Heater (Furnace)

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加热炉HEATER
物料进口Inlet Chimney
加热炉 Damper
HEATER/FURNACE 物料出口Outlet
Convection chamber
Radiation chamber
Burner
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加热炉HEATER 加热炉简介Brief Introduction of Heating Furnace

 加热炉及热风系统简介Brief Introduction of  加热炉：是一种火力加热设备，主要承担提供热量，是石化工装置的重要
Heating Furnace and Hot Air System 设备，同时也是炼油、化工生产装置消耗燃料能源的主要设备，所以加热
 加热炉的主要结构部件Main Structural 炉的操作对节能有重大意义。
Components of Heating Furnace  Heating Furnace: It is a kind of fire heating equipment, which mainly
provides heat. It is an important equipment of petrochemical plant. It
 加热炉的主要指标及热效率计算Main Indicators is also the main equipment that consumes fuel and energy in oil
and Thermal Efficiency Calculation of Heating refining and chemical plant. Therefore, the operation of heating
Furnace furnace is of great significance for energy saving.
 提高加热炉热效率Improving the Thermal  加热炉的主要任务：提供热量把物料加热到一定的温度，满足下一工序
（如分馏或反应）的需要。有的加热炉还担负着过热水蒸汽的任务。
Efficiency of Heating Furnace
 The main task of the heating furnace: to provide heat the material to
 加热炉低温露点腐蚀Dew Point Corrosion of a certain temperature to meet the needs of the next process (such as
Heating Furnace at Low Temperature fractionation or reaction). Some heating furnaces also take on the
task of superheated steam.
 加热炉常见的问题Common Problems in
Heating Furnace
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加热炉简介Brief Introduction of Furnace 加热炉简介Brief Introduction of Furnace

加热炉应满足的工艺要求The heating furnace should
加热炉的主要特点Main Characteristics ：
meet the technological requirements:：
1、被加热介质为易燃、易爆的液体或气体，且温度和压力较高。操作条
件苛刻。安全运行要求高。 1、完成一定的传热任务，燃料消耗少、需要的传热面积小。
The heated medium is flammable and explosive liquid or gas with high Complete a certain heat transfer task, less fuel consumption,
temperature and pressure. Operating conditions are harsh. The small heat transfer area required.
requirement of safe operation is high.
2、加热方式为明火加热。
2、被加热的介质不受局部过热。
The heating mode is open fire heating. The heated medium is not subjected to local overheating.
3、长周期连续生产。 3、在纯加热型管式加热炉中，被加热介质无分解或仅有极少
Long-periodic continuous production. 量分解。
4、所用燃料为液体或气体燃料。 In the pure heating tubular furnace, the heated medium is not
The fuel used is liquid or gas fuel. decomposed or decomposed very little .
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加热炉简介Brief Introduction of Furnace 加热炉常见分类

Common Classification of Heating Furnace
加热炉应满足的工艺要求The heating furnace should
meet the technological requirements:：  按用途分类Classification by use
1、单纯加热炉Simple Heating Furnace
4、在加热-反应型管式加热炉中，保证被加热介质的反应深度达到工艺要
求，且炉管中结焦量最少。 2、反应加热炉（管内有催化剂）Reaction Heating Furnace
(Catalyst in Tube)
In the heating-reaction tubular heating furnace, the reaction depth of the
heated medium is guaranteed to meet the technological requirements, and  按传热方式分类Classification by heat transfer mode
the coking amount in the furnace tube is the least. 1、纯对流式炉Pure Convection Furnace
5、安全、稳定、连续运行周期长。 2、辐射对流式炉Radiation Convection Furnace
Safety, stably and continuously operation period is long. 3、辐射式炉Radiation furnace
 按炉型结构分类Classification by furnace type structure
6、排烟中的有害物含量和噪声必须符合国家标准规定。
1、方箱式炉 Square box furnace
The content of harmful substances and noise in flue gas must conform to
the national standards. 2、圆筒式炉Cylindrical furnace
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加热炉常见分类
常见加热炉 Common Furnace
Common Classification of Heating Furnace
 按燃烧形式分类Classification by combustion form 辐射对流炉
1、底烧式炉 Furnace with Bottom Burning Radiation
2、侧烧式炉 Furnace with side Burning Convection
3、顶烧式炉 Furnace with top Burning Furnace
 按供风形式分类Classification by air supply form
1、强制供风炉 Forced blast furnace
2、自然供风炉 Natural blast furnace
底烧卧管方箱加热炉带火墙的双室底烧卧管方箱炉
Square Box Furnace Square Box Furnace with Bottom
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2019/8/28 Burning
10 Horizontal Tube and
Horizontal Tube Double-chamber with firewall
常见加热炉 Common Furnace 常见加热炉 Common Furnace
辐射对流炉辐射对流炉
Radiation Radiation
Convection Convection
Furnace Furnace
底烧立管方箱加热炉侧烧卧管方箱加热炉立管双室阶梯加热炉立管圆筒炉

Square Box Furnace Square Box Furnace with Double-chamber Stepped Cylinder Furnace with
with Bottom Burning Side Burning Horizontal Furnace with Vertical Vertical Tube
Vertical Tube Tube Tube
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辐射式炉Radiation Furnace
箱式炉Square Box Heater
无对流段螺旋管加热炉无对流段立管纯辐射炉带反射锥炉带对流段立管加热炉

Helical Tube Furnace Vertical Tube pure Furnace with Vertical Tube furnace
without convective radiation furnace Reflection with convective chamber
chamber Cone
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立式炉 Vertical Heater 圆筒炉 Cylindrical Heater
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方炉 Square Heater 方炉 Square Heater
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加热炉的传热及传热方式
加热炉的传热及传热方式 Heat Transfer and Heat Transfer Mode of Heating Furnace
Heat Transfer and Heat Transfer Mode of Heating Furnace
 对流传热:依靠流体（液体或气体）本身流动而实现的热传递叫做对流传热。
分自然对流和强制对流。
 传热：不同温度的两个物体放在一起，高温物体的温度降低，低
 Convective heat transfer: The heat transfer achieved by the flow of a
温物体的温度升高，热量从高温物体传到了低温物体,这种现象 fluid (liquid or gas) itself is called convective heat transfer. There are
称为传热。 natural convection and forced convection.
 Heat transfer: When two objects with different  传导传热:物体通过接触，并没有发生物质的相互转移而传递热量的方式叫传
temperatures are put together, the temperature of the high- 导传热。传导传热需要介质，受介质的导热系数影响。
temperature object decreases, the temperature of the low-  Conduction heat transfer: The way in which an object transfers heat
temperature object increases, and the heat is transferred through contact without material transferring each other is called
conduction heat transfer. Conduction heat transfer need medium,
from the high-temperature object to the low-temperature which is affected by thermal conductivity of medium.
object. This phenomenon is called heat transfer.  辐射传热:物体间依靠电磁波互相辐射传导热量的方式叫辐射传热。辐射传热
 传热方式：分对流传热、传导传热、辐射传热等三种方式。无需中间介质。
 Heat transfer modes: convection heat transfer, conduction  Radiation heat transfer: The way that objects transmit heat through
electromagnetic waves is called radiation heat transfer. Radiation heat
heat transfer and radiation heat transfer.
transfer does not require intermediate medium.
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加热炉的传热方式Heat Transfer Mode of Heating Furnace 加热炉的主要构成

加热炉内的传热： Main Composition of Furnace
Heat Transfer in Furnace Convection Heat Transfer 1、辐射室：辐射室有辐射炉管、人孔、看火门。
热量从炉膛到炉管外壁： Radiation chamber: Radiation chamber has radiation tube,
辐射传热+对流传热 manhole and fire door.
Heat Transfer 2、对流室：对流室有对流炉管、吹灰器，观察孔。
fromvibration chamber to Convection chamber: Convection chamber has
Outer Wall of Tube: convection tube, sootblower and observation hole.
cover tube section
Radiation Heat Transfer +

Convection Heat Transfer
3、燃烧系统：燃烧器、配风系统。
Radiation Heat Transfer Combustion system: burner, air distribution system.
热量从炉管外壁到炉管内 4、烟囱：烟囱内装有烟道挡板，有的加热炉是联合囱。
物料：传导传热
Chimney: Chimney are equipped with flue dampers, and
Heat Transfer from Outer some heating furnaces are combined chimneys.
Wall of Tube to medium in Heat Transfer Mode
Tube: Conduction Heat
Transfer
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加热炉的主要构成加热炉的主要构成
Main Composition of Furnace Main Composition of Furnace
Radiation chamber
Radiation chamber
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Convection chamber
Convection chamber
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5、炉体：含钢结构和耐火衬里。
Furnace body: steel structure and refractory lining.
6、控制调节系统包括：空气、燃料的控制调节；物料的流量、
Buruer
压力、温度控制调节。
The control and regulation system includes: air and
fuel control and regulation;Material flow, pressure,
temperature control and adjustment.
7、烟气余热回收系统：含风机、换热器、烟道、风道组成。
Flue gas waste heat recovery system: consists of fan,
heat exchanger, flue and air duct.
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加热炉的结构简图Structural diagram of heater 加热炉的结构简图Structural diagram of heater
Chimney烟囱烟道挡板Damper 烟囱Chimney

挡板Damper
manhole人孔
取样口Sampling port 负压接口Pressure test tube
炉墙板wallboard of heater
物料进口Inlet 对流炉管Convection tube
Lining衬里炉管Tube
对流段Convection section
辐射室炉膛Radiation chamber
Peephole看火孔转油线 Transfer line
Radiation chamber
辐射炉管辐射段Radiation section
炉管Tube
燃烧器Burner
灭火蒸汽 Fire fight steam
物料出口 Outlet 燃烧器Burner
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加热炉物料流程简图Material Flow Chart of Heater 加热炉控制流程简图Control Flow Chart of Heater
物料温度控制调节
空气、烟气
Temperature Control
Air、Flue gas
被加热介质
Heated 物料流量控制调节
medium Flow Control
燃料Fuel
燃料的控制调节Fuel
control and regulation
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常见余热回收系统
常见余热回收系统 Common waste heat recovery system
Common waste heat recovery system
水热媒余热回收：泵强制循环（锅炉水液相）Forced Pump Circulation (BFW Liquid Phase)
Recovery of Waste Heat from 气相排放Gas phase emission
Water and Heat Medium
锅炉水BFW
水-烟气换热器
Water-flue gas 水补充水Supplementary water
heat exchanger 泵
鼓风机Blower
水-空气换热器Water-air heat exchanger
水作为热载体预热助燃空气 Preheating combustion-
supporting air with water as heat carrier
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常见余热回收系统常见余热回收系统
Common waste heat recovery system Common waste heat recovery system
组合适用烟气温度较高
Combination Suitable for High
Smoke Temperature
of heat pipes
Different installation locations
热
from single heat pipe
Recovery of waste heat
单管
热安
管装
余位
热置
回不热管换热器与扰流子换热器组合串联余热回收系统
收同 Heat pipe heat exchanger and spoiler heat exchanger combined series waste heat
recovery system
1-加热炉Heater 2-扰流子翅片管空气预热器Spoiler finned tube air preheater
3-热管空气预热器Heat pipe air preheater 4-鼓风机Blower 5-引风机Induced
单一热管适用烟气温度较低 draft fan 6-烟囱Chimney
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余热回收热管换热器及扰流子换热器
热管工作原理翅片扰流子管
Working Principle of Heat Pipe Finned spoiler tube
Heat pipe heat exchanger

管内真空
and changes the heat transfer effect

Turbulence destroys the boundary layer
产
生
湍热
流
破管
坏换
边热
界
层器
改
变
换
热
效
果
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两相流水热媒：锅炉水气液两相
Two-Phase Flow Water Heat Media: Boiler Water Vapor-Liquid Two-Phase
不凝气体
排放至大气仪表风
（0.2-0.8 ）排至大气
两相流换热器
空气部分
上升管空气 20℃
大气
进炉助燃
鼓风机
烟气 154℃
烟气 124℃
245220Nm3 /
烟囱
除尘器
下降管
锅炉引风机
两相流换热器
烟气部分
注液阀
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常见余热回收系统常见余热回收系统
Common waste heat recovery system Common waste heat recovery system
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常见余热回收系统加热炉主要部件
Common waste heat recovery system Main Components of Heater
炉管及附属部件Tubes and accessories
1、炉管：辐射室炉管、对流室炉管
辐射室炉管通常采用光管；
对流室炉管通常采用钉头管和翅片管，
遮蔽管应采用光管；
Tube: Radiation Chamber Tube, Convection Chamber Tube
The radiation chamber tube usually uses bare tube;
The convection chamber tube usually uses studded
tube and finned tube ,
and bare tube is used in cover tube.
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加热炉主要部件加热炉主要部件简图
Main Components of Heater Sketch of main parts of heater
2、回弯头：把炉管与炉管连接成连续蛇管
Shap angle elbow : Connect tube and tube into
continuous snake tube
3、炉管吊架（吊钩）Tube hanger (hook)
4、导向杆Guide rod
5、管板Tube plate
6、管架Tube frame 吊架
hook
炉管及弯头管板管架
tube frame 导向杆
tube and elbow Tube plate Guide rod
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对流段炉管 Convection tube 对流段炉管 Convection tube

钉头管及翅片管 Studded tube and Fin tube
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对流段炉管 Convection tube 对流段炉管 Convection tube
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加热炉主要部件加热炉主要部件
Main Components of Heater Main Components of Heater
燃烧器 Burner
1、燃烧器：将燃料和空气按照所需混合比和流速送入火盆
内，确保和维持点火及燃烧条件的部件
Burner: Components that feed fuel and air into the
brazier at the required mixing ratio and flow rate to
ensure and maintain ignition and combustion
conditions.
2、燃烧器通常包括：燃料喷咀、配风口和燃烧道三个部分。
The burner usually consists of three parts: fuel nozzle,
air distribution port and combustion channel.
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加热炉主要部件燃料喷咀、配风口和燃烧道
Fuel nozzle, Air distribution port and Combustion channel
Main Components of Heater
Gas ring
燃料喷咀Fuel nozzle:
是供给燃料并使燃料完成燃烧前准备的部件。
Off Gas
It is the part that supplies fuel and makes it
ready before burning.
燃料喷咀的主要任务Main Tasks of Fuel Nozzles：
是使燃料形成便于与空气混合的雾化炬，外混式燃料气喷
咀将燃料气分散成细流，并以适当的角度导人燃烧道，以
便与空气良好混合。预混式燃料气喷咀则是将燃料气和空
Off Gas 气均匀混合后供给燃烧。
Oil Gun
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燃料喷咀、配风口和燃烧道燃料喷咀、配风口和燃烧道
Fuel nozzle, Air distribution port and Combustion channel Fuel nozzle, Air distribution port and Combustion channel
配风口Air distribution port :
燃料喷咀的主要任务Main Tasks of Fuel Nozzles：使空气与燃料良好混合并形成稳定而符合要求的
是使燃料形成便于与空气混合的雾化炬，外混式燃料气喷火焰形状。尤其是在火焰根部必须保证有足够的
咀将燃料气分散成细流，并以适当的角度导入燃烧道，以空气供应，以避免燃料受热时因缺氧而裂解，产
便与空气良好混合。预混式燃料气喷咀则是将燃料气和空生黑烟。
气均匀混合后供给燃烧。
Make the air and fuel mix well and form a
The fuel is formed into an atomization torch which is
easy to mix with air. The external mixing fuel nozzle stable flame shape that meets the
disperses the fuel gas into a fine flow and leads it into requirements. Especially at the root of the
the combustion channel at an appropriate angle so as to flame, sufficient air supply must be ensured
mix well with air. The premixed fuel gas nozzle combusts to avoid fuel cracking due to lack of oxygen
the fuel gas and air evenly. when heated, resulting in black smoke.
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燃料喷咀、配风口和燃烧道燃料喷咀、配风口和燃烧道
Fuel nozzle, Air distribution port and Combustion channel Fuel nozzle, Air distribution port and Combustion channel
燃烧道Combustion channel：燃烧道Combustion channel：

