6-Com121-Eng131.Energy of A System

ENERGY OF A SYSTEM
WORK
• Work has a physical definition.
• In Physics, work is done by a force, if this force
can change the position of object, or results
with a displacement.
• Work done by a Force can be calculated by;
𝑊 = 𝐹.Ԧ ∆𝑟=
Ԧ 𝐹Ԧ ∆𝑟Ԧ cos 𝜃
Dot product of Force and
displacement vectors
SI unit of work is ; Joule (J).
WORK
• Work is energy transfer.
• If 𝑊 > 0, energy is transferred to the system.
• If 𝑊 < 0, energy is transferred from the

system
EXAMPLE
𝐹 = 50𝑁
A box changes its position from
𝑥0 = 0 to x = 20𝑚 with exerted
530
force 𝐹 = 50𝑁.
Calculate net work done.
𝑥0 = 0 x = 20𝑚
Ԧ ∆𝑟=
𝑊 = 𝐹. Ԧ 𝐹Ԧ ∆𝑟Ԧ cos 𝜃 = 50 20 𝑐𝑜𝑠 530 ≅ 602 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
EXAMPLE
A particle moves with 𝐹Ԧ = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 1𝑘 𝑁
and gains displacement of ∆𝑟Ԧ = ሺ3𝑖 + 2𝑗 +
WORK DONE BY A SPRING
If the spring is streched by a small

distance ∆𝑥, the force 𝐹 = −𝑘∆𝑥,
appears on the spring.
Equilibrium
If the spring is compressed by a

small distance -∆𝑥, the force 𝐹 =
𝑘∆𝑥, appears on the spring.
WORK DONE BY A SPRING
𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹Ԧ𝑠 . 𝑑 𝑥Ԧ = −𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑓 0
1 2
𝑊𝑆 = න −𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න −𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥
𝑥𝑖 −𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
KINETIC ENERGY AND THE WORK–KINETIC
ENERGY THEOREM
Consider a system consisting of a single object.
Figure on left shows a block of mass m
moving through a displacement directed to the
right under the action of a net force , also
directed to the right.
(angle between displacement and force is zero)
Ԧ 𝑟Ԧ = 𝐹.
𝑊𝐹 = 𝐹. Ԧ ሺ𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
KINETIC ENERGY AND THE WORK–
KINETIC ENERGY THEOREM
Ԧ 𝑟Ԧ = 𝐹.
𝑊𝐹 = 𝐹. Ԧ ሺ𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) = 𝐹 𝑥 − 𝑥0 cos 𝜃 where θ = 0
𝑊𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑥0 *
𝑣 2 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑥0
Which can be written as;
𝑣 2 −𝑣02
= 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑥0 ** If we substitude equation ** into equation *;
2
𝑣 2 −𝑣02 1 1
𝑊𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 𝑚 2 = 𝑚𝑣 2
− 2 𝑚𝑣02 = ∆𝐾
2
1 1
∆𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 − 2 𝑚𝑣02 : CHANGE IN KINETIC ENERGY
2
POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM
Consider an object which is moving on y-axis
under the influence of force of gravity. If we
check work done by the force of gravity;
POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM
We know that force of gravity is always pointing downwards;
𝐹𝐺 = −ሺ𝑚𝑔𝑗)Ƹ
and the displacement of the object will be on y-axis as;
ሺ𝑌 − 𝑌𝑂 ) = ሺ𝑌 − 𝑌𝑂 )𝑗Ƹ
And work done by force of gravity is;
𝑊𝐺 = 𝐹𝐺 . ሺ𝑌 − 𝑌𝑂 ) = − 𝐹𝐺 𝑗Ƹ . 𝑌 − 𝑌𝑂 𝑗Ƹ = − 𝐹𝐺 . 𝑌 − 𝑌𝑂 𝑗.Ƹ 𝑗Ƹ =
− ሺ𝑚𝑔) 𝑌 − 𝑌𝑂
(Note that ෡𝑗. 𝑗Ƹ = 1) Where

