Analogue and Digital Communication Lab

(EL-323)

LABORATORY MANUAL

ENGR. IHTISHAM KHALID & ENGR. MUHAMMAD ASIM

Analogue Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation using
Matlab
(LAB # 08)
Student Name: ______________________________________________

Roll No: ________________ Section: ____

Date performed: _____________, 2016

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES, ISLAMABAD

Prepared by: Engr. M. Asim, Engr. Ihtisham Khalid Version: 2.01

Last Edited by: Engr. M. Asim, Engr. Ihtisham Khalid
Verified by: Dr. Shahzad Saleem Updated: Fall 2016
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
08
____________________________________________________________________________________
Lab#08: Analogue Amlitude Modulation and Demodulation using Matlab
Learning Objectives:
1. Implementation of different analogue AM modulations Schemes in MATLAB
2. Implementation of different analogue AM demodulations Schemes in MATLAB
3. Comparing the performance of various analog amplitude modulation-demodulation schemes
Equipment Required:
1. PC
2. Matlab

In this lab we will study the performance of various analog amplitude modulation-demodulation schemes,
both in the presence and in the absence of additive noise. Systems studied in this chapter include
amplitude-modulation (AM) schemes, such as DSB-AM, SSB-AM, and conventional AM. Each member of
the class of analog modulation systems is characterized by five basic properties:
1. Time-domain representation of the modulated signal
2. Frequency-domain representation of the modulated signal
3. Bandwidth of the modulated signal
4. Power content of the modulated signal
5. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) after demodulation

A)Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Amplitude modulation (AM), which is frequently referred to as linear modulation, is
the family of modulation schemes in which the amplitude of a sinusoidal carrier is changed as a function of
the modulating signal. This class of modulation schemes consists of DSB-AM (double-sideband amplitude
modulation), conventional amplitude modulation, SSB-AM (single-sideband amplitude modulation), and
VSB-AM (vestigial-sideband amplitude modulation). The dependence between the modulating signal and
the amplitude of the modulated carrier can be very simple, as, for example, in the DSB-AM case, or much
more complex, as in SSB-AM or VSB-AM. Amplitude-modulation systems are usually characterized by a
relatively low bandwidth requirement and power inefficiency in comparison to the angle-modulation
schemes. The bandwidth requirement for AM systems varies between W and 2W, where W denotes the
bandwidth of the message signal. For SSB-AM the bandwidth is W, for DSB-AM and conventional AM
the bandwidth is 2W, and for VSB-AM the bandwidthis between W and 2W. These systems are widely
used in broadcasting (AM radio and TV video broadcasting), point-to-point communication (SSB), and
multiplexing applications (for example, transmission of many telephone channels over microwave links).
1) DSB-AM:
In DSB-AM, the amplitude of the modulated signal is proportional to the message signal. This
means that the time-domain representation of the modulated signal is given by
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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
08
____________________________________________________________________________________
u(t )= AC m(t) cos(2 π f C t)
Where
c (t)=A C cos(2 π f C t)
is the carrier and m(t) is the message signal. The frequency-domain representation of the DSB-AM signal
is obtained by taking the Fourier transform of u(t) and results in
AC AC
U ( f )= M ( f −fc)+ M ( f + fc)
2 2
where M(f) is the Fourier transform of m(t). Obviously, this type of modulation results in a shift of ±fc and
a scaling of Ac/2 in the spectrum of the message signal. The transmission bandwidth, denoted by Bt, is
twice the bandwidth of the message signal:
BT =2W
A typical message spectrum and the spectrum of the corresponding DSB-AM modulated signal are shown
in below given Figure

The power content of the modulated signal is given by

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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
08
____________________________________________________________________________________
AC 2
P u= P
2 m
T
2
1
where Pm =lim
T→∞ T
∫ m2 (t) dt
−T
2

Pm is called the power content of message signal.

.

Problem 01:
The message signal m(t) is defined as

This message DSB-AM modulates the carrier c (t)=cos 2 π f c t , and the resulting modulated signal is
denoted by u(t). It is assumed that to =0.15s and fc =250 Hz.
1. Obtain the expression for u (t).
2. Derive the spectra of m(t) and u(t).
3. Assuming that the message signal is periodic with period To =to, determine thepower in the
modulated signal.

Problem 02:
The message signal m(t) is given by

where to =0.1. This message modulates the carrier c (t)=cos 2 π f c t , where fc =250 Hz.
1. Determine the modulated signal u(t).
2. Determine the spectra of m (t) and u (t).
3. If the message signal is periodic with period To =0.2 s, determine the power in the modulated
signal.

