Dual 20W Audio Power Amplifier with Mute and Standby Modes

LM1876 Overture Audio Power Amplifier Series

PRELIMINARY
August 1996

LM1876 Audio Power Amplifier Series

Dual 20W Audio Power Amplifier

with Mute and Standby Modes
General Description Key Specifications
The LM1876 is a stereo audio amplifier capable of deliver- Y THD a N at 1 kHz at 2 x 15W continuous average
ing typically 20W per channel of continuous average output output power into 4X or 8X 0.1% (max)
power into a 4X or 8X load with less than 0.1% (THD a N). Y THD a N at 1 kHz at continuous average
Each amplifier has an independent smooth transition fade- output power of 2 x 20W into 8X 0.009% (typ)
in/out mute and a power conserving standby mode which Y Standby current 4.2 mA (typ)
can be controlled by external logic.
The performance of the LM1876, utilizing its Self Peak In- Features
stantaneous Temperature (§ Ke) (SPiKeTM ) Protection Cir- Y SPiKe Protection
cuitry, places it in a class above discrete and hybrid amplifi- Y Minimal amount of external components necessary
ers by providing an inherently, dynamically protected Safe Y Quiet fade-in/out mute mode
Operating Area (SOA). SPiKe Protection means that these Y Standby-mode
parts are safeguarded at the output against overvoltage, un- Y Isolated 15-lead TO-220 package
dervoltage, overloads, including thermal runaway and in-
stantaneous temperature peaks.
Applications
Y High-end stereo TVs
Y Component stereo
Y Compact stereo

Typical Application Connection Diagram

Isolated Plastic Package

TL/H/12072– 2
Top View

Order Number LM1876TF

See NS Package Number TF15B
TL/H/12072– 1
FIGURE 1. Typical Audio Amplifier Application Circuit
Note: Numbers in parentheses represent pinout for amplifier B.
*Optional component dependent upon specific design requirements.

SPiKeTM Protection and OvertureTM are trademarks of National Semiconductor Corporation.

C1996 National Semiconductor Corporation TL/H/12072 RRD-B30M86/Printed in U. S. A. http://www.national.com

 Absolute Maximum Ratings (Notes 1 and 2)
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, Junction Temperature (Note 5) 150§ C
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Thermal Resistance
Office/Distributors for availability and specifications. iJC (Note 11) 2§ C/W
Supply Voltage lVCCl a lVEEl (No Input) 64V iJA 43§ C/W
Supply Voltage lVCCl a lVEEl (with Input) 64V Soldering Information
Common Mode Input Voltage (VCC or VEE) and TF Package (10 sec.) 260§ C
lVCCl a lVEEl s 54V Storage Temperature b 40§ C to a 150§ C
Differential Input Voltage 54V
Output Current Internally Limited Operating Ratings (Notes 1 and 2)
Power Dissipation (Note 3) 62.5W Temperature Range
TMIN s TA s TMAX b 20§ C s TA s a 85§ C
ESD Susceptability (Note 4) 2000V
Supply Voltage lVCCl a lVEEl 20V to 64V
Note: Operation is guaranteed up to 64V, however, distortion may be intro-
duced from SPiKe Protection Circuitry if proper thermal considerations are
not taken into account. Refer to the Application Information section for a
complete explanation.

Electrical Characteristics (Notes 1 and 2) The following specifications apply for VCC e a 22V, VEE e b22V
with RL e 8X unless otherwise specified. Limits apply for TA e 25§ C.

LM1876
Units
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical Limit (Limits)
(Note 6) (Note 7)

lVCCl a Power Supply Voltage (Note 8) GND b VEE t 9V 20 V (min)

