BAB

4 Indeks, Surd dan Logaritma

Indices, Surds and Logarithms
Modul
PBD

4.1 Hukum Indeks/ Laws of Indices

1 Cari nilai setiap yang berikut. i-Kuiz

Find the value of each of the following. SP 4.1.1

CONTOH 4
(b) ( −5) = 25
2
(a) 3 = 81
2 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ 9
⎜1 ⎟ = ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 4
2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

3 3 3
(e) ( 0.03) = 0.0009
2
⎛ 2⎞ 8 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛9⎞ 729
(c) ⎜ − ⎟ =  (d) ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 3⎠ 27 ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝4⎠ 64

Tip Pintar
Nombor dalam bentuk indeks dengan asas 10 digunakan untuk mewakili nombor amat besar atau amat kecil.
Numbers in indices form with base 10 are used to represent very large or very small numbers.
24 31
Contoh/Example: Jisim Bumi ialah 5.972 × 10 kg. Jisim elektron ialah 9.109 × 10 kg.
24 31
The mass of Earth is 5.972 × 10 kg. The mass of electron is 9.109 × 10 kg.

2 Cari nilai setiap yang berikut.

Find the value of each of the following. SP 4.1.1

CONTOH
(a) ( −4 )0 =1
−2
⎛ 2⎞ 1 1 9
⎜3 ⎟ = 2 = =
⎝ 3⎠ ⎛ 11⎞ ⎛ 121⎞ 121
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝3⎠ ⎝ 9 ⎠

−2 1 1 −3
(b) (7 ) = = ⎛ 3⎞
(c) ⎜ − ⎟ =
1
=
1
= 
64
(7 ) 2
49
⎝ 4⎠ ⎛ 3⎞
3
⎛ 27 ⎞ 27
⎜− ⎟ ⎜− ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 64 ⎠

−3 −2 1 1
⎛ 3⎞
(d) ⎜ 1 ⎟ =
1
=
1
=
125 (e) ( 0.2) = = = 25
⎝ 5⎠ ⎛8⎞
3
⎛ 512 ⎞ 512 ( 0.2) 2
0.04
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝5⎠ ⎝ 125 ⎠

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3 Cari nilai setiap yang berikut.

Find the value of each of the following. SP 4.1.1

CONTOH 1
(a) ( 8 ) 3 = 3
8 =2
1
⎛ 1 ⎞2 9 3
⎜2 ⎟ =
4
=
2
⎝ 4⎠

3 1
( 9)
3
(b) ( 9 ) 2 =
3
= 3 = 27 ⎛ 1 ⎞4 ⎛ 1⎞ 1
(c) ⎜ ⎟ = 4
⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 81⎠ ⎝ 81⎠ 3

1 2
−
(d) ( −216 ) 3 = 3
216 = – 6 ⎛ 64 ⎞ 3 1 1 1
(e) ⎜ ⎟ = 2
= 2
= 2
⎝ 125 ⎠ ⎛ 64 ⎞ ⎛4⎞
⎛ 64 ⎞3
⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎝5⎠
⎝ 125 ⎠ ⎝ 125 ⎠
1 25
= =
⎛ 16 ⎞ 16
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 25 ⎠

4 Cari nilai setiap yang berikut.

Find the value of each of the following. SP 4.1.2

CONTOH 7 −5 7 +( −5)
= 22 = 4
(a) 2 × 2 = 2
35 × 32 = 35+ 2 = 37 = 2187

(b) 32 ÷ 3−3 = 32−( −3) = 35 = 243

(2 )
2
4
(c) = 28 = 256

1 1 3 5 3−5 −2

( )
(d( 64
2 4 = ( 64 ) 2 = 64 = 8
⎛4⎞ ⎛4⎞
⎝5⎠ ⎝5⎠
⎛4⎞
(e) ⎜ ⎟ ÷ ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝5⎠
⎛4⎞
=⎜ ⎟
⎝5⎠
=
25
16
=1
9
16

Tip Kalkulator
−2
⎛4⎞ b
Untuk mencari nilai bagi/To find the value of ⎜ ⎟ , tekan/press ( 4 a 5 ) ^ ( – 2 ) =
⎝5⎠ c
9
Paparan/The display 1 akan muncul/will appear.
16

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5 Ringkaskan yang berikut.