 在火焰根部设置一段燃烧道，不但能使火焰根部基本上不散热，  能约束空气，迫使空气与燃料混合而不致散溢于炉膛中。自然通
而且耐火材料蓄积的热量还能提供辐射热源，使火焰根部温度升风或低压鼓风式燃烧器，空气功能小，穿透能力弱，燃烧道对空
高，加速燃料的蒸发和着火，有助于形成稳定的燃烧。气的约束作用更显得重要。
 Setting a section of burning channel at the flame root can not  It can restrain air and force air to mix with fuel without spilling
only make the flame root not heat dissipation basically, but also into the radiation chamber. Natural ventilation or low pressure
provide radiation heat source for the heat accumulated by blast burner has small air function and weak penetration ability,
refractories, which can increase the temperature of the flame so the restriction of combustion channel on air is more
root, accelerate the evaporation and ignition of fuel, and help to important.
form a stable combustion.
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燃料喷咀、配风口和燃烧道加热炉主要部件
Fuel nozzle, Air distribution port and Combustion channel
Burner structure diagram
燃烧道Combustion channel：燃烧器结构图
燃烧道喷嘴
 与配风器一起使气流形成理想的流型。配风器提供的气流流型，
往往要与燃烧道配合才能实现。实际上燃烧道是配风口不可分割
的部分。
 Together with the air distributor, the air flow forms an ideal flow
pattern. The air flow pattern provided by the air distributor often
Bottom Burning
needs to cooperate with the combustion channel in order to 进风口

achieve. In fact, the combustion channel is an inseparable part 底
of the air distribution port. 烧配风口
式
四配风油气枪同轴燃烧器
Coaxial Burner of Oil and Gas Gun
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炉底
二次火道砖
二次风口
风
长明灯道
一次火道砖或
Bottom Burning
Bottom Burning
风门风
箱
底一次风口
顶
烧底盘烧
瓦斯火嘴
式观察孔式
蒸
汽
油油火嘴
入
入口
口
二次配风油气枪不同轴燃烧器
Different Axis Burner of Secondary
Air Distribution Oil and Gas Gun
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Oil gun nozzle
侧烧式燃烧器Side Burning 油枪喷头
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衬里部件Lining parts 衬里部件Lining parts
1、耐火砖：标准砖、异形砖Refractory brick: standard 5、保温钉：L型、V型、Y型 Insulation nails: L type , V type,

brick, special-shaped brick Y type
2、浇注料：轻质浇注料、重质浇注料、刚玉浇注料 6、快速夹Quick clip
Castable: lightweight castable, heavyweight castable, 7、保温钉垫片及螺帽Insulation nail gasket and nut
corundum castable 8、陶瓷帽盖Ceramic cap
3、陶瓷纤维：纤维棉、纤维毯、纤维模块Ceramic Fiber: 9、耐热钢丝Heat resistant steel wire
Fiber Cotton, Fiber Blanket, Fiber Module
4、纤维可塑料：高铝纤维可塑料、普铝纤维可塑料Fiber 10、耐火胶泥Refractory mortar
Plastic castable: High Aluminum Fiber Plastic castable
refractory, General Aluminum Fiber Plastic castable
refractory
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Lining parts：Cooperative Use of Quick clip and L-type Insulation Nail
衬里部件：快速夹和L型保温钉配合使用衬里部件：保温钉Lining parts： Insulation nail

 保温钉的型式：L型、V型、Y型Type of
Insulation nail:L type,V type,Y type
 保温钉型式的选择：根据耐火材料要求选择
Selection of Insulation Nail Type:
According to Refractory Requirements
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 保温钉型式的选择：根据耐火材料要求选择Selection of
Insulation Nail Type: According to Refractory 保温钉材质的选择：根据使用温度要求选择
Requirements
Material Selection of Insulation Nail: According
L型保温钉：多用于纤维平铺毯、纤维喷涂、纤维模块 to the Use Temperature Requirements
L type:It is mainly used for fibre blanket, fibre
spraying and fibre module.
V型保温钉：多用于纤维可塑料、浇注料、纤维喷涂
V type:t is mostly used for fibre plastics, castable
and fibre spraying.
Y型保温钉: 多用于纤维可塑料、浇注料、复合衬里
Y type:It is mainly used for fibre plastics,
castable and composite lining.
L型保温钉和V型保温钉混合：纤维喷涂
Mixing L-type and V-type : fibre spraying
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保温钉的布置：拼花布置
Insulation nail arrangement: patchwork
保温钉的布置间距Layout spacing of insulating nails：
A指保温钉间距
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加热炉衬里：纤维衬里材料的选择加热炉衬里：纤维衬里材料的用途
Heater Lining: Selection of Fiber Lining Materials Heater Lining: Use of Fiber Lining Materials
temperature
Selection according to
根
据
温
度
选
择
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常见衬里型式：平铺毯结构Common lining type: flat blanket 常见衬里型式：平铺毯结构Common lining type: flat blanket
平铺毯直衬里搭接
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常见衬里型式：模块结构 Common Lining Types: Modular Structure
常见衬里型式：平铺毯结构 Common lining type: flat blanket
中心孔吊装模块结构
耐火纤维和耐火砖搭接 Central Hole Lifting Module Structure
阳角衬里结构
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常见衬里型式：模块结构 Common Lining Types: Modular Structure 模块衬里拼图：（拼完后的处理）
Module Lining Mosaic: (Processing after Mosaic)
滑槽式模块结构
Sliding groove module structure
模块的地板式拼花结构
Module floor patchwork structure
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常见衬里型式：复合衬里结构常见衬里型式：复合衬里结构
Common Lining Types: Composite lining structure Common Lining Types: Composite lining structure
1-浇注料castable； 1-普铝可塑料；2-高铝可塑料
2-高铝纤维喷涂
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衬里结构形式:不同形式衬里的结合使用衬里结构形式:不同形式衬里的结合使用
Lining Structural Form: Combination of Different Lining Forms Lining Structural Form: Combination of Different Lining Forms
高铝陶纤模块快速夹
炉顶板高铝陶纤棉快速夹
型保温钉
炉顶板
Φ 8× 200 型保温钉
Φ 8× 2 00
炉墙板
炉墙板
垫片、螺帽垫片、螺帽
高温辐射涂料高温辐射涂料
型保温钉 Φ 6× 70 型保温钉 Φ 6× 70
型保温钉 Φ 8× 200
型保温钉 Φ 8× 200
型保温钉 Φ 6× 70
型保温钉 Φ 6× 70
高铝陶纤棉
高铝陶纤棉
快速夹
快速夹高铝可塑料
高铝可塑料
垫片、螺帽
垫片、螺帽
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衬里结构形式Lining Structural Form:
附属部件Accessory parts：
高铝陶纤毯
不锈钢螺栓 M16× 140
“三门一板”
炉墙板 “Three doors and one damper”
型保温钉
Φ 6× 100
普铝可塑料
不锈钢板 δ =3
不锈钢螺栓
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“三门一板” 加热炉主要部件
“Three doors and one damper” Main Components of Heater
1、看火门：看火门主要是用来观察炉内火焰状况和辐射管运附属部件Accessory parts：
行情况的，看火门的数量和位置应能看到所有燃烧器燃烧状 “三门一板”
况，并能观察到所有的炉管。 “Three doors and one damper”
Fire sight door: Fire sight door is mainly used to observe
the flame condition and radiation tube operation in the 1、看火门：看火门主要是用来观察炉内火焰状况和辐射管运行情况的，看火
门的数量和位置应能看到所有燃烧器燃烧状况，并能观察到所有的炉管。
heater. The number and position of fire sight door should Fire sight door: Fire sight door is mainly used to observe the flame
be able to see all burner combustion conditions and all condition and radiation tube operation in the heater. The number and
heater tubes. position of fire sight door should be able to see all burner combustion
2、人孔门及检修门：为了能进入炉内进行检修，需要设置人 conditions and all heater tubes.
孔门和检修门。对于炉底无法安装人孔门的小园筒炉，检修 2、人孔门及检修门：为了能进入炉内进行检修，需要设置人孔门和检修门。
时可拆下燃烧器，其开孔兼作人孔。对于炉底无法安装人孔门的小园筒炉，检修时可拆下燃烧器，其开孔兼作
人孔。
Manhole and overhaul door: In order to enter the heater for Manhole and overhaul door: In order to enter the heater for overhaul,
overhaul, manhole and overhaul need to be set up. For manhole and overhaul need to be set up. For small cylindrical heater
small cylindrical heater where manhole doors can not be where manhole doors can not be installed at the bottom of the heater, the
installed at the bottom of the heater, the burner can be burner can be removed during overhaul, and the openings are both
manholes.
removed during overhaul, and the openings are both
manholes.
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附属部件Accessory parts：附属部件Accessory parts
“三门一板”
“Three doors and one damper” 5、灭火蒸汽线：当炉膛失火时，需要通入蒸汽灭火。
Fire extinguishing steam pipe: When the heater is on fire, it
3、防爆门：当炉内积存可燃气体和空气的混合物时，就有发 is necessary to put out the fire by steam.
生爆炸的危险，辐射室均应设置防爆门，以便在发生爆炸事 6、吹灰器：为了清除对流管外表面上的积灰，保证对流传热
故时，能及时卸压。效果，对流室应放置吹灰器。
Explosion-proof door: When the mixture of combustible gas Soot blower: In order to remove the ash deposit on the
and air is accumulated in the heater, there is a danger of outside surface of convection tube and ensure the
explosion. Explosion-proof door should be installed in the convection heat transfer effect, soot blower should be
radiation chamber so as to relieve pressure in time in case placed in convection chamber.
of explosion accident.
4、烟道挡板：单轴烟道挡板、多轴烟道挡板。
Flue damper: single-axis flue damper, multi-axis flue
damper.
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烟道挡板及调节系统Flue damper and regulation system 烟道挡板及调节系统Flue damper and regulation system
 在烟囱内加设挡板，调节挡板开度就可控制一定的抽力，保证炉膛内最合适
的负压。一般要求炉膛内保持负压2—3毫米水柱，在打开看火门观察炉膛时，  烟囱挡板有非密封型、密封型和高温密封型。目前密
火焰不会外扑，确保操作安全。如采用强制送风，炉内负压不超过5毫米水柱
时，可以不装挡板。老式的烟囱挡板多为单轴式，近年来多采用多轴式，多
封型基本代替了非密封型，高温密封型用于有废热回
轴式挡板较单轴挡板灵活好用，不易损坏变形，便于操作。收系统和联合烟道系统。挡板材质为碳钢和18-8钢两
 Adding damper in chimney can control certain suction force by 种。
adjusting damper opening and ensure the most suitable  Chimney damper has non-sealed, sealed and high
negative pressure in heater. Generally, it is required to maintain temperature sealed type. At present, the sealed type
a negative pressure of 2-3 mm water column in the heater. basically replaces the non-sealed type, and the high
When the fire sight door is opened to observe the heater, the temperature sealed type is used in the waste heat
flame will not burst out to ensure safe operation. If forced air recovery system and the combined flue system. The
supply is adopted and the negative pressure in the heater does baffle is made of carbon steel and 18-8 stainless
not exceed 5 mm water column, no damper can be installed. steel.
Old-fashioned chimney dampers are mostly single-axis type. In
recent years, multi-axis type dampers are more flexible and
easy to use than single-axis type dampers, which are not easy
to damage and deform, and easy to operate.
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烟道挡板及调节系统Flue damper and regulation system Flue damper
 烟囱挡板调节系统由调节机构、滑轮，转轮及烟囱挡板等部件组
成，由钢丝绳和链条传动。调节机构由手摇卷扬机、开关指示部
件及链轮组成，装在地面上。滑轮安装在炉体和烟囱上，以固定
钢丝绳及滑动用。转轮安装在烟囱挡板轴上，带动烟囱挡板开闭。
烟囱挡板多装在烟囱底部。
 The chimney damper regulating system is composed of
regulating mechanism, pulley, runner and chimney damper,
which is driven by wire rope and chain. The adjusting
mechanism is composed of a hand winder, a switch indicating
component and a sprocket wheel, which is mounted on the
ground. The pulley is installed on the heater body and chimney
to fix the wire rope and slide. The runner is installed on the
shaft of the chimney damper to drive the chimney damper to
open and close. Chimney dampers are mostly installed at the
bottom of the chimney.
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防爆门
看火门 Explosion-proof door 看火门
Fire sight door 防爆门
Explosion-proof door
人孔Manhole
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防爆门
Explosion-proof door
Soot blower
吹
灰
器
看火门
Fire sight door
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加热炉主要部件
加热炉的主要工艺指标
Main Technological Specification of Heater
为了评定管式炉的技术经济合理性，采用一些反映加热炉内
传热性能的主要工艺指标。一般有以下几项：
In order to evaluate the techno-economics rationality of tubular
furnace, some main technical indexes reflecting the heat transfer
Blower performance in the furnace are adopted. Generally, there are the
following items:
Induced draft fan

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加热炉的主要工艺指标管式加热炉的主要工艺指标
Main Technological Specification of Heater (2) 炉管表面热强度：指每平方米炉管表面积每小时的传热量，以q表示，单位为kJ/(m2*h)或W/m2。此值越大，完成相同的传热
任务所需要的传热面积越小；传热面积相同时，此值越大，传递的热量越多。一般希望炉管具有较高的平均表面热强度，但过大
时，受热最强的部分炉管易被烧穿。所以，q值不是越大越好，要依具体情况而定。由于辐射管和对流管的表面热强度相差较大，
故应分别计算。目前国内常用的管式加热炉，辐射管的表面热强度一般在23260-46520W/m2；对流管的表面热强度在9300-
(1)热负荷：也称有效热负荷，是指炉子每小时传给被加热物料的总 23260W/m2。
热量，以Q表示，单位为KJ/h或W。 Surface heat intensity of tube: refers to the heat transfer per hour per
它体现了炉子供热能力的大小，此值越大，炉子的生产能力也越 square meter of tube surface area, expressed in q, in kJ/(m2*h) or
大。目前，加热炉最大炉热负荷已达325MW。 W/m2. The larger the value, the smaller the heat transfer area needed to
Heat duty: Also known as effective heat duty, refers to the complete the same heat transfer task; the larger the value, the more
total heat transferred to the heated material by the heater heat transferred. It is generally hoped that the tube will have a high
every hour, expressed in Q, in units of KJ/h or W. average surface heat intensity, but when it is too large, the most
It reflects the size of the heating capacity of the heater. The heated part of the tube will be easily burnt through. Therefore, the Q
larger the value, the greater the production capacity of the value is not the bigger the better, depending on the specific situation.
heater. At present, the maximum heat duty of the heater Because the surface thermal intensity of radiation tube and convection
has reached 325 MW. tube is quite different, they should be calculated separately. At present,
the surface heat intensity of radiation tube is generally 23260-
46520W/m2 and that of convection tube is 9300-23260W/m2.
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管式加热炉的主要工艺指标管式加热炉的主要工艺指标
(3)炉膛温度：（也称火墙温度）是指辐射室烟气出口平均温度，以tg表示，单位为℃。它是一个 (4)炉膛热强度：是指每小时每立方米炉膛体积所传递的热量，以qv表示，单位为kJ/(m3*h)或
安全指标，控制不好，炉管就有烧穿的危险。对于碳钢管，炉膛温度不高于850℃；对于合金钢 W/m3。此值越大，完成相同的传热任务所需的炉子越紧凑；在炉体一定的情况下，此值越大，
管，温度可高一些。炉膛传递的热量越多。
Radiation chamber temperature: (also known as Heat intensity of radiation chamber : refers to the
bridge wall temperature) refers to the average heat transferred per cubic meter of radiation
temperature of flue gas outlet in radiation chamber, chamber volume per hour, expressed in qv, in
expressed as tg, in units of ℃. It is a safety index. kJ/(m3*h) or W/m3. The larger the value is, the
If it is not well controlled, the tube will be in more compact the heater is needed to complete
danger of burning through. For carbon steel tube, the same heat transfer task; the larger the value is,
the temperature is not higher than 850 ℃; for alloy the more heat is transferred in the heater.
steel tube, the temperature can be higher a little.
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管式加热炉的主要工艺指标管式加热炉的主要工艺指标
(6)冷油流速和全炉压力降：
(5)全炉热效率：是指被加热流体吸收的有效热量与供给炉子的能量之比值，以η（%）表示。热效按20℃的油品比重计算的油品线速度，称为冷油流速，以w表示，单位为m/s。
率的高低表明向炉子提供的能量被有效利用的程度。在加热任务一定时，热效率越高，燃料用量油品经过对流管与辐射管总的压力降，成为全炉压力降，以Δp表示，单位为Pa或MPa。
越省。可见，它是一个经济指标。为了节约燃料、减少操作费用，应尽量提高炉子热效率。有些
加热炉在采用了回收废热的措施之后，可使热效率有70%-80%提高到90%左右。管内流速越低，边界层越厚，传热系数越小，管壁温度越高，其结果越容易结焦，炉管越容易
损坏。
Full heater thermal efficiency: refers to the ratio of the 为了改善传热，强化传热，防止炉管结焦，希望油品流速大一些；但流速过大，会使压力降升
effective heat absorbed by the heated fluid to the energy 高，动力消耗增加。所以，一般冷油流速取1-2m/s为宜。
supplied to the heater, expressed in η(%). The level of Cold oil flow rate and heater pressure drop:
thermal efficiency indicates the extent to which the energy The oil line velocity calculated according to the specific
provided to the heater is effectively utilized. When the gravity of oil at 20 C is called the flow velocity of cold oil,
heating task is fixed, the higher the thermal efficiency, the expressed in w, in m/s.
lower the fuel consumption. Obviously, it is an economic The total pressure drop of oil through convection tube
indicator. In order to save fuel and reduce operating costs, and radiation tube becomes the pressure drop of the whole
the heater thermal efficiency should be improved as far as heater, expressed as Δp, in units of Pa or MPa.
possible. Some heaters with waste heat recovery system
can increase the thermal efficiency from 70% to 80% to
about 90%.
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管式加热炉的主要工艺指标炉子的操作范围Operation range of heater

