Psychology Test Book

PSYCHOLOGY TEST
7. Patients with bilateral damage to the hippocampal 10. The bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity, and tremors
Time — 170 minutes
formation are tested on motor learning tasks such that characterize Parkinson’s disease are a result
as the Tower of Hanoi. Studies show that the of the degeneration of dopaminergic cells in the
205 Questions patients improve their performance with repeated
(A) association cortex
exposures. When asked whether they have ever
Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or (B) cerebellum
seen the task, even after numerous test sessions
completions. In each case, select the one that is best and then completely fill in the corresponding space on the (C) hippocampus
with it, they typically report not having seen it
answer sheet. (D) reticular formation
before. Such results have led to which of the
(E) substantia nigra
following conclusions?
1. The ability of a postsynaptic neuron to respond 4. When persuasive communications follow the (A) Patients with hippocampal injury suffer from 11. Which of the following best characterizes an
to the presence of a particular neurotransmitter peripheral route, they focus on which of the confabulation similar to Korsakoff’s infant’s object concept at six months of age?
that is released from a neighboring presynaptic following? patients.
neuron is dependent on which of the following (A) The infant’s visual system is too immature
(A) Beliefs (B) The inability to remember the Tower of
conditions? to enable focusing on an object in the
(B) Facts Hanoi reflects a fundamental lesion-induced
visual field.
(A) The storage of the neurotransmitter in the (C) Values inability to name objects.
(B) The infant is unable to track moving objects
presynaptic neuron (D) Emotions (C) Although procedural memory may not rely
in the visual field.
(B) The ability of the neurotransmitter to (E) Cognitions on normal hippocampal functioning,
(C) The infant is not surprised when two objects
penetrate the membrane of the postsynaptic declarative memory does.
are seen to occupy the same space at the
neuron 5. Consider the sentence “The dishwasher is (D) Hippocampal injury enhances the acquisition
same time.
(C) The presence of receptors on the postsynaptic running.” Which of the following is true? of tasks relying on motor learning.
(D) The infant’s understanding of object
neuron that have an affinity for that (E) Whereas procedural memory is severely
(A) It can have more than one surface structure. mechanics is as sophisticated as the
particular neurotransmitter impaired after hippocampal injury,
(B) It can have more than one deep structure. adult’s understanding.
(D) Whether or not the neurotransmitter
reference memory is intact.
(C) It is grammatically incorrect. (E) The infant understands objects to be solid
is excitatory or inhibitory
bounded entities that take up space and
(D) It can have more than one syntax. 8. Which of the following is chemically similar
(E) Whether or not the postsynaptic neuron move on continuous paths.
(E) It violates the rules of bottom-up processing. to opiates, has the ability to reduce pain, and
has an axon that is myelinated
is blocked by the action of naloxone?
6. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical 12. A 40-item vocabulary test was administered
2. Critics have argued that projective tests are too (A) Norepinephrine to a group of students. A second, similar test of
Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition
(A) brief
TM
(DSM-5 ), children with separation anxiety (B) Acetylcholine vocabulary terms was administered to this same
(B) concrete disorder often experience which of the following (C) Serotonin group of students approximately one week later.
(C) quantitative symptoms in addition to excessive fear or anxiety (D) Endorphin The researcher reported that the correlation
(D) objective over separation from attachment figures? (E) Dopamine between these two tests was r = .90. What type
(E) subjective of reliability is represented in this example?
(A) Excessive concern about the safety and well- 9. When stress is prolonged, the most likely result is
being of attachment figures (A) Test-retest
3. Organizing the string of letters B-F-J-T-A-V-K-C (A) generalized weakening of the immune system (B) Internal consistency
(B) Persistent desire to develop relationships with
into JFK-TV-CAB is an example of (B) damage to brain areas within the pons and (C) Alternate forms
adults other than those who serve as major
(A) simplifying attachment figures medulla (D) Split-half
(B) clustering (C) Pervasive anxiety about failure in school or (C) an increase in the level of naturally produced (E) Inter-rater
(C) seriating social situations endorphins
(D) chunking (D) Perceptual delusions that the child’s parents (D) intensification of the effects of natural
(E) paraphrasing have been replaced by physically identical killer cells
imposters (E) an increase in the number of T cells

(E) Irresistible urges to perform and repeat a
certain act over and over again
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007630-78581 GRE Psychology Test Practise Book • Dr01 050409 ljg • reprint for service contract change 050609 ljg • edits dr01 051109 ljg • dr02 5/26/09 mc • 007630-78581 GRE Psychology Test Practise Book • Dr01 050409 ljg • reprint for service contract change 050609 ljg • edits dr01 051109 ljg • dr02 5/26/09 mc •
Questions 13-15 refer to the information below. 13. Which of the following describes the pattern of 16. The preference for a loosely knit social frame- 19. Which of the following is the best example of
findings displayed in the graph? work in which individuals are responsible only the categorical perception of human speech?
A researcher was interested in whether or not for the care of their children and themselves is
(A) Men who heard the jazz piece and women (A) Listeners are able to categorize speech
jazz vocals and opera influence men’s and women’s known as
who heard the operatic piece scored higher samples in terms of the gender of the
emotional states. She hypothesized that these types
on the mood inventory than those in the (A) collectivism speaker.
of music influence men and women differently. In
other two groups. (B) individualism (B) Listeners are able to categorize a stream
a study investigating this hypothesis, 40 men and
(B) People who heard the operatic piece scored (C) ethnocentrism of words into a series of distinct words,
40 women heard a jazz piece, and 40 men and
higher on the mood inventory than those (D) egocentrism because they can identify the brief pauses
40 women heard an operatic piece. The jazz piece
who heard the jazz piece. (E) interactionism that appear between words.
was sung by a man, and the operatic piece was sung
(C) People who heard the jazz piece scored (C) When a sound is presented that is inter-
by a woman. Afterward, participants rated themselves
higher on the mood inventory than those 17. Over many trials a puff of air aimed at JoAnne’s mediate between the phonemes /b/ and
on an inventory measuring emotional state. Higher
who heard the operatic piece. eyes is paired with a loud noise and a subtle /p/, listeners report that they heard either
scores on the inventory indicate positive mood.
(D) Men scored higher than women on the mood smell. Afterward, it is very likely that JoAnne’s a distinct /b/ or a distinct /p/.
Results of this study are represented in the graph
inventory regardless of the type of music conditioned eye blink will be under the control (D) During speech perception, listeners auto-
below.
they heard. of the loud noise and not the subtle smell. This matically place phonemes into one of two
(E) Women scored higher than men on the mood phenomenon is an example of categories, vowels or consonants.
inventory regardless of the type of music (E) After hearing a sentence, people process
(A) overshadowing
they heard. each word and make decisions about the
(B) conditioned suppression
word’s function within that sentence.
(C) generalization
14. The researcher concludes from her study that
(D) counterconditioning
jazz music positively changes men’s moods 20. Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess described
(E) reinstatement
and operatic music positively changes women’s three categories of infants: easy, difficult, and
moods. Which of the following invalidates that slow to warm up. These are categories of
18. The idea that people cope with stress by moving
conclusion?
toward people, away from people, or against (A) play
(A) The participants were college students who people is most consistent with the views of (B) emotions
were not music majors. (C) toilet training
(A) Aaron Beck
(B) Only one scale was used to measure mood. (D) temperament
(B) Carl Rogers
(C) Men and women were randomly assigned (E) smiles
(C) Karen Horney
to groups.
(D) Erik Erikson
(D) Previous studies have shown that men are
(E) Erich Fromm
less emotional than women.
(E) Men’s and women’s moods were not mea-
sured before exposure to the two types of
music.
15. Which of the following is the most serious problem