Simplify the following. SP 4.1.2
CONTOH 21 5 3 3 9
(a) 12p2q5 × pq3 = 12 p q (b) (2ef 3)3 = 8e f

23n u24n 3n + 4n −5n

3 8
= 12 p q
= 2
25n
22n

1 1
2m4 n5 a5b × a2b 5b + 2b −( −4b ) ( e+7 ) ( 3e−1)
(c) = (d) = a (e) 5 2 u 5 2 =
6m5n2 a−4b 1
( e +7 + 3e −1)
a11b
(
1 4 − 5 5− 2
) 5 2
m n
3 1
( 4e+6 )
= 5 2
n3
=
1 −1 3
3
m n = (
3m
) = 5
2e 3

6 Buktikan setiap yang berikut.

Prove each of the following. SP 4.1.2
CONTOH
(a) 3
3m+ 4
= 81 27m ) (
x
(3 )(3 ) = 81⎡⎢⎣(3 ) ( )
9 m⎤
3m 4 3 m
32x −3 = ⎥⎦ = 81 27
27
( )
x
32x 32 9x
32x−3 = = =
33 27 27

8a 2−3x 25
(b) 2
3a −1
= (c) 5 =
2 125x
2
5 25 25
(2 )
a
3 = =
23a 8a
(5 )
x
= = 5 3x
3 125x
1
2 2 2

7 Ringkaskan setiap yang berikut.

Simplify each of the following. . SP 4.1.2
CONTOH x+2 x
(a) 5 − 5 =
2x − 2x + 3 =
5x + 2 − 5x = 5x 52 − 5x ( )
x
2 −2 x +3
= 2 −2 2
x x
( ) = 2 (1− 8)
3 x = 5 ( 25 − 1)
x

= 24 5
x
( )
= −7 2
x
( )
y y +2 y +3 b 2b +1
(b) 2 + 2 − 2 = (c) 9 − 3 =

2y + 2y + 2 − 2y + 3
9b − 32b +1 = 9b − 32b 31 ( )
y y 2 y 3
= 2 + 2 2 −2 2 ( ) ( ) b ⎡ 2
= 9 −3⎢ 3
⎣
( )
b⎤
b
⎥⎦ = 9 − 3 9
b
( )
= 2 (1+ 4 − 8 )
y
= 9 (1− 3)
b

= −3 2
y
( ) = −2 9
b
( )

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4.2 Hukum Surd/ Laws of Surds

1 Ungkapkan setiap surd yang berikut supaya integer di bawah tatatanda punca kuasa dua itu adalah
sekecil yang mungkin.
Express each of the following surds so that the integer under the square root sign is as small as possible. SP 4.2.2
CONTOH 18 = 9 × 2 50 = 25 × 2
(a) (b)
8 = 4× 2 = 9× 2 = 25 × 2
= 4× 2
3 2 5 2
=2 2

(c) 147 = 49 × 3 (d) 216 = 36 × 6 (e) 540 = 36 × 15

= 49 × 3 = 36 × 6 = 36 × 15

7 3 6 6 6 15

A WAS!
Diberi a x . a ialah nombor nyata jika x  0 dan a ialah nombor khayalan jika x  0.
Given that a x . a is a real number if x  0 and a is an imaginary number if x  0.

2 Ungkapkan setiap yang berikut sebagai punca kuasa dua bagi integer.
Express each of the following as the square root of an integer. SP 4.2.2
CONTOH (a) 6 2 = 36 × 2 (b) 3 5 = 9 × 5

4 3 = 16 × 3 = 36 × 2 = 9×5
= 16 × 3 = 72 = 45
= 48

(c) 8 3 = 64 × 3 (d) 9 6 = 81× 6 1 1

(e) 60 = × 60
= 64 × 3 = 81× 6 2 4
1
= 192 = 486 = × 60
4
= 15

3 Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.

Simplify each of the following. SP 4.2.3
CONTOH (a) 6× 2 = ( 3 × 2) × 2 (b) 10 × 22 = ( 5 × 2) × (11× 2)
6 × 14 = ( 3 × 2) × (7 × 2) = 4×3 = 2 3 = 4 × 55 = 2 55
= 4 × 21
= 2 21

(c) 15 × 35 = ( 3 × 5) × ( 7 × 5) (d) 18 × 75 = ( 9 × 2) × ( 25 × 3) (e) 45 × 32 = ( 9 × 5) × (16 × 2)

= 25 × 21 = 5 21 = 3 × 5 × 6 = 15 6 = 3 × 4 × 10
= 12 10

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4 Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.