(6)冷油流速和全炉压力降：
管内流速越低，边界层越厚，传热系数越小，管壁温度越高，其结果越容易结焦，炉管越容炉子的操作上限Operation upper limit of heater
易损坏。
为了改善传热，强化传热，防止炉管结焦，希望油品流速大一些；但流速过大，会使压力降
升高，动力消耗增加。所以，一般冷油流速取1-2m/s为宜。
 管式加热炉是既有上限又有下限的设备，它不允许远离其设计
Cold oil flow rate and heater pressure drop: 能力进行操作。一台炉子的设计热负荷究竟取多少，必须考虑
The lower the flow rate in the tube, the thicker the boundary 到它在要求的上、下限负荷下都能顺利操作。同时，还要考虑
layer, the smaller the heat transfer coefficient and the 炉子所在工艺系统处理量变化的范围以及炉子的经济性等。
higher the temperature of the tube wall, the easier the  Tubular heater is a kind of equipment with both upper and
coking and the more easily the heater tube is damaged. lower limits. It is not allowed to operate far away from its
In order to improve heat transfer, strengthen heat transfer design capability. The design heat duty of a heater must be
and prevent coking of heater tubes, it is hoped that the taken into account that it can operate smoothly under the
flow rate of oil products will be higher; however, if the flow required upper and lower duty. At the same time, we should
rate is too high, the pressure drop will rise and the power also consider the range of processing capacity change and
consumption will increase. Therefore, it is advisable to take the economy of the heater in the process system where the
1-2m/s as the flow rate of cold oil. heater is located.
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炉子的操作范围Operation range of heater 炉子的操作范围Operation range of heater

炉子的操作上限Operation upper limit of heater 影响加热炉操作上限的因素及危害：
Factors Affecting the Operation Upper Limit of Heater and Its Harm：
通常允许的操作上限为设计热负荷的120％，理由是热负荷增加到这
个值时炉子在设计上无需作什么特殊考虑，基建投资因而不变，而且炉 1.炉膛体积限制:炉子操作负荷过大以后，火陷有可能烧出炉膛之外，
子负荷有20％余量以后基本上也能满足工艺上的变化要求。但是，在此
并舐到辐射室炉管或热遮蔽管上，危及炉子的安全。因此炉膛的
基础上把炉子的操作负荷再进一步提高，则需要对若干个可能的限制因
素进行校核。这些因素主要是：炉膛体积、烟气侧阻力，管内流速和火
尺寸在操作上限时应能容纳住火焰，并有一定余量。
墙温度等。 Radiation Chamber Volume Limitation: When the operating
Usually, the maximum allowable operation upper limit is 120% of duty of the heater is too large, the flame may burn out of the
the design heat duty. The reason is that when the heat duty increases radiation chamber and lick it on the radiation tube or cover tube,
to this value, the heater does not need any special consideration in endangering the safety of the heater. Therefore, the size of the
design, so the investment in infrastructure will remain unchanged, and radiation chamber should be able to accommodate the flame
the heater duty can basically meet the requirements of technological and have a certain margin in the upper limit of operation.
changes after 20% surplus. However, on this basis, to further increase
the operating duty of the heater, it is necessary to check several
possible limiting factors. These factors are mainly: radiation chamber
volume, flue gas side resistance, flow rate in tube and temperature of
bridge wall(radiation chamber ).
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影响加热炉操作上限的因素及危害：影响加热炉操作上限的因素及危害：
Factors Affecting the Operation Upper Limit of Heater and Its Harm： Factors Affecting the Operation Upper Limit of Heater and Its Harm：
2.烟气侧阻力限制:对强制通风的加热炉，烟气侧阻力会不会成为提 2. Flue gas side resistance restriction: For forced ventilation heating
高负荷的限制，主要由风机能力决定。自然通风加热炉是利用烟 heater, whether the flue gas side resistance will become the restriction
囱抽力克服烟气侧阻力，这方面的问题较为突出。因为炉子负荷 of increasing duty is mainly determined by the capacity of the fan.
Natural ventilation heater uses chimney pumping force to overcome
增加后，烟囱烟气量也要增加。同时，热负荷增加后热效率会降 the side resistance of flue gas, and this problem is more prominent. As
低，即排烟温度将升高，从而增加烟囱的抽力，但抽力的增量不 the heater duty increases, the amount of chimney flue gas will also
大。当炉子达到某一负荷时，抽力增加和烟气侧阻力的增加将处 increase. At the same time, the thermal efficiency will decrease with
于平衡，这一平衡点就是由烟气侧阻力所决定的操作上限。超过 the increase of heat duty, that is, the exhaust temperature of flue gas
这一点操作，空气量不足，使燃烧不完全。 will rise, which will increase the chimney pumping force, but the
increase of pumping force is not large. When the heater reaches a
certain duty, the increase of suction force and the increase of flue gas
side resistance will be in balance, which is the upper limit of operation
determined by the flue gas side resistance. Beyond this point, the air
volume is insufficient and the combustion is incomplete.
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炉子的操作范围Operation range of heater

影响加热炉操作上限的因素及危害：炉子的操作范围Operation range of heater
Factors Affecting the Operation Upper Limit of Heater and Its Harm：
3.管内流速限制:从泵和压缩机的输送能力来考虑，管内压力损失有上限而无下炉子操作的下限Operation lower limit of heater
限，故油品在管内的流速不能过高。
Velocity limit in tube: Considering the conveying capacity of pump and 可能有人认为炉子操作只有上限没有下限，操作负荷越小越显
compressor, the pressure loss in tube has upper limit and no lower 得富裕，因而越安全可靠。这种观点是不对的。实际证明，一台大炉
limit, so the flow rate of oil in tube can not be too high. 子在过小的负荷下操作可能损坏得更快。
4.火墙温度限制:负荷越大火墙温度越高，超负荷运转时辐射室在结构和材料方
面可能产生问题，最容易发生损坏的是辐射炉管的支承件（如管板、管吊 Some people may think that the heater operation
等）。一台炉子的火墙温度允许达到多高，主要由各材料的设计温度、安全 only has the upper limit and no lower limit. The
使用温度或者高温许用应力决定。
Radiation Chamber(bridge wall) Temperature Limitation: The bigger the
smaller the operation duty, the richer it appears,
load, the higher the temperature of the bridge wall, the structural and and therefore the safer and more reliable it is.
material problems of the radiation chamber may occur during overload
operation. The most vulnerable parts to damage are the supporting This view is incorrect. It has been proved that a
parts of the radiation furnace tubes (such as tubesheet, tube crane, large heater may be damaged more quickly
etc.). The allowable wall temperature of a furnace is mainly determined
by the design temperature of each material, the safe use temperature under too small duty.
or the allowable stress at high temperature.
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炉子下限操作的危害Harm of lower limit operation of heater：炉子下限操作的危害Harm of lower limit operation of heater：
1.受热均匀性问题Homogeneity of heating:
1.受热均匀性问题Homogeneity of heating: The size and quantity of burners are considered according to the
燃烧器的大小和数量是根据设计负荷考虑的，当炉子在设计负荷 design load. When the heater runs under the design load, the
下运转时，燃烧器将全部投用，火焰基本上均布整个炉膛，炉管 burners will be put into use. The flame is basically distributed
受热将比较均匀。炉子降低负荷后一种是点燃一半甚至1／3以下 throughout the radiation chamber , and the heating of the tube
的燃烧器，这样就会使各部分辐射炉管受热不均。另一种调节方 will be more uniform. After reducing the load of the heater, one
法，把每个燃烧器关小，但维持每个燃烧器都投用，这样沿火焰 kind of burner is to ignite half or even less than 1/3 of the
长度方向炉管热强度的分布的不均匀性会比正常负荷下大。 burner, which will cause uneven heating of all parts of the
radiation tubes. Another method is to turn each burner down,
but maintain each burner in use, so that the distribution of heat
intensity along the flame length of the tube is more uneven than
under normal load.
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炉子下限操作的危害Harm of lower limit operation of heater：炉子下限操作的危害Harm of lower limit operation of heater：
2.局部过热问题Local overheating problem: 2.局部过热问题Local overheating problem:
由于降量操作时炉子热负荷也按比例减少了，仅上一点就足以引 Because the heat load of the heater decreases proportionally during
起炉管的局部过热与损坏、管内流量减小以后，管内介质的传热 the reduction throughput, only the last point is enough to cause local
系数有可能大幅度下降，管内介质的流动状态有可能突变，炉管 overheating and damage of the tube, and after the flow rate in the
tube decreases, the heat transfer coefficient of the medium in the
各路之间也更容易发生偏流而造成低负荷下的炉管局部过热损坏。
tube may decrease dramatically, the flow state of the medium in the
当管内介质为高粘度流体或低压气体时，因在设计负荷下其管内
tube may change abruptly, and the deviation between the tubes is
介质传热系数本来就偏低或管内流态本来就不理想，降量操作时 more likely to occur, resulting in the local overheating damage of the
尤应加以注意。 tube under low load. When the medium in the tube is a high viscosity
fluid or a low pressure gas, the heat transfer coefficient of the
medium in the tube is low or the flow pattern in the tube is not ideal
under the design load, so attention should be paid to the reduction
throughput.
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加热炉的燃料热值及效率计算燃料的种类Types of Fuels

Calorific Value and Efficiency Calculation of Fuel in Heater
燃烧是可燃物质剧烈的氧化过程。燃料的种类的不同，燃烧的难易程度也不
加热炉是火力加热设备，其热源就是燃料燃烧时产同。
Combustion is a violent oxidation process of combustible
生的炽热火焰及高温烟气，而吸热的一方则是管内被加
substances. The difficulty of combustion varies with the type
热的液体。加热炉内的传热过程与燃料的燃烧过程密切 of fuel.
相关。 燃料有固、液、气之分，但管式加热炉所用的燃料是气体和液体两种燃料。
Heater is a fire heating equipment, its heat source is Fuel can be divided into solid, liquid and gas, but the fuel
used in tubular heating furnace is gas and liquid.
the hot flame and high temperature smoke 燃烧产物都是各可燃成分的氧化物。大部分是：二氧化碳、水、硫化物、氮化
generated by fuel combustion, while the 物。
endothermic side is the liquid heated in the tube. The combustion products are all oxides of various combustible
The heat transfer process in heater is closely components. Most of them are carbon dioxide, water, sulfides and
nitrides.
related to the combustion process of fuel.
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燃料的种类Types of Fuels 燃料的种类Types of Fuels

液体燃料liquid fuel 液体燃料liquid fuel
燃料油来源很广泛，如常压重油、减压渣油和裂化燃料油的主要特征可以用它的元素组成和热值来表
渣油等。比重越小，雾化越好，越容易燃烧完全。示。燃料油的元素组成通常用油中所含的碳、氢、硫、
Fuel oil comes from a wide range of sources, such 氧、氮、水分和灰分的重量百分数来表示。其中主要是
as atmospheric heavy oil, vacuum residue and 碳和氢，而氧、氮和灰分的含量很少。
cracking residue. The smaller the specific gravity is, The main characteristics of fuel oil can be
the better the atomization is and the easier it is to burn expressed by its elemental composition and calorific
completely. value. The elemental composition of fuel oil is usually
expressed by the weight percentages of carbon,
hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, moisture and ash
contained in the oil. Carbon and hydrogen are the
main components, while oxygen, nitrogen and ash are
few.
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燃料的种类Types of Fuels 燃料的种类Types of Fuels

液体燃料liquid fuel
液体燃料liquid fuel
元素组成的数据可用元素分析法测定。若无实测数据，可用
下列经验式估算：
燃料油中都不同程度的含有硫。按含硫量的多少，
燃料油可分为三种： H=26-15d20 C=100-（H+S）
Fuel oils contain sulfur to varying degrees. Fuel oils can 式中H、C、S-燃料油中氢、碳、硫的质量百分数；
be divided into three types according to their sulfur d20—20℃时燃料油的比重
content：
The data of element composition can be determined by
LS Fuel Oil MS Fuel Oil HS Fuel Oil
elemental analysis. In the absence of measured data, the
following empirical formulas can be used for estimating：
S，wt% ﹤1.0 1.0～3.5 ﹥3.5
H=26-15d20 C=100-（H+S）
Where:H,C and S are the mass percentages of hydrogen,
carbon and sulfur in fuel oils ;
d20 is the specific gravity of fuel oil at 20 ℃.
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燃料的种类 Type of fuels 燃料的种类 Type of fuels

