2344 EXPERIMENTAL AND THERAPEUTIC MEDICINE 20: 2344-2347, 2020

Anosmia and ageusia associated with coronavirus

infection (COVID‑19) - what is known?
INGRID ANDRADA TANASA1, CARMEN MANCIUC2, ALEXANDRU CARAULEANU1,
DAN BOGDAN NAVOLAN3, ROXANA ELENA BOHILTEA4 and DRAGOS NEMESCU1

Departments of 1Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2Infectious Diseases, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of

Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi; 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ‘Victor Babes’ University of
Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara; 4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania

Received April 27, 2020; Accepted May 28, 2020

DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8808

Abstract. In 2020 a new pandemic caused by the SARS‑CoV‑2 for approximately 262,000 deaths so far as reported by World
coronavirus is affecting the lives of millions of patients and Health Organisation (WHO) (1).
healthcare workers worldwide. The clinical picture of this SARS‑CoV‑2 belongs to the coronaviridae family
infection is in a dynamic process of discovery, and more alongside with SARS‑CoV and MERS‑CoV, and it has a
symptoms emerge as the clinicians observe and diagnose single‑stranded RNA genome (2). The coronavirus invasion
manifestations that affect multiple organs. Anosmia (loss of of the target cells is mediated by a transmembrane spike
smell), and ageusia (loss of taste) become more frequently glycoprotein (S). It has two subunits: S1, for binding to the
cited as independent symptoms or in association with the most host cell receptors, and S2, for the fusion process with the
common manifestations of the disease, such as fever, cough host cell membrane. These subunits will remain in a prefu-
and dyspnea. A thorough screening program will prevent most sion conformation after specific protease cleavage, with the
nosocomial and community‑acquired infections by promoting distal S1 subunit comprising the receptor‑binding domains
efficient triage and specific measures such as isolation of (RBD), specifically involved in recognition of human
the patients. Therefore, it is important to include frequent angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (3,4). The S protein
symptoms in the anamnesis and questionnaires to select those will be further cleaved by host proteases and activated for
patients who might benefit from testing, isolation, and treat- the membrane fusion. Due to the peripheral location of S
ment. This study summarizes the existing data regarding the proteins, they are the main target for neutralizing antibodies
association of anosmia and ageusia with the SARS‑CoV‑2 and for new developing therapies (3,5).
infection. It also aims to describe manifestations of these, The ACE2 is a functional receptor for the SARS‑CoV‑2
particularly in the clinical picture of all symptomatic patients. and has a ubiquitous distribution into the human body, but its
expression is higher in the nasal mucosa, lung parenchyma, and
Introduction gastrointestinal tract (6). Some studies suggest a possible link
between smoking and enhanced expression of ACE2 recep-
The new coronavirus, SARS‑CoV‑2, determined a highly tors (7), thus, smoking could be a risk factor that increases the
contagious zoonosis in the eastern Asian countries that rapidly susceptibility of the patient to contact the new coronavirus.
transformed into an ongoing pandemic worldwide, accounts SARS‑Cov‑2 is a highly transmissible virus with an incu-
bation period of approximately 14 days, with a median time of
4‑5 days from exposure to symptoms onset (8‑10). It has been
stipulated that the viral transmission is through the droplets,
Correspondence to: Dr Dan Bogdan Navolan, Department of direct contact, contact with an infected individual, fecal, oral,
Obstetrics and Gynecology, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and body fluid routes (11‑13).
and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq no. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania The most typical symptoms experienced by the patients
E‑mail: navolan@yahoo.com were fever (83‑99%), cough (59‑82%), fatigue (44‑70%),
Dr Carmen Manciuc, Department of Infectious Diseases, ‘Grigore anorexia (40‑84%), shortness of breath (31‑40%), sputum
T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatii 16, production (28‑33%) and myalgias (11‑35%) (14‑16). Less
700115 Iasi, Romania common symptoms reported include headache, confusion,
E‑mail: dmanciuc@yahoo.com rhinorrhea, sore throat, hemoptysis, vomiting, and diarrhea
(<10%) (15,16).
Key words: coronavirus, SARS‑CoV‑2, COVID‑19, anosmia, Anosmia (loss of smell), ageusia (loss of taste), acro-
ageusia syndroms (cutaneous manifestations due to vasomotor
disturbances), and skin rashes have also been reported,
and more data are needed to understand better their role in
 TANASA et al: ANOSMIA AND AGEUSIA IN COVID-19 INFECTION 2345

