What is VMware?

VMware is cloud computing and virtualization software. The base for VMware virtualization
technologies is its bare-metal hypervisor ESX/ESXi in x86 architecture. A hypervisor is set
up on the server (physical) to allow several virtual machines to run on the same VMware
server virtualization. All virtual machines can run their own operating system (OS).

Multiple virtual machines on the same physical server share some of the common
resources like RAM, network, etc.

VMware software is now commonly used in virtualized storage and networking, cloud
management services, private data centers, as desktop software, etc. VMware company
also launched the VMWare ESX server and VMWare GSX Server. Mostly, VMWare
virtualization software is for commercial use.

VMware ESXi Server: This is an organization-level software built to provide better

functionality than a freeware VMware Server to reduce system overhead. But, the service
console in the VMware ESX server is replaced by  BusyBox installation, which requires low
disk space.

VMware ESX Server: This is similar to the VMware ESXi server where VMware ESX is
combined with

VMware vCenter produces additional solutions to improve the consistency and

manageability of the server implementations.

VMWare vSphere and VMWare Server are some of the important server virtualization
software.

VMware vSphere: The vSphere is the best and well-known product from VMware. vSphere
is the integration of well-known, commonly used vCenter, and ESXi hypervisor suite for
applications.

VMware Server: It is an open-source (Freeware) software that can be used on any existing
operating systems like Ubuntu, LINUX, or Windows.

Related page: VMware Installation And Configuration

Physical Topology of Virtual Infrastructure (VI) Datacenter

A classic VMware vSphere data center contains (physical)  building blocks like IP networks,
desktop clients, storage networks and arrays, a management server, and x86 virtualization
servers. The vSphere data center topology components are listed below:

 IP networks
 Management clients
 Compute servers
  Storage networks and arrays
 vCenter Server

IP networks: Any compute server can have one or more physical network adapters, and
they provide reliable networking and high bandwidth to the whole VMware vSphere data
center.

Management clients: They provide many interfaces to access a virtual machine, and for
data center management. These interfaces incorporate either vSphere Command-Line
Interface (vSphere CLI), or vSphere Web Client to access a web browser.

Compute servers: The x86 servers run ESXi on the bare metal. Compute server provides
resources for virtual machines to run. In the virtual environment, each computing server is
called a standalone host.

All servers configured with x86 are grouped together with a number of connections and can
be connected to the same storage subsystems and network: A cluster (grouping of similarly
configured servers creating a cumulative set of resources in the virtual environment) is
formed.

Storage networks and arrays:  NAS arrays, Fibre Channel SAN arrays, and iSCSI SAN
arrays are the most frequently used storage technologies. VMware vSphere supports these
techniques to meet data center storage requirements. 

Sharing of data between the group of servers is possible by connecting them through
storage area networks. This aggregation provides more flexibility to virtual machines.

vCenter Server: The vCenter Server is a single point of control to the data center. It
transfers essential data center services like configuration, access control, performance
monitoring, etc. It merges all the resources from the individual computing servers and
shares them with virtual machines in the whole data center. 

vCenter Server manages all the tasks right from computing servers to virtual machines. The
assignment of resources to the virtual machines is done by computing servers. The system
administrator sets some policies based on which resources are assigned.

When vCenter Server is not unreachable, still computing servers continue to function. For
example, if the network is not severed, servers can be managed individually and continue to
run the assigned virtual machines.  After the connection is restored, the server functions
within the network as usual.

Related Page: Vmware Airwatch

Virtual Datacenter Architecture

The whole IT infrastructure including networks, servers, and storage is virtualized by
VMware vSphere.  These resources are accumulated and presented in a uniform set
(elements) in the virtual environment. 

The IT resources can be managed With VMware vSphere. The dynamic provision and
shared utility are resources for different business projects.

In Virtual Datacenter Architecture, vSphere is used to configure,  manage, and view the key
elements. The key elements in a virtual datacenter are:

Hosts, resource pools, and clusters are regarded as memory and computing resources.

 Virtual machines.
 Datastores act as storage resources.
 Networks (Networking resources).

Host: The virtual presentation of the memory resources and calculation of physical

machines (PMs) running ESX/ESXi is called a Host.

Cluster: When more than two PMs are connected together to manage and work as entire
entity, it is called cluster (The collaboration of computing and memory resources).
Machines can be removed or added from a cluster dynamically. 

Hierarchy of resource pools: The partitioning from hosts and clusters into computing and
memory resources is called resource pools.