lVEEl 64 V (max)
**PO Output Power THD a N e 0.1% (max),
(Continuous Average) f e 1 kHz
lVCCl e lVEEl e 22V, RL e 8X 20 15 W/ch (min)
lVCCl e lVEEl e 20V, RL e 4X (Note 10) 22 15 W/ch (min)
THD a N Total Harmonic Distortion 15 W/ch, RL e 8X 0.08 %
Plus Noise 15 W/ch, RL e 4X, lVCCl e lVEEl e 20V 0.1 %
20 Hz s f s 20 kHz, AV e 26 dB
Xtalk Channel Separation f e 1 kHz, VO e 10.9 Vrms 80 dB
**SR Slew Rate VIN e 1.414 Vrms, trise e 2 ns 18 12 V/ms (min)
*Itotal Total Quiescent Power Both Amplifiers VCM e 0V,
Supply Current VO e 0V, IO e 0 mA
Standby: Off 50 80 mA (max)
Standby: On 4.2 6 mA (max)
*VOS Input Offset Voltage VCM e 0V, IO e 0 mA 2.0 15 mV (max)
IB Input Bias Current VCM e 0V, IO e 0 mA 0.2 0.5 mA (max)
IOS Input Offset Current VCM e 0V, IO e 0 mA 0.002 0.2 mA (max)
IO Output Current Limit lVCCl e lVEEl e 10V, tON e 10 ms, 3.5 2.9 A (min)
VO e 0V
*VOD Output Dropout Voltage (Note 9) lVCC – VOl, VCC e 20V, IO e a 100 mA 1.8 2.3 V (max)
lVO – VEEl, VEE e b20V, IO e b100 mA 2.5 3.2 V (max)
*DC Electrical Test; Refer to Test Circuit Ý1.
**AC Electrical Test; Refer to Test Circuit Ý2.

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 Electrical Characteristics (Notes 1 and 2) The following specifications apply for VCC e a 22V, VEE e b22V
with RL e 8X unless otherwise specified. Limits apply for TA e 25§ C (Continued)

LM1876
Units
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typical Limit (Limits)
(Note 6) (Note 7)
*PSRR Power Supply Rejection Ratio VCC e 25V to 10V, VEE e b25V, 115 85 dB (min)
VCM e 0V, IO e 0 mA
VCC e 25V, VEE e b25V to b10V 110 85 dB (min)
VCM e 0V, IO e 0 mA
*CMRR Common Mode Rejection Ratio VCC e 35V to 10V, VEE e b10V to b35V,
110 80 dB (min)
VCM e 10V to b10V, IO e 0 mA
*AVOL Open Loop Voltage Gain RL e 2 kX, D VO e 20 V 110 90 dB (min)
GBWP Gain Bandwidth Product fO e 100 kHz, VIN e 50 mVrms 7.5 5 MHz (min)
**eIN Input Noise IHFÐA Weighting Filter
2.0 8 mV (max)
RIN e 600X (Input Referred)
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio PO e 1W, AÐWeighted, 98 dB
Measured at 1 kHz, RS e 25X
PO e 15W, AÐWeighted 108 dB
Measured at 1 kHz, RS e 25X
AM Mute Attenuation Pin 6,11 at 2.5V 115 80 dB (min)
Standby Pin
VIL Standby Low Input Voltage Not in Standby Mode 0.8 V (max)
VIH Standby High Input Voltage In Standby Mode 2.0 2.5 V (min)
Mute pin
VIL Mute Low Input Voltage Outputs Not Muted 0.8 V (max)
VIH Mute High Input Voltage Outputs Muted 2.0 2.5 V (min)
*DC Electrical Test; Refer to Test Circuit Ý1.
**AC Electrical Test; Refer to Test Circuit Ý2.
Note 1: All voltages are measured with respect to the GND pins (5, 10), unless otherwise specified.
Note 2: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is
functional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits. Electrical Characteristics state DC and AC electrical specifications under particular test conditions
which guarantee specific performance limits. This assumes that the device is within the Operating Ratings. Specifications are not guaranteed for parameters where
no limit is given, however, the typical value is a good indication of device performance.
Note 3: For operating at case temperatures above 25§ C, the device must be derated based on a 150§ C maximum junction temperature and a thermal resistance of
iJC e 2§ C/W (junction to case). Refer to the section Determining the Correct Heat Sink in the Application Information section.
Note 4: Human body model, 100 pF discharged through a 1.5 kX resistor.
Note 5: The operating junction temperature maximum is 150§ C, however, the instantaneous Safe Operating Area temperature is 250§ C.
Note 6: Typicals are measured at 25§ C and represent the parametric norm.
Note 7: Limits are guaranteed to National’s AOQL (Average Outgoing Quality Level).
Note 8: VEE must have at least b 9V at its pin with reference to ground in order for the under-voltage protection circuitry to be disabled. In addition, the voltage
differential between VCC and VEE must be greater than 14V.
Note 9: The output dropout voltage, VOD, is the supply voltage minus the clipping voltage. Refer to the Clipping Voltage vs. Supply Voltage graph in the Typical
Performance Characteristics section.
Note 10: For a 4X load, and with g 20V supplies, the LM1876 can deliver typically 22W of continuous average output power with less than 0.1% (THD a N). With
supplies above g 20V, the LM1876 cannot deliver more than 22W into a 4X due to current limiting of the output transistors. Thus, increasing the power supply
above g 20V will only increase the internal power dissipation, not the possible output power. Increased power dissipation will require a larger heat sink as explained
in the Application Information section.
Note 11: Preliminary engineering evaluation of iJC for the TF package has been assessed as 2§ C/W. This is a preliminary engineering number and represents the
data to this point. Please contact your local National Semiconductor sales representative for more information.