Simplify each of the following. SP 4.2.3
CONTOH
(a) 32 45
32 ÷ 2 = (b) 45 ÷ 5 =
2 5
⎛ 1⎞ 2
2÷ ⎜ ⎟ = = 16 = 9
⎝ 2⎠ ⎛ 1⎞
⎜ ⎟ =4 =3
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 2⎞
= 2× ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1⎠
= 4=2

81 ⎛ 1⎞ 5 ⎛ 3⎞
(c) 81÷ 15 = (d) 5÷ ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
15 ⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎛ 1⎞ (e) ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 32 ⎞ ⎝8⎠
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟÷ ⎜ ⎟ =
27 ⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎝8⎠ ⎝ 21 ⎠ ⎛ 32 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
5 ⎝ 21 ⎠
⎛ 10 ⎞
= 5× ⎜ ⎟ 3 21
3 ⎝ 1⎠ = ×
=3 8 32
5
=5 2
3 × (3 × 7)
=
8 × (8 × 4)
3 7
=
16

5 Permudahkan setiap ungkapan yang berikut.

Simplify each of the following expressions. SP 4.2.3
CONTOH (a) 2 5 + 3 5 = ( 2 + 3) 5
2 × 12 + 6 = 2 × ( 2 × 6 ) + 6 =5 5
=2 6+ 6
=3 6

(b) 72 − 32 = 36 × 2 − 16 × 2 50 18 25 u 2 9u 2
(c) + = +
= 6 2 −4 2 5 3 5 3
=2 2 5 2 3 2
= +
5 3
= 2 2
= 2 2

(d) 28 × 20 − 35 = ( 4 × 7 ) × ( 4 × 5) − 35 (e) 98 ÷
1
+ 24 = ( 49 × 2) × ( 9 × 3) + 4×6
27
= 4 35 − 35 = 3 35
= 7 × 3× 6 + 2 6
= 21 6 + 2 6
= 23 6

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6 Kembangkan setiap yang berikut.

Expand each of the following. SP 4.2.3
CONTOH
(a) ( 3 +2 5 )( 3 −2 5 )
( 2 +3 )( 2 +5 ) = 32 −2 15 + 2 15  4 52
= 4  5 2  3 2  15 = 3 – 20
= – 17
= 2 + 8 2  15
= 17 + 8 2

( ) ( )
2 2
(b) 2+ 6 (c) 6− 3

= ( 2+ 6 )( 2+ 6 ) = ( 6− 3 )( 6− 3 )
2 2
2
= 2 + 2× 6 + 6 × 2 + 6
2
= 6 − 6 × 3 − 3× 6 + 3
= 2  2 12  6 = 6 − 2 18 +3
=8 4 3 =96 2

(d) ( )(
3 +2 2 3 −1 )
Ingat Lagi?
=2 9 − 3 +4 3 −2
=6 + 3 3 − 2 a  b ialah surd konjugat bagi
a  b dan sebaliknya.
=43 3
a  b is the conjugate of
a  b and vice versa.

7 Permudahkan setiap ungkapan yang berikut dengan menisbahkan penyebutnya.

Simplify each of the following expressions by rationalising the denominator. SP 4.2.4
CONTOH

3
2 5 2

= ×
(23 5+ 2 ) Tip Pintar

(2 5 − 2) (2 5+ 2)
Surd ialah nombor bukan nisbah. Jika penyebut bagi suatu
pecahan mengandungi surd, pecahan itu harus ditulis semula
3( 2 5 + 2 )
melalui kaedah penisbahan menggunakan konjugat bagi
penyebutnya.
=
(2 5 ) − ( 2)
2 2 Surd is an irrational number. If the denominator of a
fraction contains surd, the fraction should be rewritten
3( 2 5 + 2 )
by rationalising the denominator using the conjugate of
the denominator.
=
20 − 2
( )( ) ( a) −( b)
2 2
a+ b a− b =
=
(
3 2 5+ 2 )
18
2 5 2
=
6

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(a)
2 34
=
( 2 3 + 4)
×
6
(b)
1
=
1 ( ×
2 −1 )
6 6 6 2 1 ( 2 + 1) ( 2 − 1)
2 18  4 6
= 2 −1
6 =
( 2)
2
6 24 6 − 12
=
6 2 1
=
3 22 6 21
=
3 = 2 1

(c)
3
=
( 6 + 3)3
× (d)
5+ 2
=
( 5 + 2)
×
( 5+ 2 )
6 3 ( 6 − 3) ( 6 + 3) 5− 2 ( 5− 2) ( 5+ 2)

