IERG2310-ESTR2300 Tutorial 2

Principles of Communication Systems

SHI Jiajia
sj022@ie.cuhk.edu.hk
Jan 22, 2025
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Contents
✭ Fourier Transform
✭ Convolution
✭ LTI Systems Described by Differential Equations
✭ Amplitude Modulation (AM)
➢ Double Sideband Large Carrier (DSB-LC) Modulation/Common AM
• Modulation Index
• Signal Power
➢ Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulation
➢ Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC) Modulation
➢ Vestigial Sideband Suppressed Carrier (VSB-SC) Modulation
✭ Example: Using a Block Diagram to Generate a Desired AM Signal
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Fourier Transform
• Fourier Transform (FT)

• Inverse Fourier Transform (IFT)

• Fourier Transform Pairs

Time Frequency
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Properties of FT

• Time Shifting

• Frequency Shifting

• Convolution

• Multiplication

• Differentiation
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Convolution
• Why Convolution?

➢ Key
• Properties of LTI system: 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)
1) Time-invariant:
𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) 𝑦(𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
2) Linear:
𝑎𝑥(𝑡) 𝑎𝑦(𝑡)
• Decomposition of function 𝑓(𝑡):
+∞
𝑓 𝑡 =න 𝑓 𝜏 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 = 𝑓 𝑡 ∗ 𝛿(𝑡)
−∞
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Convolution
• Formula

• Method:
1) Plot 𝑥(𝜏) and ℎ(𝜏)

2) Flip ℎ(𝜏) around the vertical axis to obtain ℎ(−𝜏)

3) Shift ℎ(𝜏) by 𝑡 to obtain ℎ(𝑡 − 𝜏)

4) Multiply to obtain 𝑥 𝜏 ℎ(𝑡 − 𝜏)

+∞
5) Integrate on 𝜏 to compute‫׬‬−∞ 𝑥 𝜏 ℎ 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏

6) Increase 𝑥 from −∞ to +∞ and repeat steps 3-6.

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Convolution
➢ Exercise #1:
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Convolution
➢ Solution:
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LTI System Described by Differential Equations

• A general LTI system described by N-order differential equations:

• Take FT on both sides, gives

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LTI System Described by Differential Equations

➢ Exercise #2:
Consider a LTI system described by

Find the output 𝑦(𝑡) if input 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡).

➢ Solution:
Take FT at both sides, gives:
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Some Basic Concepts

➢ Baseband signal/Message signal

• The original message signal has not been modulated and must be modulated to higher
frequencies for radio transmission.
• It is usually a low-frequency signal.

➢ Carrier
• The carrier is higher in frequency than the message signal.
• Usually is denoted by
𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑨𝒄 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝒇𝒄 𝑡 + 𝝓𝒄 .

Amplitude Frequency Phase

Notice that we will set up 𝜙𝑐 = 0 for simplicity, so 𝒄 𝒕 = 𝑨𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕).
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Some Basic Concepts

➢ Modulation/Modulator
• Modulation: Impose the baseband signal onto a carrier signal with high frequency.
• How do modulate? Use message signals to change the parameters of the carriers (𝐴𝑐 , 𝑓𝑐 and 𝜙𝑐 ).
• Modulator: A device or circuit performs modulation.

➢ Demodulation/Demodulator
• Demodulation: The reverse process of modulation.
• How do we demodulate? Remove the carrier signal.
• Demodulator: Device or circuit performing demodulation.
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Some Basic Concepts

Modulation---Frequency Translation

The original message signal The modulated signal

−𝑊 0 𝑊 𝑓 −𝑓𝑐 0 𝑓𝑐 𝑓

➢ E.g.,
• Multiply the baseband signal 𝑚 𝑡 by the carrier 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡), i.e.,
𝑚 𝑡 → 𝐴𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 t).
𝑨𝒄
𝑀 𝑓 → 𝑴 𝒇 + 𝒇𝒄 + 𝑴 𝒇 − 𝒇𝒄 .
𝟐
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Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Double Sideband Large Carrier (DSB-LC) Modulation
𝑀(𝑓)
𝑚(𝑡)

