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AUTOMATIC SORTING, COUNTING AND BOTTLE FILLING SYSTEM

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 AUTOMATIC SORTING, COUNTING AND BOTTLE
FILLING SYSTEM

SESSION 2008-2012

Supervisor
ENGR.KHURRAM SALEEM

Submitted By

SYED ZEESHAN HAIDER 08-MCT 18

HASSAN ELAHI 08-MCT-63
WAHEED UR REHMAN 08-MCT-67
ZEESHAN AHMED AWAN 08-MCT-70

DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
TAXILA (SUB CAMPUS CHAKWAL)

July 2012
 Automatic Sorting, Counting and Bottle Filling System

ABSTRACT

This project is aimed at automating the sorting and bottle filling. This project will

automatically sort bottle according to their size by using IR sensors. Then it sorts the

bottle on the designated portion of conveyor belt and passes it to the Solenoid Operated

Valves to fill the bottles. The overall system is liberated from human intervention. The

system is comprehensive and efficient, thus can help in automating the sorting and bottle

filling.

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UNDERTAKING

We certify that research work titled “AUTOMATIC SORTING & BOTTLE FILLING”

is our own work. The work has not, in whole or in part, been presented elsewhere for

assessment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly

acknowledged/ referred.

_________________

SYED ZEESHAN HAIDER

(08-MCT-18)

_________________

HASSAN ELAHI

(08-MCT-63)

_________________

WAHEED-UR-REHMAN

(08-MCT-67)

__________________

ZEESHAN AHMED AWAN

(08-MCT-70)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, we thank Almighty Allah for all the blessings and help in the completion of this

project. Secondly, we would like to express our gratitude to Engr. Khurram Saleem, our

supervisor, for all the help that he extended to us during the course of this project.

Thirdly, we are really gratified to the support given to us by our families.

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Table of Contents

ABSTRACT

UNDERTAKING

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Objectives

1.3 Discription

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 History

2.2 Conveyor belt

2.3 Sorting

2.4 Bottle filling

Chapter 3: MECHANICAL COMPONENTS

3.1 Bearing

3.2 Wooden shaft

3.3 Wooden rollers

3.4 Pulley

Chapter 4: ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

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4.1 Induction motor

4.1.1 Principle

4.1.2 Operation

4.1.3 Synchronous speed

4.1.4 Slip

4.2 Solenoid operated valve

4.3 Brushless Dc motor

4.3.1 Advantages

4.3.2 Disadvantages

Chapter 5: ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

5.1 Microcontroller 89C51

5.2 LCD (20x4)

5.3 ULN 2003

5.4 MCT 2e

5.5 Relay

5.6 IR sensor

5.7 Resistor

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5.8 Capacitor

Chapter 6: Structure of Project

6.1 Dimensions of conveyor belt

6.2 Dimensions of Wooden Roller

6.3 Diameter of pulley

6.4 Diameter of bearings

6.5 Dimension of shaft

6.6 Dimension of structure

6.7 Types of wood

Chapter 7: IMPLEMENTATION AND CONTROL

7.1 Circuit diagram

7.1.1 Simulated circuit diagram

7.1.2 working of circuit

Chapter:8 Applications and advantages

8.1 Application of sorting through conveyor belt

8.1.1 Advantages

8.2 Applications of liquid filling

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Chapter 9: Conclusion and future work

Conclusion

References

Appendix A

Glossary

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List of Figures

Figure 1.1 Automatic sorting and bottle filling machine

Figure 2.1 Conveyor belt

Figure 2.2 Sorting

Figure 2.3 Bottle filling

Figure 3.1 Bearing

Figure 3.2 Wooden roller

Figure 3.4 Pulley

Figure 4.1 Induction motor

Figure 4.2 Solenoid valve

Figure 4.3 Brushless Dc motor

Figure 5.1 microcontroller

Figure 5.2 LCD 20x4

Figure 5.3 ULN 2003 logic diagram

Figure 5.4 MCT 2e

Figure 5.5 Relay

Figure 7.1 Measurement system

Figure 7.2 Feedback system

Figure 7.3 Circuit diagram

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Figure 7.3.1 Circuit diagram of project

Figure 7.3.2 Simulated circuit diagram

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Chapter 1:

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Industrial Automation plays an increasingly important part in the global economy and

also in daily experience. At present, for companies, the purpose of automation has shifted

from growing productivity and reducing costs to broader issues. This work takes the idea

of automatic sorting and bottle filling. The control system uses microcontroller. Sorting

of bottles is done on the conveyer belt via IR sensors and then these bottles are filled by

actuating the solenoid valves. The conveyors are used in many automated industries for

moving parts from one place to another. The second concern is the bottle filling. Once the

bottle is sorted, conveyer belt transfers it under the water tank for filling.

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Figure 1.1 automatic sorting and bottle filling machine

1.2 Objectives

The main objectives of our project are:

• Sorting of bottles on the basis of their respective sizes

• Filling of bottles using SOV

1.3 Description

In automated factories production rate is very high, so sorting and filling of bottles

need to run at fast speed. To separate the bottle on the basis of their sizes, shapes or

height sorting system is applied.

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After that these bottles are filled up to some specific level. For that purpose bottle

filling system is required. This type of system provide following benefits:

1. Stability and safety

2. Easy to operate and maintain

3. Factory price

4. Low running cost

In order to automate a process we need a control system .The control system is

implemented through some physical device, it is usually based on mathematical logic to

get desired result. We have used AT89C51 to implement the control in our project.