with the methodology of this research?
(A) Men and women did not listen to both types
of music.
(B) The singers were not the same gender.
(C) The sample size was too small to draw a valid
conclusion.
(D) The participants were not musicians.
(E) Only one type of music should have been
used.
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21. Which of the following types of cognitive abilities 24. The sharing of information about oneself 28. Which theorist revised Sigmund Freud’s stages of 32. Rapid eye movements are most closely associated
is LEAST likely to show a decline in late life? is referred to as development, replacing Freud’s psychosexual with which of the following?
stages with psychosocial stages?
(A) Working memory (A) social exchange (A) Alpha waves
(B) Processing speed (B) experience sampling (A) Karen Horney (B) Delta waves
(C) Fluid intelligence (C) communal sharing (B) Erik Erikson (C) Dreaming
(D) Semantic memory (D) self-disclosure (C) Alfred Adler (D) Apnea
(E) Episodic memory (E) authority ranking (D) Viktor Frankl (E) Stage II sleep
(E) Abraham Maslow
22. Charles Scott Sherrington proposed that rapid 25. Research on children’s social behavior shows 33. An investigator interested in the development of
stimulation of a specific synapse is likely to that relative to young adolescent boys, young 29. Using a pendulum apparatus, a participant children’s attitudes toward the police assessed and
produce a cumulative effect in the postsynaptic adolescent girls exhibit more of which type of attempts to derive the physical laws that compared the attitudes of 250 eight year olds,
cell because of aggression? determine the rate at which a pendulum swings. 240 twelve year olds, and 245 sixteen year olds.
The participant’s approach to solving this problem She matched the three groups with regard to
(A) spatial summation (A) Hostile
is to hold a relevant factor (X) constant and to gender and socioeconomic background. The
(B) temporal summation (B) Instrumental
vary a second relevant factor (Y), and then to investigator’s research design is best charac-
(C) saltatory conduction (C) Physical
reverse this procedure by holding Y constant and terized as which of the following?
(D) neuromodulation (D) Relational
varying X. According to Jean Piaget, the
(E) spreading depression (E) Displaced (A) A case study
participant’s level of cognitive functioning is most
(B) A controlled experiment
likely
23. Which of the following is an atypical 26. “I runned to the car” is an example of (C) Sequential
developmental pattern characterized by (A) preoperational (D) Cross-sectional
(A) telegraphic speech
stereotyped motor responses and poor (B) concrete operational (E) Longitudinal
(B) fast mapping
communication skills? (C) formal operational
(C) overregularization
(D) sensorimotor 34. If a psychological disorder has a genetic basis,
(A) Tardive dyskinesia (D) overextension
(E) conventional one would expect to find the highest concordance
(B) Autism spectrum disorder (E) holophrasing
rate for the illness between which of the
(C) Down syndrome
30. A child has just developed the ability to lie with following?
(D) Williams syndrome 27. The visual pathway that tells us what we
the intention of deceiving another person. This
(E) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are looking at is called the (A) Mother and child
new ability is probably based most directly on a
(B) Father and child
(A) corticospinal tract change in the child’s
(C) Identical twins
(B) solitary tract
(A) knowledge about mental representations (D) Fraternal twins
(C) spinothalamic tract
(B) skill in making transitive inferences (E) Nontwin siblings
(D) dorsal stream
(C) formal operational thinking
(E) ventral stream
(D) social referencing 35. According to Sigmund Freud, a child who grabs
(E) temperament food from another child because of hunger is
driven by
31. The standard deviation of a sample of test scores
(A) the id
is a measure of the
(B) the ego
(A) central tendency of scores (C) environmental reinforcers
(B) variability of individual scores (D) the superego
(C) concurrent validity of the test (E) cognitive schemas
(D) line of best fit
(E) normality of the distribution
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Questions 41-43 refer to the following passage.
36. All of the following statements about 39. A client sleeps sixteen hours a day. According to
psychodynamic theorists are correct EXCEPT: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Depression is more common among people with insomnia than among those with satisfactory sleep. To determine
™
Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5 ), the client the reasons for this relationship, investigators identified 40 people suffering from both depression and insomnia. For
(A) Karen Horney stressed the importance of
most likely has which of the following sleep each of these 40, they paired two other people of the same gender and age who were neither depressed nor suffering
social relationships between children and
disorders? from any sleep disorder. One of these was designated the “normal-sleep control,” and the other was designated the
their parents.
(B) Alfred Adler claimed that childhood feelings (A) Circadian rhythm sleep-wake “yoked control.” All participants slept in a laboratory for one week. The normal-sleep control person slept without
of inferiority lead to striving for superiority. (B) Insomnia restrictions. During that same time, the yoked control was permitted to sleep when the depressed-insomniac person
(C) Carl Jung identified two components of the (C) Hypersomnolence slept, but was required to awaken whenever the depressed-insomniac person awakened.
unconscious: the preconscious and the (D) Sleep arousal A valid questionnaire for measuring depression was administered at the end of the one-week study. Assume that
formal unconscious. (E) Nightmare higher scores on the questionnaire reflect greater depressive symptomatology.
(D) Erik Erikson described conflicts at different
stages of development. 40. Kyle mixes his blue paint with Jamie’s yellow
(E) Sigmund Freud stressed the interaction of the paint. The resulting green color occurs because 41. What pattern of results on the depression questionnaire would justify the conclusion that sleeplessness leads to
id, the ego, and the superego. depression?
(A) equal stimulation of the blue receptors and
the yellow receptors in the eyes produces (A) Normal sleep control < yoked control = depressed
37. Juanita’s classmates enjoy being with her because
the sensation of green (B) Normal sleep control = yoked control = depressed
she is always sociable, easygoing, and lively. On
(B) blue wavelengths and yellow wavelengths (C) Normal sleep control = yoked control < depressed
Eysenck’s basic personality dimensions, she
add together to make green wavelengths (D) Yoked control < normal sleep control < depressed
would be classified as
(C) the blue and the yellow absorb all the other (E) Yoked control < normal sleep control = depressed
(A) unstable introverted wavelengths except green
(B) extroverted stable (D) paints involve additive rather than subtractive
(C) passive-aggressive mixing
(D) intrinsically motivated (E) blue wavelengths and yellow wavelengths 42. What pattern of results on the depression questionnaire would one expect if depression were to arise for reasons
(E) cyclothymic dysthymic subtract red wavelengths equally to make other than sleeplessness?
green
38. Annette is looking for a psychotherapist whose (A) Normal sleep control < yoked control = depressed
clinical work is rooted in object relations theory. (B) Normal sleep control = yoked control = depressed
The best match for Annette would be a therapist (C) Normal sleep control = yoked control < depressed
who emphasizes (D) Yoked control < normal sleep control < depressed
(E) Yoked control < normal sleep control = depressed
(A) the use of medication
(B) the here and now
(C) cognitive distortions
(D) early life relationships 43. Suppose that the results were consistent with the hypothesis that sleeplessness does not lead to depression. Of the
(E) counterconditioning following, which would be the most serious criticism of the study and its conclusion?
(A) Although the questionnaire to measure depression was known to be valid, it may not have been reliable.
(B) The study failed to examine other factors that might also contribute to depression.
(C) The yoked-control group was unnecessary.
(D) One week of sleep deprivation may have been inadequate to produce depression.
(E) The normal sleep-control group was unnecessary.
