Hydro - Power Plant

Calculations
 Hydro- Electric Power Plant
 Water Power- Electrical power
when water drops through a height, its
energy is able to rotate turbine which are
coupled to alternators.

The electrical power P is given by

𝑃𝑃 = 735.5�75 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄

𝑄𝑄 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑arg𝑒𝑒 m3/sec
H = water head, m
𝜂𝜂 = overall efficiency of turbine alternator set
 Hydro- Electric Power Plant

Penstock Thickness
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝑡𝑡 =
2𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
t = Penstock thickness
d = diameter of penstock
= permissible stress
P = pressure due to water hammer =WH
w = weight of water
H = head of water
 Hydro- Electric Power Plant

Power transmission through pipes

Depends on;
i)The weigh of liquid through the pipe
ii)The total head available at the end of pipe

L = Length of the pipe

H
d = diameter of the pipe
A B
d H = total head available at the initial of pipe
v
V = velocity of flow in pipe
ℎ∫=loss 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓,𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
L
Pipe AB Connected to a tank The power available at the end B of the pipe, and
maximum transmission of power will be obtained
 The head available at the outlet of pipe, if minor losses are neglected
 Hydro- Electric Power Plant
= Total head at in let – loss of head due to friction

4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2
= H – hf = H - ∴ ℎ𝑓𝑓 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑2𝑔𝑔 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑2𝑔𝑔

Weight of water flowing through pipe per sec.

W = 𝜌𝜌 g x volume of water per sec = 𝜌𝜌 g x area x velocity
= 𝛱𝛱 2
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
4
The power transmitted at the outlet of pipe
= weight of water per sec x head at out let
𝛱𝛱 2 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2
= 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝐻𝐻 − 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑2𝑔𝑔
 Hydro- Electric Power Plant

Power transmitted at out let the pipe

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝛱𝛱 2 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐻𝐻 − 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
1000 4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑2𝑔𝑔

Efficiency of power transmission

𝜂𝜂 = Power available at outlet of the pipe

Power applied at the inlet of the pipe
= Weight of water per sec x Head available at outlet
Weight of water per sec x Head at inlet
= Wx (H –hf) = H - hf
WxH H
 Hydro- Electric Power Plant
Flow through Nozzles

DIA= D
Base of
H nozzle
V 𝜈𝜈

Pipe Nozzle
L
Nozzle fitted to a pipe
The total energy at the end of the pipe consists of
pressure energy and Kinetic energy
Thus Nozzle are used ,where higher velocity of flow are
required  In case of Pelton turbine, the nozzle is fitted at the end of pipe ,to increase
velocity
 In case of the extinguishing fire, nozzle is fitted at end of the hose to increase
velocity
 Hydro- Electric Power Plant
let; D = diameter of the pipe
L = length of the pipe
𝛱𝛱 2
A = area of the pipe = 𝐷𝐷
4
V = Velocity of flow in pipe
H = total head at the inlet of the pipe
d =diameter of nozzle at out let
𝜈𝜈 = velocity of flow at outlet of nozzle
a = area of the nozzle at outlet = 𝛱𝛱 𝑑𝑑 2
𝑓𝑓 = co-efficient of friction for pipe 4

4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2
Loss of head due friction in pipe, ℎ𝑓𝑓 =
2𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔

Head available at the end the pipe or at the base of nozzle

= Head at inlet of pipe –head loss due to friction
4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2
𝐻𝐻 = 𝐻𝐻 − ℎ𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻𝐻
2𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
 Hydro- Electric Power Plant

Neglecting minor losses and also assuming losses in the nozzle

negligible, we have
Total head at inlet of pipe = total head (energy) at the
outlet of nozzle + losses
𝑣𝑣 2
But total head at outlet of nozzle = kinetic head =
2𝑔𝑔

𝜈𝜈 2 𝜈𝜈 2 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2
𝐻𝐻 = + 2ℎ𝑓𝑓 = + ∴ ℎ𝑓𝑓 = …… i)
2𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔

From continuity equation in the pipe and out let

AV= av
 Hydro- Electric Power Plant
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
∴ V = 𝐴𝐴

Substituting this value in equation (i) we get;

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 2
𝜈𝜈 2 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝜈𝜈 2 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎2 𝜈𝜈 2 𝜈𝜈 2 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎2
H = + x = + = 1+
2𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝐴𝐴 2𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝐴𝐴2 2𝑔𝑔 𝐷𝐷𝐴𝐴2

2𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
𝜈𝜈 = 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎2 Velocity of flow outside
1 + 𝐷𝐷 𝑥𝑥 2
𝐴𝐴 nozzle

 Discharge through nozzle = a x 𝜈𝜈

 Hydro- Electric Power Plant

Power Transmitted Through Nozzle

Now mass of liquid at the outlet of nozzle = 1 𝑚𝑚𝜈𝜈 2

2
1 1
Kinetic energy of the jet at the outlet per sec. = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜈𝜈 2 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜈𝜈 3
2 2
1 1 3
Power in kW at the outlet of nozzle =(K.E/sec)x = 2 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜈𝜈
1000 1000

Efficiency of power transmission through nozzle

1 3
2 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜈𝜈
Power at outlet of nozzle 1000
𝜂𝜂 =
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌. 𝑄𝑄. 𝐻𝐻
Power at the inlet of pipe 1000
 Hydro- Electric Power Plant

1 2 1 2
2 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌. 𝜈𝜈 = 2 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌. 𝜈𝜈
=
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌. Q. 𝐻𝐻 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌. 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. 𝐻𝐻
∵ 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝜈𝜈 2 1 𝑎𝑎2
= = 𝑥𝑥
2𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐴𝐴2
1+
𝐷𝐷
 Hydro-electric power
Condition for maximum Power Transmitted
Through Nozzle
We know that:

The total head at inlet of pipe = total head at the

outlet of the nozzle + losses
𝑣𝑣 2
i e…, 𝐻𝐻 = + ℎ𝑓𝑓 𝑣𝑣 2
2𝑔𝑔 ∴ (Total head at outlet of nozzle = 2𝑔𝑔 and
4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2
ℎ 𝑓𝑓 =
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔 = loss of liquid in pipe)
𝑣𝑣 2 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2
= +
2𝑔𝑔 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔

4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉2
𝑣𝑣 2
= 𝐻𝐻 −
2𝑔𝑔 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔
 Hydro-electric power
But power, transmitted through nozzle
1 1
𝜌𝜌 𝑎𝑎 𝑣𝑣 3 1 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2
= 2 = 2 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣 2 = 2 2𝑔𝑔 𝐻𝐻 −
1000 1000 1000 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2

= 𝐻𝐻 − = 𝐻𝐻 − ………….. i)
1000 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔 1000 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔

Now from continuity equation 𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑣𝑣

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑉𝑉 =
𝐴𝐴
Substituting the value of V in equation i)

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2 𝑣𝑣 2
Power transmitted through nozzle = 𝐻𝐻 −
1000 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔𝐴𝐴2

𝑑𝑑(𝑃𝑃)
 The power (P) will be maximum, when = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
 Hydro-electric power
𝑑𝑑 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎2 𝑣𝑣 2
or 𝐻𝐻 − = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1000 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔 𝐴𝐴2

𝑑𝑑 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎2 𝑣𝑣 2

or 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 − =0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1000 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔 𝐴𝐴2

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎2 𝑣𝑣 2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

or 𝐻𝐻 − 3𝑥𝑥 = 0 or 𝐻𝐻 −3𝑥𝑥 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑉𝑉 2 = 0 ∴ 𝑉𝑉 =
1000 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔 𝐴𝐴2 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔 𝐴𝐴

