Halogens or Group 7B elements

These are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine. Table 14.0 gives some properties of group 7B
elements.

Table 14.0 Some properties of Group VIIB elements

Element Electron configuration M.P. (0C) B.P. (0C)

F 2:7 -233 -118

Cl 2:8:7 -103 -34.6
Br 2: 8:18:7 -7.2 58.8
I 2:8:18:18:7 113.5 184.3

General comment

1. Halogens are diatomic nonmetals

2. Melting and boiling point increase down the group due to increase in molecular mass, chlorine is
a greenish-yellow gas, bromine is yellow volatile liquid and iodine is a dark shiny solid.
3. The react by accepting an electron to form octet configuration and they form ions of the form X-
4. They are the most reactive nonmetals, but the reactivity decreases down the group due to
reduction of nonmetallic character

Preparation of chlorine.

Chlorine occurs as NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and so on in sea water, salt lakes and as deposits originating from
the prehistoric evaporation of salt lakes. Chlorine is obtained by electrolysis of brine - older technology
employed a mercury cathode in which the sodium is dissolved.

Na+(aq) + e- → Na(l)

2Cl- (aq) - 2e → Cl2 (g)

However, this process entailed a hazard because of the loss of mercury to the environment, and some
newer process employing membrane cells and not requiring mercury is now common.

In the laboratory:

it is obtained by oxidation of concentrated hydrochloric acid with potassium permanganate (VII) or with
manganese (iv) Oxide.

MnO4- (aq) + 8HCl (aq) → MnCl2 (aq) + 4H2O (l) + 3Cl2 (g)
 MnO2(s) + 4HCl(aq) → MnCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l) + Cl2

Apparatus for laboratory preparation of dry chlorine gas

Note that chlorine is collected by downward delivery or upward displacement of air because it is
denser than air

Chemical properties

a. Chlorine as breaching agent

Chlorine bleaches a few drops of litmus solution dropped in a jar of chlorine. The bleaching property is
due to presence of hypochlorous acid(HOCl) from the reaction of chlorine with water.

Cl2(g) + H2O(l) → HOCl (aq) + HCl(aq)

Hypochlorous acid is very reactive compound and readily give up its oxygen to the dye, to form a
colorless compound

Colored dye + HOCl → HCl + colorless dye

b. Reactions with turpentine

When a filter paper dipped in turpentine is dropped into a jar of chlorine; Chlorine and turpentine react
violently with a red flash giving of a black cloud of solid particles of carbon and hydrogen chloride

C10H16 (l) + 8Cl2 (g) → 10C(s) = 16HCl (g)

 c. Reaction with phosphorus

When a piece of phosphorus is dropped into a jar of chlorine, it burns spontaneously, giving off white
fumes of chlorides of phosphorus, mainly PCl3.

P4(s) + 6Cl2 (g) → 4PCl3 (g) (phosphorus (III) chloride)

d. Reaction with hydrogen sulphide

When a jar of hydrogen sulphide is inverted on a jar of chlorine, yellow particles of sulphur form due to
oxidation of hydrogen sulphide to sulphur by chlorine.

H2S(g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl (g) + S(s)

e. Reaction with hydrogen

Chlorine reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride gas

Chlorine, bromine and iodine combine with many non-metals for example.

H2(g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl (g)

Hydrogen chloride forms white fumes in damp air and white fumes with ammonium chloride.
NH3 (g) + HCl (g) → NH4Cl (s)

f. Reaction with metals

Chlorine reacts with many metals to form chloride, for instance, magnesium burns in chlorine to form
a chloride

Mg (s) + Cl2 (g) → MgCl2(s)

Being a strong oxidizing agent it forms chloride with metal in the highest oxidation state. For instance,
chlorine reacts violently with iron (III) chloride and not iron (II) chloride

2Fe(s) + 3Cl2 (g) → 2FeCl3 (s)

Apparatus for preparation Iron (III) chloride

Iron (III) chloride is delinquent it absorbs moisture from air to form a brown solution.

g. Reaction with water.

Chlorine and bromine are moderately soluble in water (bromine more so than chlorine); while iodine is
only sparingly soluble. Chlorine is hydrolyzed in water to some extent.

