Definition and importance of

01 anatomy, physiology and kinesiology

Function of skeleton system,

classification of bones & types of
02 joints.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS Properties and function of
03 muscles

Function and structure of respiratory

04 system and circulatory system

0 Equilibrium- Dynamic & static & center

Equilibrium-
of gravity and its application in sports
5
Anatomy Physiology Kinesiology
 Anatomy
The term 'anatomy' derives from ancient Greek
meaning ‘dissection’ or 'to dissect’ and involves the
study of the structure of the human body. This 2000
year old scientific discipline sprung to life in Ancient
Egypt and was increasingly developed across the ages
by anatomy heavyweights like Galen, Leonardo da
Vinci, Vesalius, and many others.

In a nutshell anatomy is the study of structure,

shape, size, weight and location of all the organs of
human body.
 Physiology
Physiology is the science of life. It is the branch of biology that
aims to understand the mechanisms of living things, from the
basis of cell function at the ionic and molecular level to the
integrated behavior of the whole body and the influence of the
external environment. Research in physiology helps us to
understand how the body works in health and how it responds
and adapts to the challenges of everyday life; it also helps us
to determine what goes wrong in disease, facilitating the
development of new treatments and guidelines for maintaining
human and animal health. The emphasis on integrating
molecular, cellular, systems and whole body function is what
distinguishes physiology from the other life sciences.

In a nutshell the study of all the systems of human

body and their mutual relationship.
 Kinesiology
Kinesiology is the study of human movement across a
range of tasks including exercise, daily living, play,
sport, and work.
 Physiology
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 Axial skeleton
• Skull-28
• Sternum-1
• Ribs-24
• Hyoid bone-1
• Vertebral column- 26
(adults) and 33 Skele
(children)
syste
Appendicular
skeleton
• Upper limbs- 64
• Lower limbs- 62
 Bony
system
Provide Provide
serves for
support protection
attachment
of muscles.

Function of bone

Bony
Passive
system
Act as instrument
gives
levers s of
shape to
locomotion.
the body.
 Long bone

• Long in length.
• Found mainly in upper
and lower limbs
• Act as lever and help
in making movement
possible.
• Long bones such as
femur consist of a
long shaft with two
bulky ends or
extremities
 Short bones

• Short in length
• Light in weight but strong
• Made of cancellous bone
tissues
• Covered with compact
tissues
• Help in exerting force.
• The carpals in the wrist
(scaphoid,
lunate, triquetral, hamate,
pisiform, capitate,
trapezoid, and trapezium)
and the tarsals in the ankles
(calcaneus, talus, navicular,
cuboid, lateral cuneiform,
intermediate cuneiform, and
medial cuneiform) are
examples of short bones.
 Flat bones

• Usually found where protection is required

• There is always large surface on flat bones for attachment of muscles.
• Eg- Skull, scapula and ribs.
 Irregular bone

• They have a
peculiar shape
• They vary in shape
and structure and
therefore do not fit
into any other
category
• Eg- Vertebra,
sacrum,etc.
 Sesamoid bone
• Derived from Greek
word ‘sesamon’, a
‘seed of the
sesamum’ and ‘eidos’,
‘form’ or
‘resemblance’.
• These bones are
found in knee
(patella), hand and
foot.
 Joints or an articulation is
the union of only two or
more bones of the skeleton.
Articulating surfaces of the
of the bones are sometimes
Joints separated by a thin
membrane, sometimes by a
connective tissue, or
fibrocartilage and, in the
freely moving joints these
are completely separated.
 Classification of
joints

Immovable
joints Slightly movable joints Freely movable joint
Or Or Or
Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses

• Gliding joint
• Symphysis • Hinge joint
• Synchondrosis • Condyloid joint
• Saddle joint
• Ball and socket
joint
• Pivot joint
 Immovable joints/synarthroses