3 × 3 ( 2 + 1) ( 5) + ( 2)
2 2
2 5+ 2 5+
= =
( 6 ) − ( 3) ( 5) − ( 2)
2 2 2 2

3 ( 2 + 1) 5 + 2 10 + 2
= =
6−3 5− 2
= 2 1 7  2 10
=
3

8 Cari nilai setiap ungkapan berikut.

Find the value of each of the following. SP 4.2.5

CONTOH 2 6
(a) +
4 8 3−2 3

2 1 2 2 ( 3+2 )
( 3) +
6

=
4 ( 2 +1( 2)) −
8
=
( 3 − 2) ( 3 + 2) ( 3 )( 3 )
( 2 − 1) ( 2 + 1) ( 2 )( 2 ) 2 3+4 6 3
= 
4 2+4 8 2 3− 4 3
= 
2−1 2 = −2 3 − 4 + 2 3
= 4 2+4−4 2 = 4
=4

2 4 2 2
(b) + (c) +
3+ 2 2 2 −1 3− 7 3+ 7

=
(
2 3− 2 2 ) +
4 ( 2 +1 ) =
(
2 3+ 7 ) +
(
2 3− 7 )
(3 + 2 2 ) (3 − 2 2 ) ( 2 −1 )( 2 +1 ) (3 − 7 ) (3 + 7 ) (3 + 7 ) (3 − 7 )
64 2 4 2+4 6+2 7 6−2 7
= + = +
98 2−1 9−7 9−7
66
=6 − 4 2 + 4 2 + 4 =
= 10 2
=6

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4.3 Hukum Logaritma/ Laws of Logarithms

1 Tulis setiap yang berikut dalam bentuk logaritma.

Write each of the following in logarithmic form. SP 4.3.1
CONTOH 1
−2 1 Tip Pintar
(a) 8 3 2 (b) 10 =
100
53 125 1 · log10 x = log x lg x
log 8 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
log 5125 3 3 log10 ⎜ ⎟ = −2 · log e x ln x
⎝ 100 ⎠

Tip Pintar

(c) e
1 .5
4.4817 (d) p
x
q (e) e
y
z loge dikenali sebagai
logaritma jati. Nilai bagi
log e 4.4817 1.5 log p q x log e z y e ialah 2.718281828...
(nombor bukan nisbah).
loge is known as natural
logarithm. The value of e is
2.718281828...
(an irrational number).

2 Tulis setiap yang berikut dalam bentuk indeks.

Write each of the following in index form. SP 4.3.1
CONTOH 3 (b) log10 ( 0.00001) (c) log a b c (d) log e m n
(a) log 9 27
2 = −5 ac b en m
log 2128 7 3
10−5 = 0.00001
27 128 92 27

3 Cari nilai setiap yang berikut dengan menggunakan kalkulator.

Find the value of each of the following using the calculator. SP 4.3.1
CONTOH (a) log10 1 0 (b) log e 8 2.0794 (c) log10 10 1

log10 8 0.9031

(d) log e 20 2.9957 (e) log10 23.4 1.3692 (f) log10 ( 0.00082) = (g) log e 0.009 =
−3.0862 −4.7105

Tip Pintar
(h) log10 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ =
1
5
⎝ ⎠ x
N = a adalah sentiasa positif bagi semua nilai x jika a > 0. Maka,
log10 0.2 = −0.6990 x
N = a is always positive for all values of x if a > 0. Therefore,
t log a 0 adalah tak tertakrif/is undefined.
t logaritma bagi nombor negatif adalah tak tertakrif.
logarithm of a negative number is undefined.

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4 Cari nilai setiap yang berikut.

Find the value of each of the following. SP 4.3.1

CONTOH (a) log 4 32 + log 4 2 = (b) 2log 2 6 − log 2 9 =

log 4 ( 32 × 2) log 2 62 − log 2 9
log6 54 + log6 4
= log 4 64 36
= log6 ( 54 × 4 ) = log 2
= log 4 43 9
= log6 216 = log6 63
= 3log 4 4 = 3 (1) = 3 = log 2 4 = log 2 22 = 2
= 3log6 6 = 3 (1) = 3

1 (d) log318 + log3 6 − 2log3 2 = (e) 3log3 6 + log312 − 5log3 2 =

(c) log6 30 − log6 − log6 45 =
54 18 × 6 63 × 12
log 3 log3
30 4
log6 25
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜
⎝ 54 ⎠
⎟ × 45
= log3 27 = log3 33 = 3
( )
= log 3 33 × 3 = log 3 34 = 4

