Republic of the Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF HUMAN KINETICS

SABLAYAN CAMPUS

Learning Module
In
Physical Education 4
(TEAM SPORTS)

Prepared by:

ORLANDO P. AGBU
P.E Instructor
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 LESSON 1
VOLLEYBALL

TOPICS
1. History of Volleyball
2. Facilities and Equipment
3. Referee and corps
4. Terminologies
5. Mechanical Analysis of the basic skills
6. Rules on the playing actions`
7. Referees official hand signals
8. Line judges official flag signals

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Understand brief history, rules, terminology, skills and strategies in Volleyball;
2. Demonstrate the ability to perform team skills and strategies.

TOPIC 1: History and Development of Volleyball

On February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts (USA), Willam G. Morgan, a YMCA physical

education director, created a new game called Mintonette as a pastime to be played preferably indoors
and by any number of players.

The first rules, written down by William G. Morgan, called for a net 6 feet inches (1.98 meters) high, a
25x 50-foot (7.6 x 15.2 meter) court, and any number of players.

Alfred Halstead, notice the volleying nature of the game at its first exhibition match in 1896,
played at the Springfield YMCA, the game quickly became known as volleyball

Disputed; some sources say that Spalding created the first official ball in 1896, 1900 others claim
it was created. By 1916 the rules have evolved over time. In 1917, game was changed from 21 to
15 points. In 1919, about 16,000 volleyballs were distributed by the American Expeditionary
Forces to their troops and allies.

In 1900 Canada was the first country outside the United States to adopt Volleyball. The
Federation Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), was founded in 1947, the first World
Championships were held in 1949 for men and 1952 for women. The sport is now popular in
Brazil, in Europe (where especially Italy, the Netherlands and countries from Eastern Europe
have been major forces since the late 1980s)

Beach volleyball, a variation of the game played on sand and with only two players per team,
became a FIVB-endorsed variation in 1987 and was added to the Olympic program at the 1996
Summer Olympics.

 William G. Morgan of Holyoke, Massachusetts, USA invented volleyball in 1895

 Dr. A. F. Halsted renamed it from mintonette to volleyball
 Presented to the Physical Education Directors in 1896
 First official volleyball game; July 7, 1896
 Played at Springfield College
 Within 10 years the game spread to othe countries
 Canada began playing in 1900
 Caribbean began playing in 1906
 Japan began playing in 1908
 Military introduced volleyball to Europe during World War I
 Elwood S. Brown introduced it in the Philippines in 1910
 Tokyo Olympics (1964) it was first played as demonstration sport.
 In 1900, a special ball was designed for sport.
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  In 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be
struck by another player (the set and spike) was introduced.
 In 1917, the scoring was changed from 21 to 15 points.
 In 1920, the three hits per side and the back row attack rules were instituted.
 In 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.
 In 1934, the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees came about.
 In 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded.
 In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was held.
 In 1949, the initial World Championship in Mexico were telecast in Japan.
 In 1964, Volleyball was introduced in the Olympic Games in Tokyo.
 In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.
 In 1987, the FIVB added a Beach Volleyball World Championship Series.
 In 1990, the World League was created.
 In 1995, the sport Volleyball was 100 years old
 In 1996, the 2-person beach volleyball was added to the Olympics

Topic 2: Facilities and Equipment

A. Playing Area –
The court made up of the actual playing court, a rectangle measuring 18m x 9m.
B. The Net-
The net is stretch across the court. There is a flexible cable through the canvas fold at the
top and at the bottom, height is 2.43m for men and 2.24 for women.
C. Ball-
The ball is round covered with a leather or rubber same as the inside. It is light and the
circumference is between 65-67cmin circumference and weigh 260-280g, pressure must
be between 0.30 and 0. 35 kg/cm.
D. Post-
Is often adjustable that supported the net. Post supports the net at a distance of 0.50=
1.00mm outside the side-lines 2.55m.
E. Antennae- flexible rods made of fiber glass measuring 1.8m long.

Topic 3: Referees and corps

In every games/ sport there are official at volleyball game, the first referee stands in a
higher chair on the level with the top of the net so that he/she easily see across the top of the net
and of the court.

The second referee stand opposite to the first referee close to the scorer’s table and substitute
level; there are 4line judge in each corner of the court

The scorer is the one responsible for the record to keep for safety and for protest.

Topic 4: Terminologies

Terminologies in Volleyball

ABSORPTION
Giving with the ball as it is contacted by the passer. (Cushioning) It can take place with certain parts of
the body or with the entire body. Using a cushioning effect with the momentum of the ball’s rebound
enough to carry it forward or upward with little if any backswing or follow through.
ACE
A serve that results directly in a point, usually when the ball hits the floor untouched on the receiving
team’s side of the court.
ANTENNAE
Thin poles attached to the net cables placed above the sideline. A ball touching the antennae or their
extensions is out of bounds. Balls passing within the antennae are still in play.
ASSIST
Helping a teammate set up for a kill.

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ATTACK
- the offense
-any method used to return the ball across the net in an attempt to score. The act of jumping into the air to
hit the ball from above the level of the net into the opponent’s court

ATTACKER
Also “hitter” and “spiker.” A player who attempts to hit a ball offensively with the purpose of terminating
play.

ATTACK BLOCK
The defensive team’s attempt to block a spiked ball.

ATTACK ERROR
An attack botched in one of 5 ways: ball lands out of bounds; ball goes into net; attacker commits center
line or net violation or attacker illegally contacts ball.

ATTACK LINE
A line 3 meters/10 feet away from, and parallel to, the net. Separates the front-row players from the back-
row players. A back-row player cannot legally attack the ball above the net unless he takes off from
behind this line.

ATTACK RANGE
A hitter’s “window” in which he/she is capable of attacking a ball in control.

BACK ROW/COURT
Space from baseline (endline) to attack line. There are 3 players whose court positions are in this area
(positions 1, 6 & 5 on court)

BACK-ROW ATTACK
A violation committed when a back court player jumps with their foot touching any part of the
3 meter line (or its extension) and attacks a ball above the height of the net. The violation is also
committed when a libero hand sets from in front of the 3 meter line and someone jumps to attack it.

BACK-ROW BLOCK
A violation committed when a back row player contacts an attacked ball from the other team above the
height of the net.

BACK-ROW PLAYER
(back court player) Left Back (LB); Middle Back (MB); Right Back (RB) – according to the serving
order. (Serving order positions 5, 6 and 1.)

BACKLINES
See ENDLINES

BACK SET
A type of overhand pass used in setting the ball in a backward direction.

BALL HANDLING
Execution of any passing fundamental

BASELINES
The back boundary of the court. Also called the end line

BLOCK
A play by one or more front line players who attempt to intercept the ball just before or as it crossed the
net. It can stop, obstruct or decrease the intensity of the opponent’s attack
BLOCKING ERROR
Touching the net, crossing the centerline, blocking a set or serve or any other “local” violation that occurs
while making a block attempt.

-ATTACK BLOCK (HARD BLOCK, OFFENSIVE BLOCK)

1 – returning the ball immediately to the attacker’s court
2 – usually in this type of block, the arms and hands are extended over the net. IT is usually used when
the opponent’s sets are tight on the net.

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-AREA BLOCK (SOFT BLOCK, DEFENSIVE BLOCK)
1 – deflecting the ball so that it can be played by a teammate. This type of block protects a defensive area
of the court.
2 – blocking with arms and hands extended straight upward. Utilized when a blocker is late or when the
opponent’s set is far from the net. It is also used when an attacker is considerably higher than the blocker.