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Chapter 2:

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 History

Conveyor belts were used since the 19th century. In 1892, Thomas Robins began a series

of inventions which led to the development of a conveyor belt used for carrying coal, ores

and other products. In 1901, Sandvik invented and started the production

of steel conveyor belts. In 1905 Richard Sutcliffe invented the first conveyor belts for use

in coal mines which revolutionized the mining industry.

In 1913, Henry Ford introduced conveyor-belt assembly lines at Ford Motor Company's

Highland Park, Michigan factory. In 1972, the French society REI created in New

Caledonia the then longest straight-belt conveyor in the world , at a length of 13.8 km.

Hyacynthe Marcel Bocchetti was the concept designer. In 1957, the B. F. Goodrich

Company patented a conveyor belt that it went on to produce as the Turnover Conveyor

Belt System. Incorporating a half-twist, it had the advantage over conventional belts of a

longer life because it could expose all of its surface area to wear and tear. Mobius

strip belts are no longer manufactured because untwisted modern belts can be made more

durable by constructing them from several layers of different materials.

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In 1963-64, First Indian Small Scale Industrial Unit with Japanese Plant for Rubber Belts

for Conveyor / Elevator / Transmission was installed near National Capital Territory of

Delhi and its Mr Belts Conveyor Belting has been widely used in Steel, Cement,

Fertilizer, Thermal Power, Sponge Iron Plants and Coal / Mineral establishments / Mines,

Port Trusts and similar material handling applications of Industry for the last over four

decades;

2.2 Conveyor Belt

A conveyor belt (or belt conveyor) consists of two or more pulleys, with a continuous

loop of material - the conveyor belt - that rotates about them. One or both of the pulleys

are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is

called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler. There are two main

industrial classes of belt conveyors; Those in general material handling such as those

moving boxes along inside a factory and bulk material handling such as those used to

transport industrial and agricultural materials, such as grain, coal, ores, etc. generally in

outdoor locations. Generally companies providing general material handling type belt

conveyors do not provide the conveyors for bulk material handling. In addition there are

a number of commercial applications of belt conveyors such as those in grocery stores.

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The belt consists of one or more layers of material. They can be made out of rubber.

Many belts in general material handling have two layers. An under layer of material to

provide linear strength and shape called a carcass and an over layer called the cover. The

carcass is often a cotton or plastic web or mesh. The cover is often various rubber or

plastic compounds specified by use of the belt. Covers can be made from more exotic

materials for unusual applications such as silicone for heat or gum rubber when traction is

essential.

Figure 2.1 Conveyor

2.3 Sorting
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Sorting is any process of arranging items in some sequence and/or in different sets, and

accordingly, it has two common, yet distinct meanings:

1. ordering: arranging items of the same kind, class, nature, etc. in some ordered

sequence,

2. categorizing: grouping and labeling items with similar properties together (by

sorts)

Various sorting tasks are essential in industrial processes. For example, during the

extraction of gold from ore, a device called a shaker table uses gravity, vibration, and

flow to separate gold from lighter materials in the ore (sorting by size and weight).

Sorting is also a naturally occurring process that results in the concentration

of ore or sediment. Sorting results from the application of some criterion or differential

stressor to a mass to separate it into its components based on some variable quality.

Materials that are different, but only slightly so such as the isotopes of uranium, are very

difficult to separate.

Fig 2.2: Sorting

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Bottle filling:

The second part of this project is to design a microcontroller based automatic

bottle filling system. When the IR sensor detects the bottle the conveyor belt

stops at the moment. At the same time signal from the microcontroller

actuates the solenoid valve, and the filling starts. The time required to raise the

bottle few seconds,

Figure 2.3: Bottle filling

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CHAPTER 3:

Mechanical components

3.1 Bearings

A bearing is any of various machine elements that constrain the relative motion between

two or more parts to only the desired type of motion. This is typically to allow and

promote free rotation around fixes axis or free linear movement; it may also be

to prevent any motion, such as by controlling the vectors of normal forces. Bearings may

be classified broadly according to the motions they allow and according to their principle

of operation, as well as by the directions of applied loads they can handle.

A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain the

separation between the bearing races. The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational

friction and support radial and axial loads. It achieves this by using at least two races to

contain the balls and transmit the loads through the balls. In most applications, one race is

stationary and the other is attached to the rotating assembly (e.g., a hub or shaft). As one

of the bearing races rotates it causes the balls to rotate as well. Because the balls are

rolling they have a much lower coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces were

sliding against each other.

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Figure 3.1: Bearings

Ball bearings tend to have lower load capacity for their size than other kinds of rolling-

element bearings due to the smaller contact area between the balls and races. However,

they can tolerate some misalignment of the inner and outer races.

3.2 Wooden rollers

We used two wooden rollers in our project, clamped on the structure. They allow

conveyor belt to roll on, by providing sufficient amount of friction between the surface

contacts. There are two shafts at both end of the rollers. The diameter of the rollers is 4.5

inch each.

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Figure 3.2: Wooden roller

3.3 Wooden shaft

There are two shafts at the ends of each roller. Out of four shaft one shaft is connected to

the motor via pulley. The motor rotates the shaft and hence conveyor belt starts moving.