3 http://www.national.com
 Test Circuit Ý1 *(DC Electrical Test Circuit)

TL/H/12072– 3

Test Circuit Ý2 **(AC Electrical Test Circuit)

TL/H/12072– 4

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Bridged Amplifier Application Circuit

TL/H/12072– 5
FIGURE 2. Bridged Amplifier Application Circuit

Single Supply Application Circuit

TL/H/12072– 6
FIGURE 3. Single Supply Amplifier Application Circuit

*Optional components dependent upon specific design requirements.

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 Auxiliary Amplifier Application Circuit

TL/H/12072– 7
FIGURE 4. Special Audio Amplifier Application Circuit

Equivalent Schematic (excluding active protection circuitry)

LM1876 (per Amp)

TL/H/12072– 8

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External Components Description
Components Functional Description
1 RB Prevents currents from entering the amplifier’s non-inverting input which may be passed through to the load
upon power down of the system due to the low input impedance of the circuitry when the undervoltage
circuitry is off. This phenomenon occurs when the supply voltages are below 1.5V.
2 Ri Inverting input resistance to provide AC gain in conjunction with Rf.
3 Rf Feedback resistance to provide AC gain in conjunction with Ri.
4 *Ci Feedback capacitor which ensures unity gain at DC. Also creates a highpass filter with Ri at fC e 1/(2qRiCi).
5 CS Provides power supply filtering and bypassing. Refer to the Supply Bypassing application section for proper
placement and selection of bypass capacitors.
6 *RV Acts as a volume control by setting the input voltage level.
7 *RIN Sets the amplifier’s input terminals DC bias point when CIN is present in the circuit. Also works with CIN to
create a highpass filter at fC e 1/(2qRINCIN). Refer to Figure 4 .
8 *CIN Input capacitor which blocks the input signal’s DC offsets from being passed onto the amplifier’s inputs.
9 *RSN Works with CSN to stabilize the output stage by creating a pole that reduces high frequency instabilities.
10 *CSN Works with RSN to stabilize the output stage by creating a pole that reduces high frequency instabilities. The
pole is set at fC e 1/(2qRSNCSN). Refer to Figure 4 .
11 *L Provides high impedance at high frequencies so that R may decouple a highly capacitive load and reduce the
12 *R Q of the series resonant circuit. Also provides a low impedance at low frequencies to short out R and pass
audio signals to the load. Refer to Figure 4 .
13 RA Provides DC voltage biasing for the transistor Q1 in single supply operation.
14 CA Provides bias filtering for single supply operation.
15 *RINP Limits the voltage difference between the amplifier’s inputs for single supply operation. Refer to the Clicks
and Pops application section for a more detailed explanation of the function of RINP.
16 RBI Provides input bias current for single supply operation. Refer to the Clicks and Pops application section for a
more detailed explanation of the function of RBI.
17 RE Establishes a fixed DC current for the transistor Q1 in single supply operation. This resistor stabilizes the half-
supply point along with CA.
*Optional components dependent upon specific design requirements.

