A WORLD OF

REGIONS
CHAPTER 3
At the end of this lesson, students
are expected to:
1) Define the term “Global South”;
2) Differentiate the “Global South from the
Learning
Third World; and
3) Analyze how a new conception of global
relations emerged from the experiences of
Objectives
Latin American countries.

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Lesson 1 : Global Divides: The North and the South

North-South Global South vs. Global Relations Cost

Divide The Third World in Latin America

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LESSON 1:
GLOBAL DIVIDES : THE NORTH & THE SOUTH
Regionalism
It is a political process characterized by economic
policy cooperation and coordination among
countries (Claudio, 2018).

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Regionalism
Regionalization
It is the concentration of economic flow
within region thereby binding together the region’s
economy. Since regionalism is a process, regions
are not given or naturally created. They are product
of political and economic actors, and even social
movements. Regions group and divide due to
common traits and vested interests. The world is
divided according to socio-economic and political
aspects.

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•The NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE or Rich-Poor NORTH-SOUTH
Divide is the socio-economic and political DIVIDE
division between the wealthy developed
countries known as “the North,” and the poorer
developing countries or “the South.” Although
most of the countries under “the North” are
located in the Northern Hemisphere, the divide
is purely not based on geographic location. 7
NORTH-SOUTH
DIVIDE

Some countries located in the same hemisphere may not

be qualified for “developed” status. In effect may deemed
part of “the South.” This divide is recently known as
development gap greater emphasis on the gap between
the economically rich and poor countries.

The Global North mostly encompasses the West

and the First World, along with many of the Second World.
It is the home of all the G8 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy,
Japan, United Kingdom, United States, and European
Union).

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Global North

• Global North also includes the outermost regions of

the European Union, Australia, New Zealand, and
developed members of Asia(the four Asian Tigers-
Hongkong, Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea). The
North, with one quarter of the world population,
controls four-fifths of the income earned anywhere in
the world. It owned 90% of the manufacturing
industries which are also located in the countries
belonging to the North.

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Global South
Global South refers to regions of Latin
America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. It includes the
countries belonging to the Third World and
Periphery. These regions outside Europe and North
America. With three-fourth of the world
populations, only has access to one-fifth of the
world income. Hence, countries that have low
income and often politically or culturally
marginalized. “The use of the phrase Global South
marks a shift from a central focus on development
or cultural difference toward an emphasis on
geopolitical relations of power,”(Dados, 2012).
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Global South

The Brandt Line proposed by Willy Brandt in

1980s attempted to show growing income inequality
between countries. Above the line are the rich
countries, whereas below the line are the poor
countries. However, this theory is no longer
considered as valid since today’s context some of the
world’s strongest economies lie below the Brandt
line.

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Global South vs Third
World
The emergence of the term Global South is in part
to aid countries in the Southern Hemisphere to work in
collaboration on political, economic, social,
environmental, cultural and technical issues. This is
called a South-South Cooperation (SSC), “a political and
economical term referring to the long term goal of
pursuing world economic changes that mutually benefit
countries in the Global South and lead to greater
solidarity among the disadvantaged in the world
system”(Gray, 2016).

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 Global South

Global South was first used in

1969 in a contemporary political sense
and continued to gain appeal
throughout the second half of the 20th
century.

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Global South
It was a French demographer, anthropologist ad
economic historian Alfred Sauvy (1898-1990) who coined
the term “the Third World” in 1952, comparing it with Third
Estate, a concept that emerged during the French
Revolution which refers to the French population. The term
was accepted because it clearly differentiated the poor
countries from the First World where countries are wealthy,
and so Second World (Communist states) though not so
wealthy but characterized by greater order, higher incomes,
and longer expectancies (Butler, 2007).

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Global South

• The growth and development of the

developing countries in the 1970’s was
slowing. Developed countries were
becoming dependent on the Third World
for energy due to the decline of US oil
reserves. These likely increased the
economic power of the Third World. It
was this time that the term North and
South were firstly widely used in lieu of
the long standing geographical and
cultural partition of the East and West.
The Global South was merged to the
Third World in order to avoid the stigma
brought about by the form “Third World”
as being very poor and thus created a
new world order (Butler, 2007).

