Revision Questions: Surface Water

SURFACE WATER
Revision questions
1. Define the following terms as applied in hydrologic analysis (i) travel time (ii) bifurcation
ration (iii) drainage density (iv) excess rainfall (v) Surface water (vi) Abstractions (vii) Rating
curve (Viii) Phi-index (ix) Curve number
2. Consider a catchment of 33.3 km2 situated in an arid region. The outlet of the catchment is a dry
river that carries water only after heavy rainfall. A rainstorm with a depth of 100 mm falls
uniformly over the catchment during a period of three hours. The rainfall depth in the first,
second and third hour are respectively 45, 35 and 20 mm. The discharge at the outlet due to
this rainstorm is presented as hydrograph A (solid line) in the chart below.
a. Compute the runoff coefficient for this rainfall event.
b. b Compute the constant loss rate (the -index)
c. In the same chart the hydrograph observed at a point B, 20 km downstream in the
same river is plotted. The average width of the river section between A and B is 50 m.
Estimate the average infiltration rate into the river bed between A and B in mm/hr
during the passage of the flood wave.
3. For a certain catchment the depletion curve of the hydrograph at the outlet may be described
with the normal baseflow curve equation. The flood hydrograph Q (mm/d) at the outlet, as
given below, was produced by a rainstorm of 50 mm.
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Q 1.72 1.50 1.31 1.14 1.00 6.00 16 6 4.00 3.00 2.62 2.29 2 1.75
(mm/day)
a. Plot the hydrograph and separate direct runoff from base flow by a straight line..
b. Estimate the direct runoff in mm. c Estimate the total base flow contribution from this
rainstorm. 25 Consider a rainstorm with a constant intensity falling uniformly over a
catchment
4. A rainfall event falls on a field of 1.0 km2, half of which has good agricultural soil, which has
been left bare, and the other half is bare sand. The infiltration capacity for the soil are
20mm/hr for the good agricultural soil and 50 mm/hr for sand. Estimate the volume of
surface runoff in each case if the rainfall was:
Time (Mins) 0 2 4 6 8
Rainfall (mm) 0 10 12 10 0
5. Identify the major sources of stream flow

6. Develop an equation of the recession limb of runoff hydrograph during the dry season in in
the perennial rivers
7. Baseflow on a river is 0.5 m3/s on May 8th and 0.2 m3/s on May 20th. Previous study of
baseflow recession on the river has shown that it follows the linear reservoir model. If there
is no rain in May, estimate the flow rate on the May 31st.
8. The table below gives the cumulative rainfall hyetograph for a 150 Km2 watershed. Using
Horton’s equation with f0 = 40 mm/h, fc = 10 mm/h, and k = h-1, determine the following:
Time (h) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Cumulative rainfall (mm) 25 70 115 140 160 180
(i) The abstractions and excess rainfall hyetograph

(ii) The depth and volume of excess rainfall
(iii) The duration of excess rainfall
(iv) Estimate the percentage of total rainfall disposed as initial abstraction,
continuing abstraction and excess rainfall
(v) Sketch the respective graphs showing ponding time
9. At known distances from an initial point on the stream bank, the measured depth and
velocity of a stream are as shown below. Calculate the corresponding discharge of this
section.
Measurement 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
No i
Distance 0 3.66 9.75 15.85 21.95 28.04 34.14 40.23 46.33 50.90 55.47
from initial
point (m)
Depth d (m) 0 0.94 1.34 1.40 1.74 1.37 1.34 1.65 1.86 1.77 1.74
Mean 0 0.11 0.27 0.33 0.41 0.22 0.27 0.43 0.62 0.68 0.77
velocity v
(m/s)
Measurement 12 13
No i
Distance 60.04 64.62
from initial
point (m)
Depth d (m) 1.55 0
Mean 0.93 0
velocity v
(m/s)
10. For a given watershed of area 18km2 the observed rainfall and stream flow data is given
below
Time (hr) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Incremental 4.57 10.67 12.20 12.33 5.33 4.06
precipitation (mm)
Stream flow (m3/s) 0.71 0.76 1.08 3.08 8.77 18.54 26.86 30 29.57
Time (hr) 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
Incremental
precipitation (mm)
Stream flow (m3/s) 29.15 23.38 18.54 13.19 9.08 6.42 4.95 4.53
Determine (i) the direct runoff hydrograph (ii) the excess rainfall hydrographs (iii) The Phi –
index (iv) Compare the results when different methods of baseflow separation are used
11. The capacity of the interception storage of a forest is 2 mm. After a dry period, a rainstorm on
this forest with an intensity of 40 mm/hr lasts one half hour. The infiltration capacity during the
first 1/4 hour is 40 mm/hr and during the second 1/4 hour is 32 mm/hr. Compute the amount of
water that infiltrates into the soil during the rainstorm.
12. Stating the necessary assumptions, show that hydraulic head, h, of groundwater can be
calculated using the following formula:
𝑃
ℎ= +𝑧
𝜌𝑤 𝑔
Where h is water head (m); P is water pressure (N/m2); ρw is water density (kg/m3); g is
acceleration due to gravity (m/s2); and z is the water elevation (m).

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SURFACE WATER

5. Identify the major sources of stream flow

(i) The abstractions and excess rainfall hyetograph

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