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 Typical Performance Characteristics

THD a N vs Frequency THD a N vs Frequency THD a N vs Frequency

THD a N vs THD a N vs THD a N vs

Output Power Output Power Output Power

THD a N vs THD a N vs THD a N vs

Output Power Output Power Output Power

Clipping Voltage vs Clipping Voltage vs Clipping Voltage vs

Supply Voltage Supply Voltage Supply Voltage

TL/H/12072– 10

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Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)

Output Power vs Power Dissipation vs Power Dissipation vs

Load Resistance Output Power Output Power

Output Power vs Output Mute vs Output Mute vs

Supply Voltage Mute Pin Voltage Mute Pin Voltage

Channel Separation vs
Frequency Pulse Response Large Signal Response

Power Supply Common-Mode Open Loop

Rejection Ratio Rejection Ratio Frequency Response

TL/H/12072– 11

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 Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)
SPiKe Protection Supply Current vs
Safe Area Response Supply Voltage

Pulse Thermal Pulse Thermal Supply Current vs

Resistance Resistance Output Voltage

Supply Current vs
Pulse Power Limit Pulse Power Limit Case Temperature

Supply Current (ICC) vs Supply Current (IEE) vs Input Bias Current vs

Standby Pin Voltage Standby Pin Voltage Case Temperature

TL/H/12072– 9

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Application Information
MUTE MODE the fault condition is temporary, but a sustained fault will
By placing a logic-high voltage on the mute pins, the signal cause the device to cycle in a Schmitt Trigger fashion be-
going into the amplifiers will be muted. If the mute pins are tween the thermal shutdown temperature limits of 165§ C
left floating or connected to a logic-low voltage, the amplifi- and 155§ C. This greatly reduces the stress imposed on the
ers will be in a non-muted state. There are two mute pins, IC by thermal cycling, which in turn improves its reliability
one for each amplifier, so that one channel can be muted under sustained fault conditions.
without muting the other if the application requires such a Since the die temperature is directly dependent upon the
configuration. Refer to the Typical Performance Charac- heat sink used, the heat sink should be chosen such that
teristics section for curves concerning Mute Attenuation vs thermal shutdown will not be reached during normal opera-
Mute Pin Voltage. tion. Using the best heat sink possible within the cost and
space constraints of the system will improve the long-term
STANDBY MODE
reliability of any power semiconductor device, as discussed
The standby mode of the LM1876 allows the user to drasti- in the Determining the Correct Heat Sink Section.
cally reduce power consumption when the amplifiers are
idle. By placing a logic-high voltage on the standby pins, the DETERMlNlNG MAXIMUM POWER DISSIPATION
amplifiers will go into Standby Mode. In this mode, the cur- Power dissipation within the integrated circuit package is a
rent drawn from the VCC supply is typically less than 10 mA very important parameter requiring a thorough understand-
total for both amplifiers. The current drawn from the VEE ing if optimum power output is to be obtained. An incorrect
supply is typically 4.2 mA. Clearly, there is a significant re- maximum power dissipation calculation may result in inade-
duction in idle power consumption when using the standby quate heat sinking causing thermal shutdown and thus limit-
mode. There are two Standby pins, so that one channel can ing the output power.
be put in standby mode without putting the other amplifier in Equation (1) exemplifies the theoretical maximum power