BUMP
See PASS and FOREARM PASS

CENTER LINE
A four-inch line in width, located directly under the net and running to the sidelines. It divides the court
into two equal halves. The international center line is two inches in width.
CHANGE OF PACE
See SOFT SPIKE
CLOSING THE BLOCK
The responsibility of the assisting blocker(s) to angle their body relative to the first blocker.
COLLAPSE
A defensive move made from side to side.  Player extends into a side lunge, passes the ball and his/her
momentum carries him/her to the floor on the side of their thigh/butt.
COMMITT BLOCKING
A strategy in blocking where a blocker’s sole focus is one attacker, jumping with them whether they get
set or not. Most commonly used by middle blockers.
COURT
The area 30 by 60 feet, which is divided by a center line into two equal halves of 30 by 30 feet, within
which the game of volleyball is played. Internationally 9 meters x 18 meters.
COURT COVERAGE
The assignment of each player on offense or defense as the ball is in play.
"COVER"
Refers to the hitter having his/her teammates ready to retrieve rebounds from the opposing blockers.
CROSS-COURT SHOT
A ball hit into the opponent’s court in a diagonal direction. Also called an angle hit.
CROSSING THE CENTER LINE
See FOOT FAULT..
CUT-SHOT
A spike that is hit at a sharp angle toward the side-line.
1 – CUT (See SERVING ORDER POSITIONS for international ZONE numbers) Ex: A player spiking
from zone 4 would hit the ball towards zone 4 on the other side. A player hitting from zone 2 would hit
the ball towards zone 2 on the other side.
2 – CUT-BACK:  a hit going back across the spiker’s body. Ex: A player hitting from zone2 would hit
towards zone 5.
DEAD BALL
A ball not in play following a point, side-out or any other decision of the referee temporarily suspending
play.
DEEP
Refers to sending the ball away from the net, toward the baseline of the opponent’s court.
DEFENSE
The action by a team when the ball is controlled by its opponents. Defense is primarily a matter of team
tactics. However, there are certain individual techniques which attempt to convert the defense to the
offense. These include the block, the dig, the dive and the roll.
DEFENSIVE SPECIALIST
Similar to the libero but with much fewer restrictions, a defensive specialist is used to receive serve or
strictly defend. Utilized for their above average ball control, they must follow normal substitution rules.
They are permitted to serve and attack the ball from above the height of the net when they are in the

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backrow. Should the need arise, they can rotate to the front court and play as a front row player if
required.
DIG
1 – The recovery of an opponent’s spike, made by playing the ball with one or two hands.
2 – A contact of the ball below the waistline with a solid surface formed by the forearms of the heels of
the hand. It is used to meet forcefully propelled balls (from serves to spikes) with a cushioning effect (See
ABSORPTION). Often a player falls back (half rolls) as he contacts the ball.
DINK
1 – An attack in which the ball is hit with relatively little force from the fingertips or wrist.
2 – A faked spike in which the attacking player merely placed the ball on the opposite side of net over the
out-stretched hands of the waiting blockers.
DIVE
A defensive technique employed to increase the forward range of motion (ZONE OF
EFFECTIVENESS).
DIVE AND CATCH
The defensive player dives forward, recovers a difficult shot and then lands on his chest and abdomen
after being cushioned by his arms and hands.
DIVE AND SLIDE
The defensive player dives forward, recovers a difficult shot and then touches the floor with his hands and
arms, and by their impetus slides forward on his chest and abdomen. This is the who cushioning effect.
Most of the energy of the impact is transferred into the sliding motion.
DOUBLE BLOCK
Two players working in unison to intercept a ball at the net.
DOUBLE-HIT
Two hits by the same player separated by the time interval. The legality is embodied in a number of rules,
some of which make the double-hit legal and others illegal. A common call by the referee happens when
the ball out of a player's hands comes out in a spinning motion.
DOWN-BALL
A ball which is attacked so weakly that the defense has a higher percentage recovery by digging rather
than blocking. This should be distinguished from a “free-ball.” "Down" is a call for the blockers to stay
down and not jump.
DOWN-THE-LINE-SHOT
A spike directly down the sideline, the sideline from which the spiker is hitting the ball.
DRIFTING
A common error by blockers. There is undue lateral body movement, as opposed to the desired vertical
jump.
DUMP
Usually performed by the setter, who delivers the ball into the opponent’s court on the second contact.
ENDLINES (BACKLINES)
The lines two inches in width running parallel to the net and 30 feet (9 meters) from it. They define the
ends of the court.
EXTENSIONS
A defensive move where the player extends to his/her left or right
FIVE-ONE (5-1)
An offensive system that uses five hitters and one setter.
FACE PASS
See OVERHAND PASS.
FLOATER
A ball hit in such a manner that there is little or no spin imparted to it. Such a hit causes the ball to
unpredictably weave or float in the air.

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FLOOR POSITIONS
See SERVING ORDER POSITIONS.
FOLLOW
To move with and block an attacker. Athletes may change positions with another blocker in the process.
FOOT FAULT
An illegal placement of the feet with respect to court lines.
1- SERVING FOOT FAULT (Server):  Server’s last contact with the floor, as he strikes the ball, must be
within the serving area (and behind the end line).
2- SERVING FOOT FAULT (Other players):  All the players, other than the server have to be within the
boundaries of the court, but may touch the boundary lines
3- CROSSING THE CENTER LINE – The player may cross the center line so long as a part of the
body remains in contact with the center line and the action does not interfere with play or cause a safety
concern (discretion by the referee).
FOREARM PASS
A ball played off the forearms in an underhand manner. The forearms, (UNDERHAND PASS, BUMP)  
held away from the body, will act as a surface from which the pass can be made. It is used to play served
balls, hard-driven spikes and any loose balls dropping near the floor. Usually, this pass is the first contact
by a team within its own court.
FOUL
A rule infraction, also called a violation.
FOUR HITS
A team foul resulting from the ball being hit four times on one side of the net during a normal play.
FOUR-TWO (4-2) OFFENSE
An offensive system consisting of a line-up of four spikers and two setters. The setter is one of the front-
line players who normally rotates into the middle front position after the serve.
FREE BALL
A non-spiked return of a ball by the opponent that should be easily handled and turned into an offensive
play. This should be distinguished from a “down-ball.” Generally speaking a free ball travels in an
upward trajectory as it crosses the net.
FRONT COURT
The area from the net back to the line 10 feet from the net.
FRONT SET
A type of overhand pas used in setting the ball in a forward direction, i.e. the direction that the person
setting the ball is facing.
FRONT-LINE (FRONT ROW) PLAYER
Left – front (LF), Middle Front (MF), and Right Front (RF):  according to the serving order. (Serving
order positions 2,3 and 4).
GOOD BALL
See IN-BOUNDS.
GAME (MATCH)
A game is won when a team wins the majority of the Sets scheduled to be played. This can be either 3-
out-of-5 if 5 sets are scheduled to be played or 2-out-of-3 if 3 sets are scheduled to be played
GAME PLAN
Offensive and defensive emphasis for an opponent. Usually organized for each rotation by the coaching
staff.
HALF ROLL
See ROLL.
HALF-SPEED SHOT
See SOFT SPIKE.
HELD BALL
See “lift”. A ball that comes to rest during contact resulting in a violation.