𝑊𝐺 = − 𝑚𝑔𝑦 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑜 = −∆𝑈
Where ∆𝑈 = ሺ𝑚𝑔𝑦 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑜 ) : CHANGE IN POTENTIAL ENERGY

ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
• Elastic potential energy is the mechanical energy
stored in springs.
• Elastic potential energy is stored in spring by doing
work.
• Elastic potential energy is stored in compressed or
streched springs.
𝑥 0 1
𝑊𝑆 = −∆𝑈𝑠 = ‫ 𝑓 𝑥׬‬−𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬−𝑥 −𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 2
𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
1
If 𝑈𝑖 = 0 → → → 𝑈𝑠 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2
CONSERVATIVE FORCES
• Conservative forces have these two properties:
1. The work done by a conservative force on a

particle moving between any two points is
independent of the path taken by the particle.
2. The work done by a conservative force on a
particle moving through any closed path is zero. (A
closed path is one for which the beginning point
and the endpoint are identical.)
CONSERVATIVE FORCES
• One of the examples of conservative forces is
gravity.
I
II
10m
8m
𝟓𝟑𝟎
NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCES
• The work done by a non-conservative force on
a particle moving between any two points is
not independent of the path taken by the
particle.
• One of the examples of non-conservative

forces is Friction Force.
RELATION BETWEEN WORK AND
ENERGY
• We have stated that work is transfer of energy
to/from the system.
• Energy is also defined as ability to do work.
• Different forms of energy like heat, kinetic

energy, gravitational potential energy, electric
potential energy exists.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY LAW
Energy can not be created or cannot be
destroyed, energy can only be converted from
one form to another OR it can be transferred
from one system to another.
CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL
ENERGY
• In previous sections we define the kinetic
1
energy 𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 and gravitational potential
2
energy, 𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦.
• Total Mechanical Energy (ME) of a system is;
𝟏
𝑴𝑬 = 𝑲 + 𝑼 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 + 𝒎𝒈𝒚
𝟐
ENERGY
• If system do not contain any non-conservative
force like friction force, the mechanical energy
of system is always constant.
• If systems contains the non-conservative

force, friction, the mechanical energy of
system is not constant and some portion of
mechanical energy is spent as heat.
ENERGY
If mechanical energy is conserved in system,
(𝐹𝑓𝑟 = 0)
𝑀𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑀𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝑈𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 + 𝑈𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙

ENERGY
If system contains friction force,some amount of
initial mechanical energy is transformed heat by
Friction force.
𝑀𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 > 𝑀𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑀𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑀𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝑊𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑀𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑓𝑟 . 𝑟Ԧ
𝑊𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐹Ԧ𝑓𝑟 . 𝑟Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ𝑓𝑟 𝑟Ԧ cos 𝜃

ENERGY
Note that friction force and displacement are
always opposite to each other and 𝜃 = 1800
where cos 180 = −1
And
𝑊𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐹Ԧ𝑓𝑟 . 𝑟Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ𝑓𝑟 𝑟Ԧ cos 180 = − 𝐹Ԧ𝑓𝑟 𝑟Ԧ
(Work done by friction force is always negative which

represents lost mechanical energy)
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
1
a)𝑀𝐸ℎ = 𝐾 + 𝑈 = + 𝑚𝑔𝑦 m𝑣 2
2
𝑀𝐸 = 2 10 30 = 600 𝐽
1
b)𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 = 𝑣𝑜𝑦 𝑡 + ሺ−𝑔)𝑡 2
2
1
𝑦 − 30 = ሺ−10)ሺ2)2 → 𝑦 = 10𝑚
2
c) 𝑀𝐸ℎ = 𝑀𝐸𝑐 = 600 𝐽
1
d) 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 = 𝑣𝑜𝑦 𝑡 + ሺ−𝑔)𝑡 2
2
1
0 − 30 = ሺ−10)𝑡 2 → → 𝑡 = 3 = 1,73 𝑠
2
SOLUTION
e) 𝑀𝐸ℎ = 𝑀𝐸𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 = 600 =

