EARTH and LIFE SCIENCE

First Quarter – Module 2

Minerals, Rocks and Exogenic Processes
Earth and Life Science – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Minerals, Rocks and Exogenic Processes
Second Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Compiler/Writer: Ailen B. Revales

Content Editors/: Miss Celia C. Gepitulan, Principal I, Regino Mercado Night High School
Reviewers Mr. Bonnie James Saclolo, Teacher III, Cebu City National Science High School
Mrs. Jocelyn C. Butanas ,Master Teacher,Talamban National High School Dr.
Rey Kimilat, Head Teacher V, Abellana National School

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EPS-LRMS
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 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Minerals, Rocks and Exogenic Processes. The scope of this module permits it
to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of
the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
Lesson 1 – Earth Materials and Processes: Minerals and Rocks
Lesson 2 – Earth Materials and Processes: Exogenic Processes
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate understanding of:
1. The three main categories of rocks.
2. The origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks.
3. Geologic processes that occur on the surface of the Earth such as weathering,
erosion, mass wasting and sedimentation.

1. Identify common rock forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
2. Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
3. Explain how the products of weathering are carried away be erosion and deposited
elsewhere.

What I Know
Directions: Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet.
1.Which of the following is an igneous rock?
A. conglomerate B. granite C. limestone D. marble
2.If you live in an area near volcano, what type of rock would likely to be found in the area?
A. igneous B. metamorphic C. porous D. sedimentary
3. The following are examples of physical weathering, EXCEPT:
A. freeze-thaw C. human activity such as mining
B. acid rain falling on limestone D. wind blowing sand onto a rock
4. Which of these is an example of erosion?
A. men digging mines C. wind blowing away sediment
B. rain breaking down rocks D. light shining onto a mountain
5. If metamorphic rock is formed from limestone, where does shale come from?
A. igneous B. metamorphic C. sedimentary D. al the above
6. Where are the oldest layers of sedimentary rocks usually located in a cliff? These are
located __________.
A. at the top B. in the middle C. at the bottom D. in between rocks
7. What does the presence of tiny crystals in a piece of igneous rock tells us about? It tells
us that the igneous rock ________________.
A. remains melted C. has very slow cooling process
B. cools very quickly D. cools deep under the Earth’s crust
8. In hydration, water is an active agent of chemical weathering. What happens when water
loosely combines with the minerals of the rocks? It _____________________.
A. cements them together
B. converts the mineral into another kind
C. transports the rock into a lower altitude
D. weakens the molecular binding of the minerals
9. Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding. Which
property of minerals is more likely related to cleavage?
A. color B. streak C. fracture D. specific gravity
10. Gold is shiny and tourmalines are glassy. What property is being exhibited by gold and
tourmalines?
A. color B. hardness C. luster D. streak
11. Which type of sedimentary rock is formed by the accumulated sedimentary debris caused
by organic processes?
A. chemical B. clastic C. organic D. none of these
12. Which sedimentary rock is made up of pebbles and pieces of gravel cemented together?
A. conglomerate B. limestone C. shale D. sandstone
13. It is a process in which a molecule of a substance in rocks chemically combine with
water molecules. What is this process?
A. carbonation B. erosion C. hydration D. oxidation
14. What happens during the process when oxygen combines with another substance like
minerals in rocks yielding compounds called oxides? There is _____________.
A. carbonation B. erosion C. hydration D. oxidation
15. Why is it that erosion is an exogenic process? It is because erosion _______________.
A. cannot cause mass wasting
B. takes place on the earth surface
C. involves the breakdown of rocks
D. involves the movement of the eroded materials and sediment

What’s In

A rock is naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more different minerals and other
organic matter while a mineral is a naturally occuring substance which is usually solid, and
crystalline.
Activity 1: Rocks and Minerals

Using a graphic organizer write at least 3 uses of rocks and minerals.

ROCKS
MINERALS

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.
What’s New

What’s New
Activity 2
Rock Cycle
Objectives:
Identify and describe the processes involved in rock cycle.
Procedure:
1.Study the diagram.
2.Answer the questions below on a separate sheet of paper.
Question:

What are the processes involved rock cycle? Discuss each process.

What Is It
Earth Materials and Processes: Minerals and Rocks

Minerals and Rocks

Minerals and rocks are the significant building blocks of our dynamic Earth. They make up the
solid part of the lithosphere and provide us with valuable resources. There are over
5,000 minerals but only a few occur as rock-forming minerals. Rocks are classified
according to their origin of the formation. Overtime, rocks are gradually transformed from
one type to another in what we call Rock Cycle. The origin of any rock is determined by
careful examination of its texture, composition, and internal structure. This is the basis of
rock identification and classification.
Properties of Rocks

1.Rocks exhibit different properties. As to color, rocks may be dark, light, reddish,
gray, brown, yellow or even black.
2.Rocks differ in textrure: some are fine, others are rough.
3. Some are glossy in appearance and smooth to touch.
4. Most rocks are hard others are brittle.
 Figure 1 https://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboards/oliversmith/the-rock-cycle

The rock cycle summarizes the transformational processes that change rocks from
one kind to another. It shows the entire journey of rocks formed as they changed. As magma
cools and solidifies either deep in the Earth’s crust or at the surface, igneous rocks are
formed. When the rocks are exposed, they are subjected to weathering and erosion. The
weathered and eroded materials form sediments which are transported and deposited by
agents of weathering and erosion such as water and wind. Loose sediments accumulate,
compacted, and cemented and form sedimentary rock in the process called lithification.
Sedimentary or igneous rocks may be subjected to further heating and more pressure; thus,
they undergo further alteration in the process called metamorphism. The transformed rocks
are known as metamorphic rocks. With high temperature alternating with cold temperature,
metamorphic rocks are melted producing molten rock or magma. The cycle begins again,
and the same processes take place.

