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Single Particle Systems of Particles - Kinetic Energy

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 Kinetic Energy 𝑇= 𝑚𝑖 𝐯𝑖 2
2
1
𝑇= 𝑚𝑣 2
2 𝑈′1−2 = (𝑈1−2 )𝑖 𝐯𝑖 = 𝐯 + 𝐯𝑖 ′
𝑈1−2 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = ∆𝑇 1 1
𝑇= 𝑚 𝐯 ∙𝐯 = 𝑚𝑖 (𝐯 + 𝐯𝑖 ′ ) ∙ (𝐯 + 𝐯𝑖 ′ )
2 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 2
 Total Energy =0
1 1
= 𝑚𝑖 𝑣 2 + 𝑚𝑖 𝐯𝑖 ′ 2 + 𝑚𝑖 𝐯 ∙ 𝐯𝑖 ′
𝑈′1−2 = ∆𝑇+∆𝑉 2 2
1 1
𝑇1 + 𝑉1 + 𝑈′1−2 = 𝑇2 + 𝑉2 = 𝑣2 𝑚𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2 2
1 1
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑔 + 𝑉𝑒 = 𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝑚𝑖 𝐯𝑖 ′ 2
2 2

Translational Rotational kinetic energy

kinetic energy
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 No work is done on a conservative system during an interval
of motion by external forces (other than gravitational and
elastic potential forces)  none of the energy of the system
is lost The mass system is conservative.

Energy Momentum
For a certain interval of time, the resultant
𝑈′1−2 = 0 = ∆𝑇+∆𝑉 external force ΣFi = 0 acting on a
conservative /nonconservative mass system
𝑇1 + 𝑉1 + 𝑈′1−2 = 𝑇2 + 𝑉2 No external impulse
 momentum remains unchanged.
𝑇1 + 𝑉1 = 𝑇2 + 𝑉2
𝐆=0 𝐆𝟐 = 𝐆1
𝐇𝑜 = 0 𝐇𝑂1 = 𝐇𝑂2
𝐇𝐺1 = 𝐇𝐺2 (G: mass center) 3
(a)

Ans.
𝒏

(b) 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜃 𝑯𝑶 ≡ 𝐫𝑖 × 𝑚𝑖𝐯𝒊
𝒊=1

Ans. 4
The two 2-kg balls are initially at rest on the horizontal surface when a vertical
force F = 60 N is applied to the junction of the attached wires as shown.
Compute the vertical component ay of the initial acceleration of each ball by
considering the system as a whole.

5.19 m/s2

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Calculate the acceleration of the center of
mass of the system of the four 10-kg cylinders.
Neglect friction and the mass of the pulleys
and cables.

15.19 m/s2

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A 10 kg projectile is moving with a velocity of 30 m/s when it
explodes into 2.5 and 7.5-kg fragments. Immediately after the
explosion, the fragments travel in the directions θA = 45o and θ B =
30o. Determine the velocity of each fragment.

va = 62.2 m/s
vb = 29.3 m/s

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The three freight cars are rolling along the horizontal track with the
velocities shown. After the impacts occur, the three cars become
coupled together and move with a common velocity v. The weights
of the loaded cars A, B, and C are 65, 50, and 75 Mg, respectively.
Determine v and calculate the percentage loss n of energy of the
system due to coupling.

v = 0.355 km/h
n = 95%

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The three small spheres are welded to the light rigid frame which is
rotating in a horizontal plane about a vertical axis through O with an
angular velocity 𝜽= 20 rad/s. If a couple MO = 30 N·m is applied to
the frame for 5 seconds, compute the new angular velocity.
𝒏
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜃 𝑯𝑶 ≡ 𝐫𝑖 × 𝑚𝑖𝐯𝒊
𝒊=1

80.7 rad/s

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Ball B, of mass mB, is suspended from a cord, of length l, attached to
cart A, of mass mA, which can roll freely on a frictionless horizontal
tract. While the cart is at rest, the ball is given an initial velocity
Determine (a) the velocity of B as it reaches it maximum elevation,
and (b) the maximum vertical distance h through which B will rise.

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Determine (a) the velocity of B as it reaches it maximum elevation,

 t2
 
G1    Fdt  G2
t1

x: m Av A,1  mB vB ,1  m Av A, 2  mB vB , 2
Velocities at positions 1 and 2 are

v A,1  0 vB,1  v0 mBv0  mA  mB v A,2

vB,2  v A,2  vB A, 2  v A,2 v  v  mB
v0
A, 2 B,2
0 mA  mB
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Determine (b) the maximum vertical distance h through which B
will rise.
Position 1 - Potential Energy: V1  mA gl
Kinetic Energy: T1  12 mBv02
Position 2 - Potential Energy: V2  mA gl  mB gh
Kinetic Energy: T2  12 mA  mB v 2A,2

1 m v2
2 B 0
 mA gl  12 mA  mB v 2A,2  mA gl  mB gh

2 2
v02 mA  mB v A,2 v02 mA  mB  mB 
h     v0 
2g mB 2g 2g 2 g mB  mA  mB 

v02 v02
T1  V1  T2  V2
mB
h  mA v02
2 g m A  mB 2 g h
m A  mB 2 g
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The cars of a roller-coaster ride have a speed of 30 km/h as they
pass over the top of the circular track. Neglect any friction and
calculate their speed v when they reach the horizontal bottom
position. At the top position, the radius of the circular path of their
mass centers is 18 m, and all six cars have the same mass.

v = 72.7 km/h

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Review

 Locate the centroid of a circular arc as

shown in the figure.

𝐿𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑑𝐿

𝑑𝐿 = 𝑟𝑑𝜃 Polar coordinate

𝐿𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑑𝐿= (𝑟 cos 𝜃)𝑟𝑑𝜃

𝛼
(2𝛼𝑟)𝑥 = (𝑟 cos 𝜃)𝑟𝑑𝜃 =2𝑟 2 sin 𝛼
−𝛼
𝑟 sin 𝛼
𝑥=
𝛼
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The carriage (滑動台車) of mass 2m is free to roll along the horizontal rails and
carries the two spheres, each of mass m, mounted on rods of length l and
negligible mass. The shaft to which the rods are secured is mounted in the
carriage and is free to rotate. If the system is released from rest with the rods in
the vertical position where θ = 0, determine the velocity vx of the carriage and
the angular velocity 𝜽 of the rods for the instant when θ = 180o . Treat the
carriage and the spheres as particles and neglect any friction.

𝒗𝒙 = 𝟐𝒈𝒍
𝟐𝒈
𝜽=𝟐
𝒍

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 Review

A flexible nonextensible rope of mass ρ per unit length and length equal to 1/4 of
the circumference of the fixed drum of radius r is released from rest in the
horizontal dashed position, with end B secured to the top of the drum. When the
rope finally comes to rest with end A at C, determine the loss of energy Q of the
system. What becomes of the lost energy?
𝐿 = 𝜋𝑟/2 𝜋𝑟 𝜋𝑟 2
A1 𝑉𝑔1 = 𝜌 𝑔𝑟 = 𝜌𝑔
2 2
𝜋𝑟 2𝑟
G 𝟐𝒓 𝑉𝑔2 = 𝜌( )𝑔( ) = 𝜌𝑔𝑟 2
2 𝜋
𝝅
𝑽𝒈 = 𝟎 𝜋
A2
∆𝑄 = 𝑉𝑔1 − 𝑉𝑔2 = 𝜌𝑔𝑟 2 −1
2
= 0.571𝜌𝑔𝑟 2
Ans.
Heat
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