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44. Which of the following predictions is reasonable 46. Marc recently moved to an area that experienced a 49. The use of polite words such as “please” and 54. According to the theory of cognitive development
based on Baddeley and Hitch’s theory of working large number of tornadoes, which frightened him “thank you” in everyday speech is called proposed by Lev Vygotsky, children learn best
memory? greatly. Every time a storm containing high winds by working
(A) morphology
emerged, the lights in his home flickered. When (B) syntax (A) independently
(A) If two tasks using the same component are
the lights in his home flickered on a clear day, he (C) semantics (B) with adults and advanced peers
done concurrently, performance will be
became quite fearful and searched for a safe place (D) pragmatics (C) with less advanced peers
improved on one or both.
to hide. What is the conditioned stimulus in this (E) phonetics (D) with visually simple objects
(B) If two tasks using the same component are
scenario? (E) with visually complex objects
done concurrently, performance will be
impaired on one or both. (A) High winds 50. Which of the following factors would best
(C) If two tasks that do not use the same
(B) Lights flickering explain why monozygotic twins, raised together, 55. According to Jean Piaget, young infants are in
component are done concurrently,
(C) Hiding place nevertheless develop different personalities? which stage of development?
performance will be improved on
(D) Storms (A) Shared genetic material (A) Proximal
one or both.
(E) Fear (B) Non-shared genetic material (B) Psychosocial
(D) If two tasks that do not use the same
(C) Shared environments (C) Attachment
component are done concurrently,
47. Which of the following learning theorists first (D) Non-shared environments (D) Sensorimotor
performance will be impaired on
demonstrated that a neutral stimulus could (E) Shared histories (E) Preoperational
one or both.
acquire the ability to evoke a response originally
(E) If two tasks are done concurrently, whether attributed to another stimulus? 51. Which of the following visual experiences 56. Which of the following predictions is the best
or not they use the same component, most attracts a newborn’s gaze? example of context-dependent memory?
(A) Michael Domjan
performance will be unchanged.
(B) Ivan Pavlov (A) The color beige (A) Concrete words are easier to recall than
(C) Albert Bandura (B) The color black abstract words.
45. Which of the following was the first to
(D) B. F. Skinner (C) The color white (B) Auditory encoding is superior to visual
systematically and empirically study memory
(E) E. L. Thorndike (D) A black-and-white pattern encoding.
by developing an innovative approach based
on consonant-vowel-consonant combinations? (E) A beige-and-white pattern (C) Information is better recalled when learning
48. Which memory store is believed to have the and testing occur in the same room.
(A) Hermann Ebbinghaus largest capacity? 52. Edmundo got into an argument with the grocery (D) Information is better recalled when it is
(B) James Mill clerk. When he returned to his car after shopping, deeply encoded.
(A) The sensory store
(C) John B. Watson he discovered that he received a parking ticket. (E) In a list of words, those in bold are easier to
(B) The short-term store
(D) Max Wertheimer Edmundo furiously crumpled up the ticket and recall.
(C) The long-term store
(E) Christian von Ehrenfels threw it on the ground. When his friend Terri
(D) The phonological loop
(E) The visuospatial sketch pad told him to calm down, he screamed at her to 57. Fred was keenly interested in a new science
mind her own business. Which of the following fiction film and therefore was surprised when he
theories best accounts for Edmundo’s behavior? arrived at the theater on opening night and found
only a few people there. Fred’s mistaken
(A) Excitation transfer
judgment of the popularity of the film illustrates
(B) Social identity
(C) Correspondent inference (A) the self-serving bias
(D) Distraction-conflict (B) self-handicapping
(E) Normative focus (C) pluralistic ignorance
(D) the actor-observer effect
53. Cleotha finds out that her roommate Leontyne is (E) the false consensus effect
a better pool player than she is. However, Cleotha
reminds herself that she can play poker better than
Leontyne. Cleotha is engaging in which of the
following?
(A) Self-verification
(B) Self-efficacy
(C) Self-affirmation
(D) Self-monitoring
(E) Self-awareness
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58. According to the evolutionary principle of 62. Young children form rudimentary sentences that 66. Which of the following increases the power 70. According to evolutionary psychologists, which
kin selection, people are more likely to help resemble telegrams even though they have never of a statistical test? of the following is the primary reason that men
someone who heard anyone make such utterances before. This is tend to prefer as mates younger and more attrac-
(A) Changing alpha from .05 to .01
evidence of tive women?
(A) is physically attractive (B) Changing alpha from .10 to .01
(B) shares their genes (A) reinforcement theory (C) Changing from a two-tailed to
(A) These characteristics signal good health and
(C) will return the favor (B) a universal grammar a one-tailed test
ability to bear children.
(D) is a potential mate (C) pragmatics (D) Using a smaller critical area in the
(B) Modern societies all evolved from a single
(E) is of higher status (D) semantics distribution of sample means
ancient culture in which the importance of
(E) morphology (E) Decreasing the sample size from
these characteristics was noted.
59. Manic episodes are a defining feature of which of N = 100 to N = 75
(C) The belief that younger and attractive women
the following disorders? 63. A fixed action pattern is defined as a response to a tend to be especially attentive mothers is
67. Aunt Sybil paid her first visit to her niece Angela characteristic of many cultures.
(A) Major depressive (A) secondary reinforcer
when the baby was 3 months old. Aunt Sybil (D) Young, attractive women arouse parental or
(B) Autism spectrum (B) generalization gradient
enjoyed holding and playing with the baby. caretaking impulses.
(C) Posttraumatic stress (C) conditioned stimulus
Aunt Sybil visited again when Angela was (E) Men’s preferences have been heavily shaped
(D) Bipolar (D) drop in reticular activity
9 months old. She was dismayed when the little by images in the mass media.
(E) Schizophrenia spectrum (E) sign stimulus
girl took one look at her and burst into tears.
Angela was exhibiting a normal emotional 71. Georgia sees a sign in the bathroom stall
60. Newlyweds Layla and Keith both have normal 64. Based on research by Mary Ainsworth, which of
reaction called that says, “Do not write on the walls under
color vision, but Layla carries a recessive gene the following best describes how an infant who
any circumstances!” Georgia takes out her
for color deficiency. Which of the following best has formed a secure maternal attachment would (A) separation anxiety
pen and begins to write all over the walls.
describes the probabilities of color deficiency in be expected to respond to the mother’s leaving (B) avoidant attachment
According to social psychologists, Georgia
their children? and/or returning? (C) ambivalent attachment
is experiencing
(D) emotional regulation
(A) Half of their daughters will be color- (A) Upon the mother’s return, the infant will be
(E) stranger anxiety (A) selective avoidance
deficient, but none of their sons will. pleased to see her and will go to her to be
(B) trivialization
(B) Half of their sons will be color-deficient, held.
68. Which of the following therapeutic techniques can (C) reactance
but none of their daughters will. (B) Upon the mother’s return, the infant will cry
be explained by classical conditioning principles? (D) symbolic self-awareness
(C) All of their sons and half of their daughters and will cling to her.
(E) jeer pressure
will be color-deficient. (C) Upon the mother’s return, the infant will (A) Modeling and implosion
(D) All of their daughters and half of their sons actively avoid her. (B) Modeling and systematic desensitization
72. Eric is frustrated with one of his coworkers who
will be color-deficient. (D) The infant will not be upset by the mother’s (C) Modeling and token economies
displays no regard for the rights of others, no
(E) None of their children will be color-deficient. leaving and will not go to the mother upon (D) Systematic desensitization and flooding
remorse when he abuses others, and a repeated
her return. (E) Systematic desensitization and token
pattern of stealing equipment and petty cash.

