ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS

18MAT21
MODULE-V
IMPORTANT RESULTS:

1. Divided differences with equal length of interval:

Suppose y  f ( x ) be a function, let y 0 , y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ….. y n be the set of values corresponding to its
arguments x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 …… x n with the equal length of interval h , then
FORWARD DIVIDED DIFFERENCE TABLE:

x y  f(x) y 2 y 3 y 4 y
x0 y0
y 1 - y 0 = y 0
x1 y1 y 1 - y 0 = 2 y0
y 2 - y 1 = y 1 2 y1 - 2 y0 = 3 y0
x2 y2 y 2 - y 1 = 2 y1 3 y1 - 3 y0 = 4 y0
y 3 - y 2 = y 2 2 y 2 - 2 y1 = 3 y1
x3 y3 y 3 - y 2 = 2 y 2
y 4 - y 3 = y 3
x4 y4

BACKWARD DIVIDED DIFFERENCE TABLE:

x y  f(x) y 2 y 3 y 4 y
x0 y0
y 1 - y 0 = y 1
x1 y1 y 2 -  y 1 =  2 y 2
y 2 - y 1 = y 2  2 y3 -  2 y2 =  3 y3
x2 y2  y 3 - y 2 =  2 y 3  3 y4 -  3 y3 =  4 y4
y 3 - y 2 = y 3  2 y4 -  2 y3 =  3 y4
x3 y3 y 4 - y 3 =  2 y 4
y 4 - y 3 = y 4
x4 y4

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

2. Newton’s forward interpolation formula:

p( p  1 ) 2 p( p  1 )( p  2 ) 3 p ) p  1 )( p  2 )( p  3 ) 4
y( x )  y0  py0   y0   y0   y0  ...... ,
2! 3! 4!
x  x0
Where p 
h
3. Newton’s backward interpolation formula:

p( p  1 ) 2 p( p  1 )( p  2 ) 3 p ) p  1 )( p  2 )( p  3 ) 4
y( x )  y n  py n   yn   yn   y n  ......
2! 3! 4!
x  xn
, Where p 
h
4. Newton’s divided difference formula for unequal intervals:
f ( x )  f ( x0 )  ( x  x0 ) f ( x0 , x1 )  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x2 ) 
( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x2 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 )  ..... ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x2 )...(x  xn1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x2 ,....xn )

5. Lagrange’s interpolation formula for unequal intervals:

( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )( x  x3 )....(x  x n ) ( x  x0 )( x  x 2 )( x  x3 )....(x  x n )
y( x )  y0  y1 
( x0  x1 )( x0  x 2 )( x0  x3 )....(x0  x n ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x 2 )( x1  x3 )....(x1  x n )
( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x3 )....(x  x n )
y 2  .......
( x 2  x0 )( x 2  x1 )( x 2  x3 )....(x 2  x n )
6. Newton Raphson method:
i) Write the given transcendental equation as f ( x )  0 .
ii) Choose the nearest root x 0 , for which f ( x0 )0 .
f ( xn )
iii) Do the iterations by using x n 1  x n  , n  0 ,1,2 ,3 ,....
f ( x n )
7. Regula-False method.
i) Write the given transcendental equation as f ( x )  0 .
ii) Choose the nearest root x 0 and x 1 , for which f ( x0 )0 and f ( x1 )0 .
x1 f ( x0 )  x0 f ( x1 )
iii) x2 
f ( x0 )  f ( x1 )
8. Numerical Integration:
b

 f ( x )dx  3 ( y  y n )  2( y 2  y 4  .....) 4( y1  y 3  ......y n1 )

h
i) Simpson’s 1 rd Rule :
3 0
a

ba
, h
n
ii) Simpson’s 3 th rule :
8
ba
b

 f ( x )dx  8 ( y  y n )  3( y1  y 2  y 4  .....) 2( y 3  y6  ......y n3 ) , h 

3h
0
a
n

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

.
iii) Weddle’s Rule:
ba
b

 f ( x )dx  10 y  5 y1  y 2  6 y 3  y 4  5 y 5  y6  , h 
3h
0 and n should be a 6.
a
n

