Module 3 Physical Science

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PHYSICAL SCIENCE
I. UNIT NO. & TITLE: Unit 1: Connecting Chemistry to Life

II. LESSON NO. & TITLE: Lesson 3: The Atomic Number and the Synthesis of New Elements
III. WEEK NUMBER: Week 3
IV. MODULE NUMBER: Module 3
V. OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students must be able to:
 Explain how the concept of atomic number led to the synthesis of new elements in the
laboratory
VI. ACTIVITY: Making Your Own Periodic Table

Make your own periodic table using the hypothetical elements that are given in the clues. Explain the word/s that
will be formed if you arrange the symbols of the elements correctly.
a) P and Pr both have one electron each. Pr has a bigger atomic size.
b) Od, Ri, and E are in the same series as P, C, and I. In terms of atomic size, P is the biggest while C is the
smallest. E is a metal while I is a non-metal. Od is smaller than Ri in atomic size.
c) O has a bigger atomic size than E in the same group. Y is also a bigger atom than C in the same group. R is
more nonmetallic than Pe but more metallic than Ti.
VII. DISCUSSION:
Dmitri Mendeleev, father of the periodic table, created a classification of elements based on their atomic weight. He
found that organizing the elements at the time by their calculated weight demonstrated a periodic pattern of both
physical and chemical properties, such as luster, physical state, reactivity to water, and others.
Henry Moseley was a researcher at Rutherford’s laboratory. In 1913 Moseley used Rutherford’s work to advance
the understanding of the elements and solve the problem with Mendeleev’s periodic table.
Learn about it!
Moseley’s X-ray Spectroscopy

Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley was an English physicist who demonstrated that the atomic number, the number of
protons in an atom, determines most of the properties of an element. He began his study of radioactivity in Ernest
Rutherford’s laboratory but later decided to explore more on X-rays.
In 1913, Moseley published a paper on the arrangement of the elements in the Periodic table based on their atomic
numbers. He used X-ray spectroscopy to determine the atomic number of an element. He bombarded a beam of
electrons to different elements and measured their X-ray spectral lines. His results clearly showed that frequency of
the X-rays given off by an element was mathematically related to the position of that element in the Periodic table.
The frequency is proportional to the charge of the nucleus, or the atomic number.
When the elements were arranged according to their atomic numbers, there were four gaps in the table. These
gaps corresponded to the atomic numbers 43, 61, 85, and 87. These elements were later synthesized in the
laboratory through nuclear transmutations.
Discovery of Nuclear Transmutation
In 1919, Ernest Rutherford successfully carried out a nuclear transmutation reaction — a reaction involving the
transformation of one element or isotope into another element. He bombarded alpha particles from radium directed
to the nitrogen nuclei. He showed that the nitrogen nuclei reacted to the alpha particles to form oxygen nuclei.
The reaction is written as
14
7 N+ 42He → 178O + 11H 714N + 24He → 817O + 11H
However, both alpha particles and atomic nuclei are positively charged, so they tend to repel each other. Therefore,
instead of using fast-moving alpha particles in synthesizing new elements, atomic nuclei are often bombarded with
neutrons (neutral particles) in particle accelerators.
The Discovery of the Missing Elements
Recall that in 1925, there were four vacancies in the periodic table corresponding to the atomic numbers 43, 61, 85,
and 87. Two of these elements were synthesized in the laboratory using particle accelerators.
A particle accelerator is a device that is used to speed up the protons to overcome the repulsion between the
protons and the target atomic nuclei by using magnetic and electrical fields. It is used to synthesize new elements.
In 1937, American physicist Ernest Lawrence synthesized element with atomic number 43 using a linear particle
accelerator. He bombarded molybdenum (Z=42) with fast-moving neutrons. The newly synthesized element was
named Technetium (Tc) after the Greek word "technêtos" meaning “artificial.” Tc was the first man-made element.
In 1940, Dale Corson, K. Mackenzie, and Emilio Segre discovered element with atomic number 85. They
bombarded atoms of bismuth (Z=83) with fast-moving alpha particles in a cyclotron. A cyclotron is a particle
accelerator that uses alternating electric field to accelerate particles that move in a spiral path in the presence of a
magnetic field. Element-85 was named astatine from the Greek word “astatos” meaning unstable.The two other
elements with atomic numbers 61 and 87 were discovered through studies in radioactivity. Element-61
(Promethium) was discovered as a decay product of the fission of uranium while element-87 (Francium) was
discovered as a breakdown product of uranium.
Synthesis of New Elements
In the 1930s, the heaviest element known was uranium,