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Page 4 of 12
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
08
____________________________________________________________________________________
2) Conventional AM:
In many respects conventional AM is quite similar to DSB-AM; the only difference is that in conventional
AM, m(t) is substituted with [1+ a mn(t )], where m n (t) is the normalized message signal (i.e., ¿ mn (t )∨¿ 1
and a is the index of modulation, which is a positive constant between 0 and 1. Thus we have
u(t )= AC [1+a m n (t)]cos (2 π f c t)
And
U ( f )= AC [δ (f −fc)+a M n (f −fc)+ δ (f + fc)+ a M n (f + fc)]

The net effect of scaling the message signal and adding a constant to it is that the term [1+ a mn(t)] is
always positive. This makes the demodulation of these signals much easier by employing envelope
detectors. Note the existence of the sinusoidal component at the frequency fc in U(f). This means that a
(usually substantial) fraction of the transmitted power is in the signal carrier that does not really serve the
transmission of information. This fact shows that compared to DSB-AM, conventional AM is a less
economical modulation scheme in terms of power utilization. The bandwidth, of course, is equal to the
bandwidth of DSB-AM and is given by
BT =2W
Typical frequency-domain plots of the message and the corresponding conventional
AM signal are shown in below given Figure:

The power content of the modulated signal, assuming that the message signal is a zero-mean signal, is
given by
AC 2 2
P u= (1+ a P ¿¿ mn )¿
2

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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
08
____________________________________________________________________________________
A C2 A C2 2
which comprises two parts, , which denotes the power in the carrier, and a Pm which is the
2 2 n

power in the message-bearing part of the modulated signal. This is the power that is really used to transmit
the message. The ratio of the power that is used to transmit the message to the total power in the
modulated signal is called the modulation efficiency and is defined by
a2 P m
η= 2
n

1+ a Pm n

Because¿ mn (t )∨¿ < 1 and a < 1, we always have η < 0.5. In practice, however, the value of η is around 0.1.

Problem 03:
The message signal is given by

modulates the carrier c (t)=cos 2 π f c t , using a conventional AM scheme. It is assumed that fc =

250 Hz and to =0.15; the modulation index is a =0.85.
1. Derive an expression for the modulated signal.
2. Determine the spectra of the message and the modulated signals.
3. If the message signal is periodic with a period equal to to, determine the power in the modulated
signal and the modulation efficiency.

3) SSB-AM:
SSB-AM is derived from DSB-AM by eliminating one of the sidebands. Therefore, it occupies half the
bandwidth of DSB-AM. Depending on the sideband that remains, either the upper or the lower sideband,
there exist two types of SSB-AM: Upper Single Sideband AM (USSB-AM) and Lower Single-Sideband
AM (LSSB-AM). The time representation for these signals is given by
AC AC
u(t )= m(t)cos( 2 π f c t )∓ m
^ (t) sin(2 π f c t)
2 2
where the minus sign corresponds to USSB-AM and the plus sign corresponds to LSSB-AM. The signal
denoted by m(t) is the Hilbert transform of m(t), defined by m
^ ( t )=m ( t )∗1/(πt) or,in the frequency
^
domain,by M ( f )=− jsgn( f ) M (f ) .

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Page 6 of 12
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
08
____________________________________________________________________________________
In other words, the Hilbert transform of a signal represents a π /2 phase shift in all frequency components.
In the frequency domain, we have

Typical plots of the spectra of a message signal and the corresponding USSB-AM
modulated signal are shown in below given Figure:

The bandwidth of the SSB signal is half the bandwidth of DSB and conventional AM and so is equal to the
bandwidth of the message signal; that is,
BT =W
The power in the SSB signal is given by
AC 2
P u= P
4 m
Note that the power is half of the power in the corresponding DSB-AM signal because one of the
sidebands has been removed.

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Page 7 of 12
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
08
____________________________________________________________________________________

Problem 04:
The message signal is given by

modulates the carrier c (t)=cos 2 π f c t , using an LSSB-AM scheme. It is assumed that fc =

250 Hz and to =0.15
1. Plot the message signal, carrier, frequency spectrum of message signal and the frequency spectrum
of modulated signal u(t).
2. Assuming the message signal is periodic with period to, determine the power in the modulated
signal.

B) Demodulation of AM Signals
Demodulation is the process of extracting the message signal from the modulated signal. The
demodulation process depends on the type of modulation employed. For DSB-AM and SSB-AM, the
demodulation method is coherent demodulation, which requires the existence of a signal with the same
frequency and phase of the carrier at the receiver. For conventional AM, envelope detectors are used for
demodulation. In this case precise knowledge of the frequency and the phase of the carrier at the receiver
is not crucial, so the demodulation process is much easier. Coherent demodulation for DSB-AM and SSB-
AM consists of multiplying (mixing) the modulated signal by a sinusoidal with the same frequency and
phase of the carrier and then passing the product through a lowpass filter. The oscillator that generates the
required sinusoidal at the receiver is called the local oscillator.
1) DSB-AM Demodulation:
In the DSB case the modulated signal is given by AC m(t) cos ¿), which, when multiplied by cos ¿), (or
mixed with cos ¿)) results in
AC AC
y (t)=A C m(t) cos(2 π f c t)cos (2 π f c t )= m(t)+ m(t) cos (4 π f c t)
2 2
where y(t) denotes the mixer output, and its Fourier transform is given by
AC AC AC
Y ( f )= M (f )+ M (f −2 f c )+ M (f +2 f c )
2 4 4
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Page 8 of 12
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
08
____________________________________________________________________________________
AC
As it can be seen, the mixer output has a lowpass component of M (f ) and high frequency components
2
in the neighborhood of ±2 f c ¿. When y(t) passes through a lowpass filter with bandwidth W, the high-
AC
frequency components will be filtered out and the lowpass component, m(t), which is proportional to
2
the message signal, will be demodulated.
Problem 05:
The message signal m(t) is defined as