PROBLEMS
1. The area A of a circle of diameter d is given for the following values.
d 80 85 90 95 100
A 5026 5674 6362 7088 7854
Calculate the area of circle of diameter 105.
Solution:

d=x y=A y 2 y 3 y 4 y
80 5626
648
85 5674 40
688 -2
90 6362 38 4=  4 y 4
726 2=  3 y 4
95 7088 40=
 2 y4
766=  y 4
100 7854= y 4

By the Newton’s backward interpolation formula , we have

p( p  1 ) 2 p( p  1 )( p  2 ) 3 p ) p  1 )( p  2 )( p  3 ) 4
y( x )  y 4  py 4   y4   y4   y4 ,
2! 3! 4!
x  x4
Where p 
h

105  100
p 1
5
( 1 )( 2 )( 40 ) ( 1 )( 2 )( 3 )( 2 ) ( 1 )( 2 )( 3 )( 4 )( 4 )
 y( 105 )  7854  766( 1 )   
2 6 24
 y( 105 )  7854  766  40  2  4
 y( 105 )  8666
Thus the area A corresponding to diameter 105 is 8666

2. From the data given below , find the number of students who obtained i) Less than 45
marks ii) Between 40 and 45 marks.
Marks 0-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80
No.os Students 31 42 51 35 31

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

Solution:
Let x be the marks obtained the students and let y  f ( x ) be the number of students
getting less than x marks.

x y  f(x) y 2 y 3 y 4 y
<40 31
42
50 73 9
51 -25
60 124 -15 37
35 12
70 159 -4
31
80 190

By the Newton’s forward interpolation formula , we have

p( p  1 ) 2 p( p  1 )( p  2 ) 3 p ) p  1 )( p  2 )( p  3 ) 4
y( x )  y0  py0   y0   y0   y0 ,
2! 3! 4!
x  x0
Where p 
h
45  40
p  0.5
10
( 0.5 )( 0.5  1 )( 9 ) ( 0.5 )( 0.5  1 )( 0.5  2 )( 25 )
 y( 45 )  31  ( 0.5 )( 42 )   
2 6
( 0.5 )( 0.5  1 )( 0.5  2 )( 0.5  3 )( 37 )
24
 y( 45 )  31  21  1.125  1.5625  1.445
 y( 45 )  47.8675
 y( 45 )  48
 The number of students , who obtained less than 45 marks = 48
Since the number of students who obtained less than 40 marks is 31

 The number of students, who obtained marks between 40 to 45 is : 48-31 =17

3. Use appropriate interpolating formula to compute y( 82 ) and y( 98 ) for the data.

x 80 85 90 95 100
y  f(x) 5026 5674 6362 7088 7854

Solution:

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

d=x y=A I DD II DD III DD IV DD

80 5626
648
85 5674 40
688 -2
90 6362 38 4=  4 y 4
726 2=  3 y 4
95 7088 40=
 2 y4
766=  y 4
100 7854= y 4
To find y( 82 ) :
By the Newton’s interpolation, we have

p( p  1 ) 2 p( p  1 )( p  2 ) 3 p ) p  1 )( p  2 )( p  3 ) 4
y( x )  y0  py0   y0   y0   y0 ,
2! 3! 4!
x  x0
Where p 
h

82  80
p  0.4
5
( 0.4 )( 0.6 )( 40 ) ( 0.4 )( 0.6 )( 1.6 )( 2 )
 y( 82 )  5026  ( 0.4 )( 648 )   
2 6
( 0.4 )( 0.6 )( 1.6 )( 2.6 )( 4 )
24
 y( 82 )  5026  ( 0.4 )( 648 )  ( 0.4 )( 0.6 )( 20 )  ( 0.4 )( 0.6 )( 1.6 )( 0.3333 ) 
( 0.4 )( 0.6 )( 1.6 )( 2.6 )( 0.1666 ) To
 y( 82 )  5280.1
find y( 98 ) :
By the Newton’s backward formula , we have
p( p  1 ) 2 p( p  1 )( p  2 ) 3 p ) p  1 )( p  2 )( p  3 ) 4
y( x )  y 4  py 4   y4   y4   y4 ,
2! 3! 4!
x  x4
Where p 
h