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HIT
One of the 6 basic skills. To jump and strike the ball with an overhand, forceful shot.
HITTER
Also “spiker” or “attacker.” The player who is responsible for hitting the ball.
HITTING PERCENTAGE
A statistic derived from total kills minus total attack errors, divided by total attempts.
HYBRID SERVE
A serve initiated as if performing a jump float, but the server has option of floating it, hitting with top
spin, or a partial top spin.
IN BACK OF THE BLOCK
1 – A defensive area of the back court which is behind the block or directly screened out by the block.
Tactically this is an area which the defensive player does not expect to dig a hard driven spike.
2- The defensive area of the back court between those areas designated as OUTSIDE THE BLOCK and
INSIDE THE BLOCK.
IN- BOUNDS (GOOD BALL)
1- A ball landing inside or touching the line of the court.
2-  ball passing over the net inside of the antennae.
INSIDE THE BLOCK
1 – An attack play resulting in the ball traveling between the block and net.
2 – A cross-court shot evading the block.
3 – The defensive area of the back court which is cross court from the spiker and lies between the areas
screened out by the block and the far side line.
INTERNATIONAL VOLLEYBALL FEDERATION (FIVB)
Headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland, founded in 1947. Responsible for all international volleyball
(both beach and indoor) rules and competitions.
JOUST
When 2 opposing players contact the ball simultaneously above the net causing the ball to momentarily
come to rest; the point is replayed if this is called by the official.
JUMP SET
A set made by a player who has jumped off of the floor.
JUMP SERVE - TOPSPIN
The server initiates this serve with a high toss as if setting himself. An approach is used to attack the
serve giving it the appearance of a spike.
JUMP SERVE - FLOAT
The server takes an approach similar footwork as an attack approach and contacts the center of the ball so
it travels with little to no spin.
KEY PLAYER/PLAY
To discern a team’s best player or probable next play by observation of patterns or habits.
KILL
A spike that cannot be returned and thus directly results in a point or side-out for the spiking team.
LATERAL SET
A set made in which the setter’s shoulders are approximately parallel to the direction of the path of the
ball. Normally, the setter’s shoulders are approximately perpendicular to the path of the ball.
LET SERVE
A serve contacting the net and continuing into play. Under old rule systems, let serves were a loss of rally
and serve was given to receiving team. Nowadays the served ball may touch the net on its way over and
the rally continues.
LIBERO
An Italian word meaning “free,” is a defensive player designated by a contrasting colored jersey who can
come on and off the court for any back-row player.  Their main responsibilities include receiving serve
and playing defense.  Rules limit them from overhead setting in front of the 3-meter line and attacking a
ball above the plane of the net.  Liberos may serve under certain rule systems and may not in others.
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LIFT
A foul in which the ball visibly comes to rest on some part of the body.
LINES
The marks that serve as boundaries of a court. 2 inches (5cm) wide.
LINE-BALL
A ball which hits the line. It is considered to be in bounds.
LINE OF FORCE
Many techniques, when executed properly, require a virtual straight line between the lowest extremity of
the body (the average foot position when setting and the “opposite leg” when spiking), the center of
gravity of the body and point of contact with the ball. The initial flight of a set should follow the line
of force. The initial flight of a spike should be perpendicular to the line of force.
LINE SHOT
See DOWN THE LINE SHOT
LINESMAN/LINESWOMAN
The official positioned at the end of the court, responsible for indicated whether a ball is inbounds or out
of bounds.
LOAD
Body position for the blockers so that they are most effective.
MATCH
The best of two of three, or the best three out of five sets.
MATCH-UP BLOCKING
A system of blocking where teams manipulate the positions of their front row players to gain an
advantage on the other teams attackers. For example:  A left side attacker may be blocking in the middle,
a middle blocker on the right, and the setter on the left.
MIDDLE-BACK DEEP DEFENSE (WHITE OR PERIMETER DEFENSE)
A defensive formation displaying two blockers at the net and four men in a cup formation near the court
perimeter. The middle back is at the end-line and is responsible for all the deep shots.
MIDDLE-BACK-UP DEFENSE (RED)
A defensive formation displaying two blockers at the net, one player (the middle back) right behind the
block and the three remaining players near the court perimeter. The middle back is responsible for all
dinks.
MIDDLE BLOCKER
Normally a team will display all three of their front court players in preparation to block the opponent’s
attack, even though only one or two players may block. The MIDDLE BLOCKER is that blocker who is
deployed between the other two blockers as the team is ready to block.
MIDDLE UP
A defensive system that uses the middle-back player in 6 to cover tips or short shots along the 3 meter/10
foot line. Also called a “6 up” defense
MINTONETTE
The original name of the game of volleyball, created by William Morgan.
MULTIPLE OFFENSE (6-0 or three hitter attack)
An offensive system in which all three front court players are expected to attack and a back row player is
used as the setter. A three-spiker offense in which the ball is set by a back-row player.
NET – n.
The basic dividing plane between two halves of the court. The volleyball net is 36 inches wide and 32 feet
long. It is made of cord meshes 4 inches square. On top of the net is a canvas band 2 inches wide. The net
height is 8 feet for men; 7 feet 4-1/4” inches for women. It is supported by a cable attached to suitable
anchoring equipment.
1 – to touch the net which constitutes a foul
OFF –BLOCKER
The non-blocking front court player is most standard defensive patterns.

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OFFENSE
The techniques and tactics by the team controlling the ball. IT includes reception of the serve (bump or
forearm pass), setting and attacking (spiking) the ball. The serve is also an offensive action.
OFFENSIVE PLAYS
Virtually all teams run coordinate team patterns or plays much the same as a basketball or football team
might run. The following are a few common examples used by teams employing a multiple offense.
(Refer to ZONES OF NET AREA).
1 – OPTION FOUR:  A play designed to isolate (free from blockers) the left front spiker. Left front
expects a 4 set (shoot), middle front expects a 1 set (Jap) and right front expects a regular set.
2 – DOUBLE QUICK:  A play designated to isolate the right front spiker. Left front expects a regular set,
middle front expects a 1 set and right front expects a back set 2.
3 – X PLAY:  A play designated to isolate the right front spiker hitting from the middle front position.
Left front expects a regular set, center front expects a Jap set and right front takes a move similar to the
double quick but then crosses, behind the CF spikes and hits a 2 set in the middle of the court.
OFFENSIVE SYSTEM
Many times this term is defined in terms of the number of spikers and setters used. In common definition,
the first number referse to the number of spikers and the second refers to the number of setters. For
example:
4-2 = a system using 4 spikers and 2 setters ( a two setter attack)
3-3 = three spikers and three setters (the common system of the 1930’s, 40’s and 50’s)
6-6 = a two hitter attack; MF is always the setter – standard in physical education (gym) class procedure -
an offensive system of the simplest nature. It can also have a 3-hitter attack (multiple offense) – 6 spikers,
6 setters (back row)
5-1 = five spikers and one setter (sometimes called the International 4-2 – where setter is in the RF
position)
6-0 = this term has commonly been used to indicate a multiple offense (see MULTIPLE OFFENSE), in
reality according to the above definition, it should be called a 6-2; six spikers – three setters
6-3 = multiple offense – six spikers  - three setters. This system avoids the complications found in
bringing the setter in from the left back position.
OFF-SPEED SHOTS
An attack that is intentionally slow. Ball spiked with less than maximum force but with spin. Also called
“roll” shot.
OUTSIDE HITTER
Primarily used as a left-side attacker and primary passers in serve receive, conventional systems of play
use two outside-hitters OH1 follows the setter while OH2 follows the opposite-hitter.  In less
conventional systems they may be utilized as swing hitters.
OPTION
The act of attacking the second touch.
OPPOSITE
Player who plays opposite the setter in the rotation. In some systems, this player is also a setter. In other
systems, this player is called a right-side.
OPPOSITE-HITTER
Primarily used to attack from the right sight of the court.  They are opposite the setter, denoted by
“opposite”-hitter.  This position is the most versatile on the court.  This players position in the rotational
order allows for this player to be a primary passer, passing from the center of the court in every rotation,
primary attacker, or the ability to be hidden on the court.
OVERHAND PASS
A ball played from above the forehead usually with fingertips of both hands. The hands must be in such a
position that the passer is able to see the back of his hands.
OVERHAND SERVE
Serving the ball and striking it with the hand above the shoulder. Float or spin.
OVERLAP
1 – An illegal placement of the feet with respect to the positioning of players before the ball is served.
2 – A foul committed as players stand in incorrect rotational order before the ball is served. A player’s
feet may not overlap the players on either side of him or the players in front and behind him.

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OVERPASS
A first contact that is sent over the net unintentionally.
OVERSET
An errant set that crosses the net without being touched by another offensive player.
PASS
The controlled movement of the ball usually from one player to another on the same team. It may be
either a forearm pass or an overhand pass. Usually, this term is applied to the first play of the ball after it
has crossed the net and often is applied only to the serve reception (commonly called the BUMP).
PANCAKE
An emergency defensive move where a player anticipatorally lays his/her hand on the floor (palm facing
down) with the intention of having the ball bounce off his/her hand instead of the floor.