standby if the application requires such flexibility. Refer to dissipation point of each amplifier where VCC is the total
the Typical Performance Characteristics section for supply voltage.
curves showing Supply Current vs. Standby Pin Voltage for
PDMAX e VCC2/2q2RL (1)
both supplies.
Thus by knowing the total supply voltage and rated output
UNDER-VOLTAGE PROTECTION load, the maximum power dissipation point can be calculat-
Upon system power-up, the under-voltage protection circuit- ed. The package dissipation is twice the number which re-
ry allows the power supplies and their corresponding capac- sults from equation (1) since there are two amplifiers in
itors to come up close to their full values before turning on each LM1876. Refer to the graphs of Power Dissipation ver-
the LM1876 such that no DC output spikes occur. Upon sus Output Power in the Typical Performance Character-
turn-off, the output of the LM1876 is brought to ground be- istics section which show the actual full range of power
fore the power supplies such that no transients occur at dissipation not just the maximum theoretical point that re-
power-down. sults from equation (1).
OVER-VOLTAGE PROTECTION DETERMINING THE CORRECT HEAT SINK
The LM1876 contains over-voltage protection circuitry that The choice of a heat sink for a high-power audio amplifier is
limits the output current to approximately 3.5 Apk while also made entirely to keep the die temperature at a level such
providing voltage clamping, though not through internal that the thermal protection circuitry does not operate under
clamping diodes. The clamping effect is quite the same, normal circumstances.
however, the output transistors are designed to work alter- The thermal resistance from the die (junction) to the outside
nately by sinking large current spikes. air (ambient) is a combination of three thermal resistances,
SPiKe PROTECTION iJC, iCS, and iSA. In addition, the thermal resistance, iJC
(junction to case), of the LM1876 is 2§ C/W. Using Thermal-
The LM1876 is protected from instantaneous peak-temper-
loy Thermacote thermal compound, the thermal resistance,
ature stressing of the power transistor array. The Safe Oper-
iCS (case to sink), is about 0.2§ C/W. Since convection heat
ating graph in the Typical Performance Characteristics
flow (power dissipation) is analogous to current flow, ther-
section shows the area of device operation where SPiKe
mal resistance is analogous to electrical resistance, and
Protection Circuitry is not enabled. The waveform to the
temperature drops are analogous to voltage drops, the pow-
right of the SOA graph exemplifies how the dynamic protec-
er dissipation out of the LM1876 is equal to the following:
tion will cause waveform distortion when enabled.
PDMAX e (TJMAXbTAMB)/iJA (2)
THERMAL PROTECTION where TJMAX e 150§ C, TAMB is the system ambient tem-
The LM1876 has a sophisticated thermal protection scheme perature and iJA e iJC a iCS a iSA.
to prevent long-term thermal stress of the device. When the Once the maximum package power dissipation has been
temperature on the die reaches 165§ C, the LM1876 shuts calculated using equation (1), the maximum thermal resist-
down. It starts operating again when the die temperature ance, iSA, (heat sink to ambient) in § C/W for a heat sink
drops to about 155§ C, but if the temperature again begins to can be calculated. This calculation is made using equation
rise, shutdown will occur again at 165§ C. Therefore, the de- (3) which is derived by solving for iSA in equation (2).
vice is allowed to heat up to a relatively high temperature if
iSA e [(TJMAXbTAMB)bPDMAX(iJC a iCS)]/PDMAX (3)