Related Page: Application Packaging And Virtualization Interview Questions

Datastores: The virtual representation of integrated physical storage resources in the
datacenter. 

These physical storage resources are:

 F-SAN (File Storage Area Network) disk arrays.

 SAN  (Storage Area Network) disk arrays.
 NAS  (Network Area Storage) arrays.
 SAS (Statistical Analysis System) disks of the server.

The virtual machines are connected to each other through the physical networks in the
virtual environment outside of the virtual datacenter. Virtual machines are assigned to a
particular cluster, resource pool, or host to create datastores.

When a virtual machine is powered on, then workload increases, and it consumes
resources dynamically. It reverts the resources dynamically as workload decreases. New
virtual machines can be created in a fraction of a second, as it is much faster and easier
than physical machines. An appropriate operating system and applications must be installed
to alter the virtual machine to handle the workload.

Resources are allocated to virtual machines based on the principles set by the system
administrator. Resources can be reserved for a particular virtual machine to guarantee its
performance. Principles are given priority to set a differing portion of resources for every
virtual machine. 

Frequently asked VMware Interview Questions & Answers

VMware Infrastructure 

VMware Infrastructure is a virtualization suite for infrastructure that provides a complete

overview of application availability, virtualization, resource optimization, management, and
operational automation. VMware Infrastructure integrates and virtualizes the hardware
resources among two or more systems. In the virtual environment, it provides virtual
resource pools to the datacenter.

In addition to this, VMware Infrastructure has a distributed architecture that provides

excellent features like high availability, consolidated backup, fine-grain, policy-driven, and
resource allocation of the entire virtual datacenter. To establish an IT enterprise, these
distributed architecture services plays a major role in meeting their service level agreements
and production in a cost-effective manner.
VMware ESX Server – The virtualization layer which is production-proven,  and robust is
run on physical servers that abstract storage, memory, processor, and networking
resources across multiple virtual machines (VMs).

VirtualCenter Management Server (VirtualCenter Server) – VirtualCenter Server is the

central point for accolation, managing, and configuring virtual environments.

VMware High Availability – Provides features that are cost-effective, easy-to-use, high
availability to run applications on virtual machines. 

Virtual Infrastructure Client (VI Client) – VirtualCenter Server or individual ESX Servers
connect remotely from any Windows PC, and an interface is used by the client to connect.

Virtual Infrastructure Web Access – A virtual machine makes use of a web interface to
manage and access remote consoles.
VMware Virtual Machine File System – ESX Server virtual machines have a high-
performance file system cluster.

VMware Virtual Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP) –  SMP feature is enabled for a

single virtual machine to convert into multiple physical processors to work parallelly.

VMware Virtual Motion – To run virtual machines from one physical server to another
physical server, the VMotion feature is used, which allows live migration with complete
transaction integrity, zero downtime, and continuous service availability.

If the server fails, virtual machines automatically restart with production servers that have
spare capacity.

VMware Backup –  Consolidated Backup is easy-to-use. Backup can be simplified, and it

reduces the overload on ESX Servers. Virtual machines have a centralized agent-free
backup facility.

VMware Infrastructure SDK –  SDK provides third-party access to the VMware

Infrastructure and provides a standard interface for VMware.

Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS) – To allocate resources for virtual machines,

collection of hardware, and balancing the computing capacity dynamically done using DRS.

Related Page: Vmware Vsphere Command-Line Interface (CLI)

Network Architecture

In this architecture, VMware vSphere VMs in the data center is linked with a group of virtual
networking elements in a virtual environment similar to physical network elements in the
physical environment.

The physical environment and the virtual environment will have similar networking
elements. Some of the networking elements are port groups, virtual network interface cards,
vSphere Distributed Switches, distributed port groups, and vSphere Standard Switches.

Every virtual machine has several virtual NICs. The application program and operating
system interact with a virtual NIC. Virtual Machine communicates through device driver
either via VMware or a frequently available driver that is optimized for the virtual
environment.

In both cases, interaction in the operating system occurs the same as of physical device.
The virtual NIC has one IP address and its own MAC id. The virtual machine has the same
ethernet protocol as of physical NIC. Agents outside the virtual machine cannot detect that it
is communicating.