The diameter of each shaft is 2 inch.

3.4 Pulley

A pulley is a wheel on an axle that is designed to support movement of a cable or belt

along its circumference. Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to lift loads, apply forces,

and to transmit power. A pulley is also called a sheave or a drum and may have

a groove between two flanges around its circumference. The drive element of a pulley

system can be a rope, cable, belt, or chain that runs over the pulley inside the groove.

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Hero of Alexandria identified the pulley as one of six simple machines used to lift

weights. Pulleys are assembled to form a block and tackle in order to provide mechanical

advantage to apply large forces. Pulleys are also assembled as part of belt and chain

drives in order to transmit power from one rotating shaft to another.

Figure 3.4 Pulley

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Chapter 4:

Electrical components

4.1 Induction Motor

An induction or asynchronous motor is a type of AC motor where power is supplied to

the rotor by means of electromagnetic induction, rather than a commutator or slip rings as

in other types of motor. These motors are widely used in industrial drives. The induction

motor in our project is used to drive the rollers and conveyor belt. The motor converts

electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Figure 4.1 Induction motor

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4.1.1 Principle

Induction principle, in other words it depends on Faraday's law of induction (i.e. when a

conductor moves in a magnetic field, it gets some voltage (induced voltage)

4.1.2 Operation

In both induction and synchronous motors, the stator is powered with alternating current

(poly phase current in large machines) and designed to create a rotating magnetic

field which rotates in time with the AC oscillations. In a synchronous motor, the rotor

turns at the same rate as the stator field. By contrast, in an induction motor the rotor

rotates at a slower speed than the stator field. Therefore the magnetic field through the

rotor is changing (rotating). The rotor has windings in the form of closed loops of wire.

The rotating magnetic flux induces currents in the windings of the rotor as in a

transformer. These currents in turn create magnetic fields in the rotor, that interact with

(push against) the stator field. Due to Lenz's law, the direction of the magnetic field

created will be such as to oppose the change in current through the windings. The

cause of induced current in the rotor is the rotating stator magnetic field, so to oppose

this the rotor will start to rotate in the direction of the rotating stator magnetic field to

make the relative speed between rotor and rotating stator magnetic field zero.

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For these currents to be induced, the speed of the physical rotor must be lower than that

of the stator's rotating magnetic field ( ), or the magnetic field would not be moving

relative to the rotor conductors and no currents would be induced. As the speed of the

rotor drops below synchronous speed, the rotation rate of the magnetic field in the rotor

increases, inducing more current in the windings and creating more torque. The ratio

between the rotation rate of the magnetic field as seen by the rotor (slip speed) and the

rotation rate of the stator's rotating field is called "slip". Under load, the speed drops and

the slip increases enough to create sufficient torque to turn the load. For this reason,

induction motors are sometimes referred to as asynchronous motors.

4.1.3 Synchronous speed

The synchronous speed of an AC motor is the rotation rate of the rotating magnetic field

created by the stator. It is always an integer fraction of the supply frequency. The

synchronous speed ns in revolutions per minute (RPM) is given by:

Where, f is the frequency of the AC supply current in Hz and p is the number of

Magnetic pole pairs per phase. When using total number of poles, use 120 as constant

instead of 60. For example, a small 3-phase motor typically has six magnetic poles

organized as three opposing pairs 120° apart, each powered by one phase of the

supply current. So there is one pair of poles per phase, which means p = 1, and for a

line frequency of 50 Hz the synchronous speed is 3000 RPM.

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4.1.4 Slip

Slip s is the rotation rate of the magnetic field, relative to the rotor, divided by the

absolute rotation rate of the stator magnetic field

where is the rotor rotation speed in rpm. It is zero at synchronous speed and 1

(100%) when the rotor is stationary. The slip determines the motor's torque. Since the

short-circuited rotor windings have small resistance, a small slip induces a large

current in the rotor and produces large torque. At full rated load, typical values of slip

are 4-6% for small motors and 1.5-2% for large motors, so induction motors have

good speed regulation and are considered constant-speed motors.

4.2 Solenoid operated valve

A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is

controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: A solenoid valve has two

main parts: the solenoid and the valve. The solenoid converts electrical energy

into mechanical energy which, in turn, opens or closes the valve mechanically.

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Figure 4.2: Solenoid valve

4.3 Brushless DC motor

Brushless DC motors (BLDC motors, BL motors) also known as electronically

commutated motors (ECMs, EC motors) are synchronous motors which are

powered by a DC electric source via an integrated inverter, which produces an

AC electric signal to drive the motor; additional sensors and electronics control

the inverter output. A brushless DC motor is electric engine where the stator is a

classic 3 phase stator and the rotor has surface mounted permanent magnets. It is

equivalent to a reversed DC commutator motor, in which the magnet rotates

while the conductors remain stationary.

BLDC motor has no commutator and brushes, it requires electronic control for

operation. They often have external position sensors used by control unit, but

sensorless control is also possible.

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BLDC motors are really AC motors, it is the controller implementation that

makes them DC. Most BLDC motors are 3 phase motors, so they have poles that

are sets of three (e.g. 3 poles, 6 poles, 9 poles, 12 poles, etc...). You can connect

a BLDC motor to a three phase AC current and it should work fine, just as you

can connect them to a Controller which uses DC.

