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    Assignment 3 Database

    Uploaded by

    John Kennedy Cristobal
    This document provides information about legacy systems, flat file databases, the four primary elements of a database approach, problems with data redundancy and flat files, and how database management systems provide controlled access and management of data resources. It defines legacy systems as outdated software and hardware still in use, describes flat files as unstructured data files, lists the four database elements as users, the DBMS, administrator, and physical structures, and discusses how redundancy can cause inconsistency issues.

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    Assignment 3 Database

    Uploaded by

    John Kennedy Cristobal
    62 views2 pages
    This document provides information about legacy systems, flat file databases, the four primary elements of a database approach, problems with data redundancy and flat files, and how database management systems provide controlled access and management of data resources. It defines legacy systems as outdated software and hardware still in use, describes flat files as unstructured data files, lists the four database elements as users, the DBMS, administrator, and physical structures, and discusses how redundancy can cause inconsistency issues.

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    DATABASE

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    This document provides information about legacy systems, flat file databases, the four primary elements of a database approach, problems with data redundancy and flat files, and how database management systems provide controlled access and management of data resources. It defines legacy systems as outdated software and hardware still in use, describes flat files as unstructured data files, lists the four database elements as users, the DBMS, administrator, and physical structures, and discusses how redundancy can cause inconsistency issues.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    62 views2 pages

    Assignment 3 Database

    Uploaded by

    John Kennedy Cristobal
    This document provides information about legacy systems, flat file databases, the four primary elements of a database approach, problems with data redundancy and flat files, and how database management systems provide controlled access and management of data resources. It defines legacy systems as outdated software and hardware still in use, describes flat files as unstructured data files, lists the four database elements as users, the DBMS, administrator, and physical structures, and discusses how redundancy can cause inconsistency issues.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 2

    Auditing in CIS Environment

    Assignment 3: Database

    Questions:

    1. What is a legacy system?


    2. What is the flat-file model?
    3. What are the four primary elements of the database approach?
    4. What types of problems doe’s data redundancy cause?
    5. What flat-file data management problems are solved as a result of using the
    database concept?
    6. What are four ways in which database management systems provide a controlled
    environment to manage user access and the data resources?

    Answers:

    1. A legacy system is a computer-based program that is outdated in terms of


    programming language, platforms, techniques, terminology and/or processes.
    Most often, when talking about legacy systems, we're referring to outdated
    database applications. A legacy system is outdated computing software and/or
    hardware that is still in use. The system still meets the needs it was originally
    designed for, but doesn’t allow for growth. What a legacy system does now for
    the company is all it will ever do. A legacy system’s older technology won’t allow
    it to interact with newer systems.

    2. Flat files are data files that contain records with no structured relationships to
    other files. The flat-file approach is most often associated with so-called legacy
    systems. These are often large mainframe systems that were implemented in the
    1970s through the 1980s. Some organizations today still make extensive use of
    such systems. Eventually, they will be replaced by modern database
    management systems, but in the meantime, auditors must continue to deal with
    legacy-system technologies.

    3. The users, the database management system, the database administrator, and
    the physical database structures.

    4. Data redundancy occurs when the same piece of data exists in multiple places,
    whereas data inconsistency is when the same data exists in different formats in
    multiple tables. Unfortunately, data redundancy can cause data inconsistency,
    which can provide a company with unreliable and/or meaningless information.

    5. Data independence is the type of data transparency that matters for a centralized
    DBMS. It refers to the immunity of user applications to changes made in the
    definition and organization of data. Application programs should not, ideally, be
    exposed to details of data representation and storage. The DBMS provides an
    abstract view of the data that hides such details.

    6. 1. Program development. The DBMS contains application development software.


    Both programmers and end users may employ this feature to create applications
    to access the database.
    2. Backup and recovery. During processing, the DBMS periodically makes
    backup copies of the physical database. In the event of a disaster (disk failure,
    program error, or malicious act) that renders the database unusable, the DBMS
    can recover to an earlier version that is known to be correct. Although some data
    loss may occur, without the backup and recovery feature the database would be
    vulnerable to total destruction.
    3. Database usage reporting. This feature captures statistics on what data are
    being used, when they are used, and who uses them. This information is used by
    the database administrator (DBA) to help assign user authorization and maintain
    the database. We discuss the role of the DBA later in this section.
    4. Database access. The most important feature of a DBMS is to permit
    authorized user access, both formal and informal, to the database.

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