PARTY BALL
When the ball is passed across the net in front of attack line so the front-row attacker can immediately hit
the ball on the first contact.
POINT
A point is awarded when an active rally is terminated, the serving team or the receiving team may win the
point.
PENETRATION
1 – The movement of a back court player into the front court for the purpose of setting. Usually this is
done as the team is attempting to execute a multiple offense.
2 – The act of reaching over the net on the block.
PIPE
A back-row attack from the middle of the court. Position 6.
PLAY
An attack with a planned fake, usually including 2 or more hitter.
PLAY-OVER
A play-over is the act of putting the ball into play again without awarding a point or side-out.
POINT
A point is awarded to the serving team only when the receiving team commits a foul. The receiving team
cannot earn a point.
POINT-RUN
More than one point scored while maintaining the same server on the baseline.
POWER ALLEY
The channel inside the block into which most power spikes are directed.
POWER VOLLEYBALL
This level of volleyball differs from recreational volleyball in the amount of organization necessary for
the highly refined application of team strategy and individual skills. Power volleyball demands a quick
and alert, extremely well-coordinated athlete, with great stamina to master its complex skills and playing
situations.
PURSUIT
The act of playing a ball that has traveled outside of the antenae onto the other side of the net and played
back to correct side.

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QUICK SET
An extremely low vertical set used to beat the opponent’s block. Can be set at any position on the net.
RALLY (VOLLEY)
The chain of events while the ball is in play. The rally begins with the service and ends when the ball is
dead (unless there is a question of equilibrium following the dead ball).
RANGE OF MOTION (ZONE of EFFECTIVENESS)
That part of the playing area in which the player has high probability of making a successful play.
RALLY SCORING
Unlike side out scoring where points can only be scored by the serving team, points are scored on each
dead ball in rally-scoring whether the team is serving or receiving.  This rule was first introduced in
1999 by FIVB (international volleyball federation).
READ BLOCKING
A system of blocking where the blockers wait and react to the set ball, cueing on clues from the setter
while judging the trajectory off the set ball.
READY POSITION
The body position of a player as he anticipates executing a particular technique.
RED CARD
Given by the official to a player or coach for flagrant misconduct resulting in a point/side out to the
opponent. Results in automatic ejection and a point/side out for the opponent.
RED DEFENSE
See MIDDLE BACK UP DEFENSE
REFEREE
The head or chief official, positioned with a view across the top of the net. Also called the 1st referee.
ROLL
A defensive technique often employed to increase the sideward range of motion (ZONE OF
EFFECTIVENESS).
- FULL (COMPLETE) ROLL – The defensive player lunges sideward, recovers a difficult shot then rolls
(360 degrees) over the back and shoulder to regain a defensive position.
- HALF-ROLL – A player falls to his back, reverses directions and comes up on his feet again.
ROOF
To block a spike, usually straight down for a point.
ROTATION
The clockwise movement of players on the court after a side-out has occurred and the opponents have lost
the serve.
ROUNDHOUSE
Action used to strike the ball on a serve or spike. The ball is struck with the arm approximately fully
extend which moves generally upward through a large arc of about 180 degrees.
SAVE
A recover of a ball which would have hit the floor except for an extreme effort of the player, moving well
beyond his normal range of coverage.
SCORER
The official charged with accurately recording the score of the game.
SCREW-UNDER PASS (BUMP) (SET)
A forearm pass or an overhand set made as the passer (setter) is pivoting as he passes (sets) the ball.
Usually this pass is concluded by a half roll by the passer.
SEAM
The mid-point between 2 players.
SERVE
One of the 6 basic skills. Used to put the ball into play. It is the only skill controlled exclusively by one
player.

12
SERVING AREA
An area that is equal in width to the baseline and extends infinitely deep behind the endline. The service
area shall be a minimum of six feet in depth. In the event that the playing area does not provide space for
such a depth, the service area should extend into the court to whatever distance is necessary to provide the
minimum six feet.
SERVING FOOT FAULT (SERVER) and (OTHER PLAYERS)
See FOOT FAULT
SERVING ORDER POSITIONS (FLOOR POSITIONS)
Starting from the first server, they are Right Back (RB-1), Middle Back (MB-2), Left Back (LB-3), Left
Front (LF-4), Middle Front (MF-5), Right Front (RF-6). Serving order should be (RB-1), (RF-2), (MF-3),
(LF-4), (LB 5), (MB-6).
SERVING SPECIALIST
A player who is substituted into the match with the sole purpose of serving.  After receiving team sides
out, the serving specialist is promptly removed from the match
SET
To win a set, a team must score 25 points and be ahead by at least 2 points.  If the score reaches 24-24 or
14-14 in the 5th set (3rd set under some rule systems), play continues until the winner achieves a two
point advantage.  However, it is sometimes necessary to use time limits or other maximum scores to
determine the winner.
SET ATTACK
When a setter attempts to score rather than set the ball to a setter. Also called a shoot set. Setter: The
second passer whose job it is to position a pass to the hitter.
SET VARIATIONS
The definitions here refer to setting zones:
1 – A low set, usually in the center of the net (zone #5), that travels nearly straight up and is quickly hit
by the spiker who is already in the air. It is hit just above the net as it leaves the setter’s hands. Ideally, it
is set in such a manner that a spiker attacks the ball while ascending.
2 – A medium low set that travels nearly straight up from the setter’s hands to a height 2 or 3 feet above
the net.
3 – A medium set traveling 2-4 feet above the netand coming down half way between the setter and
spiker; sometimes used interchangeably with the 31 set (See 31 SET).
Regular Set – A high set coming down near the sideline (vertical tape marker).
4 SET (SHOOT SET) – A medium low set traveling 2-4 feet above the net and coming down near the
sideline.
31 SET – A low, very quick set (usually in zone #3) just above the net.
SETTER (TOSSER)
The player assigned to set the ball into the air for the purpose of placing the ball in position for the attack.
SET THE BLOCK
In most defensive patterns, a particular person will be designated to position the block on any specific
offensive player. The player designated to position the block on any specific offensive player. The player
designated to position the block has the assignment to SET the BLOCK.
SETTING ZONES
See ZONES OF NET AREA.
SHADE
An adjustment before a rally by blockers.  Blockers take one or two steps to either sideline to give
themselves a small advantage on an attacker they think may be set.
SHALLOW
Near the net.
SHANK
Severely misdirected pass.
SHORT-SERVE
A tactic in which the server serves the ball into zone 2, 3, or 4 (right front, middle front and left front
respectively) preferably inside of the 3-meter line.  It is designed to upset a team’s offense by pulling
attackers out of an ideal position for an approach.