98  100
p  0.4
5

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

( 0.4 )( 0.6 )( 40 ) ( 0.4 )( 0.6 )( 1.6 )( 2 )

 y( 98 )  7854  766(( 0.4 ))   
2 6
( 0.4 )( 0.6 )( 1.6 )( 2.6 )( 4 )
24
 y( 98 )  7854  ( 0.4 )( 766 )  ( 0.4()0.6 )( 20 )  ( 0.4 )( 0.6 )( 1.6 )( 0.3333 ) 
( 0.4 )( 0.6 )( 1.6 )( 2.6 )( 0.1666 )
y( 98 )  7547.30

4. The table gives the distances in nutrical miles of the visible horizon for the given heights
in feet above the earth’s surface:
x  Height 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
y  Dis tan ce 10.63 13.03 15.04 16.81 18.42 19.90 21.27
Find the values of y at i) x=160 ft . ii) x=410ft.

Solution:
We can find the distance at both x=160 and x=410 by using Newton’s forward and
Backward formulas simultaneously.
The divided difference table as follows.

x y I DD II DD III DD IV DD V DD VI DD
100 10.63
2.4
150 13.03 -0.39
2.01 0.15
200 15.04 -0.24 -0.07
1.77 0.08 0.02
250 16.81 -0.16 -0.05 0.02
1.61 0.03 0.04
300 18.42 -0.13 -0.01
1.48 0.02
350 19.90 -0.11
1.37
400 21.27

(i) Since x  160 ft. is near to the x 0 .

To Find y( 160 ) :

p( p  1 ) 2 p( p  1 )( p  2 ) 3 p ) p  1 )( p  2 )( p  3 ) 4
y( x )  y0  py0   y0   y0   y0 ,
2! 3! 4!
x  x0
Where p 
h
160  100
p  1.2
50

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

( 1.2 )( 0..2 )( 0.39 ) ( 1.2 )( 0..2 )( 0.8 )( 0.15 )

 y( 160 )  10.63  ( 1.2 )( 2.4 )   
2 6
( 1.2 )( 0..2 )( 0.8 )( 1.8 )( 0.07 ) ( 1.2 )( 0..2 )( 0.8 )( 1.8 )( 2.8 )( 0.02 )
 
24 120
( 1.2 )( 0..2 )( 0.8 )( 1.8 )( 2.8 )( 3.8 )(( 0.02 )
720
 y( 160 )  10.63  2.88  0.0468  0.0048  0.001008  0.00016128  0.000102144
 y( 160 )  13.4573
To find y( 410 ) :

p( p  1 ) 2 p( p  1 )( p  2 ) 3 p ) p  1 )( p  2 )( p  3 ) 4
y( x )  y n  py n   yn   yn   y n  ......
2! 3! 4!
x  xn
, Where p 
h

410  400
 p  0.2
50
0.2( 1.2 )( 0.11 ) 0.2( 1.2 )( 2.2 )( 0.02 )
 y( 410 )  21.27  0.2( 1.7 )   
2 6
0.2( 1.2 )( 2.2 )( 3.2 )( 0.01 ) 0.2( 1.2 )( 2.2 )( 3.2 )( 4.2 )( 0.04 )
 
24 120
0.2( 1.2 )( 2.2 )( 3.2 )( 4.2 )( 5.2 )( 0.02 )
720
 y( 410 )  21.27  0.274  0.0132  0.00176  0.000704  0.002365  0.001025
 y( 410 )  21.5352

5. Use an appropriate interpolation formula to compute f ( 42 ) using the following data.

x 40 50 60 70 80 90
y  f(x) 184 204 226 250 276 304
Solution:
We can find the solution of f ( 42 ) by using Newton’s forward interpolation formula ,
because the value of x  42 is near to x 0 , the formula is

p( p  1 ) 2 p( p  1 )( p  2 ) 3 p ) p  1 )( p  2 )( p  3 ) 4
y( x )  y0  py0   y0   y0   y0 .... ,
2! 3! 4!
x  x0
Where p 
h