30 × 54
= log6
45
= log6 ( 6 × 6 ) = 2log6 6 = 2

5 Diberi log 2 5 2.322 dan log 2 7 2.807. Cari nilai setiap yang berikut.
Given log2 5 2.322 and log2 7 2.807. Find the value of each of the following. SP 4.3.2

CONTOH (a) log 2 20 = 8

(b) log 2 =
log 2 ( 4 × 5) 7
log 2 70 = log 2 ( 2 × 5 × 7 ) log 2 8 − log 27
log 2 4 + log 2 5
= log 2 2  log 2 5  log 27 = log 2 23 − 2.807
= log 2 22 + 2.322
= 1 + 2.322 + 2.807 = 3 − 2.807 = 0.193
= 2 + 2.322
= 6.129 = 4.322

(c) log 21.4 = 1

(e) log 2 700 = log 2 ( 4 × 25 × 7 )
(d) log 2 35 = log 2 ( 35) 2
⎛7⎞ 2 2
= log 2 2  log 2 5  log 2 7
log 2 ⎜ ⎟ 1 1
⎝5⎠ = log 2 35 = log 2 (7 × 5) = 2 + 2log 2 5 + 2.807
log 27 − log 2 5 2 2
= 4.807 + 2(2.322)
1
= 2.807 − 2.322 = ( 2.807 + 2.322) = 9.451
2
= 0.485 = 2.5645

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6 Dberi log 2 3 m dan log 2 5 n. Ungkapkan setiap yang berikut dalam sebutan m dan n.
Given log2 3 m and log2 5 n. Express each of the following in terms of m and n. SP 4.3.3
CONTOH (a) log 215 = log 2 ( 3 × 5) 3
(b) log 2 0.6 = log 2
= log 2 3 + log 2 5 5
log 2 45 = log 2 ( 9 × 5)
= m+n = log 2 3 − log 2 5
= log 2 32 + log 2 5 =m−n
= 2log 2 3 + log 2 5
= 2m + n

(c) log 2 75 = log 2 ( 25 × 3) (d) log 2150 =

(e) log 2 6 =
= log 2 52 + log 2 3 log 2 ( 25 × 3 × 2) 125
log 2 6 − log 2125
= 2log 2 5 + m = log 2 52 + log 2 3 + log 2 2
= 2n + m = 2log 2 5 + m + 1 = log 2 ( 3 × 2) − log 2 53
= 2n + m + 1 = log 2 3 + log 2 2 − 3log 2 5
= m − 3n + 1

7 Dengan menggunakan kaedah penukaran asas, cari nilai setiap yang berikut.
By using the method of changing the base, find the value of each of the following. SP 4.3.4
CONTOH log 3 3 (b) log16 0.125 =
(a) log 813
log 3 81 ⎛ 1⎞
log 2 2 log16 ⎜ ⎟
log 8 2 1 ⎝8⎠
log 2 8
log3 34 = log16 1− log16 8
1
1 log 2 8 log 2 23
log 2 23 =0− =−
4 log 216 log 2 24
1
3 3
=−
4

log6 216 log10 17 log10 8

(c) log 6
216 = (d) log7 17 (e) log 5
8
log6 6 log10 7 log10 5
log6 6 3 1.230 0.9031
= 1 0.845 0.3495
log6 6 2 1.456 2.584
3
=
⎛ 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
A WAS!
⎝ 2⎠
=6 b log a b
log a 
c log ac

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8 Diberi log 3 5 a. Ungkapkan setiap yang berikut dalam sebutan a.

Given log3 5 a . Express each of the following in terms of a.
CONTOH log 3 625 (b) 25
(a) log 9 625 log 9 =
log 3 9 27
log 3 3 log9 25 − log9 27
log 5 3 log3 54
log 3 5 log 3 25 log3 27
log3 32 = −
1 log 3 9 log3 9
log 3 5 4a log3 5 log 3 33
2

2 = −
1 log3 32 log 3 32
2a 2a − 3
a
=
2
9 Tanpa kalkulator, cari nilai bagi setiap yang berikut.
Without using a calculator, find the value of each of the following.
CONTOH (a) log3125 × log5 243 =
log5 6 × log 4 5 × log6 16 = log10 125 log10 243
×
log10 6 log10 5 log10 16 log10 3 log10 5
× ×
log10 5 log10 4 log10 6 log10 53 log10 35
log10 42 = ×
= log10 3 log10 5
log10 4 = 3× 5
2log10 4
= = 15
log10 4
=2