There are generally two methods of winding BLCD motors, Delta and Wye:

Figure 4.3: Brushless Dc motor

The trade-offs are as follows:

Delta windings provide (compared to "Wye" windings):

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• Higher RPMs

• Lower torque at low RPMs

• Lower efficiency (but still much higher than normal motors)

Wye windings provide (compared to "Delta" windings):

• Lower RPMs

• Higher torque at low RPMs

• Higher efficiency

• More accurate positioning

As we can already see, it would make sense that a CD-Rom motor is a Delta

configuration, as high speed is more important than low speed torque (a plastic

disk is not that heavy, so it does not need a lot of energy to accelerate). Likewise,

it is most likely that BLDC motors used for things like fans are probably of the

"Wye" configuration, as pushing air at slower RPMs can contribute to quieter

operation. A quick way of getting a rough idea of what type of winding you have

is to look at the number of connectors you motor has. Delta configurations

usually have 3 connectors, while "Wye" 4. Note that this is just a rough estimate,

you can get either configuration with 3 or 4 wires, but it is still useful as quick

initial identificataion (further observation using a multimeter can confirm).

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As for controlling them, most digital controllers will happily work with both, but

some cheap controllers will only work with the "Wye" configuration (and of

those, only the 4 wire version), as they need the centre point to function.

Advantages

o Magnetic coupler like isolation

o No gearbox, speed controlled by electronic unit

o Good size/power ratio

o Water cooling

Disadvantages

o Modifying CD-ROM/floppy motors can be tricky

o Need dedicated BLDC controller

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Chapter 5:

ELECTRONICS COMPONENETS

5.1 Microcontroller (89C51)

AT89C51 is an 8-bit microcontroller and belongs to Atmel's 8051 family. ATMEL

89C51 has 4KB of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM) and

128 bytes of RAM. It can be erased and program to a maximum of 1000 times.

In 40 pin AT89C51, there are four ports designated as P1, P2, P3 and P0. All these ports

are 8-bit bi-directional ports, i.e., they can be used as both input and output ports. Except

P0 which needs external pull-ups, rest of the ports have internal pull-ups. When 1s are

written to these port pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as

inputs. These ports are also bit addressable and so their bits can also be accessed

individually.

Port P0 and P2 are also used to provide low byte and high byte addresses, respectively,

when connected to an external memory. Port 3 has multiplexed pins for special functions

like serial communication, hardware interrupts, timer inputs and read/write operation

from external memory. AT89C51 has an inbuilt UART for serial communication. It can

be programmed to operate at different baud rates. Including two timers &

hardware interrupts, it has a total of six interrupts.

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Figure 5.1: Microcontroller

5.2 LCD

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video

display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit

light directly.

LCD displays are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer

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display) or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words,

digits, seven segment displays, etc., as in a digital clock. They use the same basic

technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels,

while other displays have large elements

Figure 5.2: LCD

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Very High Quality Yellow/Green 20x4 High-Density Character LCD with LED

Backlight.

This LCD is only slightly larger than a typical 16x2 module. The compact size of

this LCD fits nicely on the development boards' LCD pin connector and greatly

expands a user's ability to display more data using the same code libraries

5.3 ULN 2003

The ULN2003 is a monolithic high voltage and high current Darlington transistor arrays.

It consists of seven NPN darling-ton pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with

common-cathode clamp diode for switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating

of a single darling-ton pair is 500mA. The darling-ton pairs may be parralleled for higher

current capability. Applications include relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers,

display drivers (LED gas discharge), line drivers, and logic buffers. The ULN2003 has a

2.7kilo ohm series base resistor for each darling-ton pair for operation directly with TTL

or 5V CMOS devices.

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Figure 5.3: ULN 2003 logic diagram

5.4 MCT 2e

• Gallium Arsenide Diode Infrared Source Optically Coupled to a Silicon n-

p-n Photo transistor.

• High Direct-Current Transfer Ratio. Base Lead Provided for Conventional

Transistor Biasing

• High-Voltage Electrical Isolation

• 1.5-kV, or 3.55-kV Rating

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Figure 5.4: MCT 2e

5.5 Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a

switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays

are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete

electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits

must be controlled by one signal.

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When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that

activates the armature, and the consequent movement of the movable contact (s) either

makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the

set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the

contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the

current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half

as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a

spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are

manufactured to operate quickly. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a

high voltage or current application it reduces arcing.

Figure 5.5: Relay

5.6 IR sensor

When IR rays gets emitted from LED, it moves in the direction it is angled. When any

obstacle interferes in the path, the IR rays get cut and it produces secondary wavelets

which propagates mostly in return direction or in a direction opposite to that of the

primary waves, which produces the net result like reflection of IR rays.

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Infrared photo receiver is a two terminal PN junction device, which operates in a reverse

bias. It has a small transparent window, which allows light to strike the PN junction. A

photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current or

voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. Most photodiodes will look similar to a

light emitting diode. They will have two leads, or wires, coming from the bottom. The

shorter end of the two is the cathode, while the longer end is the anode.

5.7 Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to

the voltage across the resistor's terminals. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a

resistor's terminals to the intensity of current through the circuit is called resistance. This

relation is represented by Ohm's law:

Where I, is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential

difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the

conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation

is constant, independent of the current. Resistors are common elements of electrical

networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical

resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire

made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented

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within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated

into hybrid and printed circuits.