• Also called fibrous joint as the bones are connected by fibrous

tissues
• Little or no movement
• Found in the bones of skull and face (with the exception of mandible)
• In such joints, bones have been fused together in such a way that
they are fixed to that part, most commonly to create a structure
 Slightly movable joints/Amphiarthroses

• In these joints, surfaces of bones are separated by some intervening

substance
• Only slight movement is possible
• There are of two types- Symphysis & synchondrosis

Symphysis- it is a joint where two Synchondrosis- It is a temporary form

long bony surfaces are connected by of joint. The cartilage is changed to bone
a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage, before adulthood. These joints are found
e.g.- inter-vertebral joints and between the diaphysis and epiphysis of
symphysis pubis. the long bones.
 Freely movable joints/Diarthroses

• Also called synovial joint

• Includes most joints of the body
• The adjacent ends of the bones are
covered with hyaline cartilage and are
surrounded by fibrous articular capsule,
which is strengthened by ligaments.
• Tendons of muscles pass over these
joints and play a vital role in stabilizing
the joint.
• The hyaline cartilage provides a smooth
surface for the opposing bones,
lubricated by synovial fluid.
• It is further classified into- Gliding joint,
hinge joint, condyloid joint, saddle joint,
ball and socket joint and pivot joint
 Gliding joint

It is also known as a plane or

planar joint. This joint permit
two or more round or flat
bones to move freely together
without any rubbing or
crushing of bones. This joint is
mainly found in those regions
where the two bones meet and
glide on one another in any of
the directions. The lower leg to
the ankle joint and the forearm
to wrist joint are the two main
examples of gliding joints.
 Hinge Joint

These joints permit angular

movement in one direction,
like a door on it’s hinges. The
movement of these joints are
called flexion and extension,
e.g., humerus and ulna
(elbow), knee and ankle
joints, and the joints of
phalanges.
 Condyloid joint

These joints allow an angular

movement in two directions,
e.g., wrist joint. Movement of
this joint include flexion,
extension, adduction,
abduction and circumduction,
but no rotation.
This joint is also known as a
condylar, or ellipsoid joint.
 Saddle joint

These joints permit a great

freedom of movement. It is the
biaxial joint that allows the
movement on two planes–
flexion/extension and
abduction/adduction. For
example, the thumb is the
only bone in the human body
having a saddle joint.
 Ball and socket joint

These joints have an angular

movement in all directions
and a pivot movement. In this
form of joint, a more or less
rounded head lies in a cup-
like cavity. Shoulder joint and
hip joints are the example of
ball and socket joints.
 Pivot joint

These are the joints with a

rotatory movement in one
axis. In this form, a ring
rotates around a pivot or a
pivot like process rotates
within a ring being formed of
bone and cartilage, e.g., atlas
and axis bones at the top of
the neck.
 Muscles

A muscle is a group of muscle cells/muscle fibers which contract together to

produce a force. A muscle uses ATP to contract and shorten, producing a force
on the objects it is connected to. There are 3 major types of muscle, which act
on various parts of the body- Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac
muscle.
 3 types of
Muscles

Skeletal muscle, attached to Smooth muscle, found Cardiac muscle, found

bones, is responsible for in the walls of the in the walls of the heart,
skeletal movements. hollow internal organs is also under control of
The peripheral portion of such as blood vessels, the autonomic nervous
the central nervous the gastrointestinal system. The cardiac
system (CNS) controls the tract, bladder, and uterus, muscle cell has one
skeletal muscles. Thus, these is under control of central nucleus, like
muscles are under conscious, the autonomic nervous smooth muscle, but it
or voluntary, control. The basic system. Smooth muscle also is striated, like
unit is the muscle fiber with cannot be controlled skeletal muscle. The
many nuclei. These muscle consciously and thus cardiac muscle cell is
fibers are striated acts involuntarily. rectangular in shape.
(having transverse streaks) The contraction of
and each acts independently cardiac muscle is
of neighboring muscle fibers. involuntary, strong, and
rhythmical.
 Properties of Excitability-
Muscles
Contractility-
Response to
Ability to shorten
stimulus