(b) log7 64 × log 4 9 × log3 49 = log 2 27 × log 312

(c) =
log10 64 log10 9 log10 49 log 212
× ×
log10 7 log10 4 log10 3 log10 27 log10 12
×
log10 43 log10 32 log10 72 log10 2 log10 3
= × × ⎛ log10 12 ⎞
log10 7 log10 4 log10 3 ⎜ ⎟
= 3× 2× 2 ⎝ log10 2 ⎠
= 12 log10 27 log10 12 log10 2
= × ×
log10 2 log10 3 log10 12
log10 33
=
log10 3
=3

4.4 Aplikasi Indeks, Surd dan Logaritma

Applications of Indices, Surds and Logarithms
1 Selesaikan persamaan berikut.
Solve the following equations. SP 4.4.1
CONTOH x 2x
( )
(a) 3 3 = 9

( )
52n+1 5n =
1
25
3x + 2x = 32
3x = 2
52n+1+ n = 5−2 2
3n + 1 = −2 x=
3
−3
n=
3
= −1

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 Bab 4

2x
(b) 9 4
3x
( )
= 72
(c) 4 x+4
−8
x
3
+1
= 64

2x
9 42 ( )
3 2x
= 72
2 x+4
−2 x +3
= 64

( )
92x 82x = 72
2 2 4
( ) − 2 ( 2 ) = 64
x 3 x

(16 − 8 ) 2x = 64
( 9 × 8 )2x= 72
2x = 1 2x = 8
1 x =3
x=
2
2 Cari nilai a dan b bagi setiap persamaan yang berikut.
Find the values of a and b of the following equations. SP 4.4.1
CONTOH 1
( )
2
(a) 2 3 −3 = a+b 3
3
(2 ) = a+b 2
2
2 −1 1
(
12 − 12 3 + 9 = a + b 3 )
(2 2 − 1) ( 2 2 − 1) = a + b 2 3

8 − 4 2 + 1= a + b 2
1
3
(
21− 12 3 = a + b 3 )
9−4 2 = a+b 2 7−4 3 = a+b 3
∴ a = 9, b = −4 ∴ a = 7, b = −4

4+ 2 7 −1
(b) = a+b 2 (c) = a+b 7
2− 2 7 +3

(4 + 2)(2 + 2) = a + b 2
( 7 −1 )( 7 −3 ) = a+b 7
(2 − 2)(2 + 2) ( 7 + 3) ( 7 − 3)

10 + 6 2 10 − 4 7
= a+b 2 = a+b 7
4−2 7−9
5+3 2 = a+ b 2 −5 + 2 7 = a + b 7
∴ a = 5, b = 3 ∴ a = −5, b = 2

3 Selesaikan persamaan berikut.

Solve the following equations. SP 4.4.1
CONTOH 2
(a) 3x − 9 x − 32 = 4
1+ x + 3 = 2x − 1 3x − 4 = 9 x 2 − 32
Kuasaduakan kedua-dua belah/Squaring Kuasaduakan kedua-dua belah/Squaring both
both sides: sides:
1+ 2 x + 3 + ( x + 3) = 2x − 1
9 x 2 − 24 x + 16 = 9 x 2 − 32
2 x +3 = x −5 24 x = 48
Kuasaduakan kedua-dua belah/Squaring
x=2
both sides:
4 ( x + 3) = x 2 − 10 x + 25
x 2 − 14 x + 13 = 0
( x − 13) ( x − 1) = 0
x 13 atau/or x 1
Semak/Check: x 1 tidak memuaskan
persamaan./does not satisfy the equation.
? Jawapannya ialah/The solution is x 13.

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2019 53

Bab 4

(b) 4 x − 15 = 2 x − 1 (c) 2x + 3 − x + 1 = x − 2
Kuasaduakan kedua-dua belah/Squaring both Kuasaduakan kedua-dua belah/Squaring both
sides: sides:
4 x − 15 = 4 x − 4 x + 1 ( 2x + 3) −2 ( 2x + 3) ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) = x − 2
4 x = 16 x + 3 = ( 2x + 3) ( x + 1)
x =4 Kuasaduakan kedua-dua belah/Squaring both
x = 16 sides:
x 2 + 6 x + 9 = 2x 2 + 5x + 3
x2 − x − 6 = 0
( x − 3) ( x + 2) = 0
x 3 atau/or x = −2
Semak: Apabila x = −2 digantikan dalam
persamaan itu, suatu nombor khayalan akan
diperoleh.
Chec k: When x = – 2 is substituted into the
equation, an imaginary number is formed.
? x = 3.