5.8 Capacitor

A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical

component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors

vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by

a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils

separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts

of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. When there is a potential

difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the

dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other

plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a

single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric

charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. The capacitance is

greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor, hence

capacitor conductors are often called "plates," referring to an early means of construction.

In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and

also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the

conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.

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Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while

allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power

supplies in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies, in electric

power transmission systems for stabilizing voltage and power flow, and for many other

purposes.

5.9 Led

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator

lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a

practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but

modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths,

with very high brightness. When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched

on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing

energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of

the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of

the semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical

components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present

many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption,

longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. LEDs powerful

enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and

heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

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Chapter 6:

STRUCTURE (hardware) OF PROJECT

6.1 Dimension of conveyor belt

Length == 12 feet

Width == 21 inch

6.2 Dimension of wooden roller

Length == 28 inch

Diameter of roller == 4 inch

6.3 Diameter of pulleys

Pulley 1 == 24 inch

Pulley 2 == 12 inch

Pulley 3 == 2 inch

Pulley 4 == 2 inch

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6.4 Diameter of bearings

There are four bearings used in our project, each having diameter 1.5 inch.

6.5 Diameter of shaft

There are four shafts at the end of rollers. Each shaft has diameter equal to 1.5 inch.

6.6 Dimension of structure

Length == 6 feet

Width:

Upper border == 26 inch

Lower border == 29 inch

Height == 18 inch

6.7 Types of wood

• Shesham

• cheerh

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Chapter 7:

IMPLEMENTATION AND CONTROL

In order to automate a process, first of all we need some sort of control system and also a

physical device to implement that control system. Actually, control system is

mathematical logic through which we can get results whatever we desired. It provides

ON/OFF, proportional control, PID control but to implement this method, a physical

device such as microcontroller or PLC etc is required.

Following are the basic components of an automated system

1. Sensor

2. Signal conditioning

3. Control unit

4. Actuator

5. Feedback

1) SENSOR

A sensor (also called detector) is a converter that measures a physical quantity and

converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an (today

mostly electronic) instrument.

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For example, a mercury-in-glass thermometer converts the measured temperature into

expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.

A thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by

a voltmeter. For accuracy, most sensors are calibrated against known standards.

Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons (tactile

sensor) and lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base. There are also

innumerable applications for sensors of which most people are never aware. Applications

include cars, machines, aerospace, medicine, manufacturing and robotics.

A sensor is a device which receives and responds to a signal. A sensor's sensitivity

indicates how much the sensor's output changes when the measured quantity changes.

2) Signal conditioning

In electronics, signal conditioning means manipulating an analog signal in such a way

that it meets the requirements of the next stage for further processing. Most common use

is in analog -to-digital converters.

In control engineering applications, it is common to have a sensing stage (which consists

of a sensor), a signal conditioning stage (where usually amplification of the signal is

done) and a processing stage (normally carried out by an ADC and a micro-

controller). Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are commonly employed to carry out the

amplification of the signal in the signal conditioning stage.

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Signal inputs accepted by signal conditioners include DC voltage and current, AC

voltage and current, frequency and electric charge. Sensor inputs can

be accelerometer, thermocouple, thermistor, resistance thermometer, strain gauge or

bridge, and LVDT or RVDT. Specialized inputs include encoder, counter or tachometer,

timer or clock, relay or switch, and other specialized inputs. Outputs for signal

conditioning equipment can be voltage, current, frequency, timer or counter, relay,

resistance or potentiometer, and other specialized output.

Signal conditioning can include amplification, filtering, converting, range matching,

isolation and any other processes required to make sensor output suitable for processing

after conditioning.

3) Control unit

In a general sense a control unit (CU) is a central (or sometimes distributed but clearly

distinguishable) part of a mechanism that controls its operation, for example in a

computer or a motor vehicle.

The control unit coordinates the components of a computer system. It fetches the code of

all of the instructions in the program. It directs the operation of the other units by

providing timing and control signals. All computer resources are managed by the CU. It

directs the flow of data between the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and the other devices.

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The control unit was historically defined as one distinct part of the 1946 reference model

of Von Neumann architecture. In modern computer designs, the control unit is typically

an internal part of the CPU with its overall role and operation unchanged.

The control unit is the circuitry that controls the flow of data through the processor.

4) Actuator

An actuator is a type of motor for moving or controlling a mechanism or system. It is

operated by a source of energy, usually in the form of an electric current, hydraulic

fluid pressure or pneumatic pressure, and converts that energy into some kind of motion.

An actuator is the mechanism by which an agent acts upon an environment. The agent

can be either an artificial intelligence agent or any other autonomous being (human, other

animal, etc.

5) Feedback

Feedback is a process in which information about the past or the present influences the

same phenomenon in the present or future. As part of a chain of cause-and-effect that

forms a circuit or loop, the event is said to feed back into itself.