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

x y  f(x) y 2 y 3 y 4 y 5 y
40 184
20
50 204 2
22 0
60 226 2 0
24 0 0
70 250 2 0
26 0
80 276 2
28
90 304

x  x0 42  40
p   0.2
h 10
( 0.2 )( 0.2 )( 2 )
 f ( 42 )  184  ( 0.2 )( 20 )  0
2
 f ( 42 )  184  4  0.16
f ( 42 )  187.4
6. Find the equation of the polynomial , which passes through
4 ,43, 7 ,83, 9 ,327 , 12,1053 using Newton’s divided difference interpolation
formula.
Solution:
The Newton’s divided difference table for unequal intervals as follows.

x y  f(x) I DD II DD III DD
4 -43= f ( x0 )
42= f ( x0 , x1 )
7 83 16= f ( x0 , x1 , x2 )
122 1= f ( x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 )
9 327 24
242
12 1053
f ( x )  f ( x0 )  ( x  x0 ) f ( x0 , x1 )  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x 2 ) 
( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x 2 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x 2 , x 3 )
 f ( x )  43  ( x  4 )( 42 )  ( x  4 )( x  7 )( 16 )  ( x  4 )( x  7 )( x  9 )( 1 )
f ( x )  43  42 x  168  16 x 2  176 x  448  x 3  16 x 2  63 x  4 x 3  64 x  252
f ( x )  x 3  4 x 2  7 x  15
7. Using Newton’s divided difference interpolation formula fit a polynomial for the following
data.

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

x 2 4 5 6 8 10
y  f(x) 10 96 196 350 868 1746

Solution:
Newton’s divided difference table for unequal intervals as follows.

x y  f(x) I DD II DD III DD
2 10= f ( x0 )
43= f ( x0 , x1 )
4 96 19= f ( x0 , x1 , x2 )
100 2= f ( x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 )
5 196 27
154 2
6 350 35
259 2
8 868 45
439
10 1746
f ( x )  f ( x0 )  ( x  x0 ) f ( x0 , x1 )  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x 2 ) 
( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x 2 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x 2 , x 3 )
 f ( x )  10  ( x  2 )( 43 )  ( x  2 )( x  4 )( 19 )  ( x  2 )( x  4 )( x  6 )( 2 )
f ( x )  10  43 x  86  19 x 2  114 x  152  2 x 3  24 x 2  88 x  96
f ( x )  2 x 3  43 x 2  9 x  20
8. Use Lagrange’s interpolation formula to find f ( 4 ) for the following data.

x 0 2 3 6
y  f(x) -4 2 14 158

Solution:
Given x 0  0 , x 1  2 , x 2  3 , x 3  6
y 0  4 , y 1  2 , y 2  14, y 3  158
We know that

( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )( x  x 3 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x 2 )( x  x 3 )
y( x )  y0  y1 
( x0  x1 )( x0  x 2 )( x0  x 3 ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x 2 )( x1  x 3 )
( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x 3 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )
y2  y3
( x 2  x0 )( x 2  x1 )( x 2  x 3 ) ( x 3  x0 )( x 3  x1 )( x 3  x 2 )

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

( 4  2 )( 4  3 )( 4  6 )( 4 ) ( 4  0 )( 4  3 )( 4  6 )( 2 )
 y( 4 )   
( 0  2 )( 0  3 )( 0  6 ) ( 2  0 )( 2  3 )( 2  6 )
( 4  0 )( 4  2 )( 4  6 )( 14 ) ( 4  0 )( 4  2 )( 4  3 )( 158 )