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Global South

To explain further, Third World countries are

experiencing deep poverty, inequality, and
underdevelopment. They are the countries at the
periphery that produce mainly agrarian and mineral
raw materials for industrialized states. In deeper
sense, the developing countries originally belong to
the Global South still has a chance to become a
developed country.

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Global Relations in
Latin America
Latin America, like Africa, has small populations
but endowed with rich natural resources. Because of this,
this region is target for grand-scale pillage for capital
accumulation by Europe and United States. Countries in
Latin America were under the control of either Spain or
Portugal during the Colonial Era. During 19th century, the
world capitalist system exploited the peonized peasants.
The tillers, laborers, and uneducated were subject to
brutality by big agrarian landowners. The natural resources
like miners were exploited by the developed countries.

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Global Relations in
Latin America
The emigration of peasants from the
countryside in the 20th century resulted to “modernization
poverty” replacing rural poverty in Latin America. A
settlement of jerry-built shacks or favelas emerged in the
cities. A lot of people were now living in the urban areas
alongside with the change of politics imposing fascist
dictatorship. Certain rights were abolished like right to vote.
Specialized police service were established giving extra-
legal authority to arrest and torture people who go against
the government.

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Global Relations in
Latin America
The brutal super-exploitation in Latin America
are worse compared to other regions in the world. Until
now, some countries in the region are still suffering and
recovering from the brutal treatment as the result of
dictatorships. The situation of the Philippines during and
after the colonial era was much better compared to the
experiences of Latin America.

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Global Relations in
Latin America
Even before the current globalization trends
appear in Latin America,, they were actually experiencing
the wide-raging globalization which resulted to exploitation
and abuse. Danilo Anton (1998) in his article, “Different
waves of globalization in Latin America”.

1) Military wave – happened around 15th to 16th centuries.

Extracontinental military invasion of the Americas was
immediately felt. There were political and cultural
annihilation of the indigenous people. The first wave was
extremely brutal.

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Global Relations in
Latin America
2) The second wave of globalization was the
economic wave. The Spanish and the Portuguese colonies
were well established this time in the 90th century. Latin
America was the basic source of raw materials by the
European countries. During this time, the globalization
development was mainly related to the requirements of the
European industrial revolution. Natural resources in this
period were exploited and workers were abused. However,
infectious diseases were reduced, communication and
transportation were developed.

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Global Relations in
Latin America
3) Cultural wave was the third globalization wave.
Due to the nature of the technological changes, globalization
affects the cultural sphere of Latin America. Computers and
telecommunications were now made available and air travel
has become widespread. The flow of merchandise and trade is
easier and accomplishing lots of things. Women has become
increasingly important in the workplace. A lot of changes were
happening. Communication was becoming better. People
within the region can now communicate with each other and
to other regions of the world. But new disease was introduced
like AIDS or HIV.
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Global Relations in
Latin America
Though the impact of the third wave was already felt during the 20th
century, the impact of the second wave was still felt and very much
alive. Both waves in the last decade was simultaneously experienced
affecting many countries around the world. The better effects
brought by the third wave were often outweighed by its negative
impacts. A lot of raw materials were produced and exported outside
the region resulting to higher income to the detriment of the
environment. Native trees or crops were replaced by other plants
highly demanded by the importing countries resulting to soil erosion.
Increased consumption of sea products promoted expansion of
aquaculture resulting to reduction of the water quality.
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Global Relations in
Latin America
Despite of these effects, the national cultures of Latin America still
exist. These are important assets to regional societies. However,
many individuals and communities have no political control over
their common destinies. The weakening of the state capacity and the
increase in access of information might be a source of opportunity
for the individuals and communities. The tools offered by this new
globalization, according to Anton (1998), might paved the way for
planetary survival and social renewal.

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THANK YOU
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