Cl2 (g) + H2O (l) → HCl (aq) + HOCl (aq) [chloric (I) acid]

When chlorine water is exposed to sunlight, chloric acid (I) decomposes to liberate oxygen

2HOCl (aq) → 2HCl (aq) + O2 (g)

h. Reaction with iron II salts

When chlorine is bubbled through a green solution of Iron II salt solution, the color changes to yellow
due to oxidation of iron II salt ions to brown solution of Iron III salt ions.

2Fe2+ (aq) + Cl2(g) → 2Fe3+ (aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

i. Displacement of bromine and iodine from bromides and iodides.

When chlorine is bubbled into potassium bromide and potassium iodide, a yellow solution and brown
solution respectively form due to oxidation of bromide and iodide ions to bromine and iodine.

2Br- (aq) + Cl2 (g) → Br2(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

2I-(aq) + Cl2 (g) → I2 (aq) + 2Cl- (aq)

j. Reaction with alkalis.

Chlorine reacts with cold dilute sodium hydroxide solution to form pale yellow solution a chloride and
sodium chlorate (I).

2OH- (aq) + Cl2 (g) → Cl- (aq) + ClO- (aq) + H2O (l)

Chlorine reacts with warm concentrated sodium hydroxide solution to give sodium chloride and sodium
chlorate (V):

6OH- (aq) + 3Cl2 (g) → 5Cl- (aq) + ClO3- (aq) + 3H2O (l)
Chlorate (V)

Uses of chlorine

1. To make bleaching agents

2. Formation of polymer
3. It is a disinfectant in swimming pool
Hydrogen chloride
a) Preparation

(i) Direct synthesis:

By reacting chlorine with hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride gas which dissolve in water to form the
acid.

H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl (g)

Laboratory preparation

ii) Reaction of an ionic halide with concentrated sulphuric acid.

Sodium chloride reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid to form hydrogen chloride gas. The gas is dried
by concentrated sulphuric acid and collected by downward delivery because it is denser than air.

NaCl (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → NaHSO4 (aq) + HCl (in cold)

NaHSO4 (s) + NaCl (s) → Na2SO4 (s) + HCl (g) (on heating)

b) Physical properties of hydrogen chloride

 It has a chocking irritating smell, is an acidic gas which is very soluble in water to form
hydrochloric acid.
 In water it is completely ionized to form hydrogen and chloride ions. Due to complete ionization
in water, it is a strong electrolyte and conducts electricity. However, in solution with
methylbenzene, it is unionized and does not conduct electricity.
  Being an acid:
(i) liberates hydrogen with electropositive metals such magnesium, zinc and iron.
Mg (s) + 2H+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
Note that hydrochloric acid does not react with copper because copper is below
hydrogen in the reactivity series.
(ii) neutralizes bases
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)
(iii) liberates carbon dioxide from hydrogen carbonates and carbonates
H+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq) H2O(l) + CO2 (g)
+ -
2H (aq) + CO32 (aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g)

- Halides

Preparation:

By reacting metals with chlorine of hydrogen chloride

For instance, when iron reacts chlorine it gives iron (III) chloride whereas hydrogen chloride gas reacts
with iron to form iron (II) chloride.

2Fe (s) + 3Cl2 (g) → 2FeCl3 (s)

Fe (s) + 2HCl (g) → FeCl2 (g) + H2 (g)