−𝑓𝑚 0 𝑓𝑚 𝑓
𝐶(𝑓)
𝑐(𝑡)

Require 𝒇𝒄 ≫ 𝒇𝒎!
−𝑓𝑐 0 𝑓𝑐 𝑓
𝑠(𝑡) 𝑆(𝑓)

−𝑓𝑐 0 𝑓𝑐 𝑓
Upper sideband Lower sideband Upper sideband
➢ Standard form
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 1 + 𝑎𝑚′ 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡).
• Where 𝒂 < 𝟏 is the modulation index and 𝒎′(𝒕) is the normalized/pre-scaled version of
𝒎(𝒕) with the maximum magnitude being 1.
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Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Double Sideband Large Carrier (DSB-LC) Modulation

➢ Properties
• Can be demodulated by an envelope detector.
• Bandwidth is twice of the original: 𝑊𝐴𝑀 = 2𝑊𝑚 .

➢ Modulation index
• The ratio between the maximum amplitude of the message signal and that of the carrier.

➢ Average power of AM signal

𝐴2𝑐
𝑃𝑠 = 1 + 𝑎2 𝑃𝑚′ .
2
• Where 𝑃𝑚′ is the power of 𝑚′(𝑡).
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Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Double Sideband Large Carrier (DSB-LC) Modulation

➢ Example #1
1
Consider the signal 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴 1 + 𝑥 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2000𝜋𝑡), where 𝑥 𝑡 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 20𝜋𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30𝜋𝑡 .
Determine: (1) The modulation index; (2) The power of 𝑠(𝑡).

➢ Solution
1 1 𝐴
(1) Maximum magnitude of the message signal 𝐴𝑥(𝑡) is 𝐴 4
+ 4
=2.
𝐴/2 1
Hence the modulation index 𝑎 = 𝐴
=2.
𝐴2𝑐
(2) 𝑃𝑠 = 2
1 + 𝑎2 𝑃𝑚′
𝐴2 1 1 𝟏 2 𝐴2 1 1 17
= 2
1 + 4 ⋅ 𝑇 ‫𝟐 𝑇׬‬ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝟎𝝅𝒕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝟎𝝅𝒕 𝑑𝑡 = 2
1 + 4 ⋅ 4 = 32 𝐴2
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Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Double Sideband Large Carrier (DSB-LC) Modulation

➢ Exercise #1
9
Consider the sinusoidally modulated signal shown on the right.
(1) Determine the modulation index;
3
(2) Calculate its power. (Hint: 𝑃𝑚′ = 0.5)
0
𝑡
−3

−9
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Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Double Sideband Large Carrier (DSB-LC) Modulation

➢ Exercise #3
9
Consider the sinusoidally modulated signal shown on the right.
(1) Determine the modulation index;
3
(2) Calculate its power. (Hint: 𝑃𝑚′ = 0.5)
0
𝑡
➢ Solution −3
𝐴𝑚 3
(1) 𝑎 = 𝐴𝑐
= 6 = 0.5
𝐴2𝑐 62 −9
(2) 𝑃𝑠 = 2
1 + 𝑎2 𝑃𝑚′ = 2
1 + 0.52 ⋅ 0.5 = 18(1 + 0.25)
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Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulation
➢ Definition
• Note that DSB-LC: 𝐴 𝟏 + 𝑎𝑚′ 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) contains a carrier term with no information.
• To improve power efficiency, we drop this term and get DSB-SC:
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡).
𝑀(𝑓)

𝑚(𝑡)
−𝑓𝑚 0 𝑓𝑚 𝑓

𝑆(𝑓)

𝑠(𝑡)
−𝑓𝑐 0 𝑓𝑐 𝑓
Upper sideband Lower sideband Upper sideband

𝐴2
• Average power: 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃 , where 𝑃𝑚 is the power of the message signal 𝑚(𝑡).
2 𝑚
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Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulation

➢ Coherent detection

𝐴 𝐴
𝑠 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) = 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2 2
• Here, we use:
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2
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Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC) Modulation

➢ Definition
• To save bandwidth and further improve power efficiency.
• The sidebands are conjugate symmetric.
• We can drop one sideband without loss of useful
information and get SSB-SC.