( 3  0 )( 3  2 )( 3  6 ) ( 6  0 )( 6  2 )( 6  3 )
 y( 4 )  0.44  2  24.89  17.56
 y( 4 )  40.81
9. Applying Lagrange’s interpolation formula to find u( 4 ) for the data
u 0  707 , u 2  819, u 3  866 , u 6  966 .
Solution:
Let x 0  0 , x 1  2 , x 2  3 , x 3  6
y 0  707 , y 1  819, y 2  866 , y 3  966
We know that

( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )( x  x 3 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x 2 )( x  x 3 )
y( x )  y0  y1 
( x0  x1 )( x0  x 2 )( x0  x 3 ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x 2 )( x1  x 3 )
( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x 3 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )
y2  y3
( x 2  x0 )( x 2  x1 )( x 2  x 3 ) ( x 3  x0 )( x 3  x1 )( x 3  x 2 )
( 4  2 )( 4  3 )( 4  6 )(707 ) ( 4  0 )( 4  3 )( 4  6 )( 819 )
 y( 4 )   
( 0  2 )( 0  3 )( 0  6 ) ( 2  0 )( 2  3 )( 2  6 )
( 4  0 )( 4  2 )( 4  6 )( 866 ) ( 4  0 )( 4  2 )( 4  3 )( 966 )

( 3  0 )( 3  2 )( 3  6 ) ( 6  0 )( 6  2 )( 6  3 )
 y( 4 )  78.56  819  1539.56  107.
 y( 4 )  906.45
10. Write an interpolating polynomial of the form x  f ( y ) and hence find x( 5 )andy( 5 ) for
the following data.

x 2 10 17
y  f(x) 1 3 4

Solution:
Let x0  2 x1  10 x 2  17
y 0  1, y 1  3 , y 2  4 ,
By the inverse Lagrange’s interpolation formula , we have
( y  y 1 )( y  y 2 ) ( y  y 0 )( y  y 2 ) ( y  y 0 )( y  y 1 )
x( y )  x0  x1  x2
( y 0  y 1 )( y 0  y 2 ) ( y 1  y 0 )( y 1  y 2 ) ( y 2  y 0 )( y 2  y 1 )

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

( y  3 )( y  4 ) ( y  1 )( y  4 ) ( y  1 )( y  3 )
x( y )  2 10  17
( 1  3 )( 1  4 ) ( 3  1 )( 3  4 ) ( 4  1 )( 4  3 )
1 17
x( y )  ( y 2  7 y  12 )  5( y 2  5 y  4 )  ( y2  4y  3)
3 3
x( y )  y 2  1
x  y2  1                    (1)
 x( 5 )  5 2  1  26

When x  5
(1)  5  y 2  1
 5  y2 1
y2  4
y  2
11. Find the root of the equation Cosx  xe x using Regula-falsi method.
Solution:
Given
Cosx  xe x
 Cosx  xe x  0
 f ( x )  Cosx  xe x
Let x0  0 , x1  0
 f ( x0 )  f ( 0 )  1  0
f ( x1 )  f ( 1 )  2.1779  0
The root lies between 0 and 1
By the Regula-falsi method , we have
x0 f ( x1 )  x1 f ( x0 )
x2 
f ( x1 )  f ( x0 )
( 0 )( 2.1779 )  ( 1 )( 1 )
 x2   0.31467
 2.1779  1
 f ( x 2 )  f ( 0.31467 )  0.51987  0
x 2 f ( x1 )  x1 f ( x 2 )
 x3 
f ( x1 )  f ( x 2 )
( 0.31467 )( 2.1779 )  ( 1 )( 0.51987 )
 x3   0.44672
 2.1779  0.51987
 f ( x 3 )  f ( 0.44672 )  0.20356  0

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

x 3 f ( x1 )  x1 f ( x 3 )
 x4 
f ( x1 )  f ( x 3 )
( 0.44672 )( 2.17790.)  ( 1 )( 0.20356 )
x4 
 2.1779  0.2.356
 x 4  0.49402
Similarly, we can get
 x 5  0.50995
 x  0.5100 be approximate real root.