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 Application Information (Continued)
Again it must be noted that the value of iSA is dependent SINGLE-SUPPLY AMPLIFIER APPLICATION
upon the system designer’s amplifier requirements. If the The typical application of the LM1876 is a split supply ampli-
ambient temperature that the audio amplifier is to be work- fier. But as shown in Figure 3 , the LM1876 can also be used
ing under is higher than 25§ C, then the thermal resistance in a single power supply configuration. This involves using
for the heat sink, given all other things are equal, will need some external components to create a half-supply bias
to be smaller. which is used as the reference for the inputs and outputs.
SUPPLY BYPASSING Thus, the signal will swing around half-supply much like it
swings around ground in a split-supply application. Along
The LM1876 has excellent power supply rejection and does
with proper circuit biasing, a few other considerations must
not require a regulated supply. However, to improve system
be accounted for to take advantage of all of the LM1876
performance as well as eliminate possible oscillations, the
functions.
LM1876 should have its supply leads bypassed with low-in-
ductance capacitors having short leads that are located The LM1876 possesses a mute and standby function with
close to the package terminals. Inadequate power supply internal logic gates that are half-supply referenced. Thus, to
bypassing will manifest itself by a low frequency oscillation enable either the Mute or Standby function, the voltage at
known as ‘‘motorboating’’ or by high frequency instabilities. these pins must be a minimum of 2.5V above half-supply. In
These instabilities can be eliminated through multiple by- single-supply systems, devices such as microprocessors
passing utilizing a large tantalum or electrolytic capacitor and simple logic circuits used to control the mute and stand-
(10 mF or larger) which is used to absorb low frequency by functions, are usually referenced to ground, not half-sup-
variations and a small ceramic capacitor (0.1 mF) to prevent ply. Thus, to use these devices to control the logic circuitry
any high frequency feedback through the power supply of the LM1876, a ‘‘level shifter,’’ like the one shown in Fig-
lines. ure 5 , must be employed. A level shifter is not needed in a
split-supply configuration since ground is also half-supply.
If adequate bypassing is not provided, the current in the
supply leads which is a rectified component of the load cur-
rent may be fed back into internal circuitry. This signal caus-
es distortion at high frequencies requiring that the supplies
be bypassed at the package terminals with an electrolytic
capacitor of 470 mF or more.
BRIDGED AMPLIFIER APPLICATION
The LM1876 has two operational amplifiers internally, allow-
ing for a few different amplifier configurations. One of these
configurations is referred to as ‘‘bridged mode’’ and in-
volves driving the load differentially through the LM1876’s TL/H/12072– 12
outputs. This configuration is shown in Figure 2 . Bridged FIGURE 5. Level Shift Circuit
mode operation is different from the classical single-ended
amplifier configuration where one side of its load is connect- When the voltage at the Logic Input node is 0V, the 2N3904
ed to ground. is ‘‘off’’ and thus resistor Rc pulls up mute or standby input
to the supply. This enables the mute or standby function.
A bridge amplifier design has a distinct advantage over the When the Logic Input is 5V, the 2N3904 is ‘‘on’’ and conse-
single-ended configuration, as it provides differential drive to quently, the voltage at the collector is essentially 0V. This
the load, thus doubling output swing for a specified supply will disable the mute or standby function, and thus the am-
voltage. Consequently, theoretically four times the output plifier will be in its normal mode of operation. Rshift, along
power is possible as compared to a single-ended amplifier with Cshift, creates an RC time constant that reduces tran-
under the same conditions. This increase in attainable out- sients when the mute or standby functions are enabled or
put power assumes that the amplifier is not current limited disabled. Additionally, Rshift limits the current supplied by
or clipped. the internal logic gates of the LM1876 which insures device
A direct consequence of the increased power delivered to reliability. Refer to the Mute Mode and Standby Mode sec-
the load by a bridge amplifier is an increase in internal pow- tions in the Application Information section for a more
er dissipation. For each operational amplifier in a bridge detailed description of these functions.
configuration, the internal power dissipation will increase by
a factor of two over the single ended dissipation. Thus, for CLICKS AND POPS
an audio power amplifier such as the LM1876, which has In the typical application of the LM1876 as a split-supply
two operational amplifiers in one package, the package dis- audio power amplifier, the IC exhibits excellent ‘‘click’’ and
sipation will increase by a factor of four. To calculate the ‘‘pop’’ performance when utilizing the mute and standby
LM1876’s maximum power dissipation point for a bridged modes. In addition, the device employs Under-Voltage Pro-
load, multiply equation (1) by a factor of four. tection, which eliminates unwanted power-up and power-
This value of PDMAX can be used to calculate the correct down transients. The basis for these functions are a stable
size heat sink for a bridged amplifier application. Since the and constant half-supply potential. In a split-supply applica-
internal dissipation for a given power supply and load is in- tion, ground is the stable half-supply potential. But in a sin-
creased by using bridged-mode, the heatsink’s iSA will gle-supply application, the half-supply needs to charge up
have to decrease accordingly as shown by equation (3). Re- just like the supply rail, VCC. This makes the task of attaining
fer to the section, Determining the Correct Heat Sink, for a clickless and popless turn-on more challenging. Any un-
a more detailed discussion of proper heat sinking for a given even charging of the amplifier inputs will result in output
application. clicks and pops due to the differential input topology of the
LM1876.