Reconstructed signal
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Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC) Modulation

➢ The resultant spectrum

1 1
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐵+(𝑓) = 𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 𝑢 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 𝑢 − 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐
2 2
1 1
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐵−(𝑓) = 𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 𝑢[− 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 ] + 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 𝑢(𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 )
2 2

➢ Time domain signals

𝑠𝑆𝑆𝐵+ 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑚
ෝ 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝑠𝑆𝑆𝐵− 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚
ෝ 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

• Where 𝑚ෝ (𝑡) is the Hilbert transform of 𝑚(𝑡).

If 𝒎 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 , then 𝒎 ෝ 𝒕 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕).

Reconstructed signal
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Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Vestigial Sideband Suppressed Carrier (VSB-SC) Modulation

➢ Motivation
• Too difficult to design the ideal/rigorous sideband filter
(with short cut-off) and the Hilbert transform.
• To mitigate/relieve the requirement of the sideband
filter in SSB.

➢ Definition
• The sideband is suppressed but not entirely.
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ∗ ℎ 𝑡
𝐴
𝑆 𝑓 = 𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 𝐻(𝑓)
2
Where 𝐻 𝑓 is not an ideal sideband filter.
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Generate a Desired AM Signal

➢ Example #2
Consider the following signal
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
Where 𝐴 is a constant, 𝒎 𝒕 is a baseband message signal with a bandwidth of 𝟐𝟎𝑲𝑯𝒛, and 𝒇𝒄 =
𝟔𝟎𝟎𝑲𝑯𝒛 is the carrier frequency. Use a block diagram to show how you would generate, from 𝑠 𝑡 , a
single sideband signal occupying the frequency band from 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝑲𝑯𝒛 to 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝑲𝑯𝒛. You can only use
𝑠(𝑡) and the following blocks. Each block can be used multiple times, if needed.
(1) Oscillator at 300𝐾𝐻𝑧; (2) Adder; (3) Product modulator (multiplier); (4) Amplifier; (5) Any ideal
lowpass or bandpass filters (Specify the parameters of your filters).

➢ Approach
• By definition, |𝑆 𝑓 | is 580𝐾𝐻𝑧~620𝐾𝐻𝑧. We first need an oscillator at 300𝐾𝐻𝑧 and a multiplier
to translate 𝑆(𝑓) to a lower band 280𝐾𝐻𝑧~320𝐾𝐻𝑧.
• The signal has to further move across a bandpass filter with admission band 300𝐾𝐻𝑧~320𝐾𝐻𝑧,
to cut off its lower sideband 280𝐾𝐻𝑧~300𝐾𝐻𝑧.
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Generate a Desired AM Signal

➢ Approach
• Recall:
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2
• We have 𝑆 𝑓 from 𝟓𝟖𝟎𝑲𝑯𝒛 to 𝟔𝟐𝟎𝑲𝑯𝒛, and we need SSB from 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝑲𝑯𝒛 to 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝑲𝑯𝒛.

➢ Solution 𝐴
𝐴𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) 𝑚 𝑡 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ] SSB Signal
2
Multiplier Bandpass filter

300𝐾𝐻𝑧~320𝐾𝐻𝑧
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

~
Oscillator
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Further References

➢ Amplitude Modulation
• By Dr. Hikmat Al-Shamary & Dr. Tariq M. Salman
• https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/5/5_2020_03_24!09_42_38_PM.pdf

➢ Communication Principles
• By SHEN Baosuo etc.
• http://www.wenqujingdian.com/Public/editor/attached/file/20180328/20180328120547_79
903.pdf
This is a Chinese version.