61. An individual suffering from damage to (E) The infant will cry and cling to the mother economies
It is most likely that this coworker has which

Wernicke’s area would most likely exhibit as she leaves and will continue to cry
of the following personality disorders?
which of the following behaviors? throughout the mother’s absence. 69. Joe’s therapist frequently exhibits genuineness
and empathy toward Joe. These elements are (A) Antisocial
(A) Impaired comprehension of language
65. Damaging the suprachiasmatic nucleus defining features of which of the following (B) Paranoid
(B) An inability to determine what is socially
of the hypothalamus in rats will therapeutic approaches? (C) Narcissistic
acceptable behavior
(D) Histrionic
(C) An explosive temper with even slight
(A) impair the ability to acquire spatial
(A) Existential
(E) Borderline
provocation
information
(B) Psychoanalytic
(D) An inability to form new memories (B) reduce the threshold for pain resulting (C) Behavioral
73. The tendency to attribute your successes to
(E) An uncontrollable tremor of the hands from injury to the limbs (D) Cognitive
dispositional factors and your failures to
(C) promote the development of maternal
(E) Client-centered
situational factors is called the
behavior in males
(D) interfere with the biological clock that (A) autokinetic effect
is synchronized with light (B) hostile attribution bias
(E) decrease aggressive behavior directed
(C) self-serving bias
at rats of the same sex
(D) self-fulfilling prophecy
(E) fundamental attribution error
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74. Free will plays the greatest role in which of the 77. What term is best used to describe the smallest 81. The action potential is triggered at which 86. A neuron that receives excitation from other
following? meaningful unit of a language? of the following parts of a neuron? neurons and conducts impulses from its soma
in the spinal cord to muscle or gland cells is
(A) Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory (A) Phone (A) Dendrite
called a
(B) B. F. Skinner’s behaviorism (B) Phoneme (B) Soma
(C) Carl Rogers’ humanistic psychology (C) Morpheme (C) Terminal button (A) sensory neuron
(D) Hans Eysenck’s trait model (D) Syntax (D) Axon hillock (B) motor neuron
(E) William Sheldon’s theory of somatotypes and (E) Semantic (E) Spine (C) neuroglia
temperament (D) oligodendrocyte
78. According to Johnston and Heinz’s multimode 82. What function is served by the white myelin (E) Schwann cell
theory of attention, why is it dangerous to drive sheath that may cover an axon?
an automobile while talking on a cell phone? 87. The inability to recognize a once-familiar face,
(A) It protects the axon from overheating.
while still being able to accurately describe
(A) Driving is an automatic task, but talking (B) It protects the axon from microorganisms.
elements of the face, is a characteristic
requires attentional resources. (C) It increases the speed of the electrical
symptom of
(B) Talking on the phone results in the filtering impulses.
of all other stimuli, including those relevant (D) It provides the axon with nutrients. (A) amnesia
to driving. (E) It prohibits the axon from carrying impulses. (B) blindsight
(C) People can both talk and drive effectively, (C) prosopagnosia
but they will not be able to remember 83. Which of the following is the name given to the (D) sensory neglect
75. The figure above illustrates anything about either the phone process of differentiating oneself from others by (E) transcortical aphasia
conversation or events related to driving. emphasizing one’s uniqueness?
(A) a boundary extension (D) Both talking and driving require attentional 88. When Latoya was younger, she decided which
(B) a geon (A) Personality
resources, and adequate attentional ice cream cone was bigger by always picking the
(C) an illusory contour (B) Impression formation
resources may not be allocated to driving. taller one. Now that she’s eight years old, she
(D) a mach band (C) Deindividuation
(E) Talking is an automatic task, but attentional makes more-accurate choices by considering the
(E) a texture gradient (D) Individuation
resources need to be allocated to driving. width and depth of the cone as well as its height.
(E) Social categorization
Latoya has learned to
76. When studying moral development, 79. The transformation of energy into electrical
Lawrence Kohlberg used moral dilemmas such 84. Gonadal hormones can act early in life to (A) assimilate
impulses is
as the Heinz dilemma, in which a husband must irreversibly determine a rat’s mate selection (B) use seriation
decide whether to steal a drug to prolong his (A) neural processing through effects referred to as (C) show formal operations
wife’s life because they cannot afford the drug. (B) transduction (D) display class inclusion
(A) activational
A child who is in the conventional level of (C) sensation (E) decenter
(B) distributional
Kohlberg’s theory will use which reasoning (D) a difference threshold
(C) initiating
when faced with the Heinz dilemma? (E) an energy current 89. Of the following, which is the most plausible
(D) organizational
source of deficits such as inability to recognize
(A) It is against the law to steal, so the husband (E) triggering
80. As a color blindness test, Hector and his friends faces, tendency to ignore the left half of the body,
should not steal the drug. are asked to judge whether or not a red jelly bean and difficulty perceiving visual motion?
(B) It is up to the husband to decide what he 85. Which of the following theories places the
is similar to the blue and green jelly beans in a jar.
wants to do. If it is worth risking his life, greatest emphasis on the effects of early (A) Different kinds of dietary deficiencies
Hector’s friends all state that the red jelly bean is
he will steal the drug. childhood experiences on personality? (B) Inadequate development through different
similar to the blue and green ones. Hector knows
(C) The husband should not steal the drug Piagetian stages
this is not true, but he gives the same answer. (A) Psychodynamic
because then he will have to go to jail. (C) Fixation at different Freudian stages
Hector’s behavior here is an example of which (B) Humanistic
(D) The husband should steal the drug because (D) Damage to different areas of the brain
of the following concepts? (C) Trait
the value of human life outweighs the (E) Deficits of different neurotransmitters
(D) Social cognitive
economic cost of the drug. (A) Private conformity
(E) Behavioral
(E) The husband should steal the drug to avoid (B) Private self-consciousness 90. Ability derived directly from previous experience
feeling bad. (C) Public conformity is known as
(D) Public self-consciousness
(A) crystallized intelligence
(E) Public goods dilemma
(B) fluid intelligence
(C) formal operations
(D) concrete operations
(E) prospective memory
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91. Cohorts born in different decades have been found 92. “Of several responses made to the same situation, Questions 93-97 refer to the passage below. Shortly after the death of his mother, Michael quit
to differ in their personality characteristics during those which are accompanied or closely followed college, terminated all his social relationships and
adolescence. Such findings most directly suggest by satisfaction to the animal will, other things When Dr. Elkin interviewed Michael, she found began an unhealthy diet consisting exclusively of
that personality development being equal, be more firmly connected with the that his behavior was very strange and his thinking sweetened cereals and water. Last year, Michael’s
situation . . . ; those which are accompanied or seemed paranoid and bizarre. Michael seemed to be father had taken him to see a psychiatrist, who
(A) follows a different course for males and for
closely followed by discomfort to the animal will, having a conversation with his mother, who he diagnosed Michael as having schizophrenia, and
females during late childhood
other things being equal, have their connections insisted was sitting in the room with him, although recommended psychotherapy and antipsychotic
(B) is influenced primarily by hormonal factors
with that situation weakened.” she had died two years earlier. When Michael spoke medication, but Michael vehemently refused both.
(C) is based on experience during a critical period
in early childhood The statement above was written by to Dr. Elkin, he told her that the cashiers at the local Michael’s father indicated that Michael’s grandfather
(D) is influenced by the historical context in grocery store were intentionally contaminating the also had been classified as exhibiting schizophrenia.
(A) Albert Bandura cereals and bottled water he customarily purchased.
which it occurs
(B) Edwin Guthrie On one occasion he harmed a cashier as she picked up
(E) is influenced more by peers than by parents
(C) Ivan Pavlov the telephone to do a price check. In explaining his
during adolescence
(D) B. F. Skinner action, Michael insisted that he heard his mother’s
(E) Edward Thorndike voice over the loudspeaker telling him to hurt the
cashier.
93. Which of the following best represents Michael’s mental disorder according to the diathesis-stress model?
Diathesis Stress
(A) Genetic history of schizophrenia Death of his mother
(B) Death of his mother Genetic history of schizophrenia
(C) Genetic history of schizophrenia Paranoid beliefs
(D) Death of his mother Paranoid beliefs
(E) Dropping out of college Death of his mother
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23 24
94. Michael’s false belief that the cashiers were 97. In the case of Michael, which of the following 99. Personality disorders are characterized by which Questions 102-103 refer to the following
plotting against him is an example of statements is true regarding the positive and specific symptoms? information.
negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