气体燃料Gaseous fuel
气体燃料Gaseous fuel 气体燃烧的特点Characteristics of Gas Combustion
 气体燃料的来源较复杂，有催化干气，焦化干气、裂化  气体燃料的燃烧最容易控制，容易实现自动控制；
干气、不凝气、液化石油气、天然气和液态轻烃。气体  Gas fuel combustion is the easiest to control and realize
燃料的组成一般都用各个组分的体积百分比数来表示。 automatic control.
The sources of fuel gas are complex, including catalytic  气体燃料容易与空气混合，可以到完全燃烧的要求；
dry gas, coking dry gas, cracking dry gas, non-  Gas fuel is easy to mix with air and can meet the requirement of
condensable gas, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas complete combustion.
and liquid light hydrocarbons. The composition of fuel  气体燃料相对煤和重油属清洁能源，有利于生产环境的改善。
gas is generally expressed by the volume percentage  Gas fuel is a clean energy source relative to coal and heavy oil,
which is conducive to the improvement of production
of each component. environment.
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燃料热值的分类燃料热值的分类
Classification of fuel calorific value Classification of fuel calorific value
1.重量热值：1kg燃料完全燃烧时所放出的热量，叫做燃 2.体积热值：1Nm3(特指0℃、101.325kPa下的体积)燃料
料的重量热值，单位为kJ/kg。液体燃料都用重量热值表示。完全燃烧时所放出的热量，叫做燃料的体积热值，单位kJ/
Weight calorific value: The calorific value of a full-burning Nm3。气体燃料多用体积热值表示。
1kg fuel is called the weight calorific value of the fuel，units Volume calorific value: The calorific value of 1 Nm3
is kJ/kg. Liquid fuels are expressed by calorific value of (especially the volume at 0 ℃ and 101.325kPa) when the fuel
weight. is completely burned is called the volume calorific value of
fuel, unit is kJ / Nm3. Gas fuels are usually expressed by
volume calorific value.
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燃料热值的分类
燃料热值的分类 Classification of fuel calorific value
Classification of fuel calorific value  4.低热值：燃料完全燃烧后所生成的水为气态时计算出的热
值，称为低热值，以Ql表示。在加热炉的正常操作中，水都
 3.高热值：燃料完全燃烧后所生成的水已冷凝为液态时是处于气态的情况，所以多用低热值计算。
计算出的热值，称为高热值，以Qh表示。
 Low calorific value: Calorific value
 High calorific value: The calorific value calculated when the
water generated by the complete combustion of fuel has calculated when the water generated by the
condensed to liquid state is called high calorific value, complete combustion of fuel is gaseous, called
which is expressed in Qh. low calorific value, expressed in Ql. In the
normal operation of heater, water is in the
gaseous state, so low calorific value is often
used to calculate.
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过剩空气系数对全炉热效率的影响
火焰各部位的过剩空气系数 Effect of Excess Air Coefficient on Thermal Efficiency of Heater
Remaining air coefficients at various positions of flame
燃气、产物Fuel Gas and Products 过剩空气系数过小时Excess air coefficient is too small：
火馅焰面：燃气和空气的混合比等于空气量供应不足，燃料燃烧不完全，严重时冒黑烟，浪费了燃
Flame Core
化学计量比的那层表面料，炉子热效率降低。
火
焰 Flame Surface: Surface with a Insufficient air supply, incomplete fuel combustion,
核 mixture ratio of gas and air equal
心 black smoke at serious time , waste of fuel, furnace
to a stoichiometric ratio
，， thermal efficiency is reduced
纯
Pure Gas
燃火焰核心，纯燃气Flame Core ，Pure Gas

气
火馅焰面内inner of flame surface
火馅焰面外outer of flame surface
火馅焰面上at flame surface
层流扩散火焰的结构Structure of laminar diffusion flame
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过剩空气系数对全炉热效率的影响过剩空气系数对全炉热效率的影响
Effect of Excess Air Coefficient on Thermal Efficiency of Heater Effect of Excess Air Coefficient on Thermal Efficiency of Heater
过剩空气系数过大时，大量冷空气入炉，带来很多不良后果： C.烟气中剩余氧增多，对炉管表面的氧化加剧;
When excess air coefficient is too large, a large amount The increase of residual oxygen in flue gas aggravates
of cold air enters the furnace, which brings many adverse the oxidation of furnace tube surface；
consequences. D.含S高的燃料油分解生成的SO3的增加，加剧了炉管的腐蚀和堵灰。
A.降低火焰温度，减弱辐射传热; 所以，在保证燃料完全燃烧的前提下，应尽量降低过剩空气系数α
Reducing flame temperature and radiation heat transfer；值。
B.烟气量增大，烟气带出热量增多，排烟温度高，全炉热效率下降， The increase of SO3 produced by decomposition of fuel
燃料消耗增加，操作费用增加； oil with high S content aggravates corrosion and ash
With the increase of flue gas volume, the heat brought plugging of tubes. Therefore, on the premise of ensuring
out by flue gas increases, the exhaust temperature is high, the complete combustion of fuel, the excess air
the thermal efficiency of the furnace decreases, the fuel coefficient α should be reduced as much as possible.
consumption increases, and the operation cost increases.
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影响过剩空气系数的因素
Factors affecting excess air coefficient
影响过剩空气系数a的因素
1.燃料性质Fuel properties：
气体燃料易与空气混合均匀，故a宜小（1.1-1.2）；液体燃料 4.测控水平Measurement and control level：
不易与空气混合均匀，故a宜大（1.2-1.3），以使雾化良好。若能用计算机自动调节燃料与空气的比例，对a进行自动测控，不但能使燃
烧过程达到最佳化而节约燃料，还可减少热量损失，并使大气污染减到最低
2.火嘴性能Burner(Nozzle) performance：限度。
自然引风式的油火嘴，a较大（1.2-1.4）；而空气预热后强制 5.操作水平Operation level：
通风的火嘴，a则较小。大能量的火嘴，a较小（1.1-1.15）；操作好坏对a的影响也很大。为了使a适中，必须控制好“四门”、“一
有的新型火嘴，a可降到1.05以下。板”。“四门”是指油门、气门、汽门、风门等四种阀门；“一板”是指烟
道挡板。如果这四种阀门和烟道挡板调节好，即可使a适中，又可保证完全燃
3.炉体密封性Sealability of heater body：烧、热效率高。
过去加热炉多在负压下操作，如果炉体密封不好，空气被大量 6. 需要注意的是Notices：
吸入，a就大大增高。现在加热炉很多采用微正压操作，空气辐射室与对流室的过剩空气系数并不相同，随着烟气的流动和炉体部位的升
漏入量大大减少，a就降低。高，a也随之加大。对于微正压操作的炉子，二者的a值基本上是相同的。
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过剩空气系数的估算过剩空气系数的估算
Estimation of excess air coefficient Estimation of excess air coefficient
燃料不完全燃烧时Fuel incomplete combustion:
对于正在生产中的炉子，在实际操作中，为了进行加热炉标定、核算
a=21/{21-79*[O2-0.5(CO+H2)-2CH4]/[100-(RO2+O2+CO+H2+CH4)]}
或控制加热炉燃烧过程，可由烟气组成分析结果，按下简易算式求出过剩
空气系数：式中，O2、N2、CO、H2、CH4——干烟气中各组分的体积百分数；
For the heater in production, in practice, in order to calibrate, RO2——干烟气中CO2和SO2的体积百分数之和。
calculate or control the combustion process of the heater, the In the formula, O2、N2、CO、H2、CH4 —— the volume percentage of
excess air coefficient can be calculated by the simple formula based each component in dry flue gas;
on the analysis result of the flue gas composition. RO2 - The sum of volume percentages of CO2and SO2 in dry flue
燃料完全燃烧时Fuel burns completely: gas.
α =21/(21-79O2/N2)
α =21/[21-79O2/（100-CO2-O2)]
α =(100-CO2-O2)/(100-CO2-4.76O2)
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热效率计算Thermal efficiency calculation 热效率计算