Exercise
Section A
Numbers 1 -23 circle the correct alternative
1. Which of the following procedures is used to confirm the presence of chlorides ions in solution?
A. Addition of lead (II) nitrate solution followed by nitric acid
B. Addition of barium nitrate solution followed by nitric acid
C. Addition of silver nitrate followed by nitric acid and then ammonia.
D. Addition of iron (II) sulphate followed by concentrated sulphuric acid
2. Which one of the following gases is formed when turpentine C10H16 is burnt in chlorine?
A. Methane
B. Hydrogen
C. Hydrogen chloride
D. Carbon dioxide
3. Which one of the following substances will form white fumes with hydrogen chloride?
A. Concentrated sodium hydroxide solution
B. Concentrated nitric acid
C. Concentrated sulphuric acid
D. Concentrated ammonia solution
4. Which one of the following substances is the bleaching agent in chloride water?
A. HOCl
B. HCl
C. Cl2
D. HClO3
5. Which of the following chlorides can best be prepared in the anhydrous form by passing dry passing
hydrogen chloride over the heated metal?
A. CuCl2
B. FeCl2
C. FeCl3
D. AlCl3
6. Which one of the following ions when reacted with aqueous lead (II) nitrate form a precipitate
which dissolves on heating?
A. OH-
B. SO42-
C. Cl-
D. CO32-
7. Which one of the following is not a property of hydrogen chloride?
A. Forms a white precipitate with silver nitrate
B. It turns moist blue litmus paper red
C. It forms white fumes with ammonia gas
D. It bleaches colored flowers
8. Which of the following substances is not formed when chlorine is bubbled through cold dilute
sodium hydroxide solution?
A. Sodium chloride
B. Sodium hypochlorite
C. Sodium chloride
D. water
9. Which one of the following acids is not used in the manufacture of fertilizers?
A. Hydrochloric acid
B. Sulphuric acid
C. Phosphoric acid
D. Nitric acid
10. Which one of the following is characteristic of the gas formed when chlorine water is exposed to
sun light?
A. Extinguishes a burning splint
B. Bleaches moist litmus paper
C. Explodes when heated
D. Relights a glowing splint
11. Which of the following gases forms misty fumes when exposed to damp air?
A. Ammonia
B. Sulphur dioxide
C. Nitrogen monoxide
D. Hydrogen chloride
12. Which one of the following substances are components of chlorine water?
A. Chlorine and water
B. Hydrochloric acid and chlorine
C. Hydrochloric acid and hypochlorous acid 1
D. Hypochlorous acid and water
13. Which one of the following is likely to be the pH of dilute hydrochloric acid?
A. 2
B. 6
C. 7
D. 9
14. Which one of the following pairs of substances will not react to produce chlorine?
A. Potassium manganate (VII) and concentrated hydrochloric acid
B. Hydrogen chloride and potassium manganate (VII) solution
C. Sodium chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid.
D. Manganese (IV) oxide and concentrated hydrochloric acid
15. Which of the following is true about group VII element?
A. Forms ions of formula X-
B. Forms ions of formula X+
C. They are colorless
D. They exist in monoatomic molecules
16. Which of the following will not oxidize concentrated hydrochloric acid to chlorine?
A. Potassium manganate (VII)
B. Manganese (IV) oxide
C. Lead (IV) oxide
D. Lead (II) oxide
17. The gas which when passed over strongly heated iron can oxidize the iron to iron (II) only is
A. Oxygen
B. Hydrogen chloride
C. Carbon monoxide
D. chlorine
18. chlorine can be prepared in the laboratory by heating concentrated hydrochloric acid with
A. lead (II) chloride
B. iron (II) oxide
C. copper (II) oxide
D. manganese (IV) oxide
19. Which one of the following salts can be prepared form its elements by direct synthesis?
A. Potassium sulphate
B. Copper carbonate
C. Magnesium chloride
D. Lead (II) nitrate
20. Which of the following will not reduce copper (II) oxide?
A. Ammonia
B. Carbon monoxide
C. Hydrogen
D. Chlorine
21. Which one of the following methods is the most suitable for preparing a pure dry sample of silver
chloride?
A. Direct synthesis
D. neutralization
C. precipitation
D. reacting silver with acid

22. Chlorine dissolves in cold aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to produce the following substance
A. sodium chlorate
B. sodium chloride
C. sodium hypochlorite
D. sodium hydrogen chloride
23. which one of the following substances oxidize Iron (II) sulphate in aqueous solution?
A. Chlorine
B. Hydrogen
C. Ammonia
D. Nitrogen

Each of the questions 23 to 30 consist of an assertion (statement) on the left hand side and a
reason on the right hand side.
 Select

A. If both assertion and reason are true statements and the reason is a correct explanation of
the assertion.
B. If both assertion and reason are true statements and the reason is not a correct explanation
of the assertion
C. If the assertion is true but the reason is not correct statement.
D. If the assertion is not correct but the reason is a correct statement.
Instruction summarized
Assertion
A. True True and a correct explanation
B. True True but not a correct explanation
C. True Incorrect
D. Incorrect Correct

24. When chlorine gas is bubbled through because Bromine is more reactive than
sodium bromide solution, the solution chlorine
turns reddish brown

25. A solution of chlorine in water turns blue Because Chlorine is a bleaching agent
litmus paper red

26. When a piece of phosphorus is lowered Because Hydrogen chloride is formed

into a jar of chlorine, white fumes are during the reaction
observed.