(A) a hallucination (A) Permanent severe deficits of cognitive
(B) a delusion (A) Hearing voices is a positive symptom. functioning A researcher conducted a study to determine the
(C) a cognitive distortion (B) The fact that Michael’s grandfather had (B) Loss of contact with reality effects of gender and status on the perceived
(D) an attribution error schizophrenia is a positive symptom. (C) Long-term maladaptive traits and behavior credibility of an eyewitness testifying in a trial.
(E) a dysfunctional attitude (C) The perception of his mother instructing him patterns Participants watched one of four video recordings
to harm the cashier is a negative symptom. (D) Unexplained physical symptoms depicting the eyewitness and rated the credibility of
95. Michael reported that he harmed the cashier in (D) Michael’s vehement refusal to take
(E) Extreme alternations in mood the eyewitness.
response to an instruction from his dead mother. medication is a negative symptom.
This phenomenon is called (E) Michael’s unhealthy diet is a negative 100. Which of the following are two competing 102. What type of design was used in this study?
symptom. theories of color vision that describe events (A) Between-subjects
(A) a delusion of reference
(B) a somatic delusion that take place at different levels of the nervous (B) Within-subjects
98. Which of the following approaches to assessment system? (C) Between- and within-subjects
(C) a gustatory hallucination
of intelligence is most consistent with the theories (D) Multivariate correlational
(D) a command hallucination (A) Frequency versus place
of both Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg? (E) Longitudinal
(E) magical thinking (B) Trichromatic versus opponent-process
(A) Using biological indexes of intelligence (C) Specificity versus pattern
96. Which section of a report would most likely instead of the Stanford-Binet IQ test (D) Frequency versus pattern 103. In order to determine whether gender, as a
include a description of Michael’s life experiences (B) Narrowing the definition of intelligence (E) Trichromatic versus specificity specific variable, had an effect on perceived cred-
that are relevant to his mental disorder? to include fewer key skill areas ibility of the eyewitness, which of the following
(C) Increasing the reliability of IQ tests 101. Smokers were randomly assigned to one of two must be significant?
(A) Diagnosis
(D) Increasing the emphasis on measuring groups. Those in the experimental group were told (A) The main effect of gender
(B) Mental status
g rather than specific abilities that they would be listening to tapes with sublim- (B) A post hoc analysis of gender
(C) General assessment of functioning
(E) Increasing the emphasis on measuring inal messages urging them to quit smoking. Those (C) The main effect of status
(D) Treatment plan
specific abilities rather than g in the control group did not listen to the tapes, nor (D) A post hoc analysis of status
(E) Psychosocial history
were they told about them. A week after listening (E) The interaction between gender and status
to the tapes, members of the experimental group
had decreased their smoking significantly more
than members of the control group. The inves-
tigator concluded that listening to the subliminal 104. Correlations of IQ scores are highest for which of
messages reduces smoking. Which of the fol- the following pairs?
lowing, if true, casts the greatest doubt on the
(A) Mother and child, when the child is reared by
investigator’s conclusion?
both birth parents
(A) During the week, some participants in the (B) Father and child, when the child is reared by
control group read articles on the hazards of both birth parents
smoking. (C) Siblings reared together in a birth family
(B) During the week, only a few of the experi- (D) Monozygotic twins reared apart in adoptive
mental participants reduced their smoking families
appreciably. (E) Dizygotic twins reared together in a birth
(C) Participants in the experimental group were family
influenced by their expectations of the
tapes’ effects.
(D) The two groups had similar initial (baseline)
smoking rates.
(E) The two groups were both quite large, but
unequal in size.
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105. Melody exclaims, “I got a C- on the statistics 108. Researchers using a variety of methods, peoples, 111. In which of the following cognitive tasks 115. A patient is administered the Minnesota
®
exam, and I was miserable until I thought and cultures have concluded that five major do the performances of older adults show Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-RF
®
how terrible it must be for those who got F’s.” personality traits exist. The traits are the greatest difference compared to the (MMPI-2-RF ) by an experienced clinician.
Melody’s attitude is an example of which of scores of young adults? The clinician concludes that the patient has
(A) sociability, suspiciousness, practicality,
the following? schizophrenia. The clinician’s diagnosis best
dependency, and shyness (A) Divided attention task
supports which of the following additional
(A) Social facilitation (B) enthusiasm, calmness, adventure, docility, (B) Recognition memory of narrative
conclusions?
(B) Social comparison and hypochondria (C) Recognition memory of word list
(C) Social anxiety (C) extraversion, agreeableness, (D) Semantic memory test (A) The patient’s pattern of responses to the
®
(D) Social learning conscientiousness, emotional stability, (E) Implicit memory test MMPI-2-RF resembles that of people who
(E) Social validation and openness to experience are known to have schizophrenia.
®
(D) obedience, self-control, astuteness, tension, 112. Sertraline (Zoloft ) and fluoxetine (Prozac) are (B) A brief interview with the patient would reveal
106. Damage to which area of the brain leads to and self-criticism designed to treat depression by that the patient harbors delusions of
a decrease in physically aggressive behavior (E) emotional stability, apprehension, social grandeur.
(A) altering genetic factors
and social rank? awareness, independence, and avoidance (C) The clinician’s interpretation of the
(B) increasing production of norepinephrine ®
MMPI-2-RF findings is based on
(A) Lateral hypothalamus (C) increasing metabolism of epinephrine
109. Mel is doing very well academically in college, knowledge of projective testing.
(B) Hippocampus (D) decreasing levels of dopamine in the synapse
but feels academically incompetent. His therapist (D) The patient received a low score on the
(C) Amygdala (E) decreasing reuptake of serotonin ®
has instructed him to explain in writing how his lie scale of the MMPI-2-RF .
(D) Basal ganglia
hard work and personal abilities contributed to (E) The patient received a high score on the
(E) Medial geniculate 113. According to current conceptions, working ®
each of the good grades he received during the lie scale of the MMPI-2-RF .
memory is characterized by
previous semester. This activity is characteristic
107. Consider the following version of an interference
of which of the following therapeutic approaches? (A) stress on episodic rather than semantic 116. Some students were informed by their teacher that
task.
memory they had scored high on their aptitude tests and
(A) Psychoanalytic
As fast as possible, say how many items are in (B) its unitary nature had strong potential for academic achievement.
(B) Cognitive
each row for set 1 and for set 2. (C) maintenance of information in current use Consequently, those students started participating
(C) Biomedical
(D) greater importance for procedural than for more in class and studying longer hours to
(D) Behavioral
Set 1 Set 2 declarative memory achieve high grades. This is an example of what
(E) Gestalt
(E) required use of mnemonics social construct?
$$$ 222
110. The Flynn effect is the phenomenon of (A) Fundamental attribution error
# 5 114. Before taking an exam, Sinead imagines that she
(B) Elaboration likelihood model
(A) the gradual increase in IQ scores over the last will get the worst grade in the class, even though
** 44 (C) Cognitive dissonance
century she usually performs very well. Imagining the
(D) Norm crystallization
&&&& 3333 (B) higher IQ scores among children who were worst seems to help her deal with the anxiety
(E) Self-fulfilling prophecy
breast-fed associated with the exam. What term best
If participants can say how many items are in (C) higher IQ scores among people with higher describes Sinead’s strategy?
117. Between eight and ten months of age, babies will
set 1 faster than they can say how many are in levels of education
(A) Intrinsic motivation watch a parent’s face in a new situation before
set 2, the result is most consistent with (D) a stronger correlation between the IQ scores
(B) Defensive pessimism responding to the situation themselves. This
of monozygotic twins than between those of
(A) task-general resources (C) Self-handicapping monitoring of adults’ emotional reactions is called
dizygotic twins
(B) the pop-out effect (D) Self-monitoring
(E) a stronger correlation between the IQ scores (A) temperament
(C) context-dependent memory (E) Self-regulation
of siblings reared together than between (B) behavioral inhibition
(D) the Stroop effect those of siblings reared apart (C) social referencing
(E) task-specific resources (D) synchrony
(E) emotional display
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118. Which of the following techniques of studying the 123. When asked to name all of the states in the United 127. Which of the following is a chronic condition that 131. Cephalocaudal development refers to
brain involves the use of x-rays? States, Steven mentally pictures a map and starts can cause anterograde amnesia in some people? development that proceeds from
naming states from west to east. Steven’s strategy (A) Alcoholism (A) the trunk outward
(A) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
is useful during the process of (B) Fibromyalgia (B) head to tail
(B) Computed tomography (CT)
(C) Electroencephalography (EEG) (A) retrieval (C) Muscular dystrophy (C) bottom to top
(D) Immunohistochemistry (B) encoding (D) Panic disorder (D) the perimeter toward the center
(E) Microiontophoresis (C) storage (E) Bipolar disorder (E) the general to the specific
(D) flashbulb memory
119. Damage to the lateral hypothalamus of rats is (E) selective attention 128. Lo is an advocate of personal construct theory. 132. Which of the following best states the major
known to produce deficits in regulation of Which of the following processes does Lo believe shortcomings of the place and the frequency-
124. Albert recently noticed that he has difficulty are most important in the study of personality? matching (volley) theories of audition?
(A) respiration
hearing people at crowded parties even though (A) Biological (A) Neither theory can be studied empirically.
(B) pupillary reflexes
his hearing seems fine in quiet surroundings. (B) Unconscious (B) Initial evidence in support of these theories
(C) sleep
He most likely has damage to his (C) Cultural cannot be replicated.
(D) eating and drinking
(E) oxytocin levels (A) pinna (D) Emotional (C) Neither theory can account for auditory dis-
(B) eardrum (E) Cognitive orders that are caused by structural defects
120. According to a current model, learned (C) stapes in the temporal lobe.
helplessness in humans is determined by (D) oval window 129. According to Albert Bandura’s approach to (D) Place theory applies primarily to loud sounds,
causal explanations of prior uncontrollable (E) hair cells observational learning, which of the following whereas frequency-matching theory applies
events. These causal explanations are is the best example of vicarious punishment? primarily to barely audible sounds.
referred to as 125. John recently moved to a large city and (E) Place theory does not explain the coding of
(A) A child stops throwing pencils after watching
experienced an increase in the level of noise. very low frequencies, whereas frequency-
(A) aggregation a teacher scold another child for throwing a
His new home was located adjacent to a matching theory does not explain the coding
(B) attributions pencil across the room.
railroad track. The rail service was frequent of very high frequencies.
(C) circular reasoning (B) A child watches a teacher say to another
and maintained a consistent schedule. John was child, “You did so well on that homework
(D) personal constructs
awakened frequently each night as trains passed 133. Which of the following represents the correct
(E) valuations that you do not need to take the test
his home. However, after several months he was order of stages in Bibb Latané and John Darley’s
tomorrow.”
not awakened and he became less aware of the model of helping?
121. Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (C) A child acquires a schema about the
trains passing by his home. What mechanism difference between socially punished I. Interpretation
are most often characteristic of
accounts for John’s adaptation to his behavior and socially rewarded behavior. II. Knowing how to help
(A) substance-induced persisting amnestic environment? (D) A child escapes punishment by cleaning up III. Noticing
disorder
(A) Orienting response a mess before anyone notices it. IV. Perception of responsibility
(B) Alzheimer’s disease
(B) Sensitization (E) A child is punished on a variable ratio V. Deciding to help
(C) Parkinson’s disease
(C) Habituation schedule, rather than being punished every
(D) bipolar disorder (A) I, III, V, IV, II
(D) Conditioned response time a mistake is made.
(E) schizophrenia (B) III, I, IV, II, V
(E) Conditioned stimulus (C) III, IV, I, II, V
130. A psychologist who studies aggression from a
122. Participants in an experiment are asked to look at (D) III, IV, II, V, I
126. Which of the following tests measures ability, social-cognitive theoretical perspective would
a display and to find the one straight line among a (E) III, IV, I, V, II
intellect, and knowledge? be most interested in
number of circles. The participants are able to find
the line just as quickly among twenty circles as (A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality (A) differences in aggressive and nonaggressive 134. What is a limitation of Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’s
they are among five circles. These results suggest Inventory-2-RF® (MMPI-2-RF®) children’s attributions of hostile motives stages of coping with death (denial, anger,
that finding the straight line depends on (B) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to other people’s behavior bargaining, depression, and acceptance) ?
(C) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth (B) the adaptive value of the aggression
(A) a preattentive process (A) The stages are not relevant to terminally ill
Edition (WAIS –IV) (C) the relation between children’s level
®
(B) serial processing patients.