12. Solve xe x  2  0 by Regula-falsi method.

Solution:
xe x  2  0
Given  f ( x )  0
 f ( x )  xe x  2
Let x 0  0.8 , x1  0.9
 f ( x0 )  f ( 0.8 )  0.2195  0
f ( x1 )  f ( 0.9 )  0.2136  0
x0 f ( x1 )  x1 f ( x0 )
x2 
f ( x1 )  f ( x0 )
( 0.8 )( 0.2136 )  ( 0.9 )( 0.2195 )
 x2   0.8506
0.2136  0.2195
 f ( x 2 )  f ( 0.8536 )  0.0087  0
x 2 f ( x1 )  x1 f ( x 2 )
 x3 
f ( x1 )  f ( x 2 )
( 0.8506 )( 0.2136 )  ( 0.9 )( 0.0087 )
 x3   0.0.8525
0.2136  0.0087
 f ( x 3 )  f ( 0.8525 )  0.0004  0
x 3 f ( x1 )  x1 f ( x 3 )
 x4 
f ( x1 )  f ( x 3 )
( 0.8525 )( 0.2136 )  ( 0.9 )( 0.0004 )
 x4   0.0.8526
0.2136  0.0004
 f ( x 4 )  f ( 0.8526 )  0.00002  0

The real root of the equation is x  0.8526

13. Find the real root of the equation x log 10 x  1.2  0 by using Regula-falsi method.

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

Solution:
Given x log 10 x  1.2  0
 f(x)0
 f ( x )  x log 10 x  1.2
Let x 0  2.7 , x1  2.8
 f ( x0 )  f ( 2.7 )  0.0353  0
f ( x1 )  f ( 2.8 )  0.0520  0
x0 f ( x1 )  x1 f ( x0 )
x2 
f ( x1 )  f ( x0 )
( 2.8 )( 0.0520 )  ( 2.9 )( 0.0353 )
 x2   2.7404
0.0520  0.0353
 f ( x 2 )  f ( 2.7404 )  0.0002  0
x 2 f ( x1 )  x1 f ( x 2 )
 x3 
f ( x1 )  f ( x 2 )
( 2.7404 )( 0.0520 )  ( 2.9 )( 0.0002 )
 x3   2.7406
0.0520  0.0002
 f ( x 3 )  f ( 2.7406 )  0.00002  0

The real root of the equation is x  2.7406
14. Find the real root of the equation x 3  2 x  5  0  0 by using Regula-falsi method.

Solution:
Given
x 3  2x  5  0  0
 f(x)0
 f ( x )  x 3  2x  5

Let x0  2 , x1  2.1
 f ( x0 )  f ( 2 )  1  0
f ( x1 )  f ( 2.1 )  0.061  0
x0 f ( x1 )  x1 f ( x0 )
x2 
f ( x1 )  f ( x0 )
( 2 )( 0.061 )  ( 2.1 )( 1 )
 x2   2.0942
0.061  1
 f ( x 2 )  f ( 2.0942 )  0.003922  0

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

x 2 f ( x1 )  x1 f ( x 2 )
 x3 
f ( x1 )  f ( x 2 )
( 2.0942 )( 0.061 )  ( 2.1 )( 0.003922 )
 x3   2.0945
0.061  0.003922
 f ( x 3 )  f ( 2.0945 )  0.0005  0
The real root of the equation is x  2.0945
15. Solve xe x  3  0 by Regula-falsi method. (HW)
16. Use Newton-Raphson method to find a real root of xSinx  Cosx  0
(Or x tan x  1  0 ) near x   correct to three decimal places.( Convert calculator to
radian mode)
Solution:
Given
xSinx  Cosx  0 , x0  
 f(x)0
 f ( x )  xSinx  Cosx
f ( x )  xCosx
By the Newton-Raphson method, we know that
f ( x0 )
x1  x0 
f ( x0 )
( 1 ) 1
 x1       2.8246
 
f ( x1 )
x 2  x1 
f ( x1 )
( 0.06971 )
 x1  2.8246   2.8246  0.0259  2.7987
( 2.6839 )
f ( x2 )
x3  x 2 
f ( x 2 )
( 0.00082742 )
 x 3  2.7987   2.7987  0.0003139  2.7983
( 2.6358 )