13
SIDE-OUT
Side-out occurs when the receiving team wins the point, giving them the serve.  In rally-scoring, the team
is awarded a point, unlike in side-out scoring.
SIDELINES
The two lines running the length of the court (60 feet in length) which are parallel to each other and
perpendicular to the net. They are two inches in width.
SIX-PACK
Being hit in the face with the ball.
SIX-TWO (6-2)
An offense with four spikers and two spiker/setters. Setter comes from the back row.
SLIDE/STEP
A quick attack behind the setter.
SOFT SPIKE (HALF SPEED SHOT, OFF-SPEED SHOT, CHANGE OF PACE)
A spike made with considerable less force than a normal spike, often very carefully placed. It is used to
gain some tactical advantage.
SPIKE  (HITTER, ATTACKER)
1 – A forceful method of returning the ball across the net. Usually the third contact by a team within its
own court.
2 – The act of jumping in the air and hitting a set ball from above the level of the net.
SPIKE COVERAGE
A position taken by the offensive players as the spiker spikes the ball, so as to field any ball rebounding
from the block.
SPIKER
The offensive player driving the ball over the net (spiking) in to the opponent’s court.
SPLIT BLOCK
A team tactic in which there is an intentionally wide space left between the blockers. The space may often
be from 1-4 feet.
SPRAWL
A defensive move where a player places his/her forearms on the floor, while moving forward or side to
side, preventing the ball from contacting the floor.  When finished, if executed correctly, the player will
be sprawled out on his/her stomach.
STRONG SIDE (ON SIDE)
These are terms indicating spiking or attack zones along the net. The strong side is the left hand side of
the net for a right handed spiker and the right side of the net for a left handed spiker.
STUFF
A ball deflected back to the attacking team’s floor by the opponent’s blockers.
SUBSTITUTION
The act of one player entering the game to replace another player.
SWING-BLOCKING
A rhythm timed blocking method, where the blockers begin “bunched” into the middle of the court and
turning, dropping their hands and swinging them like the back swing of an approach. arms to play a ball
finishing on the side of his/her hips and torso.
SWING OFFENSE
Developed by Bill Neville and Doug Beal for the 1984 Olympics, the swing offense utilizes one or two
swing hitters who are capable of hitting multiple sets in multiple net zones. They are used to fool blockers
by rarely hitting the same set twice.  They may pass a ball on the left side of the net and attack a ball on
the right.
SWITCH
An intentional strategic interchange of positions on the court. It can take place only after the ball is
contacted by the server. Generally switching occurs amongst the players that are in the same zones of the
court, i.e. back row players switching with back row players only, front row players switching with front
row players only.

14
TANDEM
A combination in which one player attacks immediately behind another.
TAPE
The top of the net.
TEAM
A group of six players on one half of the court.
TEAM PATTERN
The coordinated pattern of a team either on offense or on defnse.
TECHNIQUE MAN
A spiker who also functions as a secondary setter.
THREE-HITTER ATTACK
See MULTIPLE OFFENSE.
TELEGRAPH
To show one’s intention to the opponents.
THREE-METER LINE
The line extended across the court to signify the point which a back-row player must leave the ground
behind to attack the ball. Also call “attack line” and 10-foot line
TIP
A one-handed, soft hit into the opponent’s court using the fingertips. Also called a dink.
TOOL
The act of attacking a ball intentionally off the blockers hands/forearms to earn a point
TOPSPIN
A forward spin imparted to the ball during the serve or spike.
TOSS (SET)
An international term for the set, similarly tosser means setter.
TOUCH
A player contacting the ball on the defensive play.
TRAJECTORY
The trajectory of an object, such as a ball, must follow the path of a parabola unless object is subject to
outside forces. There are two types of deviations which commonly act upon the parabolic arc of a
volleyball:
1 – Any spin placed upon the ball causes the deviation to be in a predictable direction
2 – Any non-spinning ball may deviate from the theoretical path in an unpredictable manner.
TRANSITION
The movement of a team as it changes from one team pattern to another. Normally the term is applied as
a team changes from offense to defense or from defense to offense.
TRIPLE BLOCK
Using the 3 available blockers all at once to block an attacker.  Usually occurs on out of system sets
where the setter’s intentions are clear early. Also used to stop a dominant attacker.
TWO-HITTER ATTACK
A term commonly applied when playing the 4-2 or 6-6 offenses. See OFFENSIVE SYSTEMS.
USAV
The governing body of the volleyball in the United States.
UMPIRE
Official who assists the referee and is positioned on the floor opposite the referee.
UNDERHAND PASS
See FOREARM PASS
UNDERHAND SERVE
A serve performed with an underhand striking action. The ball is usually contacted with the heel of the
hand.

15
UNITED STATES VOLLEYBALL ASSOCIATION (USVBA)
Founded in 1928. Headquarters in San Fransisco, CA. An association of approximately 20 organizations
which sponsor major volleyball activities. Represents volleyball on the U.S. Olympic Committees.
VERTICAL TAPE MARKERS
A 2 inch strip of material (tape of canvas) fastened vertically on each side of the net, directly above the
side lines and marking the side boundary lines of the court.
VOLLEY
See RALLY.
W SERVE-RECEIVE FORMATION
Three players in the front row, two in the back.
WAFFLE
Attacking a ball, whether on a spike or a serve, with no spin that travels far outside of the court.
WEAK SIDE (OFF-SIDE) (OFF-HAND)
These are terms indicating spiking or attack zones along the net. The weak side is the right hand side of
the net for a right handed spiker and the left side of the net for a left handed spiker.
WHITE DEFENSE
See MIDDLE- BACK DEEP DEFENSE.
WIPE / WIPE OFF SHOT
A spike that is deliberately deflected off the blocker’s hands. Often a soft spike.
YELLOW CARD
Given by the official to a player or coach as a warning of misconduct. Two yellow cards result in an
automatic red card.

Topic 5: Mechanical Analysis of the basic skills

Basic skills

 Serve-
A player stands behind the endline and serve the ball into the opponent’s court the
main objective is to make land inside the court.
These are the different type of serves to employed:
 Underhand- the most common serve and employed in high level competition. It is a
serve in which the player hit the ball below the waist.
 Topspin- It is generally a hard hit and aimed to specific returner part of the court. It
usually causes a fast drop and a straight path.
 Jump serve- is a type of volleyball serve where the player increases the power and
height of their serve by jumping into the hit.
 Jump float- it is almost the same with standing float serve but the ball is tossed lower
but contact is still made while in the air.

 Pass-
The pass is the attempt by team to properly handle the opponent’s serve, or any form of
attack. Proper handling includes not only preventing the ball from touching to court, but
also making it reach the position where the setter is standing quickly and precisely.
Skill in passing involve fundamental techniques:
 Underarm pass- the ball touches the joined forearms at waistline.
 Overhand pass-hand over the ball with fingertips, just above the head.

 Attack-
It is usually the third contact a team makes with the ball. Attacking is to toss the ball so
that it lands on the opponents’ court and cannot be defended. It approach jumps, and
swings at the ball.

The offensive act of hitting the volleyball. Attacker: Also called "hitter" or "spiker". An
offensive player who tries to hit the ball to end a play and ultimately earn a point for his
team

16
Volleyball comprises a number of attacking techniques: 
 Backcourt (or backrow) attack: - performed by a back row player The player must jump
from behind the 3-meter line before making contact with the ball, but may land in front of
the 3-meter line. 
 Line and Cross-court Shot: refers to whether the ball flies in a straight trajectory parallel to
the side lines, or crosses through the court in an angle.
 Dip/Dink/Tip/Cheat: the player does not try to make a hit, but touches the ball lightly, so
that it lands on an area of the opponent's court that s not being covered by the defense.
 Tool/Wipe/Block-abuse: the player does not try to make a hard spike, but hits the ball so
that it touches the opponent's block and then bounces off court. 
 Off-speed hit: the player does not hit the ball hard, reducing its acceleration and thus
confusing the opponent's defense. 
 Ouick hit/"One”: an attack (usually by the middle blocker) where the approach and jump
begin before the setter contacts the ball. The set (called a "quick set”) is placed only
slightly above the net and the ball is struck by the hitter almost immediately after leaving
the setter's hands. Quick attacks are often effective because they isolate the middle blocker
to be the only blocker on the hit. 
 Slide-. The middle hitter steps around the setter and hits from behind him or her.
 Double quick hit- We call it tandem a variation of quick hit, one in front and one behind
the setter.

 Block-
3 players performing a block
Blocking refers to the actions taken by players standing at the net to stop or alter an
opponents’ attack. A well-executed offensive block is performed by jumping and reaching
to penetrate with one’s arms and hands over the net and into the opponent’s area.

 Dig-
Digging is the ability to prevent the ball from one’s court after a spike, particularly a ball
that is nearly touching the ground.

