sensitivity 11. Output impedance
5. Hysteresis error
6. Non-linearity error
7. Repeatability/repro
ducibility
The range of a sensor defines the limits between which the input
can vary.

The span is the maximum value of the input minus the minimum
value.

Example,
a load cell for the measurement of forces might
have
a range of 0 to 50 kN and
a span of 50 kN.
load cell 50kN S-shape
Strain gauge load cell
The shown Figure shows a load cell. This is a cylindrical tube to
which strain gauges have been attached. When forces are
applied to the cylinder to compress it, then the strain gauges give
a resistance change which is a measure of the strain and hence
the applied forces.

Typically such load cells are used for forces up to


about 10 MN, the non-linearity error being about
±0.03% of full range, hysteresis error ±0.02% of full
range and repeatability error ± 0.02% of full range.

Strain gauge load cell.


Strain gauge load cells based on the bending of a strain-
gauged metal element tend to be used for smaller forces,
e.g. with ranges varying from 0 to 5 N up to 0 to 50 kN.
Errors are typically a non-linearity error of about ±0.03% of
full range, hysteresis error ±0.02% of full range and
repeatability error ±0.02% of full range.
The input operating range

ri = xmax to xmin

The full-scale-operating range (FSO)

ro = ymax to ymin
Errors
The error is the difference between the measured value and
the true value.

e= measured value – true value

True value
The exact value of a variable.
Measured value
The value of the variables as indicated by a measurement system.

Examples
o If a measurement system gives a temperature reading of 25Cº when the actual
temperature is 24Cº , then the error is 1Cº .

o If a measurement system gives a temperature reading of 25Cº when the actual


temperature is 26°C, then the error is -1°C.
Sensitivity
Is a measure relating the change in the indicated
output associated with a given change in a static
input.
The slop of a static calibration curve provides the
static sensitivity of the measurement system.

For example, a resistance thermometer


may have a sensitivity of 0.5 Ω/Cº

This term is also frequently used to indicate the sensitivity to inputs other than that
being measured, i.e. environmental changes.

A sensor for the measurement of pressure might be quoted as having a temperature


sensitivity of ±10% of the reading per ºC change in temperature.
Hysteresis error
Transducers can give different outputs
from the same value of quantity
being measured according to whether that
value has been reached by a
continuously increasing change or a
continuously decreasing change
Non-linearity error
For many transducers a linear relationship between the input and output
is assumed over the working range, i.e. a graph of output plotted against
input is assumed to give a straight line. Few transducers, however, have
a truly linear relationship and thus errors occur as a result of the assumption
of linearity. The error is defined as the maximum difference from the
straight line.

Various methods are used


for the numerical
expression of
the non-linearity error.

The error is generally quoted as a Non-linearity error using:


percentage of the full range output. (a) end-range values,
For example, a transducer for the (b) best straight line for all values,
measurement of pressure might be (c) best straight line through the zero point,
quoted as having a non-linearity
error of ±0.5% of the full range.
Accuracy
Accuracy is the extent to which the value indicated by a measurement system
might be wrong. It is thus the summation of all the possible errors that are likely
to occur, as well as the accuracy to which the transducer has been calibrated.

A temperature-measuring instrument might, for example, be specified as having an


accuracy of 62°C. This would mean that the reading given by the instrument can be
expected to lie within plus or minus 2°C of the true
value.

A sensor might be for example, be specified as having an accuracy of ±5% of full


range output.
Thus if the range of the sensor was, say, 0 to 200Cº, then the reading given can be
expected to be within plus or minus 10Cº of the true reading.
Resolution
The smallest increment in the measured value
that can be discerned (recognized).
To illustrate the above, consider the significance of the terms in the following
specification of a strain gauge pressure transducer:

Ranges: 70 to 1000 kPa, 2000 to 70 000 kPa


Supply voltage: 10 V d.c. or a.c. r.m.s.
Full range output: 40 mV
Non-linearity and hysteresis: ±0.5% full range output
Temperature range: -54°C to +120°C when operating
Thermal zero shift: 0.030% full range output/°C

❑ The range indicates that the transducer can be used to measure pressures
between 70 and 1000 kPa or 2000 and 70 000 kPa.

❑ It requires a supply of 10 V d.c. or a.c. r.m.s. for its operation and will give an output
of 40 mV when the pressure on the lower range is 1000 kPa and on the upper range
70 000 kPa.
To illustrate the above, consider the significance of the terms in the following
specification of a strain gauge pressure transducer:

Ranges: 70 to 1000 kPa, 2000 to 70 000 kPa


Supply voltage: 10 V d.c. or a.c. r.m.s.
Full range output: 40 mV
Non-linearity and hysteresis: ±0.5% full range output
Temperature range: -54°C to +120°C when operating
Thermal zero shift: 0.030% full range output/°C

❑ Non-linearity and hysteresis will lead to errors of ±0.5% of 1000, i.e. ±5 kPa on the
lower range and ±0.5% of 70 000, namely ±350 kPa, on the upper range.

❑ The transducer can be used between the temperatures of -54 and +120°C.

❑ When the temperature changes by 1°C the output of the transducer for zero input
will change by 0.030% of 1000 = 0.3 kPa on the lower range and 0.030% of 70 000
= 21 kPa on the upper range.
The static characteristics are the values given when steady-state
conditions occur, i.e. the values given when the transducer has settled
down after having received some input. The terminology defined above
refers to such a state.

The dynamic characteristics refer to the behaviour between the time that the
input value changes and the time that the value given by the transducer settles
down to the steady-state value.
Dynamic characteristics are stated in terms of the response of the transducer
to inputs in particular forms.
For example, this might be a step input when the input is suddenly changed
from zero to a constant value, or a ramp input when the input is changed at a
steady rate, or a sinusoidal input of a specified frequency.
Figure 2.3 Response to a step input.
Figure 2.4 Thermometer in liquid.

Figure 2.4 which indicates how an instrument reading changed with time, being
obtained from a thermometer plunged into a liquid at time t =0. The steady-state
value is 55°C and so, since 95% of 55°C is 52.25°C, the 95% response time is
about 228 s.

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