®
(D) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI )
®
of aggression and parents’ negative
(C) shape constancy (B) The stages are based on a study with fewer
(E) Strong Interest Inventory
®
reinforcement of children’s coercive
(D) size constancy than twenty individuals.
behaviors
(E) habituation (C) Not all people experience every stage.
(D) the link between testosterone levels
(D) Few people in Western cultures experience
and frequencies of aggressive episodes
the depression stage.
in adolescent males
(E) The stages are generally not relevant to
(E) changes over time in the incidence of
younger adults.
diagnoses of conduct disorders
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29 30
135. According to Carl Jung, there are tendencies that 139. According to Edward Tolman, behavior is best
shape human behavior and can be represented by understood as
terms such as “the hero” or “the shadow.” Such
(A) molar and purposive
tendencies are known as
(B) a collection of S-R connections
(A) personas (C) a series of associated muscle twitches
(B) traits (D) a consequence of trial-and-error learning
(C) schemas (E) the expression of underlying psychodynamic
(D) archetypes conflicts
(E) complexes
140. Research by Solomon Asch supports which of the
136. If a student hears a list of words such as night, following?
bed, pillow, blanket, dream, and snore, she is
(A) Conformity increases as group size increases 144. Which of the following concepts does the figure above illustrate?
likely to later remember the word sleep even
from two people to four or five people.
though it was never presented. This can best (A) The general adaptation syndrome
(B) The presence of one dissenter in a group is
be explained by (B) An intermittent schedule of reinforcement
not strong enough to reduce conformity.
(A) the activation of schematic knowledge (C) Higher levels of conformity are found in (C) A continuous schedule of reinforcement
(B) high sensitivity in a signal detection individualistic societies than in collectivist (D) The diathesis-stress model
model societies. (E) Signal detection theory
(C) appropriate use of rote recall (D) A person’s behavior changes when that
(D) a failure of the encoding specificity person plays a role as a prisoner or prison
mechanism guard in an experiment.
(E) too much retroactive interference (E) Individuals will follow orders to shock 145. When people first sense a new stimulus, only 147. An experimenter predicts that bright colors
innocent strangers. temporary changes in neurons take place, but enhance creativity. She provides brightly
137. Which of the following statements about eventually more permanent changes occur. colored crayons to the first 15 children who
subliminal messages is most accurate? 141. Which of the following is most commonly This is called show up for an experiment and muted colored
associated with creative thinking? crayons for the remaining 15. She then examines
(A) Visual messages are more effective than (A) consolidation
their drawings and judges the brightly colored
auditory messages in influencing attitude (A) Convergent thinking (B) transduction
drawings to be more creative. The study is
and behavior change. (B) Divergent thinking (C) a reverberating circuit
flawed because it lacks
(B) There is evidence they can influence short- (C) Representativeness heuristic (D) confabulation
term attitude change. (D) Availability heuristic (E) rehearsal (A) a double-blind procedure and an independent
(C) They are one of the most common techniques (E) Functional fixedness variable
used by advertisers to influence attitude and 146. If adjacent lights flash on and off in sequence, (B) an independent variable and demand
behavior change. 142. In which of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages individuals will often perceive apparent motion characteristics
(D) They are more effective than personal of development is the central task to develop even though there is no motion. This experience (C) demand characteristics and a dependent
testimonial advertising campaigns in and exercise self-control and independence? is referred to as variable
influencing attitude and behavior change. (D) a dependent variable and random assignment
(A) Trust versus mistrust (A) linear perspective
(E) They are consciously perceived by (E) random assignment and a double-blind
(B) Autonomy versus shame and doubt (B) texture gradient
participants nearly 100% of the time. procedure
(C) Initiative versus guilt (C) motion parallax
(D) Industry versus inferiority (D) the phi phenomenon
138. Brain imaging techniques have shown that (E) the Ponzo illusion
(E) Generativity versus stagnation
compared to unaffected individuals, individuals
diagnosed with schizophrenia have
143. A recent article in an educational journal
(A) enlarged ventricles and a reduction of the described a university at which the average age
prefrontal cortex is 26. This article also mentioned that 38 percent
(B) reduced ventricles and a reduction of the of the students are over 25 years of age. What can
parietal cortex be concluded from this information?
(C) an enlarged parietal cortex and a reduction
(A) The median age must be greater than the
of the hypothalamus
mean age.
(D) lesions in the parietal lobe and increased cells
(B) The standard deviation must be relatively
in the orbital frontal cortex
small.
(E) lesions in the temporal lobe and increased
(C) The mode must be either 25 or 26.
cells in the prefrontal cortex
(D) The distribution must be skewed.
(E) The distribution must be bimodal.
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31 32
148. Which of the following is an example of a 152. In a lexical decision task, two groups of 157. Randy is exceptionally organized. For example, 160. Who is reported to be the first researcher
self-conscious emotion? participants are instructed to make a fast decision he color codes all his bills and alphabetizes the to utilize a twin studies methodology in
on whether each item is or is not an English word. groceries in his cupboards. According to Freud’s attempting to resolve the nature-nurture
(A) Joy
The first group of participants is presented with theory, Randy is most likely fixated at which controversy?
(B) Fear stage of psychosexual development?
the word “robin,” followed by the word “bird.” (A) Sigmund Freud
(C) Guilt
The second group is presented with the word (A) Oral (B) Francis Galton
(D) Sadness
“chair,” followed by the word “bird.” The first (B) Anal (C) Carl Jung
(E) Disgust
group’s responses to “bird” will most likely be (C) Phallic (D) James Watson
149. A behavioral approach to personality would argue (A) slower because of Stroop-like interference (D) Latent (E) Wilhelm Wundt
that the root of pathology lies in (B) slower because of lateral inhibition (E) Genital
(C) slower because of a sequence effect 161. Eliciting sympathy in order to create a positive
(A) unrealistic beliefs
(D) faster because of semantic priming 158. Which of the following psychological schools of impression is consistent with which of the
(B) maladaptive learned-response patterns thought was heavily influenced by pragmatism? following self-presentation strategies?
(E) faster because of response bias
(C) disordered functioning of construct systems
(D) fixation and regression (A) Structuralism (A) Modesty
153. The antianxiety effects of benzodiazepines (B) Functionalism (B) Intimidation
(E) incongruence
such as diazepam result from their binding (C) Gestalt (C) Exemplification
with the receptor for which of the following (D) Evolutionary (D) Supplication
150. Five randomly selected groups of participants
neurotransmitters found in the amygdala? (E) Humanistic (E) Conformity
are shown a list of words, one word at a time.
Each group of participants is assigned a different (A) Serotonin
task to perform on each word on the list. After (B) Acetylcholine 162. Which of the following statements describes
completing the list, the participants are given a (C) Substance P normative influence?
surprise test for recall of the words. Which of the (D) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (A) The process by which we come to evaluate
following assigned tasks is most likely to result in (E) Norepinephrine and know others
the best recall? (B) The tendency for impressions of others
154. The fact that Laura still knows how to ride to be heavily influenced by information
(A) Counting the number of vowels in each of
a bicycle even though she has not ridden one gathered early in an interaction
the words
in ten years best exemplifies which of the (C) A set of theories describing how people
(B) Indicating whether each of the words
following types of memory? explain causes of behavior
contains the letter “t”
(C) Producing a rhyme for each of the words (A) Procedural (D) Conformity motivated by a fear of social
(D) Saying each of the words three times in rapid (B) Propositional rejection
succession (C) Semantic (E) Conformity motivated by the belief that
159. Consider the diagram above in which the
(E) Producing a synonym for each of the words (D) Episodic others are correct
outcomes for two people (Joanne and Malik) are
(E) Iconic represented as a series of numbers, depending on
151. Participants are asked to look at a picnic scene 163. A group of researchers was interested in learning