27. A solution of hydrogen chloride in Because Methylbenzene does not

methylbenzene does not conduct conduct electricity
electricity.

28. Hydrogen chloride conducts electricity because Hydrogen chloride is soluble in

water

29. Iodine is formed when chlorine gas is because Chlorine reduces the iodide ions
bubbled into a solution of potassium in solution.
iodide

30. Chlorine bleaches dyes because Chlorine is an oxidizing agent

In each of the questions 31 to 34 one or more of the answers given may be correct. Read each
questions carefully and then indicate the correct answer according to the following

A. If 1, 2, 3, only are correct

B. If 1 and 3 only are correct
C. If 2 and 4 only are correct
D. If 4 only is correct
 31. Which of the following substances is/are formed when sodium hydrogen carbonate is reacted
with dilute hydrochloric acid?
2. Hydrogen
3. Sodium chloride
4. Sodium hydroxide
5. Carbon dioxide
32. Which of the following anions when in solution will react with lead (II) nitrate solution to form a
white precipitate?
1. CO32-
2. SO42-
3. Cl-
4. I-
33. Which of the following gases can react with water to form acidic solution?
1. Chlorine
2. Nitrogen monoxide
3. Nitrogen dioxide
4. hydrogen
34. which of the following properties is/are shown by hydrochloric acid?
The acid reacts with
1. copper to form hydrogen
2. zinc to form hydrogen
3. sodium hydroxide to give an acid salt
4. Calcium carbonate to form carbon dioxide

35. Anhydrous Iron (III) chloride was prepared using the setup of
apparatus in figure below

Solid R

Iron wire

Dry

gas X
Heat

Iron (III) chloride

 (a) Identify

(i) X (1mark)

(ii) R (1mark)

(b) Write equation for the reaction leading to the formation of iron (III) 1 ½ marks)
chloride

(c) (i) State what would be observed if iron (III) chloride is exposed to air (1mark)

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in(c) (i) above (1mark)

36. (a) (i) Name two substance which can react to produce hydrogen chloride. (1mark)

(ii) Write equation for the reaction leading to the formation of hydrogen (1 ½ mark)
chloride

(b) Hydrogen chloride reacts with lead (II) nitrate to form lead II chloride (2 ½ mark)
according to the following equation.

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) PbCl2(s) + 2HNO3 (aq)

Calculate the volume of hydrogen chloride measured at s.t.p that

would be required to form 5.+53g of lead (II) chloride. (Pb = 207, +---
N=m14, O = 16, H = 1, Cl = 35.5)

37. (a) Chlorine can be prepared from concentrated hydrochloric acid

(i) Name the substance that reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce (1mark)
chlorine

(ii) Write equation for the reaction (1 ½ marks)

(b) Chlorine is passed through cold dilute sodium hydroxide solution

(i) State what is observed (1mark)

(ii) Write equation for the reaction that took place (1 ½ marks)

38. (a) Briefly describe how dry sample of hydrogen chloride can be prepared (5½ marks)
in the laboratory. (diagram not required)

(b) Hydrogen chloride was bubbled through a solution of lead (II) nitrate

(i) state what was observed and explain your answer (2½ marks)

(ii) write equation for the reaction that took place. (1½ marks)

(c) Concentrated hydrochloric acid is commonly used for removing oxides (1 ½ mark)
from metal surfaces (pickling). Explain why concentrated nitric acid is
not used for the same purpose
 (d) A sample of hydrogen chloride gas was dissolved in water to make (4marks)
250cm3 of solution. 25.0cm3 of this solution required 46cm3 of 2M
sodium hydroxide for complete neutralization. Determine the mass of
hydrogen chloride that was dissolved to make 250cm3 of solution (H =
1, Cl = 35.5)

39. (a) Chlorine can be prepared in the laboratory using potassium

manganate (VII), KMnO4.

