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    Pre Lab 6

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    Maaz Hussain
    This document contains the answers to four questions about power factor and power factor improvement methods from four electrical engineering students. It defines power factor as the ratio of real power to apparent power. It discusses methods for improving power factor, including using capacitors, synchronous condensers, and phase advancers. It notes the advantages of delta connected capacitor banks having higher capacitance and circulating currents remaining within the bank. It also describes how an automatic power factor controller works by using a microcontroller to switch capacitor banks and maintain a target power factor of 0.99 lag.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Pre Lab 6

    Uploaded by

    Maaz Hussain
    90 views4 pages
    This document contains the answers to four questions about power factor and power factor improvement methods from four electrical engineering students. It defines power factor as the ratio of real power to apparent power. It discusses methods for improving power factor, including using capacitors, synchronous condensers, and phase advancers. It notes the advantages of delta connected capacitor banks having higher capacitance and circulating currents remaining within the bank. It also describes how an automatic power factor controller works by using a microcontroller to switch capacitor banks and maintain a target power factor of 0.99 lag.

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    Pre lab 6

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    This document contains the answers to four questions about power factor and power factor improvement methods from four electrical engineering students. It defines power factor as the ratio of real power to apparent power. It discusses methods for improving power factor, including using capacitors, synchronous condensers, and phase advancers. It notes the advantages of delta connected capacitor banks having higher capacitance and circulating currents remaining within the bank. It also describes how an automatic power factor controller works by using a microcontroller to switch capacitor banks and maintain a target power factor of 0.99 lag.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    90 views4 pages

    Pre Lab 6

    Uploaded by

    Maaz Hussain
    This document contains the answers to four questions about power factor and power factor improvement methods from four electrical engineering students. It defines power factor as the ratio of real power to apparent power. It discusses methods for improving power factor, including using capacitors, synchronous condensers, and phase advancers. It notes the advantages of delta connected capacitor banks having higher capacitance and circulating currents remaining within the bank. It also describes how an automatic power factor controller works by using a microcontroller to switch capacitor banks and maintain a target power factor of 0.99 lag.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    PRE LAB # 6

    EPDU

    EE-182 Syed Asad Rizvi


    EE-183 Ashar Nawaz Khan
    EE-196 Maaz Hussain
    EE-202 Hasan Usama

    Submitted to: Mr. Junaid Ahmed


    Qureshi

    Dated: 13/4/2015
    Spring Semester 2015
    EPDU EE-182,183,196,202
    Pre lab 06

    1. Define Power factor.

    Ans.  The power factor of an AC electrical power system is defined as the ratio of the real


    power flowing to the load, to the apparent power in the circuit.

    AC power flow has three components: real power (also known as active power) (P), measured
    in watts (W); apparent power (S), measured in volt-amperes (VA); and reactive power (Q),
    measured in reactive volt-amperes (var).
    The power factor is defined as:
    P
    S

    In the case of a perfectly sinusoidal waveform, P, Q and S can be expressed as vectors that form


    a vector triangle such that:
    S2=P2 +Q 2

    If ɸis the phase angle between the current and voltage, then the power factor is equal to
    the cosine of the angle, cos ɸ, and:
    |P|=|S|cos ɸ

    2. Briefly discuss power factor improvement methods.


    Linear loads with low power factor (such as induction motors) can be corrected with a passive
    network of capacitors or inductors. Non-linear loads, such as rectifiers, distort the current
    drawn from the system. In such cases, active or passive power factor correction may be used to
    counteract the distortion and raise the power factor. The devices for correction of the power
    factor may be at a central substation, spread out over a distribution system, or built into power-
    consuming equipment.
    Following are some methods to improve power factor:

    a) Power factor
    For Power factor improvement purpose, Static capacitors are connected in parallel with those
    devices which work on low power factor.  These static capacitors provide leading current which
    neutralize (totally or approximately) the lagging inductive component of load current (i.e.
    leading component neutralize or eliminate the lagging component of load current) thus power
    factor of the load circuit is improved. These capacitors are installed in Vicinity of large inductive
    load e.g Induction motors and transformers etc, and improve the load circuit power factor to
    improve the system or devises efficiency.

    1
    EPDU EE-182,183,196,202
    Pre lab 06

    b) Synchronous Condenser

    When a Synchronous motor operates at No-Load and over-exited then it’s called a synchronous
    Condenser. Whenever a Synchronous motor is over-exited then it provides leading current and
    works like a capacitor. When a synchronous condenser is connected across supply voltage (in
    parallel) then it draws leading current and partially eliminates the re-active component and this
    way, power factor is improved. Generally, synchronous condenser is used to improve the power
    factor in large industries.

    c) Phase Advancer

    Phase advancer is a simple AC exciter which is connected on the main shaft of the motor and
    operates with the motor’s rotor circuit for power factor improvement. Phase advancer is used
    to improve the power factor of induction motor in industries. As the stator windings of
    induction motor takes lagging current 90° out of phase with Voltage, therefore the power factor
    of induction motor is low. If the exciting ampere-turns are excited by external AC source, then
    there would be no effect of exciting current on stator windings. Therefore the power factor of
    induction motor will be improved. This process is done by Phase advancer.

    3. What are advantages and disadvantages of star Vs Delta connected capacitor bank?

    1) The equivalent capacitance of a delta bank is more than the equivalent capacitance of a
    series capacitor bank and so more the capacitance more the reactive power will it supply
    & since capacitor bank's sole purpose is to supply reactive power, delta connection will serve
    better.

    2) If there is any circulating current in the bank then in delta this circulating current remains
    within the bank & don’t get spread to whole system unlike in star connection.
    (for easy remembrance- due to the triangle shape of delta connection circulating current
    circulates within the triangle only).

    3) In delta, phase current=line current/1.732 i.e the phase current becomes smaller and thus
    the losses also decrease. Whereas in star connection, Phase current is equals to line current so
    there will be more losses.

    4. Write the working of power factor controller.

    For maintaining the power factor according to the load factor, proper capacity of capacitors is
    to be connected. The value of capacitors to be connected will vary with respect to load and its
    existing PF. There are two ways to maintain PF-

    2
    EPDU EE-182,183,196,202
    Pre lab 06

     Fixing of capacitor at the load end permanently or at the mains. Generally which is
    recommended for the fixed load like pumps, fans etc. and it is not possible for the load which
    has variations in the load and Power factor.

     The power factor can be maintained by installing Automatic Power Factor Control Panel
    (APFC Panel).

    Automatic Power Factor Correction (APFC) system provides the facility of automatically variation,
    without manual intervention, the power factor compensation to suit the load requirements.

    APFC Panel has microcontroller based programmable controller which switches the capacitor
    banks of suitable capacity automatically, which are grouped in multiple stages. It directly reads
    the reactive load (KVAR) and works in the principle of VAR sensing and tends to maintain the PF
    to 0.99 Lag. Power Factor sensed by CT in line side. CT senses improved PF and gives feedback.
    Thus target PF is achieved.
    The capacitor banks may be selected in number of stages as 4/6/8 according to the load
    pattern.

    References:
     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor
     http://www.allinterview.com
     http://www.electricaltechnology.org/2013/10/power-factor-improvement-methods-with-their-
    advantages-disadvantages.html
     http://www.slideshare.net/singh1515/automatic-power-factor-controller

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