 Coaching
 Basic Principle-
There are 2 categories in coaching the match coaching and developmental
coaching. The objective of match coaching is to win a match by managing a team
strategy.
 Strategy-
An image from an international match between Italy and Russia in 2005. A
Russian player on the left has just served, with three men of his team next to the
net moving to their assigned block positions from the starting ones.
 Player Specialization-
There are 5 positions filled on every volleyball team at the elite level.
1. Setters- They aim for second touch and their main responsibility is to place the
ball in the air where the attackers can place the ball into the opponents’ court
for a point. Setter need to have swift and skillful appraisal and tactical
accuracy, and must be quick at moving around the court.
2. Liberos-are defensive players, who are responsible for receiving the attack.
Libero means ‘free’ as they have the ability to substitute for any other player on
the court during each play. A player designated as a libero for a match may not
play other roles during that match. Liberos wear a different colour jersery than
their teammates.
3. Middle blockers or Middle hitters- They are specialized in blocking, since they
must attempt to stop equally fast plays from their opponents and then quickly
set up a double block at the sides of the court.
4. Outside hitters- attack from near the left antenna. Since most sets to the outside
are high, the outside hitter may take a longer approach, always starting from
outside the court sideline. In non-beginners ’play, there are again two outside
hitters on every team in every match.
5. Opposite hitters or Right-side hitters- carry the offensive workload for a
volleyball team. Their primary responsibilities are to attack the ball from the
right side and to put up a well-formed block against the opponents outside
17
 hitters. This player hits the most balls on the team. He/She is set from the front
row and the back row. Sets to the opposite usually go to right side.

Topic 6: Rules on the playing actions

Basic Volleyball Rules

 6 players on the floor at any one time - 3 in the front row and 3 in the back row
 Maximum of 3 hits per side
 Points are made on every serve for wining team of rally (rally-point scoring).
 Player may not hit the ball twice in succession. (A block is not considered a hit.)
 Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on a serve.
 A ball hitting a boundary line is in.
 A ball is out if it hits an antennae, the floor completely outside the court, any of the net or cables
outside the antennae, the referee stand or pole, the ceiling above a non-playable area.
 It is legal to contact the ball with any part of a player’s body.
 It is illegal to catch, hold or throw the ball.
 A player cannot block or attack a serve from on or inside the 10-foot line.
 After the serve, front-line players may switch positions at the net.
 Matches are made up of sets; the number depends on level of play. 3-set matches are 2 sets to 25
points and a third set to 15. Each set must be won by two points. The winner is the first team to
win 2 sets. 5-set matches are 4 sets to 25 points and fifth set to 15. The team must win by 2 unless
tournament rules dictate otherwise. The winner is the first team to win three sets.

Basic Volleyball Rule Violations

Rule violations that result in a point for the opponent

 When serving, the player steps on or across the service line as while making contact with the ball.
 Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully.
 Ball-handling errors. Contacting the ball illegally (double touching, lifting, carrying, throwing,
etc.)
 Touching the net with any part of the body while the ball is in play.
 When blocking a ball coming from the opponent’s court, it’s illegal to contact the ball when
reaching over the net if both your opponent has not used 3 contacts AND they have a player there
to make a play on the ball.
 When attacking a ball coming from the opponent’s court, contacting the ball when reaching over
the net is a violation if the ball has not yet broken the vertical plane of the net.
 Crossing the court centerline with any part of your body is a violation. Exception: if it is the hand
or foot. In this case, the entire hand or entire foot must cross for it to be a violation.
 Serving out of rotation/order.
 Back-row player blocking (deflecting a ball coming from the opponent) when, at the moment of
contact, the back-row player is near the net and has part of his/her body above the top of the net.
This is an illegal block.
 Back-row player attacking a ball inside the front zone (the area inside the 3M/10-foot line) when,
at the moment of contact, the ball is completely above the net. This is an illegal attac

18
Topic 7: Referees official hand signals

Topic 8: Line judges official flag signals

19
ACTIVITY NO.1
Make a video of type of service (send to your subject teacher)

 Under head
 Over head
 Jumping
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qv1mA1s8p9Y

Activity No.2
Make a video of Dig 5-10 times (send to your subject teacher)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Foj6A4WWgCg&t=36s

Activity No. 3
Make a video of and hand signals (send to your subject teacher)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeivjrDftmw

20
 Lesson 2
The History of basketball

TOPICS
1. The Birthplace of Basketball
2. The Person Who Invented Basketball
3. The Year Basketball was Invented

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Trace the history of basketball
2. Appreciate the value of basketball to their lives

Topic 1
The Birthplace of Basketball
Basketball is built into the fabric of Springfield College. The game was invented by Springfield
College instructor and graduate student James Naismith in 1891, and has grown into the
worldwide athletic phenomenon we know it to be today.

Where Basketball Originated

It was the winter of 1891-1892. Inside a gymnasium at Springfield College (then known as the
International YMCA Training School), located in Springfield, Mass., was a group of restless
college students. The young men had to be there; they were required to participate in indoor
activities to burn off the energy that had been building up since their football season ended. The
gymnasium class offered them activities such as marching, calisthenics, and apparatus work, but
these were pale substitutes for the more exciting games of football and lacrosse they played in
warmer seasons.

Topic 2

James Naismith, The Person Who Invented Basketball

The instructor of this class was James Naismith, a 31-year-old graduate student. After graduating
from Presbyterian College in Montreal with a theology degree, Naismith embraced his love of
athletics and headed to Springfield to study physical education—at that time, a relatively new
21
and unknown academic discipline—under Luther Halsey Gulick, superintendent of physical
education at the College and today renowned as the father of physical education and recreation in
the United States.

As Naismith, a second-year graduate student who had been named to the teaching faculty,
looked at his class, his mind flashed to the summer session of 1891, when Gulick introduced a
new course in the psychology of play. In class discussions, Gulick had stressed the need for a
new indoor game, one “that would be interesting, easy to learn, and easy to play in the winter
and by artificial light.” No one in the class had followed up on Gulick’s challenge to invent such
a game. But now, faced with the end of the fall sports season and students dreading the
mandatory and dull required gymnasium work, Naismith had a new motivaTwo instructors had
already tried and failed to devise activities that would interest the young men. The faculty had
met to discuss what was becoming a persistent problem with the class’s unbridled energy and
disinterest in required work.

During the meeting, Naismith later wrote that he had expressed his opinion that “the trouble is
not with the men, but with the system that we are using.” He felt that the kind of work needed to
motivate and inspire the young men he faced “should be of a recreative nature, something that
would appeal to their play instincts.”

Before the end of the faculty meeting, Gulick placed the problem squarely in Naismith’s lap.

“Naismith,” he said. “I want you to take that class and see what you can do with it.”So Naismith
went to work. His charge was to create a game that was easy to assimilate, yet complex enough
to be interesting. It had to be playable indoors or on any kind of ground, and by a large number
of players all at once. It should provide plenty of exercise, yet without the roughness of football,
soccer, or rugby since those would threaten bruises and broken bones if played in a confined
space.

Much time and thought went into this new creation. It became an adaptation of many games of
its time, including American rugby (passing), English rugby (the jump ball), lacrosse (use of a
goal), soccer (the shape and size of the ball), and something called duck on a rock, a game
Naismith had played with his childhood friends in Bennie’s Corners, Ontario. Duck on a rock
used a ball and a goal that could not be rushed. The goal could not be slammed through, thus
necessitating “a goal with a horizontal opening high enough so that the ball would have to be
tossed into it, rather than being thrown.”

Naismith approached the school janitor, hoping he could find two, 18-inch square boxes to use as
goals. The janitor came back with two peach baskets instead. Naismith then nailed them to the
lower rail of the gymnasium balcony, one at each end. The height of that lower balcony rail
happened to be ten feet. A man was stationed at each end of the balcony to pick the ball from the
basket and put it back into play. It wasn’t until a few years later that the bottoms of those peach
baskets were cut to let the ball fall loose.