 The real root of the equation is x  2.7983

17. Using Newton-Raphson method find the real root of the equation 3x  Cosx  1 .
Solution:
Given
3x  Cosx  1 , Let x0  0.5

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

 f(x)0
 f ( x )  3 x  Cosx  1
f ( x )  3  Sinx
By the Newton-Raphson method, we know that

f ( x0 )
x1  x0 
f ( x0 )
( 0.3775 )
 x 1  0.5   0.5  0.1085  0.6085
( 3.4794 )
f ( x1 )
x 2  x1 
f ( x1 )
( 0.004993 )
 x 2  0.6085   0.6085  0.001397  0.6071
( 3.5716 )
f ( x2 )
x3  x2 
f ( x 2 )
( 0.000005884 )
 x 3  0.6071   0.6071  0.000001647  0.6071
( 3.5704 )
Clearly x 2  x 3  0.6071
 The real root of the equation is x  0.6071
18. Using Newton-Raphson method find the real root of the equation x log 10 x  1.2 .
Solution:
Given
x log10 x  1.2
 x log10 x  1.2  0
 f(x)0
log e x
 f ( x )  x log 10 x  1.2  x  1.2  ( 0.4343 )x log x  1.2
log e 10
f ( x )  ( 0.4343 )( 1  log e x )
Let x0  2

By the Newton-Raphson method, we know that

f ( x0 )
x1  x0 
f ( x0 )
( 0.5979 )
 x1  2   2  0.8132  2.8132
0.7352
f ( x1 )
x 2  x1 
f ( x )

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

0.0636
x 2  2.8132   2.8132  0.7200  2.7412
0.8834
f ( x2 )
x3  x2 
f ( x 2 )
0.0004831
x 3  2.7412   2.7412  0.00055  2.74064
0.8691
f ( x3 )
x4  x3 
f ( x 3 )
Clearly x 3  x 4  2.7406
 The real root of the equation is x  2.7406
19. Using Newton-Raphson method find the cube root of 37.
Solution:
x  3 37
 x 3  37
x 3  37  0
Let
f(x)0
 f ( x )  x 3  37

f ( x )  3 x 2
Let x0  3 , then by the Newton-Raphson method, we have
f ( x0 )
x1  x0 
f ( x0 )
( 10 ) 91
 x1  3    3.3703
27 27
f ( x1 )
x 2  x1 
f ( x1 )
( 1.2830 )
 x 2  3.3703   3.3703  0.03765  3.3327
( 34.0767 )
f ( x2 )
x3  x2 
f ( x 2 )
( 0.01592 )
 x 3  3.3327   3.3327  0.0004778  3.3322
( 33.3206 )
Clearly x 2  x 3  3.3322
3
37  3.3322

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21


2

20. Use Weddle’s rule to evaluate  Cosxdx by dividing into 6 equal parts.

2

Solution:

2

Let I=  Cosxdx , n 6

2


 
  
ba 2  2 
h     30 0  0.5238
n 6 6
 Partition P  a  x0  90 0 ,60 0 ,30 0 ,0 ,30 0 ,60 0 ,90 0  x6  b
x y  Cosx
-90 Cos(-90) y 0 =0
-60 Cos(-60) y1 =0.5
-30 Cos(-30) y 2 =0.8660
0 Cos(0) y 3 =1
30 Cos(30) y 4 =0.8660
60 Cos(60) y 5 =0.5
90 Cos(90) y6 =0
 By the Weddle’s rule, we have
b

 f ( x )dx  10 y  5 y1  y 2  6 y 3  y 4  5 y 5  y6 
3h
0
a

3  0.5238
I  0  2.5  0.8660  6  0.8660  2.5  0
10
 I  ( 0.15714 )( 12.732 )
 I  2.0007
I 2

1.4

 ( Sinx  log x  e
x
21. Compute the value of )dx by using Simpson’s 3/8th rule.
0.2

