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Mathematics in The Modern World: Introduction To Logic

This document provides definitions and examples of logical operators including negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditional, and biconditional. It explains how to express logical propositions using these operators in both verbal sentences and symbolic notation.

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Onecho Angelo Gabinete
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5K views

Mathematics in The Modern World: Introduction To Logic

This document provides definitions and examples of logical operators including negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditional, and biconditional. It explains how to express logical propositions using these operators in both verbal sentences and symbolic notation.

Uploaded by

Onecho Angelo Gabinete
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematics in the

Modern World
Introduction to Logic
Objectives:

• define the logical operators: negation, conjunction, disjunction,


condition and biconditional;
• distinguish the logical operator used in a proposition; and
• perform different types of operations on propositions.
~
a. Negation
The Negation of a proposition p is denoted by ~p which is read as “not p”, and is defined
through its truth table.
𝑝 ~𝑝
Example 1
T F
State the negation of each of the following propositions.
F T
p1 : Quality determines the price.
~p1 : It is not true that quality determines the price or ~p1 : Quality does not determine
the price
p2 : A learned is one who is educated
~p2 : A learned is not one who is educated
b. Conjunction
Conjunction of the propositions p and q which is denoted by 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 and read as “p and
q”, and is defined through its truth table

Proposition p and proposition q are called Conjuncts. The conjunction 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 is true


only when both conjuncts p and q are true.
Let d and e be propositions.
d: Leniency is long-suffering.
Example:
e: Those who misunderstand it abuse it.
Express the conjunctions below in verbal sentences or in symbols.
1. 𝑑 ∧ 𝑒
Leniency is long-suffering and those who misunderstand it abuse it.
2. ~𝑑 ∧ 𝑒
Leniency is not long-suffering and those who misunderstand it abuse it.
3. “Leniency is long-suffering and it is not true that those who misunderstand it abuse it.”
𝑑 ∧ (~𝑒)
4. “Leniency is not long-suffering and those who misunderstand it do not abuse it.”
~𝑑 ∧ (~𝑒)
c. Disjunction
Negation and conjunction do not suffice logic. There are logical statements
that connote the disjunction of propositions. The Disjunction of propositions
p and q is denoted by 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 which read as “𝑝 𝑜𝑟 𝑞”, and defined through its
truth table

Propositions p and q are each called Disjunct. The disjunction 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 is false


only when both disjuncts p and q are false.
Let t, u and y be propositions.
Example:
t: He is an old soul. u: Old songs soothe his ears.
y: Old fashion is inviting to his eyes.

Express the disjunctions below in verbal sentences or in symbols.


1. 𝑢∨𝑦
Old songs soothe his ears or old fashion is inviting to his eyes.
2. (~𝑡 ^ (~𝑢)) ∨ 𝑦
Either he is not an old soul and old songs do not soothe his ears or old fashion is inviting to his eyes.
3. “Either he is an old soul or old songs soothe his ears and old fashion is inviting to his eyes.”
𝑡 ∨ (𝑢 ∧ 𝑦)
4. “He is not an old soul and either old fashion is not inviting to his eyes or old songs soothe his ears.”
~𝑡 ∧ (~𝑦 ∨ 𝑢)
d. Conditional
The Conditional of propositions p and q is denoted by 𝑝 → 𝑞 which read as
“if p, then q” or “p implies q”, and defined through its truth table

Proposition p is called a Hypothesis, while proposition q is called


Conclusion.
Let x, y and z be propositions. Example:
x: Dioxins are found almost everywhere.
y: Plastics, bleached paper and most commodities contain the chemical dioxin.
z: Dioxins are a culprit to many diseases.

Express the conditionals below in verbal sentences or in symbols, as the case may be.
1. 𝑥→𝑧
If dioxins are found almost everywhere, then they are a culprit to many diseases.
2. (~𝑦) → (~𝑥 ∧ ~𝑧)
If plastics, bleached paper and most commodities do not contain the chemical dioxin, then it is not true that
dioxins are found almost everywhere and it is not true that dioxins are a culprit to many diseases.
3. “If dioxins are a culprit to many diseases, then they are found almost everywhere and plastics, bleached paper
and most commodities contain this chemical.”
𝑧 → (𝑥 ∧ 𝑦)
4. “If dioxins are not found almost everywhere, then it is not true that either plastics, bleached paper and most
commodities containing this chemical, or dioxins are the culprit to many diseases.”
(~𝑥) → ~(𝑦 ∨ 𝑧)
e. Biconditional
The last logical proposition that we shall consider is Biconditional. This is
denoted by “𝑝 𝑞” or “p iff q” given propositions or Components p and q and it
is read as “p if and only if q”, and defined through its truth table
Let g, h, i and j be propositions. Example:
g: Only physically handicapped individuals can be called persons with disabilities.
h: Psychosocially disabled persons like those with chronic illnesses can also avail PWD ID.
i: There are numerous benefits which come along with owning a PWD ID.
j: Knowledge of the wide extent of who a PWD has yet to be spread.

Express the biconditionals below in verbal sentences or in symbols.


1. (~𝑔 ↔ ℎ) ∧ (𝑗 → 𝑖)
Not only physically handicapped individuals can be called persons with
disability if and only if psychosocially disabled persons like those with chronic
illnesses can also avail PWD ID, and if knowledge on the wide extent of who a
PWD has yet to be spread, then there are numerous benefits which come along
with owning a PWD ID.
Let g, h and i be propositions.
g: Only physically handicapped individuals can be called persons with disabilities.
h: Psychosocially disabled persons like those with chronic illnesses can also avail PWD ID.
i: There are numerous benefits which come along with owning a PWD ID.
j: Knowledge of the wide extent of who a PWD has yet to be spread.

2. (𝑔 ∧ (~ℎ)) ↔ (~𝑗)
Only physically handicapped individuals can be called persons with disabilities and
psychosocially disabled persons like those with chronic illnesses cannot avail PWD ID if
and only if it is not true that knowledge on the wide extent of who a PWD is has yet to be
spread

3. “Knowledge of the wide extent of who a PWD is has yet to be spread if and only if not
only physically handicapped individuals can be called persons with disability.”
𝑗 (~𝑔)
Let a, b, c and d be propositions.
Activity
a: You are what you eat.
b: Your food can describe your health.
c: By nature, human is designed to eat meat.
d: A person should eat healthy food.
Express the following propositions in verbal sentences.
1. (~𝑐) ∧ (𝑏 ↔ 𝑎)
2. (𝑎 ∨ 𝑏) → 𝑑
3. ~𝑑 ↔ (~𝑎 ∧ ~𝑏)

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