Naismith then drew up the 13 original rules, which described, among other facets, the method of
moving the ball and what constituted a foul. A referee was appointed. The game would be
divided into two, 15-minute halves with a five-minute resting period in between. Naismith’s
secretary typed up the rules and tacked them on the bulletin board. A short time later, the gym
class met, and the teams were chosen with three centers, three forwards, and three guards per
side. Two of the centers met at mid-court, Naismith tossed the ball, and the game of “basket
ball” was born.

22
Topic 3

The Year Basketball was Invented

Word of the new game spread like wildfire. It was an instant success. A few weeks after the
game was invented, students introduced the game at their own YMCAs. The rules were printed
in a College magazine, which was mailed to YMCAs around the country. Because of the
College’s well-represented international student body, the game of basketball was introduced to
many foreign nations in a relatively short period of time. High schools and colleges began to
introduce the new game, and by 1905, basketball was officially recognized as a permanent
winter sport.

The rules have been tinkered with, but by-and-large, the game of “basket ball” has not changed
drastically since Naismith’s original list of “Thirteen Rules” was tacked up on a bulletin board at
Springfield College.

Where was Basketball Invented?

There’s been some confusion over the precise nature of the official relationship between
Springfield College and the YMCA, as it relates to James Naismith and the invention of
basketball.

The confusion stems in part from changes in the School’s name in its early history. Originally
the School for Christian Workers, the School early in its history had three other names which
included “YMCA”: the YMCA Training School, the International YMCA Training School, and,
later still, the International YMCA College. The College didn’t officially adopt the name
“Springfield College” until 1954, even though it had been known informally as “Springfield
College” for many years.

23
But by whatever name, since its founding in 1885 Springfield College has always been a private
and independent institution. The College has enjoyed a long and productive collaboration with
the YMCA, but has never had any formal organizational ties to the YMCA movement.

The confusion has been compounded by a small sign on the corner of the building where
basketball was invented. The building stood at the corner of State and Sherman streets in
Springfield, Massachusetts. The sign, carrying the words “Armory Hill Young Men’s Christian
Association,” is visible in old photographs of the building that have circulated online. This has
led some to believe, erroneously, that the Armory Hill YMCA owned the building, and that
James Naismith was an employee of the YMCA.

However, in 2010, some historic YMCA documents and Springfield College documents from the
period were rediscovered. These documents prove conclusively that the gymnasium in which
Naismith invented basketball was located not in a YMCA but in a building owned and operated
by the School for Christian Workers, from which today’s Springfield College originated. The
building also included classrooms, dormitory rooms, and faculty and staff offices for the
institution. The Armory Hill YMCA rented space in the building for its activities, and used the
small sign to attract paying customers.

James Naismith, the inventor of basketball, was an instructor in physical education at the
College. It was Luther Halsey Gulick, Naismith’s supervisor and the College’s first physical
education director, who challenged Naismith to invent a new indoor game for the School’s
students to play during the long New England winter. There is currently no evidence to suggest
that either man ever worked for the Armory Hill YMCA, per se.

So now you know the true story of James Naismith and the invention of basketball.

Task/Activity
Describe how basketball invented by James Naismith during year 1821

24
 Lesson 2

BASKETBALL RULES AND

EQUIPMENT

TOPICS
1. The Players and the Equipment
2. The Rules of Basketball

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. learn the uses of different basketball equipment
2. report and reflect on the rules of basketball

Photo credit: Keith Allison (Source)

Basketball dates back as far as 1891 and since then has evolved into a sport played around the
world. Many countries have adopted the game such as Russia, Great Britain, Germany, Spain
and parts of Asia, but it is America where the biggest and most lucrative league in the world
lives: the NBA (National Basketball Association).

Object of the Game

The object of basketball is to throw the ball

(basketball) into a hoop to score points. The
game is played out on a rectangular court and
depending on which section of court you
successfully throw a ball into the basket will
depend on how many points are scored. The ball
can be moved around the by dribbling or
passing the ball. At the end of the game the
team with the most points is declared the
winner.

25
Players & Equipment
Each team is made up of 12 players with only 5 allowed on the court at any time. The positions
are broken up into Point Guard, Defensive Guard, Center, Offensive forward and Defensive
Forward. Each player will then take up a position on the court but are allowed to move around as
they please.
The court is a rectangular shaped and measures 91 feet long and 50 feet wide. There is a halfway
line in which a small circle is found in the centre; this is where the game starts with a tip off (the
ball is thrown in the air by the referee and a player from each team tries to win possession for
their team). At each end of the court are two baskets both 10 feet in height. A three point arc is
the outside ring, whilst in the middle of that is the key which includes a free throw line.
All that is needed to play is a court and basketball. Teams must wear matching strips with some
players choosing to wear gum shields and face masks for protection.
The game is split up into 4 twelve minute quarters. In between the 2 nd and 3rd quarter is a 15
minute half time interval.

Scoring
There are three scoring numbers for basketball players. Any basket scored from outside the three
point arc will result in three points being scored. Baskets scored within the three point arc will
result in two points being scored. Successful free throws will result in 1 point being scored per
free throw. The number of free throws will depend on where the foul was committed.

Winning the Game

Winning a game of basketball is pretty simple; score more points than your opponents in the
allotted game time. If the scores are tied at the end then an extra quarter will be played until a
winner is found.

Rules of Basketball
 Each team can have a maximum of 5 players on the court at any one time. Substitutions
can be made as many times as they wish within the game.
 The ball can only be moved by either dribbling (bouncing the ball) or passing the ball.
Once a player puts two hands on the ball (not including catching the ball) they cannot
then dribble or move with the ball and the ball must be passed or shot.
 After the ball goes into a team’s half and they win possession back the ball must then
make it back over the half way line within 10 seconds. If the ball fails to do so then a foul
will be called and the ball will be turned over.
 Each team has 24 seconds to at least shot at the basket. A shot constitutes either going in
the basket or hitting the rim of the basket. If after the shot is taken and the ball fails to go
in the basket then the shot clock is restarted for another 24 seconds.
 The team trying to score a basket is called the offence whilst the team trying to prevent
them from scoring is called the defence. The defence must do all they can to stop the
offence from scoring by either blocking a shot or preventing a shot from being fired.
 After each successful basket the ball is then turned over to the opposition.
 Fouls committed throughout the game will be accumulated and then when reached a
certain number will be eventually be awarded as a free throw. A free throw involves one
playerfrom the offensive team (the player fouled) to take a shot unopposed from the free
throw line. Depending on where the foul was committed will depend on the number free
throws a player gets.
 Violations in basketball include travelling (taking more than one step without bouncing
the ball), double dribble (picking the ball up dribbling, stopping then dribbling again with
two hands), goaltending (a defensive player interferes with the ball travelling downwards
towards the basket) and back court violation (once the ball passes the half way line the
offensive team cannot take the ball back over the half way line).

Task/Activity
Direction: The students will demonstrate the following; (Take a video and send to your subject
teacher)
 Travelling
 Double dribble

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  Goaltending
 Back court violation

Lesson 3
The Basic Skills of Basketball

TOPICS
1. Objects of the Game
2. Rules of Basketball

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. learn the uses of different basketball equipment
2. report and reflect on the rules of basketball

Basketball is a fast-paced game that requires the knowledge and instinct to perform quickly and
properly. The sport of basketball requires five basic skills.
Basketball skills can be broken down into two primary categories:

 Offensive skills: shooting, rebounding, passing, and dribbling

 Defensive skills: blocking, stealing, and again, rebounding

Skills: Offense
Shooting
Shooting consists of launching the ball toward the basket in an arcing motion with the purpose of
it going in and scoring points. When shooting, keep your eyes on the target, place the ball on
your fingertips (not the palm), place your feet shoulder width apart, place your elbow under the
ball, and then follow through and hold the finish.

Offensive Rebounding
An offensive rebound is obtained when the team that just shot the ball misses and then recaptures
the ball again. As a general rule it is tougher for a player to get an offensive rebound than a

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defensive rebound because after a shot misses the opposing team's players are closer to the
basket and in a better position to grab the ball.

