Advanced Calculus & Numerical Methods 18MAT21: Module-V Important Results
Advanced Calculus & Numerical Methods 18MAT21: Module-V Important Results
Advanced Calculus & Numerical Methods 18MAT21: Module-V Important Results
x y f(x) y 2 y 3 y 4 y
x0 y0
y 1 - y 0 = y 0
x1 y1 y 1 - y 0 = 2 y0
y 2 - y 1 = y 1 2 y1 - 2 y0 = 3 y0
x2 y2 y 2 - y 1 = 2 y1 3 y1 - 3 y0 = 4 y0
y 3 - y 2 = y 2 2 y 2 - 2 y1 = 3 y1
x3 y3 y 3 - y 2 = 2 y 2
y 4 - y 3 = y 3
x4 y4
x y f(x) y 2 y 3 y 4 y
x0 y0
y 1 - y 0 = y 1
x1 y1 y 2 - y 1 = 2 y 2
y 2 - y 1 = y 2 2 y3 - 2 y2 = 3 y3
x2 y2 y 3 - y 2 = 2 y 3 3 y4 - 3 y3 = 4 y4
y 3 - y 2 = y 3 2 y4 - 2 y3 = 3 y4
x3 y3 y 4 - y 3 = 2 y 4
y 4 - y 3 = y 4
x4 y4
p( p 1 ) 2 p( p 1 )( p 2 ) 3 p ) p 1 )( p 2 )( p 3 ) 4
y( x ) y0 py0 y0 y0 y0 ...... ,
2! 3! 4!
x x0
Where p
h
3. Newton’s backward interpolation formula:
p( p 1 ) 2 p( p 1 )( p 2 ) 3 p ) p 1 )( p 2 )( p 3 ) 4
y( x ) y n py n yn yn y n ......
2! 3! 4!
x xn
, Where p
h
4. Newton’s divided difference formula for unequal intervals:
f ( x ) f ( x0 ) ( x x0 ) f ( x0 , x1 ) ( x x0 )( x x1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x2 )
( x x0 )( x x1 )( x x2 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 ) ..... ( x x0 )( x x1 )( x x2 )...(x xn1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x2 ,....xn )
ba
, h
n
ii) Simpson’s 3 th rule :
8
ba
b
.
iii) Weddle’s Rule:
ba
b
f ( x )dx 10 y 5 y1 y 2 6 y 3 y 4 5 y 5 y6 , h
3h
0 and n should be a 6.
a
n
PROBLEMS
1. The area A of a circle of diameter d is given for the following values.
d 80 85 90 95 100
A 5026 5674 6362 7088 7854
Calculate the area of circle of diameter 105.
Solution:
d=x y=A y 2 y 3 y 4 y
80 5626
648
85 5674 40
688 -2
90 6362 38 4= 4 y 4
726 2= 3 y 4
95 7088 40=
2 y4
766= y 4
100 7854= y 4
105 100
p 1
5
( 1 )( 2 )( 40 ) ( 1 )( 2 )( 3 )( 2 ) ( 1 )( 2 )( 3 )( 4 )( 4 )
y( 105 ) 7854 766( 1 )
2 6 24
y( 105 ) 7854 766 40 2 4
y( 105 ) 8666
Thus the area A corresponding to diameter 105 is 8666
2. From the data given below , find the number of students who obtained i) Less than 45
marks ii) Between 40 and 45 marks.
Marks 0-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80
No.os Students 31 42 51 35 31
Solution:
Let x be the marks obtained the students and let y f ( x ) be the number of students
getting less than x marks.
x y f(x) y 2 y 3 y 4 y
<40 31
42
50 73 9
51 -25
60 124 -15 37
35 12
70 159 -4
31
80 190
x 80 85 90 95 100
y f(x) 5026 5674 6362 7088 7854
Solution:
p( p 1 ) 2 p( p 1 )( p 2 ) 3 p ) p 1 )( p 2 )( p 3 ) 4
y( x ) y0 py0 y0 y0 y0 ,
2! 3! 4!