4 Selesaikan persamaan berikut.

Solve the following equations. SP 4.4.1
CONTOH (a) log e x 4log x e
2x + 3 = 3x + 2 log e x = log x e 4
log10 2x + 3 = log10 3x + 2 log e e 4
log e x =
( x + 3) log10 2 = ( x + 2) log10 3 log e x
xlog10 2 − xlog10 3 = 2log10 3 − 3log10 2 (loge x )2 = 4
x (log10 2 − log10 3) = 2log10 3 − 3log10 2 log e x = ±2

x=
( 2log10 3 − 3log10 2) x e 2 atau/or x = e −2
(log10 2 − log10 3) x = 7.389 atau/or x = 0.135
0.9542 − 0.9031
=
0.3010 − 0.4771
= −0.29

⎛ x ⎞
(b) log e ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 10 − 3log e x
(log 2 3x )
(c) = log 2 36
⎝e ⎠ (log9 3)
log e x − log e e 2 = 10 − 3log e x log 2 3x = log9 3 × log 2 36
4log e x = 10 + 2log e e (log3 3)
= × log 2 62
4log e x = 12 (log3 9 )
log e x =3 1
= × 2log 2 6
x e3 = 20.086 2
= log 2 6
3x 6
x 2

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2019 54

 Bab 4

x −2 52x (e) log 3 5x = 2 + log 3 ( x − 4 )

(d) 3 = 3x
3 log3 5x − log 3 ( x − 4 ) = 2
(3 )(3 ) = 5
3x x −2 2x

log3
5x
= 2log3 3
34x −2
=5 2x x−4
5x
( 4x − 2) log10 3 = 2xlog10 5 =9
x−4
4 xlog10 3 − 2xlog10 5 = 2log10 3
5x = 9 x − 36
x ( 4log10 3 − 2lo
og10 5) = 2log10 3 4 x = 36
2log10 3 x=9
x=
4 log10 3 − 2log10 5
x = 1.87

Praktis Pentaksiran 4

Kertas 1

2 1
1 Selesaikan/Solve 2x − 4 x − 9 = 1. x 2 atau/or x = −
3
2x − 4 x 2 − 9 = 1 1
Semak: Apabila x = − digantikan dalam
2x − 1 = 4 x − 9 2 3
persamaan itu, terdapat nombor khayalan.
Kuasaduakan kedua-dua belah/Squaring both
sides: 1
2 2
Check: When x = − is substituted into the
4x − 4x + 1 = 4x − 9 3
equation, there is an imaginary number.
4 x = 10
? x 2.
5
x=
2
3 Selesaikan/solve
2 Selesaikan/Solve y −8 = y −2
4 x + 1 − 3x − 2 = x − 1 y −8 = y −2
Kuasaduakan kedua-dua belah/Squaring both y − y −8 = 2
sides: Kuasaduakan kedua-dua belah/Squaring both
( 4x + 1) − 2 ( 4x + 1) ( 3x − 2) + ( 3x − 2) sides:
= x −1 y − 2 y ( y − 8) + ( y − 8) = 4

6x = 2 ( 4x + 1) ( 3x − 2) 2y − 12 = 2 y ( y − 8 )
y − 6 = y ( y − 8)
3x = ( 4x + 1) ( 3x − 2)
Kuasaduakan kedua-dua belah/Squaring both Kuasaduakan kedua-dua belah/Squaring both
sides: sides:
9 x 2 = 12x 2 − 5x − 2 y 2 − 12y + 36 = y 2 − 8y
4y = 36
3x 2 − 5x − 2 = 0 y =9
( x − 2) ( 3x + 1) = 0

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2019 55

 4 Diberi 2
x
m, 23y n dan 2x + 3y = 8 + 8y. ⎛y ⎞
Klon
x ⎜ lg5 ⎟ = z (lg 2 + lg5)
SPM Ungkapkan n dalam sebutan m. ⎝x ⎠
‘15 x
It is given that 2 m, 23y n and ⎛y ⎞
2 x + 3y y
= 8 + 8 . Express n in terms of m. ylg5 = z ⎜ lg5 + lg5 ⎟
⎝ x ⎠
2x + 3y = 8 + 8y ⎛y ⎞
y = z ⎜ + 1⎟
⎝x ⎠
( )
y
2x 23y = 8 + 23
⎛y+x⎞
mn = 8 + n
z⎜ ⎟=y
⎝ x ⎠
mn − n = 8 xy
8 z=
n= x+y
m −1