根据加热炉的热平衡，供给热量Qi与支出热量Q0相等，即 C.空气入炉显热Qa：如果空气不预热，则其显热可忽略不计：预热，按下式计算：
Qi = Q0 Qa =aL0Ia kJ/kg
 供给热量式中，L0——理论空气用量,Ia——入炉温度下空气的热焓
供给热量包括燃料燃烧放出的热量以及燃料、空气、雾化蒸汽带入炉内的显热。通
常对燃料油1kg为基准，对燃料气以1kg为基准进行热平衡计算。则供给热量为空气的热焓值除查表外，还可用分析法进行计算。当基准温度为tb℃时，
Qi =QL+Qf+Qa+Qs kJ/kg ta ℃时的空气各组分的热焓可用下式计算：
A.燃料的低热值QL ：前面已经说到。 Ii ={10-2A(ta-tb)+1.8B*10-4[ta+273]2-
B.燃料入炉显热Qf：如果燃料常温入炉，则其显热可忽略不计；否则，可按下式计算： (tb +273)2}+3.24C*10-6[(ta+273)3-(tb+273)3]+30.87D[1/(ta+273)-1/(tb-
Qf =cftf kJ/kg 273)]}*4.187 kJ/kg 式中，系数A、B、C、D之值可查表。
式中，tf——燃料入炉温度求出了空气各组分的热焓后，可用下式计算空气的热焓：
cf ——燃料比热 Ia =(0.232IO2+0.768IN2)*4.187 kJ/kg
燃料油的比热按下式估算： D.雾化蒸汽入炉显热Qs:没有雾化蒸汽时，此项显热可忽略不计
cf =（0.415+0.0006 tf ）*4.187
Qs=IsWs kJ/kg
燃料气的比热按下式估算：
c’f =0.01[0.31(CO+H2+O2+N2)+0.38(CH4+CO2+H2S+H2O)+0.5ΣCmHn]*4.187 式中 Ws ——雾化蒸汽量，由所选用的燃烧器形式而定，一般取Ws=0.5kg/kg油
式中各符号分别为各组分的体积百分数。 Is——雾化蒸汽的热焓，由有关图表可查得。
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热效率计算热效率计算
支出热量包括：传给被加热介质的有效利用热量、烟气带出热量、燃料的化学和机 B.燃料的化学不完全燃烧损失热量Q2：在设计加热炉时，此项可忽略；在标定时，应
根据烟气分析，按下式计算：
械不完全燃烧损失热量、炉壁散热量等，即 Q2 =(30.2CO+25.8H2+85.5CH4)V*4.187 kJ/kg燃料
Q0=Qe+Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4 kJ/kg (或Kj/Nm3) 式中，CO、H2、CH4—— 干烟气中一氧化碳、氢气、甲烷的体积百分数；
A.烟气带走热量Q1：Q1=Σ（GiLi）+600 Ws*4.187 kJ/kg (或Kj/Nm3)
V—— 干烟气体积。
式中Gi—1Kg燃料生成的烟气各组分的重量（Kg/ Kg
C.燃料的机械不完全燃烧热损失Q3：在设计加热炉时，此项可忽略。在标定时，根据
L i —在排烟温度tg下烟气中各组分的热焓查表（kJ/kg）
烟气中游离碳含量，按下式计算：
烟气中各组分的重量Gi按下列各式计算
Q3 =7830Vn*10-6*4.187=0.0328Vn kJ/kg燃料
G CO2=0.0367C Kg/ Kg燃料
G SO2=0.02S Kg/ Kg燃料式中，n——干烟气中游离碳浓度
G H2O=0.09H+0.01W+ Ws Kg/ Kg燃料 V——干烟气体积
G O2=0.232L0（a-1） Kg/ Kg燃料 D.炉墙散热损失热量Q4:圆筒炉及四壁排管的加热炉，
G N2=0.768a L0+0.01N Kg/ Kg燃料 Q4 =0.03Qi；其他炉型，Q4=0.04Qi
烟气总重量为 G g=ΣGi= G CO2+ G SO2+ G H2O+ G O2+ G N2 Kg烟气/ Kg燃料散热损失在计算时取3-4%
烟气中各组分的热焓Ii可按公式计算出来，但式中的ta应代换为tg。也可以查表得到
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热效率计算热效率计算
根据加热炉的热平衡，有效利用热量Qe为在保证燃料完全燃烧和炉墙保温正常的情况下，加热炉热效率的高低，关键取决于
Qe=Q i-Q1-Q2-Q3-Q4=QL+Qf+Qa+Qs-Q1-Q2-Q3-Q4
排出烟气的状况：
排出烟气量越少，排烟温度越低，则烟气带走的热量损失越小，加热炉热效率越高。
如果空气不预热和不考虑不完全燃烧，则Q f、Q a、Qs、Q 2、Q 3不予考虑时，则有效利用热为了提高热效率，关键在于要回收烟气带走的热量或减少烟气带走的热量。
量可简化为但排烟温度t2不能过低，它受到物料进炉温度τ1的限制。由于要保证对流室的传热
平均温差不致太小，排烟温度t2与物料入炉温度τ1之间必须保持适当的温差。如果对
Qe=Q L-Q 1-Q4 流传热温差太小，传热面积就要增加，投资也要加大。因此，设计新炉时，t2应根据
τ1而定。一般推荐t2=τ1+(30-50)℃。在实际操作中，有的t2比τ1高出30-50℃。
由于加热炉的热效率为其有效利用热量Qe占供给热量Qi的百分数，故热效率为由此可见，油品入炉温度的高低，对全炉热效率有很大影响。例如在不回收烟气余
η=Q e/ Q i*100% =（ QL-Q 1-Q4 ）/ Q L *100% 热的情况下：
τ1=160-200℃时，η=70%-80%
Qf、Qa、Qs不予考虑时,供给热量Qi就是燃料的低热值QL 热效率也可按下式计算 τ1=280-300℃时，η=65%-72%
η=（1-Q 1/Qi-Q2/Qi-Q3/Qi-Q4/Qi）*100% τ1=340-380℃时，η=55%-60%
为了提高热效率，要进行烟气废热回收，可以装设空气预热器、热管或废热炉生产
一般在加热炉设计中，取 Q2/Qi=0; Q3/Qi=0; Q4/Qi=(3或4)%；则蒸汽等。当热效率提高10%-15%时，燃料用量可节约10%-15%。空气经过预热后，
燃烧时能降低噪音和减少油嘴结焦现象。
η=[（0.96或0.97）-Q1/Qi]*100%
式中，Q1/Qi——烟气损失热量的百分数，可根据对流室出口处的烟气温度t2及对流室的过
剩空气系数ae.
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提高加热炉热效率提高加热炉热效率
Improving the Thermal Efficiency of Heater Improving the Thermal Efficiency of Heater
提高加热炉热效率可以节约燃料
Fuel can be saved by improving the thermal efficiency of heater 燃料不含硫的加热炉自身热效率设计达到要求( 不含余热回收）
加热炉是炼油厂消耗燃料的主要设备，其能耗约占炼油厂能耗的一半以上。 The design of the self-thermal efficiency of the heater without sulphur in
因此，提高加热炉的热效率，对降低炼油厂总能耗具有重要的意义。提高加 fuel meets the requirements (no waste heat recovery)
热炉热效率的手段较多，涉及的因素也较广泛。
Heater is the main equipment for fuel consumption in refineries, Design Heat duty of General Tubular Heater /MW
and its energy consumption accounts for more than half of the energy
consumption in refineries. Therefore, improving the thermal efficiency ≤1 >1-2 >2-3 >3-6 >6-12 >12-24 >24
of heating furnace is of great significance to reduce the total energy
consumption of refineries. There are many ways to improve the Efficiency/% 55 65 75 80 84 88 90
thermal efficiency of heating furnace, and the factors involved are also
widespread.
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提高热效率措施提高热效率措施
Measures to Improve Thermal Efficiency Measures to Improve Thermal Efficiency
 提高热效率与节约燃料的关系:提高加热炉热效率可以减少燃 The relationship between increasing thermal efficiency and
料用量，但加热炉热效率提高的百分比与节约燃料的百分比并 saving fuel: Increase efficiency /%
不成等值关系。加热炉原来的热效率越低，燃料的用量就愈
多，提高热效率后节约燃料的收效就越大。
 The relationship between increasing thermal efficiency
fuel saving /%
and saving fuel:Increasing the thermal efficiency of heater
can reduce fuel consumption, but the percentage of
The original efficiency is 50%,
increasing the thermal efficiency of heater is not equivalent to
the increase is 10%, and the
that of saving fuel. The lower the original thermal efficiency of fuel saving is 16.6%.
the heater, the more fuel consumption, and the greater the The original efficiency is 80%,
fuel saving efficiency after improving the thermal efficiency. the increase is 10%, and the
fuel saving is 11%.
original efficiency /%
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A. 选用合理的热负荷，加热炉热负荷与热效率关系:减少加热炉的热负荷是通过装置换
热系统优化，提高入炉油温和改进工艺流程等措施来实现的。热负荷减少后的加热炉，
即使热效率较低，仍可能比热负荷大热效率高的加热炉所消耗的燃料还要少。而且如 A. Choosing reasonable heat load, the relationship between heat load and heat
加热炉热负荷越高，相应地减少热负荷后原来炉子的热效率提高值将越大。所以，当 efficiency of heater:
加热炉热负荷比较高时，节能措施应以降低热负荷为主；反之，应以提高加热炉热负
荷为主。在减少炉子热负荷的基础上，进一步提高炉子的热效率是最理想，最有收效
correction factor
Thermal efficiency
的方法。热负荷小且高
Choosing reasonable heat load, the relationship between heat load and 效运行较理想
heat efficiency of heater: Reducing heat load of heater is realized by optimizing Low heat load and
heat exchange system, increasing oil temperature and improving process flow. high efficiency
Even if the heat efficiency is low, the heater with reduced heat load may consume operation are ideal
less fuel than that with high heat load and high heat efficiency. And if the heat
load of the heater is higher, the higher the heat efficiency of the original heater
will be if the heat load is reduced accordingly. Therefore, when the heater heat
load is relatively high, energy-saving measures should be mainly to reduce the
heat load; conversely, the heater heat load should be mainly increased. On the Thermal load of heater(designed %)
basis of reducing the heat load of the heater, further improving the thermal
efficiency of the heater is the most ideal and effective method.
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In practice, thermal efficiency will vary with the change of operating load.
After load reduction, if the flue baffle and air damper can be correctly adjusted
to maintain a low excess air volume, the furnace will not leak at all. With the
在实际操作中，热效率将随操作负荷的变化而变化。降负荷后，如能正确 reduction of furnace load, the thermal efficiency should be increased. However,
调整烟道挡板、风门，维持低的过剩空气量，炉子又完全不漏风，随着炉子 the actual furnace always has the problems of air leakage and difficult to
负荷的降低热效率应该有所上升。但实际的炉子总存在着漏风，不易调好燃 adjust the amount of combustion air. Therefore, in the normal load reduction
烧空气量等问题，因此在通常降负荷操作中，过剩空气系数变大，热效率总 operation, the excess air coefficient increases and the thermal efficiency
是反而下降。即使过剩空气系数通过调节能保持不变，低负荷下热效率仍有 always decreases. Even though the excess air coefficient remains unchanged
所降低，可能是因为火焰变短小以后，炉膛内火焰的“充满度”很低，导致 through energy saving, the thermal efficiency still decreases under low load,
probably because the "filling degree" of the flame in the furnace is very low
辐射效果变差的缘故。另外。降低负荷后，炉壁的散热面积相对增大，也是
after the flame becomes shorter, which leads to the worse radiation effect. In
使热效率下降的原因之一。如果把负荷提高到设计值之上，热效率就会逐渐 addition. After reducing the load, the heat dissipation area of the furnace wall
降低，其下降的程度随炉子的使用条件和设计条件有所不同。因此，加热炉 increases relatively, which is also one of the reasons for the decrease of
的热效率在设计负荷下一般将达到最高值，在此基础上，无论降低还是增加 thermal efficiency. If the load is increased above the design value, the thermal
负荷，炉子热效率都会降低。 efficiency will gradually decrease, and the degree of decline will be different
with the use and design conditions of the furnace. Therefore, the thermal
efficiency of the furnace will generally reach the highest value under the
design load. On this basis, the thermal efficiency of the furnace will be reduced
whether the load is reduced or increased.
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B. 提高燃烧空气温度:燃料与空气的混合物只有被加热到着火温度时，才能在没有外热提
供的条件下继续燃烧，即未经预热的燃烧空气与燃料混合后要先吸收足够的热量，后
B. Increase the temperature of combustion air
再着火放热。因此，利用烟气余热来预热燃烧空气，可以进一步提高加热炉的热效率。
Increased thermal efficiency /%
但是，燃烧空气的温度也不能提得太高，一般以预热至300℃左右为宜。因为这个温度
还要考虑到燃烧器的结构和材质问题。另外，空气温度太高，会引起油枪端部结焦或
引起预混式瓦斯火咀回火、也可能使因雾化不良，流淌至风道内的燃料油着火。
Increase the temperature of combustion air: Only when the mixture of fuel and
air is heated to the ignition temperature can it continue to burn without external
heat. That is to say, after mixing the unproheated combustion air and fuel,
sufficient heat must be absorbed before ignition and exothermic. Therefore,
using waste heat of flue gas to preheat combustion air can further improve the
thermal efficiency of heater. However, the temperature of combustion air can
not be too high, generally preheating to about 300℃ is appropriate. Because
this temperature also takes into account the structure and material of the burner. Air preheating temperature /℃
In addition, too high air temperature may cause coking at the end of the oil gun
or tempering of premixed gas burner, or may cause fuel oil floing into the air
duct to ignite due to poor atomization.
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C. 合理选用过剩空气系数控制氧含量:过剩空气系数如果过小，会使燃料燃烧不完全，热
效率下降.但如果过大，大量过剩空气又会将热量带走排入大气，使炉子热损失增多， C. Reasonable selection of excess air coefficient to control oxygen
热效率下降。过剩空气系数取之过大，还会引起燃烧温度下降，露点温度升高，加剧 content:
炉管氧化，促使氮氧化物NOx增加，从而产生极不利的影响。
Reasonable selection of excess air coefficient to control
oxygen content: If excess air coefficient is too small, fuel
combustion will be incomplete and thermal efficiency will
decrease. But if excess air is too large, a large number of
excess air will bring heat into the atmosphere, which will
increase the heat loss of the heater and reduce the thermal
efficiency. If the excess air coefficient is too large, the
combustion temperature will decrease, the dew point
temperature will rise, the oxidation of tube will be intensified, Exhaust flue temperature /℃
and the NOx of nitrogen oxide will increase, which will have a
very adverse effect.
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提高热效率措施
提高热效率措施
Measures to Improve Thermal Efficiency
D.改进燃烧器:除在设计中采取合理结构，促使燃料与空气的良好混合，减少过剩空气以 Measures to Improve Thermal Efficiency
外，操作过程中亦应在燃烧器处合理供风。如果供风量过多，会降低加热炉热效率；
供风量过少，会导致化学不完全燃烧和机械不完全燃烧，造成热损失，同样也会使
E.燃烧器采用强制供风:提高燃烧器的供风压头，空气就有足够的动能来强化扩散
热效率下降。空气从炉子其它不密封处或从未点燃的火咀处漏人炉膛内，会造成排
烟中的过剩空气量增加，而燃烧器处的供风量可能不足，这样就带来排烟中过剩系
和混合过程，保证在尽可能低的过剩空气系数下实现完全燃烧。采用强制
数大，而又存在不完全燃烧情况，导致加热炉热效率大幅度下降。供风，还易于控制燃料与空气的比例，以及火焰的形状。
 Improving burner: In addition to adopting reasonable structure in design
to promote good mixing of fuel and air and reduce excess air, reasonable E. Forced air supply is adopted in burners: Increasing the
air supply should be provided at burner during operation. If the air supply pressure head of the burner, the air has enough kinetic energy to
is too much, it will reduce the heater thermal efficiency; if the air supply is
too little, it will lead to chemical incomplete combustion and mechanical
intensify the diffusion and mixing process, and to ensure complete
incomplete combustion, resulting in heat loss, and also reduce the thermal combustion at the lowest excess air coefficient possible. With
efficiency. Leakage of air from other unsealed or never ignited burners forced air supply, it is easy to control the proportion of fuel to air
into the hearth will increase the excess air in the exhaust smoke, and the and the shape of flame.
air supply at the burner may be insufficient, which will lead to a large
excess coefficient in the exhaust smoke, and the existence of incomplete
combustion, resulting in a significant decrease in the heater thermal
efficiency.
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F.采用钉头管和翅片管:对管内介质为油或气的对流传热，由于管内外放热 G.减少散热损失选用导热系数小的耐火材料:加热炉炉壁的散热损失包
系数相差较大，可采用翅片管或钉头管来提高管外的放热系数，强化对流传括辐射散热和对流散热两部分。在有较长烟气通道的余热回收系统中，加热
热，降低对流室高度，提高热效率。炉整个系统的总散热损失可能会达到4％。不过，降低炉壁温度，减少散热损
F. Studded tube and finned tube: For convective heat transfer of oil or gas in 失，最好利用便宜，隔热性能好的材料，不宜用过多增加壁厚和大量投资的
the tube, finned tube or studded tube can be used to improve the external 办法来减少有限的散热损失。
heat transfer coefficient, enhance convective heat transfer, reduce the height G. Refractories with low thermal conductivity are selected to reduce heat
of convection chamber and improve the thermal efficiency because of the loss: The heat loss of furnace wall includes radiation and convection. In the
large difference between the internal and external heat release coefficients. waste heat recovery system with long flue gas channel, the total heat loss of
the whole heating furnace system may reach 4%. However, in order to
reduce the wall temperature and heat loss, it is better to use inexpensive
materials with good thermal insulation performance, and not to use
excessive wall thickness and large investment to reduce the limited heat
loss.
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I. 炉管清灰改善传热效果：辐射段炉管表面积灰松软采用铜丝刷清除炉管表面积灰；
对流段钉头管积灰较多且较硬采用干冰或化学清洗清除炉管表面积灰。
H.集中回收烟气余热降低排烟温度 :热负荷太小的加热炉，单独采用余热回收系统有炉膛加清灰剂。
困难或不够经济，可以将几个炉子的烟气集中回收余热，以提高热效率。这样做还有
一个优点是集中的烟气可以通过一个高烟囱排出，从而减少对地面环境的污染。
I. Furnace tube ash cleaning improves heat
H. Centralized recovery of waste heat from flue gas can transfer effect: the surface ash of radiation section
reduce the exhaust temperature:It is difficult or expensive to tube is soft, copper wire brush is used to remove the
use the waste heat recovery system alone in a heater with too surface ash of furnace tube; the surface ash of
small heat load. The flue gas from several heaters can be convection section studded head tube is more and
centralized to recover waste heat in order to improve the more hard, dry ice or chemical cleaning is used to
thermal efficiency. Another advantage of this method is that the
concentrated flue gas can be discharged through a high
remove the surface ash of furnace tube.
chimney, thus reducing the pollution to the ground environment. Ash cleaning agent is added to the radiation chamber.
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提高热效率措施炉管的积灰与清理
Measures to Improve Thermal Efficiency Ash Accumulation and Cleaning of heater tube
积灰Ash Accumulation
•燃料气基本无灰Combustion fuel gas is basically ashless
J.控制合理的炉膛负压，减少炉体漏风。
•燃料油的灰、垢：
J. Control reasonable furnace negative pressure and Ash and scale is producted by combusting fuel oil:
reduce furnace body air leakage. 垢－燃烧后残留的不可燃组分：Nａ、K、V、Mｇ、Fｅ、Cａ、Nｉ
K.辐射室喷高温辐射涂料。等的硫酸盐，
K. The radiation chamber is sprayed with high Scale--the residual non-combustible components after
combustion: sulfates of Na, K, V, Mg, Fe, Ca, Ni, etc.
temperature radiation paint.
灰－燃料中的可燃组分－炭
L.燃料添加剂
Ash--Combustible Components in Fuels—Carbon
L. Fuel additive
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炉管的积灰与清理炉管的积灰与清理
Ash Accumulation and Cleaning of heater tube Ash Accumulation and Cleaning of heater tube
积灰Ash Accumulation 积灰Ash Accumulation
CCR(%):Residual carbon in fuel 灰垢生成 2
灰垢生成１
Ash fouling generation 2
Ash content per unit mass

Ash concentration (mg/Nm
Ash fouling generation 1

• 灰分与燃料残炭成正比； •灰垢与雾化颗粒生成成正比； Average particle size 60µm
Maximum particle size 300µm
• 灰分与过剩氧成反比 •灰垢生成量与热负荷成正比;
of fuel(%m)
Ash is proportional to •灰垢生成量与过剩氧成反比。

fuel char residue. • The scale is proportional to
the formation of atomized
Ash is inversely particles.
proportional to • Scale formation is
excess oxygen 3 proportional to heat load.
)
• The amount of ash generated Combustion Volume Strength(kg/m3.h)

is inversely proportional to
excess oxygen O2/% excess oxygen.
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积灰规律Ash accumulation law
•惯性沉积－与流速有关
•边界层沉积－吸附、黏结
•静电吸附－常见在烧气
•Inertial deposition—related
to flow velocity;
• Boundary layer deposition--
adsorption and bonding
• Electrostatic adsorption --
common in gas burning
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停工清灰
•停工：化学清洗
1保护炉衬
2用化学清洗液冲
洗
•停工：干冰清洗
•停工：人工清灰
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炉管的积灰与清理加热炉低温腐蚀
Ash Accumulation and Cleaning of heater tube Low Temperature Corrosion of Heater
在线清灰Online cleaning
随着节能要求的不断提高，要求加热炉的排烟温度越来越低，但是往往在空气预热器、
•在线：吹灰器吹灰余热锅炉等余热回收设备的换热面上产生强烈的低温露点腐蚀，甚至会在不到一年的运转
时间内，换热面就严重腐蚀穿孔，使加热炉不能正常运行。可以说，低温露点腐蚀已成为
On-line: soot-blower soot blowing 降低加热炉排烟温度，提高热效率的主要障碍。所以要设法从改进设计，精心操作和采用
新材料等方面采取各种措施，来防止和减轻低温露点腐蚀。
1蒸汽吹灰：靠能量
With the continuous improvement of energy-saving requirements, the
Steam Soot Blowing: Depending on Energy flue gas temperature of heater is required to be lower and lower. However,
2声波吹灰器：靠能量、共振 strong low temperature dew point corrosion often occurs on the heat
exchanger surface of waste heat recovery equipment such as air preheater
Sound Soot-blower: Depending on Energy and Resonance and waste heat boiler. Even within less than one year of operation, the
3激波：靠能量、冲击 heat exchanger surface will be seriously corroded and perforated, which
makes the heater unable to operate normally. It can be said that low
Shock Wave: Energy, Shock temperature dew point corrosion has become the main obstacle to reduce
the exhaust gas temperature and improve the thermal efficiency of heating
•在线：清灰剂清灰 furnace. Therefore, various measures should be taken to prevent and
Online: Ash Cleaning Agent reduce low-temperature dew point corrosion from improving design,
careful operation and using new materials.
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加热炉低温腐蚀
加热炉低温腐蚀
Low Temperature Corrosion of Heater
Low Temperature Corrosion of Heater 低温腐蚀机理及影响烟气露点温度的因素Low Temperature Corrosion
空气中的水蒸气遇到低温冷面时就会在其上冷凝，这就是结露现象。开始冷凝的温度称 Mechanism and Factors Affecting Dew Point Temperature of Flue Gas
为露点温度。加热炉燃料中含有单体硫、氧化硫，在燃料燃烧时，一部分硫变成三氧化硫，在加热炉中，燃料在燃烧时，燃料中H和O化合生成水。另外，燃料油火嘴大部分又
再生成硫酸凝结在低温受热面上，对受热面产生严重的腐蚀。因为它是在温度较低的受热面采用蒸汽雾化，加之空气中水分使炉子烟气中带有大量的水蒸气。此外燃料中的硫在燃
上发生的腐蚀，故称为低温腐蚀。又因为它是在受热表面上结露后才发生这种腐蚀，所以又烧后生成SO2，其中一部分SO2进一步氧化成SO3，SO3与烟气中的水蒸气结合生成硫
称为露点腐蚀。酸。含有硫酸蒸汽的烟气露点温度比空气高，烟气中的SO3多，露点温度就高。SO3的
When water vapor in the air meets the cold surface at low 生成量，与燃料的含S量、火焰温度以及烟气中的含O2量有关，如果燃料的含S量、火焰
温度以及烟气中的含O2量都高，则产生的SO3就多。
temperature, it will condense on it. This is condensation
In a heater, when the fuel is burned, H and O in the fuel combine to form water. In
phenomenon. The temperature at which condensation begins is
addition, most of the fuel oil burners are atomized by steam, and the moisture in
called dew point temperature. Fuel of heating furnace contains the air makes the furnace flue gas contain a lot of water vapor. In addition, sulfur
monomer sulfur and sulfur oxide. When fuel burns, part of sulfur in the fuel produces SO2 after combustion, some of which is further oxidized to
becomes sulfur trioxide, which regenerates to sulfuric acid and SO3, which combines with water vapor in the flue gas to form sulfuric acid. The
condenses on the low temperature heating surface, causing serious dew point temperature of flue gas containing sulfuric acid vapor is higher than
corrosion on the heating surface. It is called low temperature that of air, and the dew point temperature of flue gas is higher than that of SO3.
corrosion because it occurs on the heating surface with lower The production of SO3 is related to the content of S in fuel, flame temperature and
temperature. It is also called dew point corrosion because it occurs the content of O2 in flue gas. If the content of S in fuel, flame temperature and the
only after dew on the heated surface. content of O2 in flue gas are high, more SO3 will be produced.
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加热炉低温腐蚀燃料油含硫量与烟气中SO2量的关系
Low Temperature Corrosion of Heater Relationship between sulfur content of fuel oil and sulfur
dioxide content in flue gas
低温腐蚀机理及影响烟气露点温度的因素Low Temperature Corrosion
Mechanism and Factors Affecting Dew Point Temperature of Flue Gas
下图表示燃料中的含硫量和烟气中的SO2 量的关系。燃料含硫量和SO2 、 0.3 0
SO3 转化率（SO3 /SO2+SO3）的关系。目前使用含硫量为2%的重油，当氧
O 2 (% )
2
量为4%时，就产生0.1%的SO2，其中有2.2%变成SO3。当烟气温度降到露点
以下，且和低温壁面想接触时，烟气中的SO3就与水结合，生成高浓度的硫酸。 4
S O 2(% )
0.2 6
The following chart shows the relationship between sulfur
8
content in fuel and SO2 content in flue gas. The relationship
between sulfur content of fuel and SO2, SO3 conversion
0.1
(SO3/SO2+SO3). At present, heavy oil with 2% sulphur content
produces 0.1% SO2 when the oxygen content is 4%, of which
2.2% becomes SO3. When the flue gas temperature drops below
dew point and wants to contact the low temperature wall, SO3 in 0 1 2 3 4
the flue gas combines with water to produce high concentration
sulfuric acid. 燃料含硫量Sulfur content
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过剩空气系数α与SO3转化率的关系过剩空气系数α与SO3转化率的关系
Relationship between excess air coefficient α Relationship between excess air coefficient α
and SO3 conversion rate and SO3 conversion rate
露点腐蚀与过剩空气系数有关。当过剩空气系数 α在 1.1-1.2
之间时，烟气中 SO2含量一般可按 500ppm计算。下图为过剩空
Conversion rate/%
气系数 α与 SO3 转化率的关系。一般来说， SO3 转化率约为 0.5-