x x0
Where p
h
82 80
p 0.4
5
( 0.4 )( 0.6 )( 40 ) ( 0.4 )( 0.6 )( 1.6 )( 2 )
y( 82 ) 5026 ( 0.4 )( 648 )
2 6
( 0.4 )( 0.6 )( 1.6 )( 2.6 )( 4 )
24
y( 82 ) 5026 ( 0.4 )( 648 ) ( 0.4 )( 0.6 )( 20 ) ( 0.4 )( 0.6 )( 1.6 )( 0.3333 )
( 0.4 )( 0.6 )( 1.6 )( 2.6 )( 0.1666 ) To
y( 82 ) 5280.1
find y( 98 ) :
By the Newton’s backward formula , we have
p( p 1 ) 2 p( p 1 )( p 2 ) 3 p ) p 1 )( p 2 )( p 3 ) 4
y( x ) y 4 py 4 y4 y4 y4 ,
2! 3! 4!
x x4
Where p
h
98 100
p 0.4
5
4. The table gives the distances in nutrical miles of the visible horizon for the given heights
in feet above the earth’s surface:
x Height 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
y Dis tan ce 10.63 13.03 15.04 16.81 18.42 19.90 21.27
Find the values of y at i) x=160 ft . ii) x=410ft.
Solution:
We can find the distance at both x=160 and x=410 by using Newton’s forward and
Backward formulas simultaneously.
The divided difference table as follows.
x y I DD II DD III DD IV DD V DD VI DD
100 10.63
2.4
150 13.03 -0.39
2.01 0.15
200 15.04 -0.24 -0.07
1.77 0.08 0.02
250 16.81 -0.16 -0.05 0.02
1.61 0.03 0.04
300 18.42 -0.13 -0.01
1.48 0.02
350 19.90 -0.11
1.37
400 21.27
p( p 1 ) 2 p( p 1 )( p 2 ) 3 p ) p 1 )( p 2 )( p 3 ) 4
y( x ) y0 py0 y0 y0 y0 ,
2! 3! 4!
x x0
Where p
h
160 100
p 1.2
50
p( p 1 ) 2 p( p 1 )( p 2 ) 3 p ) p 1 )( p 2 )( p 3 ) 4
y( x ) y n py n yn yn y n ......
2! 3! 4!
x xn
, Where p
h
410 400
p 0.2
50
0.2( 1.2 )( 0.11 ) 0.2( 1.2 )( 2.2 )( 0.02 )
y( 410 ) 21.27 0.2( 1.7 )
2 6
0.2( 1.2 )( 2.2 )( 3.2 )( 0.01 ) 0.2( 1.2 )( 2.2 )( 3.2 )( 4.2 )( 0.04 )
24 120
0.2( 1.2 )( 2.2 )( 3.2 )( 4.2 )( 5.2 )( 0.02 )
720
y( 410 ) 21.27 0.274 0.0132 0.00176 0.000704 0.002365 0.001025
y( 410 ) 21.5352
x 40 50 60 70 80 90
y f(x) 184 204 226 250 276 304
Solution:
We can find the solution of f ( 42 ) by using Newton’s forward interpolation formula ,
because the value of x 42 is near to x 0 , the formula is
p( p 1 ) 2 p( p 1 )( p 2 ) 3 p ) p 1 )( p 2 )( p 3 ) 4
y( x ) y0 py0 y0 y0 y0 .... ,
2! 3! 4!
x x0
Where p
h
x y f(x) y 2 y 3 y 4 y 5 y
40 184
20
50 204 2
22 0
60 226 2 0
24 0 0
70 250 2 0
26 0
80 276 2
28
90 304
x x0 42 40
p 0.2
h 10
( 0.2 )( 0.2 )( 2 )
f ( 42 ) 184 ( 0.2 )( 20 ) 0
2
f ( 42 ) 184 4 0.16
f ( 42 ) 187.4
6. Find the equation of the polynomial , which passes through
4 ,43, 7 ,83, 9 ,327 , 12,1053 using Newton’s divided difference interpolation
formula.