Properties
of muscles

Extensibility- Elasticity-
Ability to stretch or Recoil or bounce
lengthen back
Properties of Muscles
 Functions of Muscles-
• Muscle contractions usually carry out one of the two things- Either they maintain a posture or
they cause movement.
• Skeletal muscles provide the force for movement of the skeletal system. These muscles
perform movement at our will.
• Cardiac muscles perform pumping action of the heart
• Smooth muscles are concerned with the movements of internal organs such as stomach,
intestine, blood vessels, etc.
• Muscles also provide shape to the human body
• Some muscles help in increasing the range of movement
• Big muscles provide protection to the bone.
• Two types of skeletal muscle fibres i.e., slow twitch and fast twitch fibres perform different types
of function. Slow twitch fibre contract at a slow rate. These fibres play a vital role in endurance
activity. The fast twitch fibres contract at a fast rate. These fibres produce explosive power.
These fibres perform fast repetitive contractions. These fibres are usually at work in sprints,
high jump, etc.
 Let’s explore

1. What is respiratory system?

2. Parts of respiratory system
3. What is respiration?
4. Types of respiration
5. Function of respiratory system
6. Mechanism of respiratory system.
 Respiratory System

The respiratory system, which includes air

passages, pulmonary vessels, the lungs, and
breathing muscles, aids the body in the exchange
of gases between the air and blood, and between
the blood and the body’s billions of cells. Most of
the organs of the respiratory system help to
distribute air, but only the tiny, grape-like alveoli
and the alveolar ducts are responsible for actual
gas exchange.

In addition to air distribution and gas exchange, the

respiratory system filters, warms, and humidifies
the air you breathe. Organs in the respiratory
system also play a role in speech and the sense of
smell.

The respiratory system also helps the body

maintain homeostasis, or balance among the many
elements of the body’s internal environment.
Parts of Respiratory System
• Nose
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Diaphragm
• Lungs
 Nose
The nose is a special organ of smell and it has a significant role in respiration. It consists of two parts-
1. The external features- It is composed of a triangular framework of bone and cartilage covered by skin. On the inner
side of the nose, there are two oval-shaped openings, called nostrils.
2. Internal or nasal cavities- These two cavities are separated by a partition or septum. At the entrance, each cavity or
vestibule has numerous coarse hair. These hair of the cavities serve as the filters to remove particles that may be
taken in with the inhaled air.

Pharynx
Pharynx lies behind the nose. It is a muscular tube which extends from the base of the skull to it’s junction with
oesophagus at the level of the cricoid cartilage.

Larynx
After pharynx the air passes through larynx/voice box. It is mainly composed of cartilage. It consist of two pairs of membranes. Air
causes the vocal cord to vibrate, thus producing sound.

Trachea
It is also called wind pipe. It is cylindrical in shape. It’s length is 11.2 cm with diameter of 2-2.5cm. It lies in front of the oesophagus
and extends from larynx. Then it gets divided into two bronchi for each lung. The walls of trachea are made of hyaline cartilage.

NOTE- On the mouth of trachea there is a valve, called epiglottis. It prevents food to enter the trachea
 Bronchi
The two bronchi into which trachea divides, differ slightly. The right bronchus is shorter, wider and more vertical
than the left bronchus. These enter the right and left lungs respectively and then break up into a greater no. of
smaller branches, which are called bronchial tubes and bronchioles.

Diaphragm
It is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle that extends across the bottom of the ribcage. The diaphragm separates the
thoracic cavity (heart, lungs and ribs) from the abdominal cavity and performs an important function in respiration.
When it contracts, the volume of thoracic cavity increases and air is drawn into the lung.