3%，其最大值也不会超过5%，通常按3%估算已足够安全。
Dew point corrosion is related to excess air coefficient.
When the excess air coefficient α is between 1.1 and 1.2,
the SO2 content in flue gas can generally be calculated as
500 ppm. The relationship between excess air coefficient α
and SO3 conversion rate is shown below. Generally
speaking, SO3 conversion rate is about 0.5-3%, and its
maximum value will not exceed 5%. Generally, 3% is safe excess air coefficient α
enough.
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硫酸浓度对碳钢腐蚀速度的影响腐蚀速度与壁温的关系
Effect of sulfuric acid concentration on corrosion Relation between Corrosion Rate and Wall Temperature
rate of carbon steel 图示出腐蚀速度与换热壁面温度的关系。温度最高时化学反应速度较快，腐蚀速度也较快。由图可知，
在壁温较高而未结露时，腐蚀速度很低；开始结露时，由于结出的露中硫酸浓度过大，虽然壁温较高，腐
蚀速度也还不很高；对温度再低一些的换热面，虽然壁温有所降低，但结露中硫酸的浓度变稀，腐蚀速度
硫酸浓度对腐蚀速度的影响。从加快，在某处达到一极限值（一般认为在低于露点温度10-40℃处）；此后，由于硫酸浓度较低，温度也较
Corrosion rate/(mg/m2.s)
图中可以看出，浓度为50%左右的低，腐蚀速度下降。最后，由于壁温很低，水蒸气大量凝结，腐蚀速度又比较强烈。
硫酸对碳钢材料的腐蚀速度最大。 The relationship between corrosion rate and heat transfer wall temperature is
浓度最高或最低时，腐蚀速度均会 shown below. At the highest temperature, the chemical reaction rate is faster and the
下降。 corrosion rate is faster. It can be seen from the graph that the corrosion rate is very
low when the wall temperature is higher and the corrosion rate is not high when the
The effect of sulfuric acid dew is not dew; when the dew begins to dew, the sulfuric acid concentration in the
concentration on corrosion rate. It dew is too high, although the wall temperature is higher, the corrosion rate is not
can be seen from the figure that very high; for the heat exchanger surface with lower temperature, although the wall
sulfuric acid with a concentration of temperature decreases, the sulfuric acid concentration in the dew becomes thinner
about 50% has the greatest and the corrosion rate accelerates, reaching a limit value at a certain point (generally
corrosion rate on carbon steel. When Sulfuric acid concentration /% considered to be lower 10-40 ℃ than dew point). After that, due to the low
the concentration is the highest or concentration of sulfuric acid, the temperature is also lower, and the corrosion rate
硫酸浓度对碳钢腐蚀速度的影响（钢材壁温不变） decreases. Finally, because of the low wall temperature and the large amount of
the lowest, the corrosion rate will Effect of Sulfuric Acid Concentration on Corrosion
condensation of water vapor, the corrosion rate is relatively strong.
decrease. Rate of Carbon Steel(Steel temperature invariant)
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燃料油含硫量与露点温度关系
腐蚀速度与壁温的关系 Relationship between Sulfur Content of Fuel Oil and Dew Point Temperature
150
Relation between Corrosion Rate and Wall Temperature 燃料含S量和
露点温度的关
系。根据我国
燃料含S量，
露点温度一般
Corrosion rate/(mg/m2.s)
在105-150℃范
Dew Point Temperature/℃