Solution:
The Newton’s divided difference table for unequal intervals as follows.
x y f(x) I DD II DD III DD
4 -43= f ( x0 )
42= f ( x0 , x1 )
7 83 16= f ( x0 , x1 , x2 )
122 1= f ( x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 )
9 327 24
242
12 1053
f ( x ) f ( x0 ) ( x x0 ) f ( x0 , x1 ) ( x x0 )( x x1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x 2 )
( x x0 )( x x1 )( x x 2 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x 2 , x 3 )
f ( x ) 43 ( x 4 )( 42 ) ( x 4 )( x 7 )( 16 ) ( x 4 )( x 7 )( x 9 )( 1 )
f ( x ) 43 42 x 168 16 x 2 176 x 448 x 3 16 x 2 63 x 4 x 3 64 x 252
f ( x ) x 3 4 x 2 7 x 15
7. Using Newton’s divided difference interpolation formula fit a polynomial for the following
data.
x 2 4 5 6 8 10
y f(x) 10 96 196 350 868 1746
Solution:
Newton’s divided difference table for unequal intervals as follows.
x y f(x) I DD II DD III DD
2 10= f ( x0 )
43= f ( x0 , x1 )
4 96 19= f ( x0 , x1 , x2 )
100 2= f ( x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 )
5 196 27
154 2
6 350 35
259 2
8 868 45
439
10 1746
f ( x ) f ( x0 ) ( x x0 ) f ( x0 , x1 ) ( x x0 )( x x1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x 2 )
( x x0 )( x x1 )( x x 2 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x 2 , x 3 )
f ( x ) 10 ( x 2 )( 43 ) ( x 2 )( x 4 )( 19 ) ( x 2 )( x 4 )( x 6 )( 2 )
f ( x ) 10 43 x 86 19 x 2 114 x 152 2 x 3 24 x 2 88 x 96
f ( x ) 2 x 3 43 x 2 9 x 20
8. Use Lagrange’s interpolation formula to find f ( 4 ) for the following data.
x 0 2 3 6
y f(x) -4 2 14 158
Solution:
Given x 0 0 , x 1 2 , x 2 3 , x 3 6
y 0 4 , y 1 2 , y 2 14, y 3 158
We know that
( x x1 )( x x 2 )( x x 3 ) ( x x0 )( x x 2 )( x x 3 )
y( x ) y0 y1
( x0 x1 )( x0 x 2 )( x0 x 3 ) ( x1 x0 )( x1 x 2 )( x1 x 3 )
( x x0 )( x x1 )( x x 3 ) ( x x0 )( x x1 )( x x 2 )
y2 y3
( x 2 x0 )( x 2 x1 )( x 2 x 3 ) ( x 3 x0 )( x 3 x1 )( x 3 x 2 )
( 4 2 )( 4 3 )( 4 6 )( 4 ) ( 4 0 )( 4 3 )( 4 6 )( 2 )
y( 4 )
( 0 2 )( 0 3 )( 0 6 ) ( 2 0 )( 2 3 )( 2 6 )
( 4 0 )( 4 2 )( 4 6 )( 14 ) ( 4 0 )( 4 2 )( 4 3 )( 158 )
( 3 0 )( 3 2 )( 3 6 ) ( 6 0 )( 6 2 )( 6 3 )
y( 4 ) 0.44 2 24.89 17.56
y( 4 ) 40.81
9. Applying Lagrange’s interpolation formula to find u( 4 ) for the data
u 0 707 , u 2 819, u 3 866 , u 6 966 .
Solution:
Let x 0 0 , x 1 2 , x 2 3 , x 3 6
y 0 707 , y 1 819, y 2 866 , y 3 966
We know that
( x x1 )( x x 2 )( x x 3 ) ( x x0 )( x x 2 )( x x 3 )
y( x ) y0 y1
( x0 x1 )( x0 x 2 )( x0 x 3 ) ( x1 x0 )( x1 x 2 )( x1 x 3 )
( x x0 )( x x1 )( x x 3 ) ( x x0 )( x x1 )( x x 2 )
y2 y3
( x 2 x0 )( x 2 x1 )( x 2 x 3 ) ( x 3 x0 )( x 3 x1 )( x 3 x 2 )
( 4 2 )( 4 3 )( 4 6 )(707 ) ( 4 0 )( 4 3 )( 4 6 )( 819 )
y( 4 )
( 0 2 )( 0 3 )( 0 6 ) ( 2 0 )( 2 3 )( 2 6 )
( 4 0 )( 4 2 )( 4 6 )( 866 ) ( 4 0 )( 4 2 )( 4 3 )( 966 )
( 3 0 )( 3 2 )( 3 6 ) ( 6 0 )( 6 2 )( 6 3 )
y( 4 ) 78.56 819 1539.56 107.