(i) Name one substance that react with potassium manganate (VII) to (01mark)
produce chlorine

(ii) State the conditions for the reaction. (½ marks)

(iii) Write an equation for the reaction leading to the formation of (03marks)
chlorine.

(b) Damp blue litmus paper was dropped in a jar containing chlorine. (03marks)
State what was observed and explain your observation(s).

(c) A boiling tube filled with chlorine was inverted into a beaker
containing chlorine water and exposed to sunlight for some time.

(i) State what was observed (½ mark)

(ii) Explain with the aid of equation, your observations. (03 marks)

(d) Write equation to show how chlorine can react with

(i) dilute potassium hydroxide (1 ½ marks)

(ii) turpentine, C10H16. (1 ½ marks)

(e) Briefly describe a test you would carry out to confirm the presence of (2 ½ marks
chloride ions in solution. State what would be observed and write an
equation for the reaction that would take place

40. (a) Describe how a pure dry sample of chlorine can be prepared in the (06marks)
laboratory from potassium manganate (VII). Your answer should
include a well labelled diagram and equation for the reaction.

(b) What would be observed if chlorine is bubbled through

(i) Blue litmus solution (01 mark)

(ii) Potassium bromide solution (01 mark)

(iii) Solution of iron (II) ions (01 mark)

(c) Write equations in (b) (ii) and (iii) (03 marks)

(d) Write equation for the reaction of chloride and

 (i) Heated iron

(ii) Cold sodium hydroxide solution

41. (a) Describe how a pure dry sample of chlorine can be prepared in the (07marks)
laboratory from potassium manganate (VII). Diagram not required but
your description should include conditions and equation for the
reaction.

(b) State what is observed and write equation(s) for the reaction(s) that
would occur if

(i) Chlorine was bubbled into an aqueous sodium hydroxide (2marks)

(ii) Burning magnesium is lowered into a jar of dry chlorine (3marks)

(iii) Chlorine was passed through a solution of potassium iodide (2 ½ marks)

(c) State one use of chlorine ( ½ mark)

42. (a) State the conditions under which iron can react with hydrochloric acid (2 ½ mark)
and write equation for the reaction.

(b) DRAW a fully labelled diagram for a setup of apparatus which can be (4marks)
used to generate iron (III) chloride in the laboratory.

(c) A student left a slasher made of iron on the compound for two weeks. (2 ½ marks)
State what was observed and explain your answer.

(d) (i) Name one reagent that can be used to distinguish between iron (II) (1mark)
sulphate and iron (III) sulphate

(ii) State what would be observed if the reagent you have named in (d)(i) (5marks)
above were separately treated with the two iron salts and write
equations for the reaction

43. (a) Hydrogen chloride can be prepared from sodium chloride according to
the following equation

Cl- (s) + H+(aq) HCl(g)

Calculate the mass of sodium chloride that would be required to

produce 3.60 dm3 of hydrogen chloride at room temperature, (H = 1,
Na = 23, cl = 35.5: 1mole of a gas at room temperature occupies
24dm3)

(b) State what would be observed and in each case write an equation for
the reaction that would take place when

(i) An aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride is added to a solution of (03marks)

lead (II) ions.
 (ii) Excess hydrogen chloride is passed over strongly heated iron wire (2 ½ mark)

(c) Briefly explain the following observation in each case illustrate your
answer with equation(s).

(i) Anhydrous iron (II) chloride cannot be prepared by direct synthesis (2 ½ marks)
using chlorine and iron

(ii) An aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gives a white precipitate (4marks)

with silver nitrate whereas a solution of hydrogen chloride in
tetrachloromethane show no observable change when reacted with
silver nitrate solution.

44. (a) Write equation to show how hydrogen chloride can be prepared from (2marks)
sodium chloride

(b) Draw a labeled diagram to show how aqueous hydrogen chloride can (3 ½ marks)
be prepared in the laboratory.