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Figure 7.1: MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

Figure 7.2: Feedback system

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Similarities between our project and the above feedback system are as follows:

Controller == Microcontroller 89C51

Sensor == IR sensor

Actuator == Dc motor Push mechanism

Signal conditioning == Transistor darling-ton pair IC ( ULN 2003)

7.1 Circuit diagram of project

Figure 7.3 Circuit diagram

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Figure 7.3.1: Circuit diagram of project

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7.1.1 Simulated circuit diagram

Figure 7.3.2: simulated circuit diagram

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7.1.2 Working of the circuit

The IR sensors are clamped at specific height to detect the bottles according to their

heights. When the sensor detects the bottle, it gives signal to the controller. Controller

drives the dc motor for push mechanism, in this way sorting of bottle is done. In second

stage, after sorting, when the bottle reaches near to the water reservoir. IR sensor detects

bottle again it generates the logic 1. The controller receives that signal, and at the same

time it performs two functions by switching two relays. The first relay stops the motor

which is driving the conveyor belt. Secondly, solenoid valve is actuated via second relay.

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Chapter 8:

APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES

In previous chapters we have discussed about the project. Now it’s turn to come to know

about the applications and advantages of this project. Due to these applications which we

shall discuss in this chapter, we preferred to choose this idea. The main aims of our

project were automatic sorting and liquid filling.

8.1 Applications of automatic sorting

Automated sorting systems will feature computerized controls that will allow materials to

be sorted without human control or interaction. This is suitable for high-volume jobs that

would require high levels of manpower otherwise. Automated systems tend to be more

expensive than manual systems, and operators of these machines will usually need to

undergo significant training before the system can be used effectively. Manual systems

tend to be less expensive and far easier to use; they are also more easily serviceable,

whereas automated systems may require lengthy troubleshooting and diagnostics.

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Following are the application of automatic sorting:

1) Parts handling

• Conveying product from machine to packaging area or bowl feeders

• Conveying process waste and scrap products to granulator

• Separation of sprues in injection moulding process (closed loop)

• Soft Drop conveying systems for PET performs to eliminate damage

• Parts distribution for multiple box filling - The Duck is designed to convey parts from a

conveyor into boxes. Programmable to dispense precise number of parts into each box.

• Parts Conveyors linking with pick and place robots, including interface and guarding

• Multiple machine conveying systems for central packaging via PLC control

2) Pharmaceutical, food beverage

Pharmaceutical industries like Glaxo and Abbot Pakistan make variety of products. These

products are transported through conveyor belt. They are sorted out according to their

similarities. Automating sorting can be applied in the food and consumer goods

producing industries like Nestle and uniliver because they have variety of products.

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3) Separation of defective parts

Automatic sorting is also useful in separating defective parts. In Balochistan glass

industry where production of glasses takes place, defective pieces are sorted out. Later

on, these defective pieces are reproduced.

4) Separation of boxes

In packages industry Lahore, variety of boxes are produced, which are further used for

packing for example milk pack. The boxes are separated from one another on the basis of

their size.

5) Ceramic and tiles

In Master tiles, in which heavy boxes are produced with high accuracy and speed. It is the

best application of automatic sorting.

8.1.1 Advantages of conveyor

• Reduce labor by automation

• Enables central packaging of product

• Eliminates manual sorting of mouldings and sprues

• Reduces possibility of surface damage to product

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• Promotes good 'housekeeping

• Belt conveyors are capable of handling a wide range of bulk materials from very fine to

large lump sizes. Very fine materials such as portland cement are loaded at terminals

using belt conveyors. Large lump size materials such as coal are transported from mines

using belt conveyors.

• Belt conveyors require less horsepower to operate than other types of conveyors. Bulk

materials are carried on top of the belt and remain static, therefore requiring much less

energy to move.

• Conveyor belts are mechanical apparatuses that contain a continuous moving belt that is

used to transport materials, packages and people from one point to another. The belt

operates by forming a continuous loop on rollers or metal sliders. Power is provided by

motors operating at constant or variable speed.

8.2 Applications of liquid filling

E-PAK Machinery, Inc. offers a wide variety of liquid filling machine technologies

capable of filling viscous and non-viscous liquids as well as foamy products with a high

degree of accuracy and many options to choose from. Our filling systems are fully

capable of meeting the needs of food grade, sanitary, pharmaceutical, hazardous, and

corrosive environments. We pride ourselves on providing the product your business

needs, from big aseptic beverage or drum filling machines to filling machines that can

handle containers as small as a cup, tube, vial, or ampoule.

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1. Automatic capsule filling machine. This machine is designed and further

improved on the base of original full auto capsule filling machine from home and

aboard.

Type: Filling Machine

2. Milk filling

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Chapter 9:

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

Our objectives of making this project are:

• to increase productivity and

• provide safe material handling operations,

• reduce cost and

• manpower

We did sorting on the basis of height of the bottles. However, sorting can be improved

through image processing. In image processing bottle can be sorted on the basis of colors

and shapes.

The second part of our project was bottle filling, for which we used solenoid operated

valve. We did programming in such a way that it actuated the valve for a few seconds.

The operation of filling of bottles can be improved by using level sensor.

For further improvement of material handling operations Scara Robot can be used. The

robot is very helpful in picking and placing of bottles. But in this project we manually

place the bottles on the conveyor.

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References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorting

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motor

http://www.ziva-vatra.com/index.php?aid=26&id=RWxlY3Ryb25pY3M=

http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/at89c51-microcontroller-

datasheet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display

2003http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheets/120/489337_DS.pdf

http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheets/90/424848_DS.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay

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GLOSSARY

Sensor

A device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read

by an observer or by an instrument

Sorting

Sorting is any process of arranging items in some sequence and/or in different sets.