y( 4 ) 906.45
10. Write an interpolating polynomial of the form x f ( y ) and hence find x( 5 )andy( 5 ) for
the following data.
x 2 10 17
y f(x) 1 3 4
Solution:
Let x0 2 x1 10 x 2 17
y 0 1, y 1 3 , y 2 4 ,
By the inverse Lagrange’s interpolation formula , we have
( y y 1 )( y y 2 ) ( y y 0 )( y y 2 ) ( y y 0 )( y y 1 )
x( y ) x0 x1 x2
( y 0 y 1 )( y 0 y 2 ) ( y 1 y 0 )( y 1 y 2 ) ( y 2 y 0 )( y 2 y 1 )
( y 3 )( y 4 ) ( y 1 )( y 4 ) ( y 1 )( y 3 )
x( y ) 2 10 17
( 1 3 )( 1 4 ) ( 3 1 )( 3 4 ) ( 4 1 )( 4 3 )
1 17
x( y ) ( y 2 7 y 12 ) 5( y 2 5 y 4 ) ( y2 4y 3)
3 3
x( y ) y 2 1
x y2 1 (1)
x( 5 ) 5 2 1 26
When x 5
(1) 5 y 2 1
5 y2 1
y2 4
y 2
11. Find the root of the equation Cosx xe x using Regula-falsi method.
Solution:
Given
Cosx xe x
Cosx xe x 0
f ( x ) Cosx xe x
Let x0 0 , x1 0
f ( x0 ) f ( 0 ) 1 0
f ( x1 ) f ( 1 ) 2.1779 0
The root lies between 0 and 1
By the Regula-falsi method , we have
x0 f ( x1 ) x1 f ( x0 )
x2
f ( x1 ) f ( x0 )
( 0 )( 2.1779 ) ( 1 )( 1 )
x2 0.31467
2.1779 1
f ( x 2 ) f ( 0.31467 ) 0.51987 0
x 2 f ( x1 ) x1 f ( x 2 )
x3
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 )
( 0.31467 )( 2.1779 ) ( 1 )( 0.51987 )
x3 0.44672
2.1779 0.51987
f ( x 3 ) f ( 0.44672 ) 0.20356 0
x 3 f ( x1 ) x1 f ( x 3 )
x4
f ( x1 ) f ( x 3 )
( 0.44672 )( 2.17790.) ( 1 )( 0.20356 )
x4
2.1779 0.2.356
x 4 0.49402
Similarly, we can get
x 5 0.50995
x 0.5100 be approximate real root.
Solution:
Given x log 10 x 1.2 0
f(x)0
f ( x ) x log 10 x 1.2
Let x 0 2.7 , x1 2.8
f ( x0 ) f ( 2.7 ) 0.0353 0
f ( x1 ) f ( 2.8 ) 0.0520 0
x0 f ( x1 ) x1 f ( x0 )
x2
f ( x1 ) f ( x0 )
( 2.8 )( 0.0520 ) ( 2.9 )( 0.0353 )
x2 2.7404
0.0520 0.0353
f ( x 2 ) f ( 2.7404 ) 0.0002 0
x 2 f ( x1 ) x1 f ( x 2 )
x3
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 )
( 2.7404 )( 0.0520 ) ( 2.9 )( 0.0002 )