Lungs
There are two lungs in our body. Lungs are virtual organs of respiration. Lungs are cone shaped organs with the
apex above. The base of the lungs lies resting on the floor of the thoracic cavity on the diaphragm. The lungs are
divided into lobes by fissures. The left lung has two lobes and right lung has three lobes. Each of these lobes enters
a lobule and as it divides and sub-divides, it’s walls become thinner and thinner and finally, these end in the air sacs
of the lungs.
 Respiratory
System

External Internal
Respiration Respiration
 External Respiration

External respiration describes respiration that occurs between the external environment and the cells of the
body.
External respiration consists of two stages:
•Breathing
•Gas exchange
The first stage involves ventilation or breathing, which is the intake of oxygen into the body and expulsion of
carbon dioxide out of the body.
The second stage involves the exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the alveoli of the lungs. The
alveoli are thin walled round shaped cells (or air sacs) that occur in groups within the lungs. There are several
of these air sacs packed together to increase surface area for gas exchange.
Gases move between cells in external respiration. Oxygen that is inhaled diffuses from the alveoli into the
blood of capillaries. There the oxygen attaches reversibly to the heme (iron) of the hemoglobin of the red blood
cell.
Carbon dioxide which attaches to an amino acid in the blood offloads from the red blood cell in order to be
exhaled from the body. The blood cells transport the gases around the body. This is how oxygenation of body
cells is achieved and waste products removed.
 Internal Respiration

Internal respiration occurs within cells of the body and involves all body cells, not just cells of the lungs. It uses
oxygen to break down molecules in order to release energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Internal respiration is often also called cellular respiration since it occurs within the cell.

It consists of the passage of O2 from the blood into the tissue fluid, and from the tissue fluid into the tissue
cells and the passage of CO2 from the cells into the tissue fluids, and from the tissue fluids into the blood.
Difference between External
&
Internal Respiration
 Mechanism of respiration

Respiration is the process by which the lungs

expand to take in air and after that contract to
expel the air outside. The complete respiration
process involves all the muscles of the head,
neck, thorax and abdomen in addition to the
involuntary muscles of larynx, trachea and
bronchi. However, the main muscles of
respiration in normal breathing are intercostal
muscles and diaphragm. Mechanism of
respiration involves inspiration and expiration.
 Inspiration
Intercostal muscles contract
Inspiration is the
phase of taking Ribs and sternum moves upward and
air into the lungs outwards
during the
Diaphragm contracts and moves downwards
process of
breathing.
The capacity of thorax increases

Pressure decreases

Air rushes in
 Expiration
Intercostal muscles relaxes

Expiration is the Ribs and sternum moves downward and

passive phase inwards
of liberating air
Diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards
out of the lungs.

The capacity of thorax decreases

Pressure increases

Air rushes out

 Circulatory system
The human circulatory system consists of a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries, with the heart pumping blood
through it. Its primary role is to provide essential nutrients, minerals, and hormones to various parts of the body.
Alternatively, the circulatory system is also responsible for collecting metabolic waste and toxins from the cells and
tissues to be purified or expelled from the body.
 Circulatory system
The crucial features of human circulatory are as
follows:

•The human circulatory system consists of blood, heart,

blood vessels, and lymph.
•The human circulatory system circulates blood through
two loops (double circulation) – One for oxygenated
blood, another for deoxygenated blood.
•The human heart consists of four chambers – two
ventricles and two auricles.
•The human circulatory system possesses a body-wide
network of blood vessels. These comprise arteries,
veins, and capillaries.
•The primary function of blood vessels is to transport
oxygenated blood and nutrients to all parts of the body.
It is also tasked with collecting metabolic wastes to be
expelled from the body.
•Most circulatory system diagrams do not visually
represent is its sheer length. Theoretically, if the veins,
arteries, and capillaries of a human were laid out, end
to end, it would span a total distance of 1,00,000
kilometers (or roughly eight times the diameter of the
Earth).
 Heart
The human heart is a finely-tuned instrument that serves the whole body. It is a hollow, cone shaped organ made up of
cardiac muscles around the size of a closed fist. It is a sort of pump and the pumping action of the heart is fundamental
to adequate nutrition of cells and maintain internal environment.
Location- The heart is located in the chest between the lungs behind the sternum and above the central depression of
the diaphragm. The base of the heart remains above and the apex below (inclined towards the left side). As places in
the body, it has an oblique position and the right side is almost in front of the left.
The impact of heart during contraction is felt against the chest wall in the space between the fifth and sixth ribs, a little
below the left nipple and about 8 cm to the left of the median line.
Weight- It weighs around 250-300 g.
 Structure of the heart
• A wall of tissue called the septum separates the left and
right atria and the left and right ventricle. Valves separate
the atria from the ventricles.
• The human heart has four chambers:
The atria: These are the two upper chambers,
which receive blood – right atrium and left atrium
The ventricles: These are the two lower chambers,
which discharge blood- right ventricle and left ventricle
• The right atrium and ventricle is separated by tricuspid
valve and left atrium and left ventricle is separated by
bicuspid valve
• The walls of atrium are thinner in comparison to those of
ventricles.
 Function of the heart
The heart circulates blood through two pathways: the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.

Systemic circulation - The systemic circulation provides the functional blood supply to all body tissue. It carries
oxygen and nutrients to the cells and picks up carbon dioxide and waste products. Systemic circulation carries
oxygenated blood to the body.
In systemic circulation, blood comes out from the left ventricle of the heart through aorta. Then it passes through small
arteries which carry it to various parts of the body. The arteries are further divided and subdivided into arterioles to
supply blood. These have narrow passages and thus resist the flow of blood. These performs two functions-
1. Maintenance of arterial blood pressure
2. Regulation of the blood flow into capillaries
Capillaries have very thin walls so that exchange can take place between the plasma and the interstitial fluid. Then,
capillaries unite and form venules, which in turn, becomes veins and eventually becomes superior and inferior vena
cava

LEFT VENTRICLE – AORTA – ARTERIES – ARTERIOLES – CAPILLARIES

 Pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to
absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart.
From the right auricle, blood passes into the right ventricle. When right ventricle contracts the blood goes into
pulmonary artery. This is divided to carry the blood to the right and left lungs. The blood is resisted very little in lungs.
In lungs each artery breaks up into smaller arteries, then into arterioles and lastly into pulmonary capillaries. Blood
gets enriched with O2 there and leaves behind CO2. Then pulmonary capillaries unite until veins are formed. Then
blood comes back to the heart by four pulmonary veins which release purified blood into left auricle.
Again, the blood passes into left ventricle from where it is sent into aorta for systemic circulation again.

Right Auricle – Right Ventricle– Pulmonary Artery – Lungs - Pulmonary Venules – Pulmonary Veins – Left Atrium
 Arteries
Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart under pressure. This blood is usually oxygenated, with
the exception of that in the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
• They are elastic, muscular and thick-walled.
• The structure and relative thickness vary with the size of the artery.
• The great extensibility of the arteries enables them to receive additional of blood forced into them during each
contraction of heart.
• Arteries do not collapse when they are empty. Only the muscular coat contracts to some extent in the region of
opening.

Arteries can be classified into –

1. Elastic arteries –
• These arteries include large arteries leading directly from heart (aorta & pulmonary artery).
• These are also called conducting arteries because they conduct blood from the heart to the muscular arteries.
• These are very large and maybe up to 3cm in diameter.
• These have more elasticity to bear the shock of contraction of heart.

2. Muscular arteries –
• These arteries are medium in size
• These are also called distributing arteries because these distribute the blood to the various organs

3. Arterioles –
• These are muscular arteries but smaller in size
• They maintain the blood pressure of the body in general
 Veins
• Veins are a type of blood vessel that return deoxygenated blood from your organs back to your heart (except
pulmonary vein).
• The structure of the veins is similar to that of arteries.
• These veins tend to collapse when not filled with blood.
• In general, the total diameter of the veins returning blood from any organ is at least twice the diameter of the
arteries carrying blood to the organ.
• The veins of upper limbs have greater no. of valves than the veins of lower limbs.