the clinical picture of SARS‑CoV‑2 infection (17‑19). An Pathophysiology

increasing volume of empirical data indicates that anosmia,
hyposmia, ageusia, and dysgeusia may be possible symptoms Few studies described the pathophysiological mechanisms of
of SARS‑CoV‑2 infection, regardless of, or alongside, classic the olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in the SARS‑CoV‑2
symptoms. infection. Available data indicate the virus has a neural spread
This report summarizes the evidence regarding the asso- and a cytopathic effect on the neurons. It affects mainly
ciation of anosmia and ageusia with SARS‑CoV‑2 infection. It neurons in the cortex and hypothalamus (27).
also aims to describe these manifestations' particularly in the Some authors reported three mechanisms for anosmia
clinical picture of symptomatic patients. in COVID‑19 patients: i) local infection of support cells and
vascular pericytes in the nose and olfactory bulb that may
Materials and methods affect the function of bipolar neurons or mitral cells; ii) damage
to support cells in the sensory epithelium that may indirectly
A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, influence the signaling pathway from sensory neurons to the
and Cochrane databases using the following keywords, brain; and iii) damage to sustentacular cells and Bowman's
including synonyms, and all the possible combinations of gland cells that could lead to diffuse morphological damage to
them: anosmia, ageusia, SARS‑CoV‑2, COVID‑19, coro- the olfactory sensory epithelium and altering of smell percep-
navirus. Studies were included that documented symptoms tion (28,29).
associated with SARS‑Cov‑2 infection (up to May 5, 2020). In scientific literature, two syndromes with different
outcomes are described. One is the olfactory cleft syndrome,
Results which involves a conductive loss due to mucosal obstruction of
the olfactory cleft. The other is post‑viral anosmia syndrome,
Viral upper respiratory tract infections frequently determine which implies a neural loss, due to the destruction of the olfac-
olfactory dysfunction and taste disfunction. Coronaviruses are tory sensory neurons (30). The first syndrome has a relatively
the main determinants of the common cold, along with other rapid resolution of anosmia, while the second one can be
viruses such as rhinoviruses, influenza, and parainfluenza. associated with a persistent olfactory deficit.
Therefore, it is no surprise that the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus would Netland et al (31) detected the coronavirus 60 h after expo-
determine smell alteration in some infected patients. sure to SARS‑CoV‑2 in the olfactory bulb and after four days,
In a retrospective observational study, Klopfenstein et al (20) its dissemination to the pyriform cortex and dorsal nucleus of
reported that 54 patients (47%) with confirmed SARS‑CoV‑2 the rafe. This aspect suggests a rapid viral propagation to the
infection developed anosmia, 4.4 (±1.9) days after infection brain structures.
onset, and that was the third symptom to manifest in 38% Recent studies found that SARS‑CoV‑2 could be detected
(22/52) of the cases. The mean duration of anosmia was 8.9 in saliva and that it is possible to measure the viral load in this
(±6.3) days, and one patient had not recovered at the end of fluid (32,33).
the follow‑up (after 28 days). Anosmia was associated with Hu et al (32) studied the cellular distribution of taste
dysgeusia in 85% of cases (n=46). cells and ACE2 receptor distribution. They found that the
Mao et al (21) published a retrospective case series at three percentage of ACE2 positive cells was higher in taste cells,
hospital centers in Wuhan, China. It included 214 patients which indicated that SARS‑CoV‑2 might invade them and
confirmed with SARS‑CoV‑2 infection and evaluated the lead to ageusia in these patients. However, data regarding the
presence of neurological symptoms (central, peripheral) and exact mechanism by which SARS‑CoV‑2 determines ageusia
musculoskeletal symptoms. As for the peripheral symptoms is limited. The virus may bind to the sialic acid receptors
(8.9%), the authors reported that the most common were and occupy and accelerate the degradation of the gustatory
hypogeusia and hyposmia with 5.6 and 5.1%, respectively. particles, leading to a decrease in taste sensation (34).
Although currently there are no guidelines that recom-
mend testing of the persons with symptoms such as anosmia Diagnostic tools
or ageusia, some authors suggest testing and isolation for
those patients who experience these symptoms alongside with Medical imaging and neuropathology studies evaluate changes
hyposmia and dysgeusia in the absence of other explanatory in the olfactory bulb, cranial nerves, and brains of the infected
conditions (22,23). patients. Thus, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the olfac-
Recent studies suggested that the different variants of the tory bulb can be used to assess the patients with anosmia (35).
virus could determine the extent of susceptibility and clinical The main MR findings in anosmia secondary to upper respi-
course for the infected patient, so that different cohort of ratory infection are reduced olfactory bulb and tract volume,
patients may have a polymorphic clinical presentation (24). which correlate with the olfactory function (35).
Li et al (25) demonstrated that some ACE2 variants might Anamnesis and personal reports of anosmia and ageusia
prevent the association with SARS‑CoV‑2 S‑protein. However, are also necessary. One can use questionnaires for clinical
scarce data are currently available, and more research could diagnosis and follow‑up in anosmia or ageusia patients. In
lead to a proper understanding of this topic. On the other hand, a prospective study, Lechien et al (24) evaluated anosmia
Cao et al (26) demonstrated the genetic polymorphisms of the and ageusia using questionnaires based on smell and taste
ACE2 receptor and the specific prevalence in the European component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination
and Asian populations suggesting the possibility of different Survey, and the short version of the Questionnaire of Olfactory
clinical courses for these patients. Disorders‑Negative Statements (sQOD‑NS). These authors
2346 EXPERIMENTAL AND THERAPEUTIC MEDICINE 20: 2344-2347, 2020