围内。
露 The relationship
点 between fuel S
100 content and dew
温
point temperature.
度 According to the S
℃ content of fuel in
China, dew point
temperature is
generally in the
range of 105-150 ℃
Heat transfer wall temperature /℃ 50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
燃料油含硫量
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减少低温腐蚀的措施减少低温腐蚀的措施
Measures for Reducing Low Temperature Corrosion Measures for Reducing Low Temperature Corrosion
低温腐蚀是在考虑烟气余热回收时必须解决的问题，也是提高加热炉热效率必须考虑（1）提高受热面壁温。使管壁或加热元件的壁温高于烟气的露点温度。壁温的提高可以
的一个主要因素。如果忽视了这个因素，宿短了受热面的使用寿命，不但会影响正常的通过提高管内或管外流体的温度来实现。对于管内走油品，管外走烟气的对流管，提高
操作周期，而且会由此产生严重的经济损失。所以，在烟气余热回收利用中，必须采取壁温的措施主要是提高管内油品的温度。对于采用空气预热器的加热炉，主要通过提高
防止和减少低温腐蚀的措施。预热器入口的空气温度，一方面可以利用装置的其他介质将入口空气温度提高到80℃左
右；另一方面也可以采用热空气循环的办法，即将空气预热器出口的热空气引出一部分
Low temperature corrosion is a problem that must be solved 与预热器入口前的冷空气混合，使进入预热器的空气温度提高。
when considering the recovery of waste heat from flue gas. It (1) Increase the wall temperature of heating surface. The wall temperature of the
is also a major factor to be considered in improving the tube wall or heating element is higher than the dew point temperature of the flue gas.
thermal efficiency of heating furnace. If this factor is The increase of wall temperature can be achieved by increasing the temperature of
fluid inside or outside the tube. For the oil products in the tube, the convection tube of
neglected, the service life of heating surface will be flue gas outside the tube, the main measure to increase the wall temperature is to
shortened, which will not only affect the normal operation increase the temperature of the oil products in the tube. For the heating furnace with air
period, but also cause serious economic losses. Therefore, preheater, the main way is to increase the air temperature at the inlet of the preheater.
On the one hand, the air temperature at the inlet can be raised to about 80 ℃ by using
in the recovery and utilization of waste heat from flue gas, other medium of the device. On the other hand, the method of hot air circulation can be
measures must be taken to prevent and reduce low adopted, that is, the hot air at the outlet of the air preheater is mixed with the cold air
temperature corrosion. before the inlet of the preheater to make it enter the preheater. The air temperature
increased.
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减少低温腐蚀的措施常见的问题及处理
Measures for Reducing Low Temperature Corrosion Common problems and Solutions
（2）采用耐蚀材料。把空气预热器的换热元件改为硼硅酸盐玻璃管、铸铁或搪瓷材 1、如何判断加热炉运行操作的好坏？
料，可以减少腐蚀。后段壁板也可用各种涂料喷涂以防腐蚀。但烟道和引风机等还应 1. How to judge the operation of heating furnace?
采取防腐措施。此外，减少过剩空气，低温区采用可拆卸式结构等也是常用的措施。
加热炉操作的好坏，主要按照以下几方面来鉴别：
(2) Using corrosion resistant materials. Corrosion can be reduced by replacing
heat exchanger elements of air preheater with borosilicate glass tubes, cast iron or
The operation of heating furnace is distinguished by the following
enamel materials. The wall of posterior end can also be sprayed with various aspects:
coatings to prevent corrosion. But the flue channel and induced draft fan should also  介质总出口温度在工艺指标范围内。The total outlet temperature of the
take anti-corrosion measures. In addition, reducing excess air and adopting medium is within the range of technological indexes.
detachable structure in low temperature zone are also common measures.
 各支路介质流量及温度必须均匀。Medium flow rate and temperature of
each branch must be uniform.
(3)减小过剩空气系数,降低烟气氧含量。
(4)采用低硫燃料。  各路炉管受热均匀，管内不结焦。 All tubes are uniformly heated and no
coke is formed in the tubes.
(3) Reduce excess air coefficient and oxygen content in flue gas.
 燃料消耗低，热效率高。Low fuel consumption and high thermal
(4) Use low sulfur fuel.
efficiency.
 炉膛温度在工艺指标范围内。Radiation chamber temperature is within
the range of process index.
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常见的问题及处理常见的问题及处理
Common problems and Solutions Common problems and Solutions
2、加热炉正常操作时需要检查哪些内容？
1、如何判断加热炉运行操作的好坏？ 2. What should be inspected when heater is in normal operation?
1. How to judge the operation of heating furnace?
加热炉正常操作时，必须按时检查以下项目：
 辐射室出口负压在-19.6到-39.2帕之间。The negative pressure at the The following items must be inspected on time when the heater is in
outlet of the radiation chamber ranges from - 19.6 to - 39.2 Pa. normal operation:
 辐射室过剩空气系数：油气混烧时为1.20，烧油时为1.25，烧气时为1.15。  介质总出口温度、各路流量、温度及炉膛温度等是否在工艺指标范围内。
The excess air coefficient of radiation chamber : when the mixture of Whether the total outlet temperature of medium, flow rate, temperature
oil and gas are burned，α is 1.20;when oil is burned ,α is 1.25;and and radiation chamber temperature are in the range of technological
when gas is burned,α is 1.15. indexes or not.
 火焰的颜色为橘黄色，火焰成形稳定。  辐射室出口负压是否在-19.6到-39.2帕之间。Is the negative pressure at
the radiation chamber outlet between - 19.6 and - 39.2 Pa?
The color of the flame is orange, and the flame is stable.
 辐射室过剩空气系数是否符合要求。Whether the excess air coefficient of
 炉子烟囱不冒黑烟。The chimney does not emit black smoke. radiation chamber meets the requirements.
 燃烧器噪音在85分贝以下。Burner noise is below 85 decibels.  各个燃烧器的燃烧情况，火焰的形状及颜色是否符合要求，火焰是否烧着炉
管。The burning conditions of each burner, the shape and color of the
flame meet the requirements, and whether the flame burns the furnace
tube.
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2、加热炉正常操作时需要检查哪些内容？ 3、对燃烧器火焰要求是什么？如何防止燃烧器脱火和回火?
2. What should be inspected when heater is in normal operation? 3. What are the requirements for burner flame? How to prevent the burner
from deflagrating and tempering?
 各根炉管是否有弯曲、脱皮、鼓包、发红、发暗等现象；检查弯头、出入口
阀门、法兰有无泄漏。Whether there are bending, peeling, bulging,  要求加热炉燃烧的火焰刚直有力、白炽耀眼、呈天蓝色，这样需要消耗更多
reddening, darkening and other phenomena in each furnace tube; 的燃料，对节能不利。现在，从节能的角度出发，要求火焰成形、稳定、呈
check whether there are leakage in elbow, entrance and exit valves 橘黄色就可以了。
and flanges.  It is required that the flame of the heating furnace should be straight,
 检查火盆砖、吊钩、拉钩、炉墙、衬里有无损坏。Check whether firepot strong, incandescent and sky blue, which requires more fuel
bricks, hooks, pull hooks, furnace walls and linings are damaged or consumption and is not conducive to energy saving. Now, from the
not. point of view of energy saving, flame forming, stability and orange
 燃料油压力、雾化蒸汽压力、燃料气压力是否符合要求。Whether the fuel can be required.
oil pressure, atomization steam pressure and fuel gas pressure meet
the requirements.
 加热炉的风门、烟道挡板开度情况；防爆门、看火门关闭。The opening of
the valve and flue baffle of the heating furnace; the explosion-proof
door and the fire-watching door are closed.
 炉区清洁整齐、标识清晰无泄漏。The furnace area is clean and tidy
with clear marking and no leakage.
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3、对燃烧器火焰要求是什么？如何防止燃烧器脱火和回火? 3、对燃烧器火焰要求是什么？如何防止燃烧器脱火和回火?
3. What are the requirements for burner flame? How to prevent the burner 3. What are the requirements for burner flame? How to prevent the burner
from deflagrating and tempering? from deflagrating and tempering?
 当空气与燃料气的混合气体从喷头流出的速度低于火焰传播速度时，火焰  当空气与燃料气的混合气体从喷头流出的速度低于火焰传播速度时，燃料气
回到燃烧器内部燃烧，这种现象叫回火，回火会引起爆震或熄火，长时间离开喷头一段距离才着火，这种现象叫脱火，脱火使火焰燃烧不稳定，以致
会烧坏燃烧器。要防止燃烧器回火，就必须使空气与燃料气混合物流出速熄火。要防止燃烧器脱火，就必须避免气体混合物的出口流速过大，当发现
度大于火焰扩散速度，在燃料气供应充足条件下，调节燃烧器的风门或风脱火时，应减少燃料气和空气的送入量，既关小炉前阀和风门。
道蝶阀，既可以使空气与燃料气混合物流出速度大于火焰扩散速度，这样
 When the velocity of the mixture of air and fuel gas from the nozzle is lower
就能防止回火。
than that of flame propagation, the fuel gas will not ignite until a distance
 When the velocity of air and fuel gas mixture from the nozzle is lower from the nozzle. This phenomenon is called deflagration, which makes the
than that of flame propagation, the flame returns to the burner and flame combustion unstable and even extinguishes. In order to prevent the
burns. This phenomenon is called tempering, which can cause burner from deflagrating, it is necessary to avoid the excessive flow velocity
detonation or extinction and burn the burner down for a long time. In at the outlet of the gas mixture. When the deflagration is found, the amount
order to prevent the burner from tempering, it is necessary to make of fuel gas and air should be reduced, both the fuel valve front of heater
the air-fuel mixture flowrate faster than the flame diffusion speed. and the air valve should be closed a small.
Under sufficient fuel gas supply conditions, adjusting the air valve or
the air duct butterfly valve of the burner can make the air-fuel
mixture flowrate faster than the flame diffusion speed, so as to
prevent tempering.
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4、气体燃烧器的故障和处理 5、油燃烧器故障及处理
4.Fault and Treatment of Gas Burner 5. Faults and Treatment of Oil Burner
•回火－提高瓦斯压力、对含氢高的燃料推荐外混式气体燃烧器、要正确的点火 •滴油－油温低、油有渣质、喷头堵或孔磨损；
程序；Tempering - Increasing gas pressure, recommending external Dropping oil - low oil temperature, oil with residue, nozzle plugging or hole wear;
mixing gas burner for fuel with high hydrogen content and correct ignition
procedure; •点火困难，发生脱火或离焰－雾化蒸汽过多、一次空气量过多冷却了火道砖；
•脱火－降低瓦斯压力、改进燃烧器结构加设稳焰器；Fire removal - reducing It is difficult to ignite, and the fire will be deflagrated or flamed out - - too much
gas pressure, improving burner structure and installing flame stabilizer; atomized steam and too much primary air will cool the fireway bricks.
•熄火－一次风过大、瓦斯压力波动、瓦斯有液相组分；Flameout - excessive •火道砖积炭－提高油温、喷枪安装斜了；
primary air, fluctuation of gas pressure and liquid phase composition of gas;
•脉动－烟囱抽力小、瓦斯压力波动、空气不足；Pulsation-low chimney Fire brick coking - Increase oil temperature, spray gun installation inclined;
pumping, fluctuation of gas pressure and insufficient air;
•火焰冒火星－蒸汽少，空气多；
•燃烧器能力不足－瓦斯流量低、空气过多、喷孔小；Insufficient capacity of
burner - low gas flow, excessive air and small nozzle; Flames emit Mars - less steam and more air;
•二次燃烧－由于不完全燃烧产生的co，要增加空气量. Secondary Combustion
- Increased air volume due to incomplete combustion of CO.
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5、油燃烧器故障及处理 6、加热炉热效率为什么会低？
5. Faults and Treatment of Oil Burner 6. Faults and Treatment of Oil Burner
 燃料不完全燃烧造成燃料浪费热量损失。Incomplete combustion of fuel results
•火焰过长－增加一次风或雾化蒸汽； in waste heat loss of fuel.
 烟气温度高，烟气带走的热量增多造成热量损失。烟气温度高的主要因素有火焰高度
Excessive flame length - increase primary air or atomized steam; 超高、氧含量高、超负荷运行、炉管积灰严重换热效果差。The higher the
temperature of flue gas, the more heat it takes away, the more heat it
loses. The main factors of high flue gas temperature are high flame height,
•火焰过短－减少一次风或雾化蒸汽； high oxygen content, overload operation, serious ash deposition in furnace
tubes and poor heat transfer effect.
Short flame - reduce primary air or atomized steam;  过剩空气系数大，加热炉排出热量多。造成过剩空气系数大的因素主要有风门、烟道
档板开度不合适，炉体不严密漏风不参与燃烧的空气多、炉膛负压高、低负荷运行。
•火焰“喘气”－喷头积垢、油带水、燃烧器低负荷、燃料有轻组分； The excess air coefficient is large, and the heating furnace discharges
more heat. The main factors causing the excess air coefficient are the
Flame "gasp" - fouling of nozzle, oil with water, low load of burner, light component inappropriate opening of the valve and flue baffle, the loose air leakage
of the furnace body, the high negative pressure of the furnace and the low
of fuel; load operation.
 炉体热损失大，热损失大的原因主要有耐火衬里损坏，衬里老化导热系数大。The
•烟囱冒黑烟－蒸汽不足或过热度不够、过剩空气不足、燃料和蒸汽管接反. main reasons for the large heat loss of furnace body are the damage of
refractory lining and the high thermal conductivity of aging lining.
Black smoke from chimneys - insufficient steam or superheat, insufficient excess air,  炉管积灰严重传热效果差。The ash deposit in the furnace tube is serious and
the heat transfer effect is poor.
reversal of fuel and steam pipes  没有在设计负荷范围内运行。It does not operate within the design load range.
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6、加热炉热效率为什么会低？ 7、加热炉炉管及炉体产生低温腐蚀的原因？
6. Faults and Treatment of Oil Burner 7. Reasons for low temperature corrosion of heater tube and body?
如何提高加热炉热效率? How to improve the thermal efficiency of  燃料含硫量高，造成加热炉露点温度高。
heating furnace?
The high sulfur content of fuel results in high dew point
 选用合理的热负荷,尽可能在设计负荷下运行。Choose reasonable heat temperature of heating furnace.
load and run under design load as far as possible.
 提高燃烧空气温度。Increase the temperature of combustion air.  炉管管壁及其他受热元件壁温太低。
 合理选用过剩空气系数控制氧含量。Reasonable selection of excess air The wall temperature of furnace tube and other heating
coefficient to control oxygen content. elements is too low.
 改进燃烧器，提高燃料利用率。Improve burner and increase fuel  炉管管壁及其他受热元件材料的耐腐蚀性能差。
utilization. The corrosion resistance of furnace tube wall and other heating
 燃烧器采用强制供风Burner with forced air supply element materials is poor.
 采用钉头管和翅片管Using studded tube and finned tube  过剩空气系数高。
 减少散热损失选用导热系数小的耐火材料Selection of refractories with
small thermal conductivity to reduce heat loss Excess air coefficient is high.
 集中回收烟气余热降低排烟温度Centralized Recovery of Flue Gas Waste  烟气含水量高。
Heat and Reduction of Flue Gas Exhaust Temperature The moisture content of flue gas is high.
 炉管清灰改善传热效果Improving Heat Transfer Effect by Ash Cleaning
of Furnace Tube
 控制合理的炉膛负压，减少炉体漏风。Control reasonable furnace
negative pressure and reduce furnace body air leakage.
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7、加热炉炉管及炉体产生低温腐蚀的原因？ 7、加热炉炉管及炉体产生低温腐蚀的原因？
7. Reasons for low temperature corrosion of heater tube and body? 7. Reasons for low temperature corrosion of heater tube and body?
如何防止低温腐蚀？How to prevent low temperature corrosion? 如何防止低温腐蚀？How to prevent low temperature corrosion?
 提高炉管管壁及其他受热元件壁温，使管壁或加热元件的壁温高于  炉管管壁及其他受热元件采用耐腐蚀性能强的材料。把空气预热器的
烟气的露点温度。壁温的提高可以通过提高管内或管外流体的温度换热元件改为硼硅酸盐玻璃管、铸铁或搪瓷材料，可以减少腐蚀。此
来实现。对于管内走油品，管外走烟气的对流管，提高壁温的措施外，低温区采用可拆卸式结构等也是常用的措施。
主要是提高管内油品的温度。对于采用空气预热器的加热炉，主要 The furnace tube wall and other heating elements are made of
通过提高预热器入口的空气温度。 materials with strong corrosion resistance. Corrosion can be
Increase the wall temperature of tube wall and other heating reduced by replacing heat exchanger elements of air preheater
elements so that the wall temperature of tube wall or heating with borosilicate glass tubes, cast iron or enamel materials. In
elements is higher than the dew point temperature of flue gas. addition, disassembly structure is also a common measure in low
The increase of wall temperature can be achieved by increasing temperature zone.
the temperature of fluid inside or outside the tube. For the oil  减小过剩空气系数,降低烟气氧含量。
products in the pipe, the convection pipe of flue gas outside the Reduce excess air coefficient and oxygen content in flue gas.
pipe, the main measure to increase the wall temperature is to
increase the temperature of the oil products in the pipe. For the  采用低硫燃料，或对燃料进行脱硫处理，降低燃料中含硫量。
heating furnace with air preheater, the main way is to increase the The sulfur content in the fuel can be reduced by using low
air temperature at the inlet of the preheater. sulfur fuel or desulfurizing the fuel.
 降低烟气水含量。
 Reduce the flue gas water content.
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8、过剩空气系数对全炉热效率的影响? 8、过剩空气系数对全炉热效率的影响?
8. Reasons for low temperature corrosion of heater tube and body? 8. Reasons for low temperature corrosion of heater tube and body?
 过剩空气系数过小时，空气量供应不足，燃料燃烧不完全，严重时冒黑烟，  所以，在保证燃料完全燃烧的前提下，应尽量降低过剩空气系数α值。
浪费了燃料，炉子热效率降低。 Therefore, on the premise of ensuring the complete combustion of
Excess air coefficient is too small, air supply is insufficient, fuel, the excess air coefficient α should be reduced as much as
fuel combustion is not complete, serious smoke, waste of fuel, furnace possible.
thermal efficiency is reduced. 影响过剩空气系数 α 的因素有哪些？ What are the factors affecting
 过剩空气系数过大时，大量冷空气入炉，带来很多不良后果：A.降低火焰温 excess air coefficient α?
度，减弱辐射传热；B.烟气量增大，烟气带出热量增多，全炉热效率下降，  燃料性质。气体燃料易与空气混合均匀，故α宜小（1.1-1.2）；液体燃料不
燃料消耗增加，操作费用增加；C.烟气中剩余氧增多，对炉管表面的氧化加易与空气混合均匀，故α宜大（1.2-1.3），以使雾化良好。
剧；D.含S高的燃料油分解生成的SO3的增加，加剧了炉管的腐蚀和堵灰。  Fuel properties: Gas fuel is easy to mix with air evenly, so alpha
When excess air coefficient is too large, a large amount of cold should be small (1.1-1.2); liquid fuel is not easy to mix with air
air enters the furnace, which brings many adverse consequences: A. evenly, so alpha should be large (1.2-1.3) to make atomization good.
Reducing flame temperature, weakening radiation heat transfer; B.  火嘴性能。自然引风式的油火嘴， α较大（1.2-1.4）；而空气预热后强制
Increasing flue gas volume, increasing heat brought out by flue gas, 通风的火嘴， α则较小。大能量的火嘴， α较小（1.1-1.15）；有的新型
decreasing overall furnace thermal efficiency, increasing fuel 火嘴， α可降到1.05以下。
consumption and operating costs; C. Increasing residual oxygen in flue  Burner performance : The Natural-induced oil burner has a larger α
gas, intensifying oxidation of furnace tube surface; D. Increasing SO3 (1.2-1.4), while the forced-ventilation burner after air preheating
generated by decomposition of fuel oil with high S content. The has a smaller α. High energy burner, α is smaller (1.1-1.15);
corrosion and ash plugging of furnace tubes are aggravated. some new burners, α can be reduced to less than 1.05.
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8、过剩空气系数对全炉热效率的影响? 9、炉管积灰的原因？
8. Reasons for low temperature corrosion of heater tube and body? 9. Causes of ash deposit in furnace tubes?
 炉体密封性。过去加热炉多在负压下操作，如果炉体密封不好，空气被大量  一般来说，炉子烧气时基本无灰，烧燃料油时则会产生灰垢，并沉积
吸入， α就大大增高。现在加热炉很多采用微正压操作，空气漏入量大大减到炉管外壁。辐射管外壁结垢的现象不太严重，管外积灰主要发生在
少， α就降低。对流管上。
Furnace sealing: In the past, heaters were operated under negative Generally speaking, when the furnace burns gas, it is
pressure. If the furnace body was not sealed properly, air was inhaled almost ashless. When the fuel oil is burned, it will produce
in large quantities, and α was greatly increased. At present, many ash and deposit on the outer wall of the furnace tube. The
heating furnaces are operated under micro-positive pressure, which scaling on the outer wall of radiation tube is not very serious,
greatly reduces the amount of air leakage and decreases the amount of and the fouling on the outer wall of radiation tube mainly
α.
occurs on the convection tube.
 烧油时产生的烟气中的灰垢称为油灰，其由两种固体颗粒组成，一是
垢：是燃料燃烧后残留下来的不可燃的组分；二是灰：是可燃组分—
—碳元素在燃烧不完全的情况下残留下来的微粒。
The ash in the flue gas produced when burning oil is called
oil ash. It consists of two kinds of solid particles. One is
scale, which is the non-combustible component left after
burning fuel, and the other is ash, which is the particle left
by combustible component---carbon element, when burning
incompletely.
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9、炉管积灰的原因？ 9、炉管积灰的原因？
9. Causes of ash deposit in furnace tubes? 9. Causes of ash deposit in furnace tubes?
 管子积灰会带来下列问题：（1）增加了热阻，使炉子的排烟温度升  炉管积灰的处理措施？
高，热效率下降；（2）减少了烟气的流通面积，使烟气流速升高，  管外积灰清扫方法中，安装蒸汽吹灰器或声波吹灰器是目前应用最为
烟气流动的阻力增大；（3）在尾部低温受热面，积灰后管壁更易吸广泛的方法，其吹灰效率也不错。不过吹灰器的功用主要在于保持清
附烟气中所含硫酸蒸汽，加剧露点腐蚀。洁的管子始终干净，已经积落灰的脏管子要想通过它吹扫干净是十分
Tube ash deposit will bring the following problems: 困难的，在线清灰的方法还有添加清灰剂。其他在停炉期间还可以采
(1) Increase the heat resistance, increase the exhaust 用化学清洗、干冰清灰、人工清灰等方法。
temperature of the furnace, and decrease the thermal  How to deal with ash deposit in furnace tubes?
efficiency;
 Installation of steam sootblowers or acoustic sootblowers is
(2) Reduce the flow area of flue gas, increase the flue gas the most widely used method of cleaning out of pipe soot
velocity and increase the resistance of flue gas flow; deposit, and its soot blowing efficiency is also good. But
(3) In the tail low-temperature heating surface, the tube wall the main function of sootblower is to keep the clean pipe
after ash deposit is easier to absorb sulfuric acid vapor clean all the time. It is very difficult to clean the dirty
contained in the flue gas, and aggravate dew point pipes that have accumulated soot through it. The online
corrosion. method of cleaning soot is to add a cleaning agent. Other
methods such as chemical cleaning, dry ice ash removal and
manual ash removal can also be used during stoppage.
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10、炉管结焦的原因？
常见的问题及处理 10. Causes of coking in furnace tubes?
Common problems and Solutions  结焦问题实际上是一个焦碳生成速度与焦层脱落速度的平衡问题。如焦碳的生成速度过大或者脱
落速度不够，便会造成严重结焦。
10、炉管结焦的原因？影响焦碳生成速度的因素主要有两个：（1）加热温度。每种油品都有自己开始发生结焦的
10. Causes of coking in furnace tubes? “临界温度”。一般来说，油品越重，直链烷烃越多，结焦的“临界温度”越低。只要工艺和操作上
允许，整个炉子炉管系统都应控制在此温度范围以下；（2）管壁温度和热强度。焦层是在管内壁表
面上生成的。当然管壁温度是影响焦碳生成速度的最基本的因素之一。由于介质和管壁接触面存在着
 结焦是炉管内的油品温度超过一定界限后发生热裂解，变成游离边界层，所以，介质在边界层内的温度或者管壁的温度比管内主流体的温度要高，而这高出值主要取
碳，堆积到管内壁上的现象。结焦使管壁温度急剧上升，加剧了决于炉管的表面热强度，当然也与内膜传热系数等因素有关。
炉管的腐蚀和高温氧化，引起炉管鼓包、破裂，同时增加了管内  The coking problem is actually a balance between the rate of coke formation and the
rate of coke layer falling off. If the coke formation rate is too high or the falling rate is
压力降，使炉子操作性能恶化，有时甚至迫使装置不得不提前停 not enough, it will cause serious coking.
运。 There are two main factors affecting coke formation rate:
 Coking occurs when the temperature of oil in the furnace tube (1) heating temperature. Each oil product has its own "critical temperature" at
which coking begins. Generally speaking, the heavier the oil, the more linear alkanes,
exceeds a certain limit, and then it becomes free carbon, which the lower the "critical temperature" of coking. As long as process and operation permit,
accumulates on the inner wall of the tube. Coking makes the the whole furnace tube system should be controlled below this temperature range;
temperature of the tube wall rise sharply, aggravates the (2) wall temperature and thermal strength. The focal layer is formed on the inner
corrosion and high temperature oxidation of the furnace tube, surface of the tube. Of course, the wall temperature is one of the most basic factors
affecting the rate of coke formation. Because there is a boundary layer between the
causes the bulging and cracking of the furnace tube, increases medium and the wall of the tube, the temperature of the medium in the boundary layer or
the pressure drop in the tube, deteriorates the operation the wall of the tube is higher than that of the main body in the tube, and the higher value
performance of the furnace, and sometimes even forces the depends mainly on the surface thermal strength of the furnace tube, of course, it is also
related to the heat transfer coefficient of the inner film and other factors.
device to stop operation in advance.
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10、炉管结焦的原因？ 10、炉管结焦的原因？
10. Causes of coking in furnace tubes? 10. Causes of coking in furnace tubes?
炉管结焦的解决措施:
 保持炉膛温度均匀
 另外炉膛温度不均匀，造成炉管局部过热；进料量太小或  保持进料稳定
中断；火焰舔管，造成局部过热。  调节火焰，使火焰稳定
 改变操作或烧焦使焦层脱落
In addition, the uneven temperature in