Capillaries
Capillaries are very tiny blood vessels — so small that a single red blood cell can barely fit through them.
They help to connect your arteries and veins in addition to facilitating the exchange of certain elements between your
blood and tissues.
This is why tissues that are very active, such as your muscles, liver and kidneys, have an abundance of capillaries
There are 3 types of capillaries-
1. Continuous capillaries – These are found in all types of muscles, in connective tissue and in the central nervous
system.
2. Fenestrated capillaries – These are found in renal organ, endocrine glands and in intestines
3. Sinusoidal Capillaries – These are enlarged capillaries found in the liver, spleen and bone marrow
 Function of Capillaries
1. Exchange of material - As blood enters capillaries from arterioles (small arteries), it slows down.
• This allows substances in the plasma, as well as O2 from red blood cells, to diffuse through the capillary wall into
the surrounding tissues (the capillary wall is thin and permeable).
• In glandular organs the capillaries supply the substances required for secretion.
• In elementary canal they take up digested food
• In lungs they get O2 and give up CO2
• In the kidney they discharge the waste products collected from other parts

2. There are about 7000 sq meters of blood capillaries in an adult body

3. The greater the metabolic activity of the tissue the denser the capillary nets
 Functions of circulatory system

1. Heart works like a pump, which circulates the

blood throughout the body.
2. Arteries allow the oxygenated blood to pass
through them throughout the body.
3. Veins bring the deoxygenated blood to the heart
from every part of the body
4. In capillaries, the exchange of nutrients, oxygen,
CO2 and waste products take place
5. Blood carries oxygen from lungs to different parts
of the body and CO2 from the cells of the body to
the lungs
6. Blood carries digested food or nutrients to different
parts of the body
7. Blood carries waste product like urea, lactic acid,
uric acid, sulphates, etc., to the kidney for excretion
8. Blood regulates the body temperature
 Centre of gravity

The center of gravity (CG) of an object is the point at which weight is evenly dispersed and all sides are in
balance.
The center of gravity (CG) of the human body is a hypothetical point around which the force of gravity
appears to act. The CG is continuously changing during movement. It always shifts in the direction of
movement. The human body's Center of Gravity (CG) is roughly behind the belly button. The body is
supported by whatever part touches the ground: generally both feet, but it can be one foot, both feet and one
hand, two hands, etc. The Center of Support (CS) is the mid-point between those points of contact with the
ground, whether it's a single point, or they form a line, a triangle or a square. The alignment of CG and CS
determines balance, both in real life and on paper, and this operates differently depending on whether the body
is still or in motion.
 Equilibrium
When all forces acting on the body are counterbalanced by equal and opposite forces, so that the
sum of forces equals zero, it is called the state of equilibrium.
OR
The resultant force acting on a point is zero.

To be more specific for a rigid body equilibrium means both rotational and translational equilibrium.
A state of equilibrium occurs when the body’s CG is over it’s base of support and the line of gravity
lies within the base.
 Equilibrium

Static Dynamic
Equilibrium Equilibrium
 Static Equilibrium
Two things must be satisfied for an object to be in stable equilibrium-
1. Transitional and rotational velocities are zero.
2. Net force acting on an object is zero

Dynamic Equilibrium
Two things must be satisfied for an object to be in dynamic equilibrium-
1. Transitional and rotational velocities exists but are constant.
2. Net force acting on an object is zero
 Stability
The ability to return to a desired position or trajectory following a disturbance.
OR
Stability is the resistance to disruption of equilibrium.

Principals of stability
1. Centre of gravity
2. Line of gravity
3. Base of support
THANKS