𝐻𝐻 = 3ℎ𝑓𝑓 = 0 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2
∴ = ℎ𝑓𝑓 = ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔
ℎ𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻𝐻 --------------(a)
3
Equation (a ) gives the condition for maximum power transmitted through nozzle

It states that power transmitted through nozzle is maximum

when the head lost due to friction in pipe is one - third the
total head applied at the inlet of pipe
 Hydro-electric power

Diameter of Nozzle for maximum Transmission of power Through

Nozzle
For maximum transmission of power, the condition is given by equation

𝐻𝐻
ℎ𝑓𝑓 =
3
But
4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓𝑓 =
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔

∴ 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2 𝐻𝐻 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2
= or 𝐻𝐻 = 3 𝑥𝑥 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔 3

But H is also = total head at outlet of nozzle +losses

𝑣𝑣 2 𝑣𝑣 2 + 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2
= + ℎ𝑓𝑓 =
2𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔
 Hydro-electric power
Equating the two values of H , we get
4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2 𝑣𝑣 2 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2 12𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2 4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2 𝑣𝑣 2
3 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑔𝑔 + or − = 2𝑔𝑔
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔

8𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉 2 𝑣𝑣 2
or =
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔 ………………………………………. (i)
2𝑔𝑔

𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
But from continuity, 𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑣𝑣 or 𝑉𝑉 =
𝐴𝐴

Substituting this value of V in equation (i) we get

8𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎 2 𝑣𝑣 2 𝑣𝑣 2 8𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎2 𝑣𝑣 2
𝑥𝑥 = or =1 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ………….. (ii)
𝐷𝐷 𝐴𝐴 2 2𝑔𝑔
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷2𝑔𝑔 𝐴𝐴2 2𝑔𝑔

or
 Hydro-electric power
or 𝜋𝜋 2 2
8𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑 8𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑 2 = 1 𝐷𝐷 3
𝑥𝑥 4 = 1 or 𝑥𝑥 or 4 =
2 𝑑𝑑
𝐷𝐷 𝜋𝜋 2 𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷 4 8𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
4 𝐷𝐷

1⁄4
𝐷𝐷 3
𝑑𝑑 =
8𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

From equation (ii) 8𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐴𝐴2

= 2
𝐷𝐷 𝑎𝑎

∴ 𝐴𝐴 = 8𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
…………………. (iii)
𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝐷

Equation (iii) gives the ratio of the area of the supply pipe to the
area of the nozzle and hence from this equation, the diameter of
the nozzle can be obtained
 Hydro-electric power
 The turbine characteristics like unit power, unit speed
and unit discharge help in studying the performance of
turbines

 Unit Power 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒( 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

We know 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑃𝑃 =
75
P = Power produced by a turbine
Q = Discharge cumecs
H = Net head in meters
𝜔𝜔 = Unit weight of water

𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 =
For unit power 𝐻𝐻
3�
2
 Hydro-electric power
Unit speed 𝑁𝑁𝑢𝑢 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑎𝑎 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

𝑁𝑁
𝑁𝑁𝑢𝑢 =
𝐻𝐻

N = speed of turbine in R.P.M.

𝜙𝜙
Unit discharge 𝜙𝜙𝑢𝑢 =
𝐻𝐻

Specific speed 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 it is the speed of geometrically similar turbine

running under a unit head and producing unit power

𝑁𝑁 𝑃𝑃
𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 = 5�
𝐻𝐻 4 Ns = specific speed in metric units
N = speed of turbine in rpm
P = out put in metric hp
H = effective head in metres
 Hydro-electric power
 Specific speed is quite useful as
follows:
i) It helps in selecting type of turbine to be used for a
particular power station
ii) It permits to visualize the performance of turbine
iii) Specific speed being known the normal running speed can
be determined

Specific speeds for different turbines

Turbine Classification Specific speed

Pelton turbine Impulse 10- 45

Francis turbine Reaction 45- 450

Kaplan turbine Impulse 450 -1000