Transistor (BJT’s)

Three terminal electronic device constructed of doped semiconductor material and may

be used in amplifying or switching applications

Electromagnetic induction

The phenomenon in which emf is induced in a conductor, when it is moving through the

magnetic field.

Electromotive force (emf)

It tends to cause current to flow.

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Appendix

Program code

ORG 0H

CLR P2.6

CLR P2.3

CLR P2.4

MOV A,#38H

ACALL COMNWRT

ACALL DELAY

MOV A,#0CH ;;;DISPLAY ON CURSOR OF BUT IF WE USE 0E THEN

DISPLAY WILL BE ON BUT CURSOR WILL ALSO BE ON

ACALL COMNWRT

ACALL DELAY

MOV A,#01

ACALL COMNWRT
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ACALL DELAY

MOV A,#06H

ACALL COMNWRT

ACALL DELAY

MOV A,#80H

ACALL COMNWRT

ACALL DELAY

MOV A,#'A'

ACALL DATAWRT

ACALL DELAY

MOV A,#'U'

ACALL DATAWRT

ACALL DELAY

MOV A,#'T'

ACALL DATAWRT

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ACALL DELAY

MOV A,#'M'

ACALL DATAWRT

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'A' ;cursor at line 1, pos. 5

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'T' ;cursor at line 1, pos. 6

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'I' ;cursor at line 1, pos. 7

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

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MOV A,#'C' ;cursor at line 1, pos. 8

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#' ' ;cursor at line 1, pos. 9

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'S' ;cursor at line 1, pos. 10

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'O' ;cursor at line 1, pos. 11

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

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MOV A,#'R' ;cursor at line 1, pos. 12

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'T' ;cursor at line 1, pos. 12

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'I' ;cursor at line 1, pos. 13

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'N' ;cursor at line 1, pos. 14

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'G' ;cursor at line 1, pos. 15

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ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#0C0H

ACALL COMNWRT

ACALL DELAY

MOV A,#'&' ;cursor at line 2, pos. 1

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#' ' ;cursor at line 2, pos. 2

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'B' ;cursor at line 2, pos. 3

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

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MOV A,#'O' ;cursor at line 2, pos. 4

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'T' ;cursor at line 2, pos. 5

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'T' ;cursor at line 2, pos. 6

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'L' ;cursor at line 2, pos. 7

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

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MOV A,#'E' ;cursor at line 2, pos. 8

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#' ' ;cursor at line 2, pos. 9

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'F' ;cursor at line 2, pos. 10

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'I' ;cursor at line 2, pos. 11

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'L' ;cursor at line 2, pos. 12

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ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'L' ;cursor at line 2, pos. 13

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'L' ;cursor at line 2, pos. 14

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'I' ;cursor at line 2, pos. 15

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'N' ;cursor at line 2, pos. 16

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

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ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'G' ;cursor at line 2, pos. 17

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#94H

ACALL COMNWRT

ACALL DELAY

MOV A,#'2' ;cursor at line 3, pos. 1

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#' ' ;cursor at line 3, pos. 2

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

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MOV A,#'L' ;cursor at line 3, pos. 3

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'I' ;cursor at line 3, pos. 4

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'T' ;cursor at line 3, pos. 5

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'R' ;cursor at line 3, pos. 6

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

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MOV A,#'E' ;cursor at line 3, pos. 7

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#' ' ;cursor at line 3, pos. 8

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'B' ;cursor at line 3, pos. 9

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'O' ;cursor at line 3, pos. 10

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

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MOV A,#'T' ;cursor at line 3, pos. 11

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'T' ;cursor at line 3, pos. 12

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'L' ;cursor at line 3, pos. 13

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'E' ;cursor at line 3, pos. 14

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

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MOV A,#' ' ;cursor at line 3, pos. 15

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'=' ;cursor at line 3, pos. 16

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#' ' ;cursor at line 3, pos. 17

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#0D4H ;cursor at line 4, pos. 1

ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

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MOV A,#'1' ;cursor at line 4, pos. 1

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#' ' ;cursor at line 4, pos. 2

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'L' ;cursor at line 4, pos. 3

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'I' ;cursor at line 4, pos. 4

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'T' ;cursor at line 4, pos. 5

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

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ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'R' ;cursor at line 4, pos. 6

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'E' ;cursor at line 4, pos. 7

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#' ' ;cursor at line 4, pos. 8

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'B' ;cursor at line 4, pos. 9

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ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'O' ;cursor at line 4, pos. 10

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'T' ;cursor at line 4, pos. 11

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'T' ;cursor at line 4, pos. 12

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'L' ;cursor at line 4, pos. 13

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

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ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'E' ;cursor at line 4, pos. 14

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#' ' ;cursor at line 4, pos. 15

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#'=' ;cursor at line 4, pos. 16

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,#' ' ;cursor at line 4, pos. 17

ACALL DATAWRT ;call DATA subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

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MOV TMOD, #01100110B

SETB P0.1

SETB P0.2

SETB P3.4 ;;COUNTER0

SETB P3.5 ;;COUNTER1

MOV TH0, #0FFH

MOV TH1, #0FFH

AGAIN:

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SETB TR0

SETB TR1

BACK:

JB P0.1,TWO_LITER_BOT ; ;KEEP MONITORING VALVE TWO

CLR P2.3

JB P0.2,ONE_LITER_BOT ;KEEP MONITORING VALVE ONE

CLR P2.4

JB P0.3,CDROM

CLR P2.6

MOV A, TL0

ACALL CONV

ACALL DISPLAY

JB TF0,WAHEED

MOV A, TL1

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ACALL CONV

ACALL DISPLAY1

JNB TF1,BACK

CLR TR1

CLR TF1

MOV TL1,#00H

SJMP AGAIN

WAHEED:

CLR TR0

CLR TF0

MOV TL0,#00H

SJMP AGAIN

CONV:

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MOV B,#10

DIV AB

MOV R2,B

MOV B,#10

DIV AB

ORL A,#30H

MOV R4, A

MOV A,B

ORL A,#30H

MOV R3,A

MOV A,R2

ORL A,#30H

MOV R2,A

RET

DISPLAY1:

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 Automatic Sorting, Counting and Bottle Filling System

MOV A,#0E5H

ACALL COMNWRT ;call command subroutine

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

MOV A,R4

ACALL DATAWRT

ACALL DELAY

MOV A,R3

ACALL DATAWRT

ACALL DELAY

MOV A,R2

ACALL DATAWRT

ACALL DELAY

RET

TWO_LITER_BOT:

UET Taxila, Chakwal Campus Page 82

 Automatic Sorting, Counting and Bottle Filling System

ACALL DELAY5

CLR P2.5

ACALL DELAY

SETB P2.3 ;OPEN VALVE OF 2 LITRE BOTTLE

ACALL DELAY1

SETB P2.5

CLR P2.3

SETB P2.6

ACALL DELAY2

CLR P2.6

LJMP BACK

ONE_LITER_BOT:

ACALL DELAY3

CLR P2.5

UET Taxila, Chakwal Campus Page 83

 Automatic Sorting, Counting and Bottle Filling System

ACALL DELAY

SETB P2.4 ;OPEN VALVE OF 1 LITRE BOTTLE

ACALL DELAY4

SETB P2.5

CLR P2.4

LJMP BACK

CDROM:

SETB P2.6

ACALL DELAY2

CLR P2.6

LJMP BACK

DISPLAY:

MOV A,#0A5H

ACALL COMNWRT

UET Taxila, Chakwal Campus Page 84

 Automatic Sorting, Counting and Bottle Filling System

ACALL DELAY

MOV A,R4

ACALL DATAWRT

ACALL DELAY

MOV A,R3

ACALL DATAWRT

ACALL DELAY

MOV A,R2

ACALL DATAWRT

ACALL DELAY

RET

COMNWRT:

MOV P1,A ;copy reg A to port 1

CLR P2.0 ;RS=0 for command

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 Automatic Sorting, Counting and Bottle Filling System

CLR P2.1 ;R/W=0 for write

SETB P2.2 ;E=1 for high pulse

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

CLR P2.2 ;E=0 for H-to-L pulse

RET

DATAWRT: ;write data to LCD

MOV P1,A ;copy reg A to port 1

SETB P2.0 ;RS=1 for data

CLR P2.1 ;R/W=0 for write

SETB P2.2 ;E=1 for high pulse

ACALL DELAY ;give LCD some time

CLR P2.2 ;E=0 for H-to-L pulse

RET

DELAY: MOV R6,#20 ;250 or higher for fast CPUs

HERE2: MOV R7,#200 ;R4 = 255

HERE: DJNZ R7,HERE ;stay until R4 becomes 0

DJNZ R6,HERE2

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 Automatic Sorting, Counting and Bottle Filling System

RET

DELAY1:

MOV R1,#6

HERE6:MOV R2,#25

HERE5:MOV R3,#250

HERE4:MOV R4,#250

HERE3:DJNZ R4,HERE3

DJNZ R3,HERE4

DJNZ R2,HERE5

DJNZ R1,HERE6

RET

DELAY2:

MOV R5,#100

W:MOV R6,#210 ;250 or higher for fast CPUs

W1: MOV R7,#100 ;R4 = 255

W2: DJNZ R7,W2 ;stay until R4 becomes 0

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 Automatic Sorting, Counting and Bottle Filling System

DJNZ R6,W1

DJNZ R5,W

RET

DELAY3:

MOV R5,#4

IRFAN:MOV R6,#255 ;255 or higher for fast CPUs

IRFAN1: MOV R7,#255 ;R7 = 255

IRFAN2: DJNZ R7,IRFAN2 ;stay until R7 becomes 0

DJNZ R6,IRFAN1

DJNZ R5,IRFAN

RET

DELAY4:

MOV R1,#8

SALEEM6:MOV R2,#10

SALEEM5:MOV R3,#250

SALEEM4:MOV R4,#250

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 Automatic Sorting, Counting and Bottle Filling System

SALEEM3:DJNZ R4,SALEEM3

DJNZ R3,SALEEM4

DJNZ R2,SALEEM5

DJNZ R1,SALEEM6

RET

DELAY5:

MOV R5,#17

LAIQ:MOV R6,#255 ;255 or higher for fast CPUs

LAIQ1: MOV R7,#255 ;R7 = 255

LAIQ2: DJNZ R7,LAIQ2 ;stay until R7 becomes 0

DJNZ R6,LAIQ1

DJNZ R5,LAIQ

RET

END

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