their own behavior and the behavior of the other
and to indicate several ways that the people in 155. A persistent, unreasonable, and unwanted thought whether a newly developed exam would be useful
person. A scientist uses these outcomes to predict
the scene might deal with a sudden rainstorm. is known as in determining whether a student will be success
the likely behavior of each of the individuals.
One of the objects in the scene is a picnic basket. ful in college. The researchers designed a study
(A) a negative symptom The scientist is most likely studying which of
However, most of the participants fail to notice in which students took the new exam prior to
(B) a hallucination the following?
that the basket could be used as a protection entering college. At the conclusion of the first
(C) a compulsion (A) Self-perception year of college, the students took another exam,
from the rain. This failure is most likely a
(D) an obsession (B) Cognitive heuristics
manifestation of which was designed to measure how much infor
(E) a fugue (C) The self-fulfilling prophecy mation they had learned during their first year.
(A) the Purkinje effect (D) Attribution theory The score on this exam was then correlated with
(B) the availability heuristic 156. Which of the following distinguishes experts from (E) Social exchange the student’s score on the newly developed exam.
(C) the law of common fate novices in many fields of endeavor? What type of validity was being evaluated in the
(D) functional fixedness
(A) More social connections study?
(E) illusory correlation
(B) Speed in recognizing relevant complex
(A) Concurrent
patterns (B) Predictive
(C) Innate talent for performing in the particular
(C) Face
field (D) Discriminant
(D) Greater short-term memory capacity
(E) Content
(E) Shorter reaction times to simple stimuli
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164. Which of the following hormones is responsible 169. The neural hub of the central executive portion of 173. When newborn baby Yasmin’s cheek is stroked, 178. Volunteers are trying to get people to donate
for preparing the uterus for the implantation of an working memory is thought to be located in the she turns her head in the direction of the stimulus. money to a charity. Which of the following is
ovum that has been fertilized? Which reflex is Yasmin demonstrating? an example of the foot-in-the-door principle?
(A) prefrontal cortex
(A) Progesterone (B) somatosensory cortex (A) Moro (A) Ask people to donate ten dollars. If they
(B) Melatonin (C) brainstem (B) Babinski refuse, ask if they would consider
(C) Oxytocin (D) temporal lobe (C) Palmar donating one dollar.
(D) Vasopressin (E) occipital lobe (D) Tonic neck (B) Ask people to donate only one dollar. If
(E) Aldosterone (E) Rooting they accept, ask them to donate ten dollars.
170. In an experimental procedure, an animal receives (C) Ask people to donate ten dollars. If they
165. An adolescent who says, “I won’t become ill a half second of foot shock, then a half second of 174. Which of the following philosophers insisted refuse, immediately ask them again.
from smoking; I never get sick,” is most likely no stimulus, and then a tone. In a later presentation that the mind at birth is like a blank slate devoid (D) Ask people to donate ten dollars during
operating under which aspect of egocentrism? of the tone, the animal displays a fear response. of character or ideas? a popular sporting event when arousal
This result most likely indicates the occurrence of is high.
(A) Personal fable (A) François-Marie Arouet de Voltaire
(E) Ask people to donate ten dollars when
(B) Imaginary audience (A) backward conditioning (B) James Mill
they are relaxing at home.
(C) Deductive reasoning (B) forward conditioning (C) John Stuart Mill
(D) Immanent justice (C) delayed conditioning (D) David Hume
179. Which of the following is the correct sequence
(E) Hypothetical reasoning (D) simultaneous conditioning (E) John Locke
of stages of prenatal development?
(E) operant conditioning
166. Alfred Adler developed his theory of individual 175. On his first date with Sue, Bill walks into a party, (A) Embryo, gestation, neonate
psychology as a result of his disagreement with 171. In what way does delirium differ from dementia? trips coming through the doorway, and falls flat (B) Gestation, embryo, fertilized ovum
which of the following? on the floor. Bill thinks that the floor must have (C) Embryo, fertilized ovum, fetus
(A) Delirium is a permanent state, whereas
been uneven, thus making him trip, while Sue (D) Fertilized ovum, embryo, fetus
(A) Carl Roger’s belief that human growth is dementia is a temporary state.
thinks Bill is probably clumsy. Their different (E) Fetus, embryo, fertilized ovum
dependent on unconditional positive regard (B) Delirium is a temporary state, whereas
attributions represent
(B) Sigmund Freud’s emphasis on universal dementia is a permanent state.
180. Participants in a social psychological experiment
biological forces in the personality (C) Delirium can result from the use of (A) the discounting principle
observe through a one-way glass as two students
(C) Albert Bandura’s focus on reciprocal substances, whereas dementia cannot (B) the actor-observer bias
take an oral quiz. The situation is arranged
determinism as a key factor in shaping result from the use of substances. (C) self-handicapping
such that both Arthur and Sheri get 15 of the
personality (D) Delirium is sometimes associated with (D) the foot-in-the-door technique
25 questions correct, but Arthur gets each of the
(D) Gordon Allport’s belief that personality is Alzheimer’s disease, whereas dementia (E) the covariation principle
first 5 questions correct, while Sheri gets none of
made up of individual fundamental traits is never associated with Alzheimer’s
the first 5 correct. Most participant observers
(E) Abraham Maslow’s emphasis on a hierarchy disease. 176. The overjustification effect states which of the
would likely conclude that
of needs in creating motivation (E) Delirium affects younger people, whereas following?
dementia affects older people. (A) Arthur is a better student than Sheri
(A) Positive reinforcement is consistently
167. Which school of psychology rejected the concept (B) Sheri is a better student than Arthur
more effective than negative reinforcement.
of consciousness and defined psychology as an 172. The full Moon looks much larger when it is on the (C) Arthur and Sheri are approximately
(B) Extrinsic rewards can diminish children’s
objective natural science? horizon than when it is high in the sky. Which of equally able students
intrinsic motivation to learn.
the following is the best explanation for this (D) the experiment does not provide any
(A) Structuralism (C) Extrinsic rewards are best when used with
phenomenon? information about the ability of
(B) Functionalism intrinsically motivated students.
Arthur or Sheri
(C) Behaviorism (A) More rods are stimulated by the Moon when (D) Academic grades increase students’ intrinsic
(E) Arthur and Sheri are confederates
(D) Humanistic psychology it is just above the horizon than when it is motivation to learn.
in the experiment
(E) Gestalt psychology high in the sky. (E) Behavior modification improves internal
(B) Size judgment is based on visual cues motivation in large classrooms.
181. Which of the following is a characteristic
168. Which of the following is a memory store that is between the viewer and the image of the
of the authoritarian personality?
highly sensitive to masking stimuli presented Moon. 177. The belief that differences among spoken
within 200–300 milliseconds of the presentation (C) Brightness constancy cues are disrupted by languages cause differences in the thinking and (A) Liberal religious attitude
of an array of letters? interfering stimulation. problem-solving styles of speakers is called (B) Hostility toward outgroups
(D) The image of the Moon high in the sky (C) Challenge of rules
(A) Sensory memory (A) taxonomic bias
exceeds the difference threshold. (D) A high need for cognition
(B) Short-term memory (B) whole-object bias
(E) Judgment is based on the Gestalt principle (E) A firm but warm parental style
(C) Working memory (C) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
of proximity.
(D) Implicit memory (D) the typicality effect
(E) Semantic memory (E) the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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182. The confirmation bias leads people to draw 186. The Premack principle states that 189. Long-term potentiation is widely assumed to be 193. Which of the following is a type of glial cell that
incorrect conclusions because they the physiological mechanism of is responsible for producing the myelin sheaths
(A) a more frequent behavior will reinforce
(A) use algorithms when they should use a less frequent behavior that cover axons?
(A) attention
heuristics (B) intrinsic motivation is reduced when it is (B) learning (A) Oligodendrocyte
(B) use deductive reasoning when they should overused (C) epilepsy (B) Astrocyte
use inductive reasoning (C) there is a contingent relationship between (D) emotion (C) Microglia
(C) do not seek evidence that would disprove stimulus and response (E) sexuality (D) Monocyte