Related Page: Azure Virtual Machine In Brief 

A virtual vSphere Standard switch works as a physical switch that is two-layered. Every
server will have its own virtual switch. The vSphere Distributed Switch topology contains a
single virtual switch connected to several servers. A Virtual switch has port groups on one
side that are connected to VM and the ones on the other side are connection links to
physical Ethernet adapters.

A virtual switch has the ability to connect links to one or more physical Ethernet adapters.
When NIC teaming is enabled, two or more physical adapters provide a passive failover
network: In such a situation, an outage occurs, or the traffic load is shared.

The unique concept of the virtual environment is the port group. It is a method for setting
rules that need to be followed to connect the network. A switch can have multiple port
groups.

By Configuring port groups, we can implement the method to enhance traffic management,
better performance, network segmentation, high availability, and networking security.

Networking with vSphere Distributed Switches(VDS)

A VDS acts as a single virtual switch among many associate

d hosts as they travel across one or more hosts. This capability of VDS helps VM to
maintain constant network configuration.

The virtual machines can use every VDS as a network. To route traffic internally between
an external network and virtual machines, VDS is used by connecting ethernet adapters.

A VDS can have multiple distributed ports assigned to it. Distributed port groups have
common configurations to give a stable point for VM connected within the network.

The Network resource pools decide the order of priority for various network traffic based on
the types. When this is enabled, the VDS traffic is divided into network resource pools as
listed below:

 FT traffic
 Management traffic
 vMotion traffic
 NFS
 iSCSI traffic

The below architecture shows the relationship of vSphere Distributed Switches within the
Networks that are either inside or outside the virtual environment. 
The priority of the traffic for each network can be controlled by network resource pools by
setting host limits for each network resource pool and the by sharing physical adapters. The
virtual switching layer works similar to regular physical switches such as monitoring, traffic
shaping, and VLANs.

Related Page: Creating A Sandbox Compute Server With VirtualBox And Vagrant -

OpenStack 

Networking with VSphere Standard Switches

In the standard vSphere Switches, every server will have its self virtual switch (VSS) to
handle the traffic within the network at the host level in a vSphere virtual environment. A
VSS has the ability to route the network traffic inside the virtual environment. The routing is
done between external networks and virtual machines.

The below architecture shows the relationship of vSphere Standard Switches within the
Networks that are either inside or outside the virtual environment.
 Related Page: Creating A Sandbox Network Server For Neutron With VirtualBox And
Vagrant

Storage Architecture

To manage the difficulty and hide the differences between physical storage subsystems, the
“VSphere storage architecture” consists of several layers of abstraction.
The guest operating systems (OS) and the applications within virtual machine appearance –
virtual SCSI controller is connected to more than two virtual SCSI disks in the storage
subsystem. A virtual SCSI controller is a type of SCSI controller that a VM can access.
These controllers include VMware Paravirtual, BusLogic Parallel, LSI Logic SAS, and LSI
Logic Parallel.

The datastore elements support virtual SCSI disks in the datacenter. The storage space for
virtual machines among several physical hosts (clients) is provided by the datastore. The
datastore acts similar to a storage appliance. The datastore cluster is a combination of
multiple datastores as a load-balanced pool or one-logic.

Related Page: Virtual Instrumentation Using Labview

The technique to assign storage space to the datastore of a virtual machine (VM) is called
abstraction. While installing the guest VM, the complexity is based on physical storage
technology. The guest VM is not disclosed to NAS, iSCSI SAN, Fibre Channel SAN (F-
SAN), and direct-attached storage.

The datastore is a physical storage system and the virtual machine file store (VMFS) is a
storage device. Network-attached storage (NAS) datastores are network file storage (NFS)
devices having volume (storage space) the same as VMFS. Datastores can be expanded to
one or more physical storage subsystems.
One VMFS can have more than one logical unit numbers (LUNs) from a Fibre Channel SAN
disk, or an iSCSI SAN disk, or a local SCSI disk array on a physical host.

The addition of any new LUNs to the physical storage subsystem is identified and provided
to new and existing datastores. The storage capacity of the existing datastore can be
extended without shutting down the storage subsystems and physical hosts.

If LUNs become unavailable within a VMFS, then virtual machines using that particular LUN
are damaged or affected, but other VM with virtual disks in LUNs function normally.

In VM, data is stored as files in a directory within the datastore. The disk storage of each
virtual guest is a group of files in the guest's directory. 

The guest disk storage can be operated as a normal file. It can be moved, backed up, or
copied. A virtual disk file with the extension (.vmdk) is created in VMFS for newly added
virtual disk with a virtual machine.