5 Diberi log a 3 x dan log a 7 y, ungkapkan

Klon
SPM log7 81a2 dalam sebutan x dan y.
‘15
2
Given log a 3 x and log a 7 y, express log7 81a
in terms of x and y.
log a 81a2 7 Diberi log b 6 x , ungkapkan dalam sebutan x
log7 81a2 = Klon
dan y,
log a 7 SPM
‘16
Given logb 6 x , express in terms of x and y,
1
(
= log a 81+ log a a
y
2
) (a) log b 216 (b) log6 36b
3

1
( 4
= log a 3 + 2log a a
y
) (a) log b 216 log b 63
3log b 6
1
= ( 4log a 3 + 2) 3x
y
2 (b) log6 36b3 = log6 36 + log6 b3
= ( 2x + 1)
y = log6 62 + 3log6 b
⎛ log b b ⎞
= 2 + 3⎜ ⎟
⎝ log b 6 ⎠
3
= 2+
x
x
6 Diberi bahawa 2 5y 10z, ungkapkan z
Klon 8x +5
SPM dalam sebutan x dan y. 8 Diberi = 1, ungkapkan y dalam x.
‘16 x 4y − 2
It is given that 2 5 y 10 z , express z in terms of Klon
SPM

x and y.
‘17
8x +5
Given = 1, express y in terms of x.
x y 4 y −2
2 5
Ambil logaritma kepada asas 10 untuk kedua- 8x +5
=1
dua belah./Take logarithm to base 10 for both 4y − 2
( x + 5) ( y − 2)
sides.
xlg 2 ylg5
(2 )
3
( )
= 22

y 23x +15 = 22y − 4

lg 2 lg 5 3x + 15 = 2y − 4
x
2x 10z 2y = 3x + 19
Ambil logaritma kepada asas 10 untuk kedua- 3x + 19
y=
dua belah./Take logarithm to base 10 for both 2
sides.
xlg 2 zlg10

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2019 56

 9 Selesaikan persamaan: 11
b
(a) Tukarkan a x kepada bentuk logaritma.
Klon
SPM Solve the equation: Klon
Seterusnya, nyatakan syarat-syarat bagi x.
‘17 SPM
loga 625 − log a 4a = 2 ‘18 b
Convert a x to the logarithmic form.
Hence, state the conditions of x.
log a 625 − log 4a = 2
a 2
log a 4a (b) Diberi log6 p , ungkapkan p
log a 625 − =2 log pq 6
log a a dalam sebutan q.
log a 4a 2
log a 625 − =2 Given log6 p , express p in terms of q.
⎛ 1⎞ log pq 6
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ (a) a x
b

log a 625 − log a ( 4a ) = 2

2
log x a b dengan keadaan x > 0 and x ≠ 1
625
log a =2 2
16a2 (b) log6 p =
log pq 6
625
2
= a2 log p p 2
16a =
16a4 = 625 log p 6 ⎛ log p 6 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
25 ⎜ log p pq ⎟
a2 = ⎝ ⎠
4 log p p = 2log p pq
5
a=± a>0 1 = 2 (log p p + log p q )
2
1
5 = 1+ log p q
∴ a 2
2 1
log p q = −
w w x 2
10 Diberi 3 + 3 = 3 , ungkapkan w dalam 1
−
Klon
SPM sebutan x. p 2 =q
w w x
‘18
Given 3 + 3 = 3 , express w in terms of x.
p = q −2
3w + 3w = 3x 1
p= 2
( )
2 3w = 3x q
Ambil logaritma kepada asas 3 untuk kedua-dua
belah./Take logarithm to base 3 for both sides.

( )
log3 ( 2) 3w = log3 3x
log3 2 + log3 3w = x
w = x − log 3 2

Genius
n +1 n n −1
Tunjukkan bahawa 3 + 3 + 3 boleh dibahagikan dengan 13 bagi semua nilai integer positif n.
n +1 n n −1
Show that 3 + 3 + 3 is divisible by 13 for all positive integral values of n.

3n+1 + 3n + 3n−1 = 313n + (1) 3n + 3−13n

⎛ 1⎞
= ⎜ 3 + 1+ ⎟ 3n
⎝ 3⎠
⎛ ⎞
13
= ⎜ ⎟ 3n n +1 n n −1
⎝ 3⎠ Terdapat faktor 13 dalam ungkapan 3 + 3 + 3 .
n +1
⎛ 1⎞ There is a factor of 13 in the expression 3 + 3n + 3n−1.
= (13) ⎜ ⎟ 3n
⎝ 3⎠ ? 3n+1 + 3n + 3n−1 boleh dibahagikan dengan/is divisible by 13.

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2019 57