their hypotheses (D) reinforcement is illusory when it is (E) Endothelial cell
(D) do not consider alternative uses for a well- noncontingent 190. A psychologist wishes to compare the
known object (E) reinforcement increases expectation and performances of an experimental group and a 194. Roberta lives on the first floor of her dorm.
(E) mistakenly attribute the causes of other motivation control group on a continuous measure. Which of She notices that she has made more friends with
people’s behavior to internal factors the following would be the most typical way to others who live on her floor than with others on
187. Elizabeth Loftus and her colleagues ask students make this comparison? other floors. This is an example of
183. Dr. Wang is a theorist who is interested in how to talk about various events that have occurred in
a given behavior increases an organism’s chance their lives, including one that never occurred. If (A) Computing a single correlation coefficient (A) self-reference
of reproductive success and perpetuates the the students have trouble remembering, the (B) Computing a multiple correlation (B) perseverance
species. Dr. Wang is most likely researchers provide cues. They record whether the (C) Showing that both groups are normally (C) propinquity
students remember the events that never occurred distributed on the dependent variable (D) overjustification
(A) an evolutionary psychologist (D) Conducting a chi-square test (E) bystander
and how confident the students are in these false
(B) a neuropsychologist (E) Conducting a t test on the two means
memories. Which of the following best describes
(C) a cognitive theorist 195. Some researchers believe that people acquire a
the findings?
(D) a sociologist 191. We process information relevant to the self second language better if they learn it prior to
(E) a learning theorist (A) About 25% of the students remember the more efficiently than we process other types adolescence, whereas other researchers believe
false event, and many are quite confident of information. This phenomenon is called the that people can easily learn most aspects of
184. In his study of schizophrenia, Dr. Perez collects in it. a second language, even if they are beyond
data on the number of new cases of this diagnosis (B) Students almost never remember false events, (A) perseverance effect
adolescence. However, based on the most
in the United States in the past year. This statistic although they remember about 80% of the (B) self-reference effect
frequently observed limitation in second language
is known as the real events. (C) slime effect
use, both groups would expect to observe less
(C) About 80% of the students remember the (D) halo effect
(A) prevalence than native-like competence after adolescence in
false event, but their confidence is (E) mood-congruence effect
(B) incidence which of the following?
uniformly low.
(C) base rate 192. Every time he hears the name of his favorite (A) Syntax
(D) Students almost never remember false events,
(D) correlation restaurant, Jacob begins to salivate. In Pavlovian (B) Pronunciation
and their memory for the actual events is
(E) sample terms, the restaurant’s name is serving as (C) Fluency of speech production
also quite low.
(E) False memories can be implanted in about (D) Discourse comprehension
185. A security screener in an airport checks by hand (A) a conditioned stimulus
40% of the students, but these memories are (E) Semantics
everything that seems suspicious. It is critical that (B) a conditioned response
forgotten within about a week. (C) an unconditioned stimulus
she never let any potentially dangerous item 196. The legal requirement that professionals notify
through her security checkpoint. In terms of signal (D) an unconditioned response
188. Melvin has a set of Von Frey hairs of different appropriate authorities about suspected child
detection theory, this screener is likely to make (E) a neutral stimulus
diameters. He starts by pressing a thin hair against abuse is known as
(A) a large number of misses and a small number a participant’s toe and continues with increasingly (A) mandatory reporting
of hits thicker hairs until the participant feels pressure. (B) duty to warn
(B) a large number of hits and a large number Melvin then starts with a thick hair and uses (C) duty to protect
of false alarms increasingly thinner hairs until the participant (D) parens patriae
(C) a large number of misses and a large number does not feel pressure. Melvin is using the (E) privileged communication
of false alarms method of
(D) a small number of hits and a small number
(A) limits
of false alarms
(B) adjustment
(E) a large number of correct rejections and
(C) constant stimuli
a large number of false alarms
(D) magnitude estimation
(E) loci
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Questions 197-199 refer to the following 197. Which of the following effects is the most serious 200. Conducting a study by analyzing United States 203. Which of the following best describes the role of
information. limitation of this study? census data from previous years is an example arousal in the proposed diagram depicting causal
of using which of the following research relationships among viewing violent television,
(A) Selection approaches? arousal, and aggressive behavior?
In a study of a new psychopharmacological treat (B) Ceiling
ment for clinical depression, 40 participants diag- (C) Sleeper (A) Experimentation Violent Television → Arousal → Aggressive
nosed with depression each received four different (D) Cohort (B) Case history Behavior
amounts of a new medication called Deplow. The (E) Carryover (C) Naturalistic observation
first week, they were given a placebo. During the (A) Predictor variable
(D) Surveys
second week of the study, they took 1 mg of Deplow (B) Mediating variable
198. What type of design was used in this study? (E) Archival analysis
each day. During the third week, they took 3 mg of (C) Spurious variable
Deplow each day, and during the fourth week, they (A) Single factor between subjects (D) Extraneous variable
201. Dr. Chen is interested in feminist attitudes
took 5 mg of Deplow each day. Although the (B) Single factor within subjects (E) Alpha variable
of young adult women in the United States.
participants took different amounts of the medication (C) Multifactor between subjects Consequently, she administered a feminist attitude
each week, they were not informed about the amount (D) Multifactor within subjects 204. An action that a person does for no external
questionnaire to a total of 100 young adult women
they were taking. The participants also completed a (E) Cross-sectional reward that intentionally benefits another person
from three universities. The 100 women tested
depression symptom checklist at the end of each is an example of which of the following concepts?
and the number of young adult women in the
week. Results are presented below. The score on the 199. Which of the following would make it difficult United States are which of the following, (A) Pure altruism
checklist could range from 0 to 30, with 0 indicating to conclude that any decrease in depressive respectively? (B) Social facilitation
no depression and 30 indicating severe depression. symptoms is due to Deplow and not to other (C) Genuineness
Assume statistical significance for differences greater aspects of the study? (A) Effect size and population
(D) Empathic concern
than 3.0. (B) Meta-analysis and effect size
(A) The increasing doses of Deplow (E) Reactance
(C) Sample and population
(B) The lack of a control group (D) Random assignment and random selection
Week of Study Treatment Mean Depression Score (C) The low sample size 205. Which of the following best supports the all-or
(E) Independent variable and dependent variable
(D) The lack of comparison with an established none principle of neural impulses?
1 Placebo 22.5
antipsychotic medication 202. Which of the following are the two individuals (A) A neuron will fire a complete action potential
2 1 mg 23.2 (E) The lack of comparison with participants credited with the founding of psychology, once the threshold is reached.
diagnosed with mania as indicated by the formation of psychology (B) During the absolute refractory period,
3 3 mg 19.9
laboratories in the 1870s? a neuron cannot fire again.
4 5 mg 14.5 (C) An impulse loses strength the further it
(A) Mary Calkins and Wilhelm Wundt
travels along an axon.
(B) Ernst Weber and Gustav Fechner
(D) Drugs affect neurons by causing them to
(C) Gustav Fechner and E. B. Titchener
release all stored neurotransmitters.
(D) Wilhelm Wundt and William James
(E) A neuron is at its resting potential when only
(E) William James and Sigmund Freud
positive ions are inside its membrane.
STOP
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Psychology Test Book

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PSYCHOLOGY TEST

(E) paraphrasing have been replaced by physically identical killer cells

imposters (E) an increase in the number of T cells

15. Which of the following is the most serious problem

pattern of stealing equipment and petty cash.

It is most likely that this coworker has which

negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

(B) serial processing patients.

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