Related Page: Virtual Instrumentation For Test, Control, And Design

VMFS is a clustered file system that allows the sharing of storage data among multiple
physical hosts in order to read, store, and write data simultaneously. The on-disk locking
feature of VMFS will safeguard from switching on the same virtual machine by multiple
servers at a time.

In the case of a physical host failure, the on-disk locking feature enables each virtual
machine to release so that VMs can restart on other hosts (physical).

The other features of VMFS include techniques of recovery, failure consistency, virtual
machine state snapshots, a failure-consistent virtual machine I/O path, and distributed
journaling. These techniques can serve better by identifying the root cause and recovery
from storage subsystem failures, physical host, and virtual machine.

VMFS supports raw device mapping (RDM). RDM grants methods for a VM to have direct
access to a LUN on the Fibre Channel or iSCSI only (physical storage subsystem). RDM
supports two methods of applications, and they are as follows:

 SAN snapshot
 Microsoft Clustering Services (MSCS) 

Related Page: Software Development Tools And Virtual Machines VS Docker

VMware vCenter Server Architecture

The three main components of vCenter Server architecture are as follows: 

 vSphere Web Client.

 vCenter Server Database.
  vCenter Single Sign-On.

The vSphere Web Client: vSphere Web Client is a web application that acts as the user
interface. The administrator can handle inventory objects and manage the installation in a
vSphere prototype and virtual machines can get access to the console. VMware software
recently launched HTML5 based vSphere web Client in their latest version (vSphere 6.5).

The vCenter Server Database: The server data is stored and managed from resource
pools and inventory items. Each instance of vCenter Server will have its own database.

vCenter Single Sign-On (SSO): SSO is a security token and authentication broker that
allows the user to log in once to access the vSphere infrastructure, and doesn't require
further authentication.

Related Page: TIBCO Hawk Rulebase For Monitoring Virtual Memory

Key features of vCenter Server

Key features of the vCenter Server are listed below:

 “Multi-hypervisor management”: vCenter Server provides unified management for

Microsoft Hyper-V hosts and VMware.
 “VMware Host Profiles”: To configure ESX and ESXi host, the VMware Host
Profiles tool is used. To create a standard configuration, vSphere uses Host outlines
which work as a blueprint for all the hosts. VMware Host Profiles automate the
configuration across all the clusters.
 “Automatic VM restart”: To unite Virtual machines and their hosts into a cluster,
VMware vCenter Server requires vSphere. If server failure occurs, vSphere HA will
instantly restart the Virtual Machines on the host inside the same cluster.
 “Patch management”: The patches on ESXi hosts, Microsoft, and Linux VMs are
scanned automatically by vSphere Update Manager (VUM). 
 “vRealize Orchestrator (vRO)”: To automate tasks using workflows, the server
(vCenter) integrates with vCloud Suite and vRealize Suite.
 “vRealize Log Insight for vCenter Server.” vRealize Log Insight is a log
management software used to identify and troubleshoot issues, customize
dashboards, check for system compliance, and provides an administrator to analyze
system log data. 
 “vCenter Server Linked Mode”: The administrator uses “Linked Mode” to connect
several vCenter Server systems. The “Linked Mode” feature allows the administrator
to view their deployment (vSphere). The vcenter server permits VM to share
information. This feature instantly duplicates the resources generated by the
administrator including policies, roles, and permissions throughout the vCenter
Server.
 “Application programming interfaces (APIs)”: These make use of APIs to
integrate and interact with a third-party applications (software).

Advantages vCenter Server

The enabled administrator will constantly monitor the performance. The vCenter Server
assigns VM deployment and obstructs any unauthorized access. Some of the other benefits
include it simplifies integration with third-party products, minimizes the effects of system
failures and automates workflows.

A server (vCenter) can alone manage multiple virtual machines. The number increases by
connecting multiple instances. However, the capacity of the server (vCenter)  is huge, and
that can be a drawback as well. Therefore, the server (vCenter)  database can store all the
data. When the number of virtual machines on a particular instance are overloaded, the risk
of exceeding the database's limits will be higher: This leads to purchasing of vCenter Server
(in addition to existing server). 

VMware will not favour server (vCenter) for “Windows” in further launches of vSphere. The
next version of vCenter server has been replaced with server application (vCSA) as its
clear-cut prototype. Even though Linux version of vCSA comes with greater scalability and
configured, the vCSA can be run only on virtual hardware, and cluster of VMs. The
enterprise can resolve the issue by separately creating a cluster for vCSA. This process
requires further license and hardware which is costly.