This message DSB-AM modulates the carrier c (t)=cos 2 π f c t , and the resulting modulated signal is
denoted by u(t). It is assumed that to =0.15s and fc =250 Hz.
1. Obtain the expression for u (t).
2. Derive the spectra of m(t) and u(t).
3. Demodulate the modulated signal u(t) and recover m(t). Plot the results in the time and
frequency domains.
Problem 06:
In Problem 04 , in the demodulation of DSB-AM signals we assumed that the phase of the local oscillator
π
is equal to the phase of the carrier. If that is not the case—that is, if there exists a phase shift of between
3
the local oscillator and the carrier—how would the demodulation process change? Observe the effect
using Matlab.

2) SSB-AM Demodulation:
The demodulation process of SSB-AM signals is basically the same as the demodulation process for DSB-
AM signals—that is, mixing followed by lowpass filtering. In this case
AC AC
u(t )= m(t)cos( 2 π f c t )∓ m
^ (t) sin(2 π f c t)
2 2
where the minus sign corresponds to the USSB and the plus sign corresponds to the LSSB. Mixing u(t)
with the local oscillator output, we obtain
AC 2 AC
y (t)= m(t)cos (2 π f c t)∓ m(t
^ )sin(2 π f c t)cos(2 π f c t)
2 2
AC AC AC
¿ m(t )+ m(t) cos (4 π f c t) ∓ m
^ (t) sin(4 π f c t )
2 4 4

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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
08
____________________________________________________________________________________
which contains bandpass components at ±2fc and a lowpass component proportional to the message signal.
The lowpass component can be filtered out using a lowpass filter to recover the message signal. This
process for the USSB-AM case is depicted in below given Figure

Problem 07:
In a USSB-AM modulation system, if the message signal is

With to =0.15s and fc =250 Hz. find U(f) and Y(f) and compare the demodulated signal with the message
signal.

Problem 08:
Assuming that the local oscillator generates a sinusoidal with a phase offset of π /3 with respect to the
carrier, What is the effect of this phase error on SSB-AM? Observe the effects using Matlab.

3) Conventional AM Demodulation:

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Page 10 of 12
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
08
____________________________________________________________________________________
We have already seen that conventional AM is inferior to DSB-AM and SSB-AM when power and SNR
are considered. The reason is that a usually large part of the modulated signal power is in the carrier
component that does not carry information. The role of the carrier component is to make the demodulation
of the conventional AM easier via envelope detection, as opposed to coherent demodulation required for
DSB-AM and SSB-AM. Therefore, demodulation of AM signals is significantly less complex than the
demodulation of DSB-AM and SSB-AM signals. Hence, this modulation scheme is widely used in
broadcasting, where there is a single transmitter and numerous receivers whose cost should be kept low. In
envelope detection the envelope of the modulated signal is detected via a simple circuit consisting of a
diode, a resistor, and a capacitor, as shown in below given Figure

Mathematically, the envelope detector generates the envelope of the conventional AM signal, which is
V (t )=¿ 1+ a mn ( t )∨¿
Because 1+a m n ( t ) > 0, we conclude that
V (t )=1+a mn ( t )
where m n ( t ) is proportional to the message signal m(t) and 1 corresponds to the carrier component that can
be separated by a dc block circuit. As seen in the preceding procedure, there is no need for knowledge of
<p, the phase of the carrier signal. That is why such a demodulation scheme is called noncoherent, or
asynchronous, demodulation.
Problem 09:
The message signal is given by

modulates the carrier c (t)=cos 2 π f c t , using a conventional AM scheme. It is assumed that fc =

250 Hz and to =0.15; the modulation index is a =0.85.
1. Using envelope detection, demodulate the message signal.

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Page 11 of 12
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
08
____________________________________________________________________________________

Student's feedback (Try giving useful feedback, e.g. did this lab session help you in learning, how to
improve student's learning experience, was the staff helpful, etc):
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Student's Signature: _________________________________

Correctness of

TOTAL
AWARDED

Attitude

Neatness

Conclusion
Originality
Initiative
MARKS

TOTAL 10 10 10 20 20 30 100

EARNED

Lab Instructor's Comments:_______________________________________________________

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Lab Instructor's Signature: _________________________________

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