(c) State what would be observed and write equation for the reaction
that would take place when aqueous hydrogen chloride is reacted
with

(i) Solid calcium carbonate

(ii) Silver nitrate solution

(iii) Magnesium (8 ½ marks)

(d) State why aqueous hydrogen chloride does not react with copper (01mark

45. (a) (i) Describe with aid of a well labelled diagram how a sample of iron (III)
chloride can be prepared in the laboratory form concentrated
hydrochloric acid and potassium permanganate. Include equation for
the reaction in your description

(ii) What happens when water is added to Iron (III) chloride?

(iii) State the confirmatory test for Iron (III) ions

(b) Hydrogen gas was used to reduce 32.1g of Iron (III) chloride

(i) Write equation for the reaction that took place

(ii) Calculate the minimum volume of hydrogen at s.t.p. required to react

completely with the chloride.

46. (a) A substance e X reacts with solid sodium chloride to produce

hydrogen chloride

(i) Identify X
 (ii) State the conditions for the reaction

(iii) Write equation for the reaction

(b) (i) Name the substance formed when hydrogen chloride is dissolved in
water

(ii) Explain why an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride is an electrolyte

whereas a solution of the gas in methylbenzene is non-electrolyte.
(Equations not required)

(c) An aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride was added drop wise to 4.2
g of calcium carbonate until there was no further change. A colorless
gas was evolved.

(i) State what was observed

(ii) Write equation for the reaction between the gas and calcium
hydroxide

(iii) Calculate the volume of the gas measured at s.t.p. that was evolved

47. (a) Draw a labelled of diagram of an apparatus you would use to prepare
chlorine in the laboratory, using potassium permanganate.

(b) State what is observed when

(i) A piece of yellow phosphorus is lowered in a jar of chlorine

(ii) Turpentine (C10H16) is lowered in chlorine

(iii) Chlorine is bubbled in the solution of potassium bromide

Answers

1 C 11 D 21 A 31 C
2 C 12 C 22 C 32 A
3 D 13 A 23 A 33 B
4 A 14 C 24 C 34 C
5 C 15 A 25 D 35
6 C 16 D 26 C
7 D 17 B 27 D
8 B 18 D 28 B
9 A 19 C 29 D
10 D 20 D 30 A

35. (a) (i) X = dry chlorine

(ii) Y = anhydrous calcium chloride
(b) 2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2Fe2Cl3(s)
(c) (i) Absorbs water to form a brown solution
 (ii) It is deliquescent
36. (a) Sodium chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid
NaCl (s) +H2SO4(aq) NaHSO4(aq) + HCl(g)
(b) Rfm of PbCl2 = 207 + 35.5 x 2 = 278
278g of PbCl2 require 2 x 22400cm3 of HCl gas

5.53g of PbCl2 will require = 891cm3 of HCl

37 (a) Potassium manganate (VII)

2KMnO4 (aq) + 16HCl(aq) 2KCl(aq) + 8H2O(l) + 5Cl2(g)
(b) (i) Yellowish solution formed
(ii) Cl2 (g) + 2NaOH (aq) NaCl(aq) + NaOCl (aq) + H2O(l)
38 (a) Concentrated sulphuric acid is added to solid sodium chloride to for hydrogen
chloride gas. The gas is dried with concentrated sulphuric acid
NaCl (s) + H2SO4 (aq) NaHSO4(aq) + HCl(g)
(b) White precipitate
Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) PbCl2(s)
(c) Nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent it thus oxidise substances to form oxides
(d) Moles of NaOH =
Moles of HCl = moles of NaOH = 0.092 moles