Passing
A pass happens when one player throws the ball to another player with the purpose of setting up
a play or taking a shot. In basketball there are two main types of passing. The first type happens
when one player throws another player the ball and the receiving player then scores a basket. The
player who threw the ball gets credit for an assist.
The second type of pass is just a basic pass from one player to another. There are bounce passes
that hit the floor one time, chest passes that are thrown from the player's upper body, and the
spectacular alley-oop pass where one player lobs the ball above the rim and a second player
grabs it out of midair and slam dunks.

Dribbling
Dribbling is the art of bouncing the ball up and down off the floor with one hand, in order to
advance the ball up the court. It is illegal to touch the ball with both hands simultaneously, a.k.a
double dribbling. While dribbling, a player should protect the ball to prevent the defender from
stealing it. Tips for dribbling include: not looking at the ball, pounding the ball hard, and using
the free arm as a shield.

Skills: Defense
Blocking
The block is another spectacular crowd favorite. It occurs when the offensive player shoots and
the defender swats the ball away, blocking its trajectory to the basket and preventing any points
from being scored.

Stealing
The steal, or taking the ball away from an opposing player to gain possession for your own team,
requires quick hands and great timing. A player can steal a pass out of midair or from the other
team while someone is dribbling.

Defensive Rebounding
A defensive rebound is obtained when one team misses a shot and the opposing team grabs the
ball. An important skill needed to collect defensive rebounds is known as boxing out, a technique
by which players use their bodies to shield the opposing team from grabbing the ball.

Task/Activity
Direction: Make a video of the following Skills Offense and Defense. (Send to your subject
teacher)
Skill: Offense
 Shooting
 Offensive Rebounding
 Passing
 Dribbling
Skill: Defense
 Blocking
 Stealing
 Defensive Rebounding

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 Lesson 4
VIOLATIONS

TOPICS
1. Objects of the Game
2. Rules of Basketball

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Learn the uses of different basketball equipment
2. Report and reflect on the rules of basketball

In basketball, a common violation is the most minor class of illegal action. Most violations are
committed by the team with possession of the ball, when a player mishandles the ball or makes
an illegal move. The typical penalty for a violation is loss of the ball to the other team. This is
one type of turnover.
Here is a list and description of non-foul violations in the game of basketball.

Traveling (walking)

One of the basic ideas of the sport of basketball is that you have to dribble or bounce the ball
while you are walking or running. When you have stopped dribbling one of your feet will
become your pivot foot. You cannot move your pivot foot or lift it off of the ground. If you do,
this is called traveling.

Double dribble

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You only get to dribble once in basketball. If you stop dribbling you have to pass it to another
player or shoot the ball. If you start dribbling again, this is called double dribbling.

Three seconds

Offensive players are not allowed to stay in the free throw lane, or key, for more than three
seconds. Anytime they leave the key or the ball hits the rim, the three second count starts over
again.

Eight Seconds

The offensive team has 10 seconds to get the ball across half court. If it takes longer than 10
seconds, then they will lose possession of the ball.

Backing violation

Once the offensive team has gotten the ball over half court, they cannot go back into the
defender's half court with the ball. This is called over-and-back.

Carrying (palming)

Carrying, or palming, is like a double dribble. Players may not put the palm of their hands under
the ball or carry the ball in one hand for a long time. This is similar to holding the ball and a
double dribble.

Lane violations

During a free throw shot, players will line up on both sides of the lane. If they jump into the lane
prior to the shot, it will be called a lane violation. If it was an offensive player, a made shot will
not count. If it was a defensive player, a missed shot will not count and the shooter will get
another try.

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Kicking

Players are not allowed to intentionally kick the ball. If a defensive player kicks the ball, the
offensive team will get it out of bounds.

Goaltending

Goaltending is when a player interferes with a shot when it is above the rim, but still on its
downward path to the basket, interferes with the ball while on the rim of the basket, or touches
the net or rim while the ball is being shot. If goaltending is called on the defense, the shot is
called good. If goaltending is on the offense, then the shot does not count and the defense gets
the ball.
Out of bounds

The ball is considered out of bounds when it touches the ground outside the lines of the court.
The lines themselves are considered out of bounds as well. It is also out of bounds if the ball
touches a player who has any part of their body touching the ground out of bounds.

Task/Activity
Make a video of the following violation; (send to your subject teacher)
 Traveling
 Double dribble
 Three seconds
 Backing violation
 Kicking

Lesson 5
FOULS

TOPICS
1. Objects of the Game
2. Rules of Basketball

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. learn the uses of different basketball equipment
2. report and reflect on the rules of basketball

I. FOULS
Fouls are caused by physical contact (holding, pushing), or actions (acting out like you are going
to hit another player but you don’t) or even extreme abusive yelling or cussing (technical foul).

Personal Fouls
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Among all the types of basketball fouls, personal foul is the most common type. It relates to the
physical contacts, the illegal ones that are not acceptable in the game of basketball. It can be
divided into two more categories, defensive fouls and offensive fouls.

Defensive Fouls

Illegal physical contacts which are made by defensive players are known as defensive fouls.
These contacts are primarily aimed to impede the progress of offensive player. Some of the
typical defensive fouls are blocking, reaching in, holding, tripping and pushing.

Offensive Fouls

Offensive players also commit personal fouls, mainly charging and illegal screen. Charging is
called when offensive player moves into a defensive player, pretending as he is fouled by the
defender and illegal screen when player setting the screen constantly moves and blocks the way
of the defender.

Flagrant Foul

When an illegal physical contact gets more violent, obvious, unnecessary and excessive, then it
is called a flagrant foul. It’s intended to harm a player and results in more harsher penalties than
personal fouls. Hitting, punching, shoving etc in such manner that could injure a player or
actually ends up hurting him can lead to fines and ejection from the game. There are two types of
flagrant fouls: flagrant foul 1 and flagrant foul 2. Upon measuring the severity of contact, referee
decides whether to call it type 1 or type 2. He can reclassify his decision after reviewing it.

Technical Fouls

Technical foul include those acts or behaviors that are against the sportsmanship or spirit of the
game. It’s an unsportsmanlike conduct from an on court player, bench player, coach or entire
team against a player, coach, referee or spectator. For example, releasing anger or frustration in
reckless manner like throwing chair or any object, spitting, punting a ball, using improper
language or trash talking. Team fighting or fight with crowd, pretending to be fouled.

Task/Activity
Make a video of the following foul; (send to your subject teacher)

 Offensive Foul

 Holding

 Tripping

 Pushing

 Illegal screen

Lesson 6
OFFICIAL SIGNALS
TOPICS
3. Objects of the Game
4. Rules of Basketball

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. learn the uses of different basketball equipment 32
2. report and reflect on the rules of basketball
OFFICIAL SIGNALS

Task/Activity
Make a video of official signals in basketball. (Send to your subject teacher)

LESSON 7
SCORING
TOPICS
1. Objects of the Game
2. Rules of Basketball

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Scoring

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The ultimate objective of basketball, like most team sports, is to outscore your opponent.
In basketball, players score points by throwing the ball through the basket, an act known
as shooting. Different points are awarded to players based on where they are when they
shoot the ball. Here is a breakdown of scoring:

 3 points - Awarded to players who successfully shoot the ball through the hoop
from behind the three-point line.
 2 points - Awarded to players who successfully shoot the ball through the hoop
from anywhere inside the three-point line. This can be done by shooting a jump shot,
laying the ball
l into the rim, or slamming the ball through the hoop.
 1 point - When players are fouled, they get free attempts to shoot the ball, which
are called foul shots. A player is given one point for every successful foul shot.
When a player is shooting a foul shot, the remaining nine players on the court must stand
in designated locations. They can stand in the blocks along the sides of the free-throw
lane or back behind the free-throw shooter. The team whose player is not shooting free
throws must be allowed to stand closest to the rim during the shot.

Task/Activity
Make and submit an example of a score sheet in Basketball
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