with an atomic number 92. Early in 1940, Edwin
McMillan proved that an element having an atomic
number 93 could be created. He used a particle
accelerator to bombard uranium with neutrons and
created an element with an atomic number 93 which he
named neptunium.
At the end of 1940, element-94 was synthesized
by Seaborg, McMillan, Kennedy, and Wahl. They
bombarded uranium with deuterons (particles composed
of a proton and a neutron) in a cyclotron. Element-94
was named plutonium.
Elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (atomic number of uranium) are called transuranium elements.
Hence, neptunium and plutonium are both transuranium elements. They are unstable and decay radioactively into
other elements. All of these elements were discovered in the laboratory as artificially generated synthetic elements.
They are prepared using nuclear reactors or particle accelerators. In the next lesson, you will learn the nuclear
reactions involved in the synthesis of these transuranium elements.
KEY POINTS
 The atomic number is the number of protons (positively charged particles)

in an atom.
 Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley was an English physicist who
demonstrated that the atomic number, the number of protons in an atom,
determines most of the properties of an element.
 In 1919, Ernest Rutherford successfully carried out a nuclear
transmutation reaction — a process of transforming one element or isotope into
another element.
 In 1925, there were four vacancies in the periodic table corresponding to
the atomic numbers 43, 61, 85, and 87. Elements with atomic numbers 43 and
85 were synthesized using particle accelerators.
 A particle accelerator is a device that is used to speed up the protons to
overcome the repulsion between the protons and the target atomic nuclei by
using magnetic and electrical fields. It is used to synthesize new elements.
 Elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (atomic number of
uranium) are called transuranium elements. They were discovered in the
laboratory using nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.
VIII. PRACTICE/APPLICATION/SYNTHESIS: (See worksheet #3)

IX. ASSESSMENT: (See worksheet #3)
X. REFLECTION: (See worksheet #3)
Achieve Great Things, Initiate Changes, Transform from Better to best, Excel and Remain
Humble
Olinsterg Bldg., Maharlika Highway, Poblacion III, Tiaong, Quezon, Philippines
Telefax Number: (042)-545-6547 / Cell No. 0922-8934738
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
WORK SHEET NO. 3
Name: ______________________________ Grade & Section:___________________

I. PRACTICE/APPLICATION/SYNTHESIS:
Answer the questions below:
1. How does the concept of the atomic number lead

to the synthesis of elements?
2. Why do scientists study and synthesize new

transuranium elements in the laboratory? What
are the uses of these elements?
II. ASSESSMENT:
Short Essay (maximum of 3 sentences)
1) Dmitri Mendeleev is often regarded as the Father of the Periodic Table. Would you say that Henry Moseley
deserves the recognition more than him?
2) Explain why the atomic number is called the “fingerprint” of elements.
3) How would you relate alchemy to synthesis of new elements?

III. REFLECTION:
List down the activities that you did this week and identify among those activities where you can apply the
lesson/s that you have learned from this module. Write your answer below with minimum of at least five
sentences.
IV. FEEDBACK: (Teacher’s comments or reactions after submission and checking.)
Prepared by: Checked By:
VI-JAY D. SALCEDO,LPT JOAN B. DIMACULANGAN,LPT

Subject Teacher Academic Coordinator
Noted By:
LAARNI L. TOLENTINO,LPT
School Principal

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Achieve Great Things, Initiate Changes, Transform from Better to best, Excel and Remain

I. UNIT NO. & TITLE: Unit 1: Connecting Chemistry to Life

VI. ACTIVITY: Making Your Own Periodic Table

Learn about it!

Moseley’s X-ray Spectroscopy

Discovery of Nuclear Transmutation

The reaction is written as

The Discovery of the Missing Elements

In the 1930s, the heaviest element known was uranium,

 The atomic number is the number of protons (positively charged particles)

VIII. PRACTICE/APPLICATION/SYNTHESIS: (See worksheet #3)

Name: ______________________________ Grade & Section:___________________

1. How does the concept of the atomic number lead

2. Why do scientists study and synthesize new

2) Explain why the atomic number is called the “fingerprint” of elements.

3) How would you relate alchemy to synthesis of new elements?

IV. FEEDBACK: (Teacher’s comments or reactions after submission and checking.)

Prepared by: Checked By:

VI-JAY D. SALCEDO,LPT JOAN B. DIMACULANGAN,LPT

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