Communication Between vCenter Server and ESX

vCenter Server interacts with the ESX/ESXi host via VMware vSphere API. When the first
host is added to the vCenter Server, it assigns a vCenter Server agent to run on the client.
Then the client agent shows its interaction with the server agent.

The functions of the vCenter Server agent are as follows:

 vCenter Server takes decisions regarding resource allocation and relays sent by the
DRS engine.
  The virtual machine will pass commands related to configuration changes and
equipment to the host agent.
 The passing of commands like host configuration changes the host agent.
 Server agents alarms collect the overall performance and failure conditions from the
host agent (client) and send them to the Server (vCenter).
 vCenter Server agent allows you to manage ESX/ESXi hosts with new versions.

Accessing the Virtual Datacenter

Users can access web via Windows Terminal Services, or Web browser. VMware vSphere
data center can be accessed via the vSphere Client. In special cases, only the physical
administrators have right to access host. All functions that are performed on the vCenter
Server can also be performed on the host.

vCenter Server is accessed by vSphere Client via the VMware API. A session will be
initiated in vCenter Server after the users’ authentication. Then, the users can see all the
resources assigned to them on a virtual machine.

The process starts first with the vSphere Client, and it obtains the location of VM from
vCenter Server via VMware API to get access to VM console. Then Vcenter server
connects to the proper host and gives access to the virtual machine (VM) console. A host
running ESXi can’t be accessed using the vSphere Web.
First Time Use

The vSphere Client guides the users on various virtualization techniques through a step-

by-step procedure to set up their own virtual environment. This guidance content is present
in the vSphere Client Graphical User Interface (GUI). The assistance or guidance can be
turned on or off based on users’ experience with VMs.

Web Access

Users can access the web browser through Apache Tomcat Server that is installed on the
vCenter Server. The Apache Tomcat Server acts as a mediator between the vCenter Server
and the browser via VMware API. vCenter Server creates bookmarks for users to access
the virtual machine (VM) console-web browser. The bookmark points to the vSphere for
Web Access.

vSphere Web Access of the virtual machine (VM) in physical location redirects the Web
browser to ESX/ESXi. If the user is aware of the IP address of the VM that is running,
he/she can access the virtual console using standard tools. By default, for ESX host the
web access is turned off.

VMware Tools

To enhance the performance of the virtual machine, VMware tools are utilized that improve
the management and guest operating system of the virtual machine. The following are
some of the features of VMware Tools  that are available when installed:

 To automate the guest operating system, operation scripting is used.

 Operating systems that support Aero have significantly faster (graphics) performance
Example – Windows Aero
 For an application in a virtual machine to appear on the host desktop similar to any
other application on Windows, the Unity feature is enabled.
 Exchange of files between the virtual machine and client desktop can be done by the
Copy and paste (text and graphics) method.
 Performance of mouse is Improved.
 The clock on the host desktop is synchronized with the clock of the virtual machine.

By using either Linux or Windows, you can easily install VMware applications and tools. As
soon as the operating system (OS) is installed, the VMware Fusion starts installing VMware
Tools.

In case if the installation of OS is done on any other virtual machine by rebooting it, then
you need to install VMware Tools, as all features are not supported on all guest OS. But,
use the control panel to set other options that can optimize your guest OS in the virtual
environment. The guest OS can also run without VMware Tools, but there is a chance of
losing important functionalities.

Conclusion:
VMware is being used by many organizations all over the world, and it has a long way to go.
However, the main drawback is that it depends on multiple systems to function
like automated pools. The system has to be designed and configured in such a way that
multiple tasks can be performed.

For example – Setting task X to function, before Setting task “X” task “Y” starts functioning,
these two tasks should allow task Z to function, which is a parallel process that is not new
for a distributed system. We need to check whether those dependencies are put together
reliably, if not fix them when unexpected changes occur.

VMware virtualization has entirely changed our view of the operation system. There are
many roles to create job opportunities such as VMware administrator, VMware engineer,
VMware cloud manager, etc. VMware has a bright future as many industries are now
planning to virtualize their network to reduce physical overload.

VMware engineers are hired by many multinational companies like IBM, Mindtree,
Accenture, etc. We can expect many more innovations in this area in the years to come. So,
people can opt for this field and have a career in it for its lucrative job opportunities. 

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