the radiation chamber results in local Solutions to coking in furnace tubes:
overheating of the furnace tube, too small  Keep radiation chamber temperature uniform
or interrupted feed, and local overheating  Maintain feed stability
caused by the flame licking of the tube.  Adjust the flame to make it stable
 Change operation or scorch to make coke layer fall off
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10、炉管结焦的原因？常见的问题及处理
10. Causes of coking in furnace tubes? Common problems and Solutions
影响焦层脱落速度的因素主要是：
（1）管内流速。足够的管内流速可提供将尚未固着的初期疏松焦层排出炉外所需要的紊流 11、燃料气带液及铵盐堵塞的判断及处理
状态和动能，因此流速是使焦层脱落最基本的因素。为防止结焦，只要压降允许而又不造成 11. Judgment and Treatment of Clogging of Fuel Gas with Liquid and Ammonium Salt
冲蚀，最好尽可能采用高的流速。而且这时内膜传热系数也可增大，从而使管壁温度降低，
也有缓和结焦的作用。  加热炉产生燃料气带液及铵盐堵塞的原因主要有：燃料气重组分太多、燃料气伴热效
（2）管内流态。汽液混相流有数种流动状态，其中比较好的流态是雾状流或环状流。结焦果差，燃料品质差杂质多。
可能性较大的流态是层流，这种流态由于汽相侧排结焦物的动能不足，以及汽相的内膜传热
系数比液相小，造成管壁温度局部升高，因此焦层主要在汽相侧形成.  燃料气带液时加热炉燃烧状况急剧变差，火焰冒烟，烧嘴有液滴喷出，热负荷出现较
大的波动，严重时燃料气流量会误显示为零，同时还会出现火嘴熄灭。如果出现燃料
The main factors affecting the coke shedding rate are as follows: 气带液应适当降低热负荷，对燃料气分离罐进行排液，同时对仪表导压管排液。
(1)Flow velocity in tube. Sufficient in-tube flow velocity can provide the
turbulent state and kinetic energy needed to discharge the  The main reasons for the blockage of fuel gas with liquid and
unconsolidated initial loose coke layer out of the furnace, so the flow ammonium salt in reheating furnace are: too much heavy components
velocity is the most basic factor to make the coke layer fall off. In of fuel gas, poor heat tracing effect of fuel gas, and too many
order to prevent coking, as long as the pressure drop permits and does impurities in fuel.
not cause erosion, it is best to use high flow rate as far as possible.
At this time, the heat transfer coefficient of the inner film can also  When the fuel gas carries liquid, the burning condition of the
increase, so that the temperature of the tube wall can be reduced and heating furnace deteriorates sharply, the flame smokes, droplets
the coking can be eased. are ejected from the burner, and the heat load fluctuates greatly.
(2) Flow pattern in tube. Vapor-liquid miscible flow has several flow When the fluctuates of fuel gas flowrate is serious, the fuel gas
states, among which the better one is mist flow or annular flow. Laminar flowrate will be misrepresented as zero, and the burner will be
flow is the most likely flow pattern for coking. Because of the extinguished at the same time. If there is fuel gas with liquid,
insufficient kinetic energy of the coke in the side of the vapor phase the heat load should be reduced appropriately. The fuel gas
and the smaller heat transfer coefficient of the inner film of the vapor separator should be discharged liquid ,and the instrument
phase than that of the liquid phase, the temperature of the tube wall pressure guide tube should be discharged liquid at the same time.
rises locally, so the coke layer is211
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mainly formed on the vapor side. 2019/8/28 212
11、燃料气带液及铵盐堵塞的判断及处理 11、燃料气带液及铵盐堵塞的判断及处理
11. Judgment and Treatment of Clogging of Fuel Gas with Liquid and Ammonium Salt 11. Judgment and Treatment of Clogging of Fuel Gas with Liquid and Ammonium Salt
 加热炉产生铵盐堵塞如果在调节阀以前部分，此时燃料气的调节阀开度逐渐
增大，但燃料气的炉前压力仍较低，加热量逐渐不够。如果铵盐堵塞如果在  加热炉燃料管线产生的铵盐一般是溶于水的蜂窝状固体，停车期间可以
调节阀以后部分，此时燃料气的调节阀开度不变，但燃料气的炉前压力会逐用水冲洗管线清除铵盐，在无法停炉期间可以用蒸汽吹扫管线。如果是
渐升高，加热量逐渐不够。烧嘴或调节阀堵塞，可以切出进行清理。
If the ammonium salt blockage occurs in the front  Ammonium salts produced by heating furnace fuel
part of the control valve of the heater, the opening pipelines are generally honeycomb solids dissolved
of the fuel gas control valve increases gradually, but in water. During shutdown, ammonium salts can be
the pressure in front of the furnace of fuel gas is removed by flushing pipelines with water ; and
still low, and the heating amount is gradually During the period when the furnace cannot be
insufficient. If the ammonium salt is blocked in the shutdown ,steam can be used to purge pipelines. If
back part of the control valve, the opening of the the burner or control valve is blocked, it can be
control valve of fuel gas will not change at this time, cut out for cleaning.
but the pressure in front of the furnace of fuel gas
will gradually increase, and the heating capacity will
gradually be insufficient.
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12、炉管存在哪些缺陷应以更换？ 12、炉管存在哪些缺陷应以更换？
12. which defects on the furnace tubes，it must be replaced ? 12. which defects on the furnace tubes,it must be replaced ?
 炉管有鼓包、裂纹（破裂）；
 卧置炉管相邻两管架间炉管弯曲度大于炉管外径2倍；  炉管损坏的形态：减薄、鼓包、弯曲
炉管损坏形态：裂纹、冲刷、氧化
 炉管由于腐蚀、爆皮、冲刷，管壁壁厚小于计算允许值； Forms of tube damage:
Forms of tube damage:
 炉管外径增大5%； thinning, bulging and bending
Cracks，Scouring and Oxidation
 金相组织有晶界氧化、严重球化、脱碳及晶界裂纹。
 There are bulges and cracks (burst) in the tube.
 The bending degree of the tube between the two adjacent
tube racks of the horizontal tube is 2 times larger than
the outside diameter of the tube.
 The wall thickness of furnace tube is less than the
allowable value due to corrosion, skin explosion and erosion.
 The outside diameter of tube increases by 5%.
 The metallographic structure includes grain boundary
oxidation, severe spheroidization, decarbonization and
grain boundary cracks.
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13、加热炉炉管破裂、泄漏着火火势较大的主要处理步骤？ 13、加热炉炉管破裂、泄漏着火火势较大的主要处理步骤？
预防炉管损坏的措施有哪些？预防炉管损坏的措施有哪些？
13. The main treatment steps of heating furnace tube rupture, leakage and large 13. The main treatment steps of heating furnace tube rupture, leakage and large
ignition potential?What are the measures to prevent tube damage? ignition potential?What are the measures to prevent tube damage?
a.加热炉紧急停炉，关闭所有燃料的炉前阀，关闭风门及烟道挡板。预防炉管损坏的措施 Measures to Prevent Tube Damage:
b.用灭火蒸汽吹扫炉膛，直至火焰熄灭。
c. 火焰熄灭后切断炉管进料，炉管系统泄压降温。 a.腐蚀选材正确；
d.炉管导料蒸煮，进行炉管修复。 b.调整火焰
a. The heating furnace shutdown urgently, closes the all fuel valves c. 防止偏流
front of the heater, closes the air dampers and the flue dampers. d.脱盐问题
b. Purge the radiation chamber with fire-fighting steam until the e.炉管内流型正确
flame is extinguished.
a. Corrosion material selection is correct.
c. After the flame is extinguished, the feeding of the furnace tube is
cut off, and the pressure and temperature of the furnace tube b. Adjusting flame
system is decreased. c. Prevent bias flow
d. Purged and Boiled the furnace tube ,then repairing of furnace tube. d. Desalination problem
e. Correct flow pattern in tube
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14、燃料中断如何处理？ 14、燃料中断如何处理？
14. How to deal with fuel interruption? 14. How to deal with fuel interruption?
燃料油中断时，加热炉燃料油火嘴联锁熄火，装置仍可维持正常运转，
具体处理步骤为： 燃料气中断时，加热炉燃料气火嘴联锁熄火，如果燃料油能维持低负
When the fuel oil is interrupted, the fuel oil burner of the 荷运行，则降负荷运行，查找原因恢复。如不能恢复则装置应按停车
heating furnace interlock and extinguish, and the device can still 步骤进行停车。
maintain normal operation. The specific treatment steps are as
follows: When the fuel gas is interrupted, the fuel gas burner of the
（1）关闭燃料油火嘴炉前阀，打开蒸汽旁路，吹扫油火嘴。 heating furnace interlocks and extinguishes. If the fuel oil
can maintain the low load operation, the load reduction
（2）在加热炉热负荷不足时，可适当降低操作负荷。
operation will be carried out and the cause recovery will be
（3）增加烧气量。 found. If it can't be restored, the heater should shutdown
（1）Close the front valve of the fuel oil burner, open the according to the shutdown scheme.
steam bypass and purge the fuel burner.
（2）When the heat load of heating furnace is insufficient,
the operation load can be reduced appropriately.
（3）Increase the amount of fuel gas burned.
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15、烟囱冒黑烟原因及处理办法？ 15、烟囱冒黑烟原因及处理办法？
15. Causes and treatment of black smoke from chimneys? 15. Causes and treatment of black smoke from chimneys?
处理措施：
炉管烧穿，泄漏不大按正常步骤停车，泄漏大按紧急步骤停车。
燃料仪表失灵，改为手动控制。
烟囱冒黑烟原因：炉管烧穿；仪表失灵，燃料油控制阀燃料带液则对燃料缓冲罐排液。
全开；燃料气带液；雾化蒸汽中断；燃烧不完全缺氧；燃如果炉膛缺氧应缓慢调节烟道挡板和风门。
料量突然增大。 Treatment measures：
Reasons for black smoke from chimney: burning The furnace tube burns through, if the leakage is not big
enough,can to shutdown the heater according to the normal
through furnace tube; instrumentation failure, full
scheme; and if the leakage is big enough to shutdown
opening of fuel oil control valve; fuel gas with according to the emergency shutdown schemes.
liquid; interruption of atomization steam; The fuel control system failed and changed to manual control.
incomplete oxygen deficiency in combustion; sudden The fuel gas with liquid is discharged from the fuel gas
increase in fuel volume. buffer tank.
If the furnace is short of oxygen, the flue damper and the
air supply damper should be adjusted slowly.
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16、炉管温度不均匀如何处理？ 17、燃烧器点不着火的原因？
16. How to deal with the uneven temperature of furnace tube? 17. Why does the burner not ignite?
燃烧器风门或加热炉烟道挡板开度太大，造成负压太大，入炉空气量太多，这样不易着火。
调整炉管进料量一致。 燃料油压力大于雾化蒸汽压力，。
燃料温度、压力太低。
各路燃烧器个数应对称一致。 燃料带液或含水太多。
各路燃烧器的燃料流量及火焰应一致。 雾化蒸汽量太大，燃料油量太少，没达到合适雾化比。
经常检查校验各路热电偶指示是否准确。 燃烧器喷嘴堵塞。
The opening of burner air damper or heater flue baffle is

Adjust the feedrate of heater tube to be too large, resulting in too much negative pressure and too
consistent. much air into the heater, so it is not easy to ignite.
Fuel oil pressure is greater than atomization steam pressure.
The number of burners should be symmetrical. Fuel temperature and pressure are too low.
The fuel flow and flame of each burner should be Fuel gas has too much liquid or fuel oil carrying too much
the same. water.
Check and verify the accuracy of thermocouples The amount of atomized steam is too large and the amount of
frequently. fuel oil is too small to reach the appropriate atomization
ratio.
The burner nozzle is blocked.
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常见的问题及处理
Common problems and Solutions
17、燃烧器点不着火的原因？
17. Why does the burner not ignite?
燃烧器风门或加热炉烟道挡板开度太大，造成负压太大，入炉空气量太多，这样不易
着火。
燃料油压力大于雾化蒸汽压力，。
燃料温度、压力太低。
燃料带液或含水太多。
雾化蒸汽量太大，燃料油量太少，没达到合适雾化比。
燃烧器喷嘴堵塞。
The opening of burner air damper or heater flue baffle is
too large, resulting in too much negative pressure and too
much air into the heater, so it is not easy to ignite.
Fuel oil pressure is greater than atomization steam pressure.
Fuel temperature and pressure are too low.
Fuel gas has too much liquid or fuel oil carrying too much
water.
The amount of atomized steam is too large and the amount of
fuel oil is too small to reach the appropriate atomization
ratio.
2019/8/28 225
The burner nozzle is blocked.
38

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2019/8/28

加 热 炉HEATER 加热炉简介Brief Introduction of Heating Furnace

加热炉简介Brief Introduction of Furnace 加热炉简介Brief Introduction of Furnace

加热炉简介Brief Introduction of Furnace 加热炉常见分类

常见加热炉 Common Furnace 常见加热炉 Common Furnace

底烧立管方箱加热炉 侧烧卧管方箱加热炉 立管双室阶梯加热炉 立管圆筒炉

常见加热炉 Common Furnace 常见加热炉 Common Furnace

无对流段螺旋管加热炉 无对流段立管纯辐射炉 带反射锥炉 带对流段立管加热炉

常见加热炉 Common Furnace 常见加热炉 Common Furnace

常见加热炉 Common Furnace 常见加热炉 Common Furnace

加热炉的传热方式Heat Transfer Mode of Heating Furnace 加热炉的主要构成

Radiation Heat Transfer +

加热炉的结构简图Structural diagram of heater 加热炉的结构简图Structural diagram of heater

Chimney烟囱 烟道挡板Damper 烟囱Chimney

加热炉物料流程简图Material Flow Chart of Heater 加热炉控制流程简图Control Flow Chart of Heater

水-空气换热器Water-air heat exchanger

Heat pipe heat exchanger

and changes the heat transfer effect

对流段炉管 Convection tube 对流段炉管 Convection tube

对流段炉管 Convection tube 对流段炉管 Convection tube

燃烧道Combustion channel： 燃烧道Combustion channel：

needs to cooperate with the combustion channel in order to 进风口

衬里部件Lining parts 衬里部件Lining parts

1、耐火砖：标准砖、异形砖Refractory brick: standard 5、保温钉：L型、V型、Y型 Insulation nails: L type , V type,

衬里部件：快速夹和L型保温钉配合使用 衬里部件：保温钉Lining parts： Insulation nail

Induced draft fan

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管式加热炉的主要工艺指标 炉子的操作范围Operation range of heater

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炉子的操作范围Operation range of heater 炉子的操作范围Operation range of heater

炉子的操作范围Operation range of heater 炉子的操作范围Operation range of heater

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炉子的操作范围Operation range of heater

炉子的操作范围Operation range of heater 炉子的操作范围Operation range of heater

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炉子的操作范围Operation range of heater 炉子的操作范围Operation range of heater

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加热炉的燃料热值及效率计算 燃料的种类Types of Fuels

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燃料的种类Types of Fuels 燃料的种类Types of Fuels

燃料的种类Types of Fuels 燃料的种类Types of Fuels

燃料的种类 Type of fuels 燃料的种类 Type of fuels

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燃 火焰核心，纯燃气Flame Core ，Pure Gas

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热效率计算Thermal efficiency calculation 热效率计算

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Ash content per unit mass

Ash fouling generation 1

加热炉HEATER 加热炉简介Brief Introduction of Heating Furnace

底烧立管方箱加热炉侧烧卧管方箱加热炉立管双室阶梯加热炉立管圆筒炉

无对流段螺旋管加热炉无对流段立管纯辐射炉带反射锥炉带对流段立管加热炉

Chimney烟囱烟道挡板Damper 烟囱Chimney

燃烧道Combustion channel：燃烧道Combustion channel：

衬里部件：快速夹和L型保温钉配合使用衬里部件：保温钉Lining parts： Insulation nail

管式加热炉的主要工艺指标炉子的操作范围Operation range of heater

加热炉的燃料热值及效率计算燃料的种类Types of Fuels

燃火焰核心，纯燃气Flame Core ，Pure Gas