Solution:
1.4


Let I= ( Sinx  log x  e )dx n 6
x

0.2 ,
b  a 1.4  0.2
h    0.2
n 6

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

 Partition P  a  x0  0.2 ,0.4 ,0.6 ,0.8 ,1,1.2 ,1.4  x6  b

x y  Sinx  log x  e x
0.2 y 0 =3.0295
0.4 y1 =2.7975
0.6 y 2 =2.8976
0.8 y 3 =3.1660
1 y 4 =3.5597
1.2 y 5 =4.0698
1.4 y6 =4.4042

By the Simpson’s 3/8th rule , we have

b

 f ( x )dx  8 ( y  y6 )  3( y1  y 2  y 4  y 5 )  2( y 3 )
3h
0
a

3  0.2
I  ( 3.0295  4.4042 )  3( 13.3247 )  2( 3.1660 )
8
 I  4.053
3
dx

22. Evaluate ( 1  x )
0
2
by using Simpson’s 3/8th rule.
Solution:
3
dx

Let I= ( 1  x )
0
2
, n=6
ba 30
h    0.5
n 6
 Partition P  a  x0  0 ,0.5 ,1,1.5 ,2 ,2.5 ,3  x6  b
1
x y
( 1  x )2
0 y 0 =1
0.5 y1 =0.4444
1 y 2 =0.25
1.5 y 3 =0.16
2 y 4 =0.3333
2.5 y 5 =0.0816
3 y6 =0.0625

By the Simpson’s 3/8th rule , we have

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21

 f ( x )dx  8 ( y  y6 )  3( y1  y 2  y 4  y 5 )  2( y 3 )
3h
0
a

3  0.5
I  ( 1  0.0625 )  2( 0.16 )  3( 1.1093 )
8
 I  ( 0.1875 )( 1.0625  0.32  3.3279 )
 I  ( 0.1875 )( 4.7104 )
 I  0.8832
5.2

23. Evaluate
 log
4
e xdx
taking 6 equal parts by applying Weddle’s rule.
Solution:
5.2

Let I=
 log
4
e xdx
, n=6
b  a 5.2  4
h    0.2
n 6
 Partition P  a  x0  4 ,4.2 ,4.4 ,4.6 ,4.8 ,5 ,5.2  x6  b
x y  log e x
4 y 0 =1.3863
4.2 y1 =1.4351
4.4 y 2 =1.4816
4.6 y 3 =1.5261
4.8 y 4 =1.5686
5 y 5 =1.6094
5.2 y6 =1.6487

 By the Weddle’s rule, we have

b

 f ( x )dx  10 y  5 y1  y 2  6 y 3  y 4  5 y 5  y6 
3h
0
a

3  0.2
I  1.3863  7.1755  1.4816  9.1566  1.5686  8.0470  1.6487
10
 I  1.8279


2

24. Use Simpson’s 3 rd rule to evaluate  Sinxdx by dividing into 10 equal parts.
1
0

Solution:

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 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHODS 18MAT21


2

Let I= 
0
Sinxdx , n  10


0
ba 2 
h     9 0  0.1571
n 10 20
 Partition P  a  x0  0 0 ,9 0 ,18 0 ,27 0 ,36 0 ,45 0 ,54 0 ,63 0 ,72 0 ,810 ,90 0  x10  b
x y  Sinx
0 y 0 =0
9 y1 =0.3955
18 y 2 =0.5559
27 y 3 =0.6738
36 y 4 =0.7667
45 y 5 =0.8409
54 y6 =0.8995
63 y7 =0.9439
72 y 8 =0.9752
81 y 9 =0.9938
90 y10 =1

 By the Simpson’s 1 rd rule, we have

3
b

 f ( x )dx  3 ( y  y10 )  2( y 2  y 4  y6  y 8 )  4( y1  y 3  y 5  y7  y 9 )
h
0
a

I
0.1571
1  2( 3.1973 )  4( 3.8479 )
3
 I  ( 0.0524 )( 1  15.3916  6.3946 )
 I  ( 0.0524 )( 22.7862 )
 I  1.1932

****

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