2
1 𝑔𝑟
𝐾𝑔𝑟 +𝑈𝑔𝑟 = m𝑣
2
1 2
𝑔𝑟
600 = ሺ2)𝑣
2
𝑣𝑔𝑟 = 600 = 24,49 𝑚/𝑠
EXAMPLE
M=4 kg
SOLUTION
1 2
a) Note that 𝑀𝐸𝑋 = 𝑀𝐸𝑌 = m𝑣 𝑥 + 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑥
2
1 2
𝑀𝐸𝑌 = 4 20 + 4 10 20 = 1600 𝐽
2
b) 𝑀𝐸𝑍 = 𝑀𝐸𝑌 + 𝑊𝑓𝑟 = 1600 + 𝐹𝑓𝑟 𝑑𝑦𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ሺ180)0
= 1600 + 𝜇 𝑁𝑑𝑦𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ሺ180)0 = 1600 + 0,5 40 20 −1
𝑀𝐸𝑍 = 1200 𝐽
2 2
1 1
𝑀𝐸𝑍 = 1200 𝐽 = 𝑚𝑣 𝑧+ 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑧 = ሺ4) 𝑧
𝑣 + ሺ4)ሺ10)ሺ10)
2 2
𝑣𝑧 = 20 𝑚/𝑠
SOLUTION
c) Note that;
𝑣Ԧ𝑧 = ሺ20 𝑖)𝑚/𝑠 (no y-component)
1 1
𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 = −𝑔 𝑡 → → −10 = ሺ−10)𝑡 2
2
2 2
𝑡 = 2 = 1,41 𝑠
2
1 𝑔𝑟
d) 𝑀𝐸𝑍 = 1200 𝐽 = 𝑀𝐸𝑔𝑟 = 𝐾𝑔𝑟 + 𝑈𝑔𝑟 =
2
𝑚𝑣
2
1 𝑔𝑟
1200 = ሺ4)𝑣 → → 𝑣𝑔𝑟 = 600 ≈ 24,50𝑚/𝑠
2
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
Note that ; 𝑀𝐸𝐴 = 𝑀𝐸𝐵 → 𝑀𝐸𝐶 = 𝑀𝐸𝐵 + 𝑊𝑓𝑟 = 𝑀𝐸𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
2
1 1
ሺ 𝑘𝑥 2 ) = 𝑚𝑣 𝐴 + 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝐴 +(μ 𝑁)𝑑𝐵𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠1800
2 2
1
ሺ 2250 0,3 2 ) = 10 10 3 + 𝜇 100 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠180𝑜
2
101,25 = 300 − 600𝜇
600𝜇 = 198,75
𝜇 = 0,66

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ENERGY OF A SYSTEM

• If 𝑊 > 0, energy is transferred to the system.

• If 𝑊 < 0, energy is transferred from the

If the spring is streched by a small

If the spring is compressed by a

(Note that ෡𝑗. 𝑗Ƹ = 1) Where

Where ∆𝑈 = ሺ𝑚𝑔𝑦 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑜 ) : CHANGE IN POTENTIAL ENERGY

1. The work done by a conservative force on a

• One of the examples of non-conservative

• Energy is also defined as ability to do work.

• Different forms of energy like heat, kinetic

• Total Mechanical Energy (ME) of a system is;

• If systems contains the non-conservative

𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝑈𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 + 𝑈𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝑀𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 > 𝑀𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝑀𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑀𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝑊𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑀𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑓𝑟 . 𝑟Ԧ

𝑊𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐹Ԧ𝑓𝑟 . 𝑟Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ𝑓𝑟 𝑟Ԧ cos 𝜃

(Work done by friction force is always negative which

e) 𝑀𝐸ℎ = 𝑀𝐸𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 = 600 =

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