x3 2.7406
0.0520 0.0002
f ( x 3 ) f ( 2.7406 ) 0.00002 0
The real root of the equation is x 2.7406
14. Find the real root of the equation x 3 2 x 5 0 0 by using Regula-falsi method.
Solution:
Given
x 3 2x 5 0 0
f(x)0
f ( x ) x 3 2x 5
Let x0 2 , x1 2.1
f ( x0 ) f ( 2 ) 1 0
f ( x1 ) f ( 2.1 ) 0.061 0
x0 f ( x1 ) x1 f ( x0 )
x2
f ( x1 ) f ( x0 )
( 2 )( 0.061 ) ( 2.1 )( 1 )
x2 2.0942
0.061 1
f ( x 2 ) f ( 2.0942 ) 0.003922 0
x 2 f ( x1 ) x1 f ( x 2 )
x3
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 )
( 2.0942 )( 0.061 ) ( 2.1 )( 0.003922 )
x3 2.0945
0.061 0.003922
f ( x 3 ) f ( 2.0945 ) 0.0005 0
The real root of the equation is x 2.0945
15. Solve xe x 3 0 by Regula-falsi method. (HW)
16. Use Newton-Raphson method to find a real root of xSinx Cosx 0
(Or x tan x 1 0 ) near x correct to three decimal places.( Convert calculator to
radian mode)
Solution:
Given
xSinx Cosx 0 , x0
f(x)0
f ( x ) xSinx Cosx
f ( x ) xCosx
By the Newton-Raphson method, we know that
f ( x0 )
x1 x0
f ( x0 )
( 1 ) 1
x1 2.8246
f ( x1 )
x 2 x1
f ( x1 )
( 0.06971 )
x1 2.8246 2.8246 0.0259 2.7987
( 2.6839 )
f ( x2 )
x3 x 2
f ( x 2 )
( 0.00082742 )
x 3 2.7987 2.7987 0.0003139 2.7983
( 2.6358 )
17. Using Newton-Raphson method find the real root of the equation 3x Cosx 1 .
Solution:
Given
3x Cosx 1 , Let x0 0.5
f(x)0
f ( x ) 3 x Cosx 1
f ( x ) 3 Sinx
By the Newton-Raphson method, we know that
f ( x0 )
x1 x0
f ( x0 )
( 0.3775 )
x 1 0.5 0.5 0.1085 0.6085
( 3.4794 )
f ( x1 )
x 2 x1
f ( x1 )
( 0.004993 )
x 2 0.6085 0.6085 0.001397 0.6071
( 3.5716 )
f ( x2 )
x3 x2
f ( x 2 )
( 0.000005884 )
x 3 0.6071 0.6071 0.000001647 0.6071
( 3.5704 )
Clearly x 2 x 3 0.6071
The real root of the equation is x 0.6071
18. Using Newton-Raphson method find the real root of the equation x log 10 x 1.2 .
Solution:
Given
x log10 x 1.2
x log10 x 1.2 0
f(x)0
log e x
f ( x ) x log 10 x 1.2 x 1.2 ( 0.4343 )x log x 1.2
log e 10
f ( x ) ( 0.4343 )( 1 log e x )
Let x0 2
0.0636
x 2 2.8132 2.8132 0.7200 2.7412
0.8834
f ( x2 )
x3 x2
f ( x 2 )
0.0004831
x 3 2.7412 2.7412 0.00055 2.74064
0.8691
f ( x3 )
x4 x3
f ( x 3 )
Clearly x 3 x 4 2.7406
The real root of the equation is x 2.7406
19. Using Newton-Raphson method find the cube root of 37.
Solution:
x 3 37
x 3 37
x 3 37 0
Let
f(x)0
f ( x ) x 3 37
f ( x ) 3 x 2
Let x0 3 , then by the Newton-Raphson method, we have
f ( x0 )
x1 x0
f ( x0 )
( 10 ) 91
x1 3 3.3703
27 27
f ( x1 )
x 2 x1
f ( x1 )
( 1.2830 )
x 2 3.3703 3.3703 0.03765 3.3327
( 34.0767 )
f ( x2 )
x3 x2
f ( x 2 )
( 0.01592 )
x 3 3.3327 3.3327 0.0004778 3.3322
( 33.3206 )