found a substantially higher prevalence of olfactory and gusta- receptor, and recovery rates of olfactory and gustative dysfunc-
tory dysfunction in European COVID‑19 patients. More, the tion, and specific treatment protocols of these manifestations.
olfactory disorder may appear before the rest of the complaints. Anosmia and ageusia are symptoms that require further
They identified a significant association between olfactory and investigation during a clinical consultation, due to the
gustatory dysfunctions. increasing evidence of their association with the new coro-
In a cross‑sectional study by Bagheri et al (36), navirus. Careful screening and prevention must be offered to
10,069 participants responded to an online checklist that avoid nosocomial and community infection.
evaluated the sense of smell and taste. The results indicated
a significant correlation between anosmia and SARS‑CoV‑2 Acknowledgements
infection, decreased taste sensation, and decreased quality of
life. Not applicable.
We found numerous validated questionnaires and tests for
assessing anosmia and ageusia. However, more data are needed Funding
to provide quantitative data on the incidence and severity of
these symptoms in association with SARS‑CoV‑2 infection. No funding was received.

Treatment Availability of data and materials

According to a report of the French Society of Otolaryngology, All data generated or analyzed during this study are included
patients must avoid corticosteroids for the treatment of the in this published article.
SARS‑CoV‑2 infection (37).
On the other hand, clinicians frequently use empirical Authors' contributions
oral steroids for the treatment of anosmia, to decrease inflam-
mation and edema. We suggest that individualized case IAT and DN designed the study. IAT, DN and AC retrieved
management and treatment should be applied, considering the the data. CM, AC and DBN contributed to data extraction and
increased risks of immunosuppression associated with these quality assessment. CM, DBN and REB were responsible for
drugs. the analysis and discussion of data. IAT and DN drafted the
The relative risk seems to be reduced in the case of intra- manuscript. CM, AC, DBN and REB revised critically the
nasal steroids use. Here, the main concern is the exacerbation manuscript and made substantial intellectual contributions to
of an upper respiratory tract viral infection (38). the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Lechien et al (24) reported that the most frequently used
treatments for olfactory dysfunction in SARS‑CoV‑2 infected Ethics approval and consent to participate
patients were nasal saline irrigations, followed by nasal and
oral corticosteroids. As for gustatory dysfunction, clinicians Not applicable.
used l‑carnitine or trace elements and vitamins.
Smell training is a simple, safe, and readily available Competing interests
method in the context of social distancing for smell recovery
in different forms of anosmia (39‑41). The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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