Mole of HCl in 250 cm3 =

Mass = moles x formula mass = 0.92 x 36.5 = 33.58g

39 (a) (i) Concentrated HCl

(ii) Heat
(iii) 2KMnO4 (aq) + 16HCl(aq) 2KCl(aq) + 8H2O(l) + 5Cl2(g)
(b) Litmus solution decolize
Reason
Chlorine react with water to form hypochlorous acid which oxidize the dye to make
it colorless
Cl2 (g) + H2O (l) HOCl (aq) + HCl (aq)
Dye + HOCl dye -O + HCl (aq)
(c) (i) A gas collect in the test tube
(ii) Hypochlorous acid decompose to liberate oxygen
Cl2 (g) + H2O (l) HOCl (aq) + HCl (aq)
Then
2HOCl (aq) 2HCl (aq) + O2(aq)
(d) (i) KOH(aq) + Cl2(g) KCl(aq) + KOCl(aq)
(ii) C10H16(g) 10C(s) + 16HCl(g)
(e) To a solution a few drops fo silver nitrate is added followed by dil nitric acid and
excess ammonia solution. White precipitate soluble in ammonia indicates presence
of chloride ions.
40 (a) Potassium manganate (VII) is heated with concentrated hydrochloric acid, chlorine
produced is passed through water to remove hydrogen chloride gas and then
 through concentrated sulphuric acid to dry chlorine.
2KMnO4 (aq) + 16HCl(aq) 2KCl(aq) + 8H2O(l) + 5Cl2(g)
(b) (i) decolorize
(ii) Turns yellow
(iii) Solution turns from green to yellow
(c) 2Br- (aq) + Cl2 (g) Br2 (aq) + 2Cl- (aq)
2Fe2+ (aq) ( Cl2 (g) 2Fe3+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq)
(d) (i) 2Fe (s) + 3Cl2 (g) 2FeCl3(g)
(ii) Cl2 (g) + 2NaOH (aq) NaCl(aq) + NaOCl (aq) + H2O(l)
41 (b) (i) Yellow solution formed
Cl2 (g) + 2NaOH (aq) NaCl(aq) + NaOCl (aq) + H2O(l)
(ii) Magnesium bruns with bright light forming white crystals
Mg (s) + Cl2(g) MgCl2 (s)
(iii) Brown solution formed
2I- (aq) + Cl2(g) I2(aq) + 2Cl- (aq)
(c) For making plastic
For making bleaching agents
In making antiseptic
disinfectant
42 (a) Heat
Fe(s) + 2HCl (g) FeCl2 (s) + H2 (g)

Anhydrous CaCl2

Iron wire

Dry

Cl2
Heat

Iron (III) chloride

(c) A brown coat on the slasher due to rusting
(d) (i) Ammonium thiocyanate
(ii) Fe3+ tiurns red solution
Fe3+ (aq) + 3SCN- (aq) Fe(SCN)3 (aq)
Fe 2+ no observable change
43 (a) Rfm of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5g
24dm3 of HCl require 58.5 g of NaCl
3.60 dm3 of HCl will require

(b) (i) White precipitate

Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl- (aq) PbCl2 (s)
 (ii) Green solid formed
Fe(s) + 2HCl (g) FeCl2(s) + H2 (g)
(c) (i) Chlorine oxidizes iron II ions to Iron III ions
2Fe2+ (aq) + Cl2(g) 2Fe3+(aq)
(ii) In water, hydrogen chloride ionizes and chloride ions form white precipitate with
silver ions
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)
In methylbenzene hyrogen chloride doesnot form ions
44 (c) (i) 2H+(aq) + CO32-(aq) H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
+ -
(ii) Ag (aq) + Cl (aq) AgCl(s)
(iii) Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) Mg2+ (aq) + H2(g)
46 (a) (i) Concentrated sulphuric acid
(ii) Heat
(iii) NaCl (s) +H2SO4(aq) NaHSO4(aq) + HCl(g)
(b) (i) Hydrochloric acid
(ii) HCl ionizes in water but not in methylbenzene
(c) (i) Solid dissolves
(ii) Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
Then
CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) CaHCO3(aq)
(iii) CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2 (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O (l)
Rfm of CaCO3 = 40 + 12 + 16 x3 = 100
 100g of CaCO3 produce 22.4dm3 of CO2 gas
 4.2g ofCaCO3 will produce

47 (b) (i) Phosphorous burns spontaneously to produce white fumes

P4(s) + 6Cl2(g) 4PCl3(s)
(ii) Turpentine burns spontaneously to produce black shoot
C10H16(l) + 8Cl2(g) 10C(s) + 16HCl (g)
(iii) Yellow solution produced
Cl2 (g) + 2Br-(aq) 2Cl-(aq) + Br2 (aq)