Clearly x 2 x 3 3.3322
3
37 3.3322
2
20. Use Weddle’s rule to evaluate Cosxdx by dividing into 6 equal parts.
2
Solution:
2
Let I= Cosxdx , n 6
2
ba 2 2
h 30 0 0.5238
n 6 6
Partition P a x0 90 0 ,60 0 ,30 0 ,0 ,30 0 ,60 0 ,90 0 x6 b
x y Cosx
-90 Cos(-90) y 0 =0
-60 Cos(-60) y1 =0.5
-30 Cos(-30) y 2 =0.8660
0 Cos(0) y 3 =1
30 Cos(30) y 4 =0.8660
60 Cos(60) y 5 =0.5
90 Cos(90) y6 =0
By the Weddle’s rule, we have
b
f ( x )dx 10 y 5 y1 y 2 6 y 3 y 4 5 y 5 y6
3h
0
a
3 0.5238
I 0 2.5 0.8660 6 0.8660 2.5 0
10
I ( 0.15714 )( 12.732 )
I 2.0007
I 2
1.4
( Sinx log x e
x
21. Compute the value of )dx by using Simpson’s 3/8th rule.
0.2
Solution:
1.4
Let I= ( Sinx log x e )dx n 6
x
0.2 ,
b a 1.4 0.2
h 0.2
n 6
f ( x )dx 8 ( y y6 ) 3( y1 y 2 y 4 y 5 ) 2( y 3 )
3h
0
a
3 0.2
I ( 3.0295 4.4042 ) 3( 13.3247 ) 2( 3.1660 )
8
I 4.053
3
dx
22. Evaluate ( 1 x )
0
2
by using Simpson’s 3/8th rule.
Solution:
3
dx
Let I= ( 1 x )
0
2
, n=6
ba 30
h 0.5
n 6
Partition P a x0 0 ,0.5 ,1,1.5 ,2 ,2.5 ,3 x6 b
1
x y
( 1 x )2
0 y 0 =1
0.5 y1 =0.4444
1 y 2 =0.25
1.5 y 3 =0.16
2 y 4 =0.3333
2.5 y 5 =0.0816
3 y6 =0.0625
f ( x )dx 8 ( y y6 ) 3( y1 y 2 y 4 y 5 ) 2( y 3 )
3h
0
a
3 0.5
I ( 1 0.0625 ) 2( 0.16 ) 3( 1.1093 )
8
I ( 0.1875 )( 1.0625 0.32 3.3279 )
I ( 0.1875 )( 4.7104 )
I 0.8832
5.2
23. Evaluate
log
4
e xdx
taking 6 equal parts by applying Weddle’s rule.
Solution:
5.2
Let I=
log
4
e xdx
, n=6
b a 5.2 4
h 0.2
n 6
Partition P a x0 4 ,4.2 ,4.4 ,4.6 ,4.8 ,5 ,5.2 x6 b
x y log e x
4 y 0 =1.3863
4.2 y1 =1.4351
4.4 y 2 =1.4816
4.6 y 3 =1.5261
4.8 y 4 =1.5686
5 y 5 =1.6094
5.2 y6 =1.6487
f ( x )dx 10 y 5 y1 y 2 6 y 3 y 4 5 y 5 y6
3h
0
a
3 0.2
I 1.3863 7.1755 1.4816 9.1566 1.5686 8.0470 1.6487
10
I 1.8279
2
24. Use Simpson’s 3 rd rule to evaluate Sinxdx by dividing into 10 equal parts.
1
0
Solution:
2
Let I=
0
Sinxdx , n 10
0
ba 2
h 9 0 0.1571
n 10 20
Partition P a x0 0 0 ,9 0 ,18 0 ,27 0 ,36 0 ,45 0 ,54 0 ,63 0 ,72 0 ,810 ,90 0 x10 b
x y Sinx
0 y 0 =0
9 y1 =0.3955
18 y 2 =0.5559
27 y 3 =0.6738
36 y 4 =0.7667
45 y 5 =0.8409
54 y6 =0.8995
63 y7 =0.9439
72 y 8 =0.9752
81 y 9 =0.9938
90 y10 =1
f ( x )dx 3 ( y y10 ) 2( y 2 y 4 y6 y 8 ) 4( y1 y 3 y 5 y7 y 9 )
h
0
a
I
0.1571
1 2( 3.1973 ) 4( 3.8479 )
3
I ( 0.0524 )( 1 15.3916 6.3946 )
I ( 0.0524 )( 22.7862 )
I 1.1932
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