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Application Information (Continued)
To achieve a transient free power-up and power-down, the For 15W of output power into an 8X load, the required
voltage seen at the input terminals should be ideally the VOPEAK is 15.49V. A minimum supply rail of 20.5V results
same. Such a signal will be common-mode in nature, and from adding VOPEAK and VOD. With regulation, the maxi-
will be rejected by the LM1876. In Figure 3 , the resistor RINP mum supplies are g 26V and the required IOPEAK is 1.94A
serves to keep the inputs at the same potential by limiting from equation (5). It should be noted that for a dual 15W
the voltage difference possible between the two nodes. This amplifier into an 8X load the IOPEAK drawn from the sup-
should significantly reduce any type of turn-on pop, due to plies is twice 1.94 Apk or 3.88 Apk. At this point it is a good
an uneven charging of the amplifier inputs. This charging is idea to check the Power Output vs Supply Voltage to ensure
based on a specific application loading and thus, the system that the required output power is obtainable from the device
designer may need to adjust these values for optimal per- while maintaining low THD a N. In addition, the designer
formance. should verify that with the required power supply voltage
As shown in Figure 3 , the resistors labeled RBI help bias up and load impedance, that the required heatsink value iSA is
the LM1876 off the half-supply node at the emitter of the feasible given system cost and size constraints. Once the
2N3904. But due to the input and output coupling capacitors heatsink issues have been addressed, the required gain can
in the circuit, along with the negative feedback, there are be determined from Equation (6).
two different values of RBI, namely 10 kX and 200 kX. AV t 0(PORL) /(VIN) e VORMS/VINRMS (6)
These resistors bring up the inputs at the same rate result- From equation 6, the minimum AV is: AV t 11.
ing in a popless turn-on. Adjusting these resistors values
By selecting a gain of 21, and with a feedback resistor, Rf e
slightly may reduce pops resulting from power supplies that
20 kX, the value of Ri follows from equation (7).
ramp extremely quick or exhibit overshoot during system
turn-on. Ri e Rf (AV b 1) (7)
Thus with Ri e 1 kX a non-inverting gain of 21 will result.
AUDIO POWER AMPLlFIER DESIGN
Since the desired input impedance was 47 kX, a value of
Design a 15W/8X Audio Amplifier 47 kX was selected for RIN. The final design step is to ad-
Given: dress the bandwidth requirements which must be stated as
Power Output 15 Wrms a pair of b3 dB frequency points. Five times away from a
b 3 dB point is 0.17 dB down from passband response
Load Impedance 8X
Input Level 1 Vrms(max) which is better than the required g 0.25 dB specified. This
Input Impedance 47 kX fact results in a low and high frequency pole of 4 Hz and
Bandwidth 20 Hzb20 kHz g 0.25 dB 100 kHz respectively. As stated in the External Compo-
nents section, Ri in conjunction with Ci create a high-pass
A designer must first determine the power supply require-
filter.
ments in terms of both voltage and current needed to obtain
the specified output power. VOPEAK can be determined Ci t 1/(2q * 1 kX * 4 Hz) e 39.8 mF; use 39 mF.
from equation (4) and IOPEAK from equation (5). The high frequency pole is determined by the product of the
VOPEAK e 0(2RLPO) (4) desired high frequency pole, fH, and the gain, AV. With a
AV e 21 and fH e 100 kHz, the resulting GBWP is 2.1 MHz,
IOPEAK e 0(2PO)/RL (5)
which is less than the guaranteed minimum GBWP of the
To determine the maximum supply voltage the following LM1876 of 5 MHz. This will ensure that the high frequency
conditions must be considered. Add the dropout voltage to response of the amplifier will be no worse than 0.17 dB
the peak output swing VOPEAK, to get the supply rail at a down at 20 kHz which is well within the bandwidth require-
current of IOPEAK. The regulation of the supply determines ments of the design.
the unloaded voltage which is usually about 15% higher.
The supply voltage will also rise 10% during high line condi-
tions. Therefore the maximum supply voltage is obtained
from the following equation.
Max supplies & g (VOPEAK a VOD) (1 a regulation) (1.1)

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 LM1876 Overture Audio Power Amplifier Series
Dual 20W Audio Power Amplifier with Mute and Standby Modes
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted

Isolated TO-220 15-Lead Package

Order Number LM1876TF
NS Package Number TF15B

LIFE SUPPORT POLICY

NATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT
DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF NATIONAL
SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein:

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systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant support device or system whose failure to perform can
into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and whose be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life
failure to perform, when properly used in accordance support device or system, or to affect its safety or
with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can effectiveness.
be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury
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Datasheets for electronics components.

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This file is the datasheet for the following electronic components:

LM1876 - http://www.ti.com/product/lm1876?HQS=TI-null-null-dscatalog-df-pf-null-wwe