Types of Rocks

According to geologists, rocks form in different ways. All rocks can be put into one of those
fundamental categories based on their origin. The differences between them have to do with
how they are formed.
Igneous Rock got its name from a Latin word “ignis” which means fire. The parent
material of igneous rock is usually magma, a molten material from deep within the Earth
that cools and harden. These rocks are hard and tough.
Table 1.1. Some examples of Igneous Rocks and its description.

Granite a very hard, granular, crystalline, igneous rock consisting

mainly of quartz, mica, and feldspar and often used as a
building stone.
Pumice a very light and porous volcanic rock formed when a gas-rich
froth of glassy lava solidifies rapidly.
Obsidian a hard, dark, glasslike volcanic rock formed by the rapid
solidification of lava without crystallization.

Metamorphic rocks have been changed from heat and high pressure. These rocks got their
name from “meta” (change) and “morph” (form). Earth movements can cause rocks to be
pressed, bent, or deeply buried under layers of other rocks due to an increase in temperature
and pressure. These conditions cause physical and chemical changes in the original rock-prolith.
The old rocks are forcefully into new kind in the process known as metamorphism.
Table 1.2. Some examples of Metamorphic Rocks and its description.
 Marble a hard-crystalline metamorphic form of limestone, typically
white with mottling or streaks of color, that can take a
polish and is used in sculpture and architecture.
Gneiss a metamorphic rock with a banded or foliated structure,
typically coarse-grained and consisting mainly of feldspar,
quartz, and mica.
Quartzite an extremely compact, hard, granular rock consisting
essentially of quartz. It often occurs as silicified sandstone,
as in sarsen stones.

Sedimentary rock

When igneous rocks are exposed at the surface, they begin to wear away.
They are altered either by physical or chemical weathering processes. Heat from the sun
break rock apart. Rainwater may fill cracks in rocks and eventually break them down.
Sedimentary rocks are formed from lithification a process of cementing soft, unconsolidated
sediments into hard rocks.

Three Main Types of Sedimentary Rocks

1.Clastic sedimentary rocks are derived from mechanical weathering which involves the
breakdown of rocks into smaller ones at the surface of the crust, accumulate as clasts, piled
on top of one another and lithified.
2. Chemical sedimentary rocks form when dissolved materials precipitate. Precipitation is
the process of separating a solid substance from liquid.
3. Organic sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulated sedimentary debris caused
by organic processes. These are rocks that may contain fossils of plants and animals
trapped in the sediments as the rock was formed.

Table 1.3. Some examples of Sedimentary Rocks and its description.

Conglomerate a rock made up of pebbles, pieces of gravel cemented

together.

Sandstones are sedimentary rock consisting of sand or quartz grains

cemented together, typically red, yellow, or brown in color.

Coal a combustible black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of

carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground
deposits, and widely used as fuel.

Minerals

Mineralogy is the study of minerals. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. It is
defined as naturally formed, generally inorganic, crystalline solid composed of an ordered
array of atoms and having a specific chemical composition.
Minerals of the same kind have the same crystal shape. The crystal shape is an
external expression of the mineral’s atomic structure. The minerals that make up rocks are
called rock- forming minerals. Minerals therefore can be described as:

• Inorganic-formed by natural geologic process

• Formed in nature
 • Solids- crystalline substance that are solid at temperature at Earth’s surface
• Atoms have the same crustalline pattern and with specific chemical composition.
• Crystalline atoms are arranged in an orderly repetitive manner.
• Can be represented by a chemical formula
Physical Properties of Minerals

Luster-refers to the way light is reflected from a mineral surface

Hardness-refers to the minerals resistance to being scratched.
Streak- along thin line or mark of a different substance or color from its surroundings
Cleavage- is the tendency of minerals to break along planes of weak bonding. Fracture-
minerals that do not exhibit cleavage are said to fracture when broken. Color- some are of
the same color like azurite is always deep blue, sulfur is yellow. Specific gravity- is a
number which represents the ratio to the weight of an equal volume of water.

Crystal form-external features of a mineral reflect its orderly internal arrangements of atoms.

Chemical Properties of Minerals

1.It has distinctly salty taste.
2.Effervesce in hydrochloric acid.
3. Giving off bubbles of carbon dioxide gas.
Moh’s Scale of Hardness

One of the most important tests for identifying mineral specimens is the Mohs
Hardness Test. This test compares the resistance of a mineral to being scratched by ten
reference minerals known as the Mohs Hardness Scale. The test is useful because most
specimens of a given mineral are very close to the same hardness. This makes hardness a
reliable diagnostic property for most minerals.
Friedrich Mohs, a German mineralogist, developed the scale in 1812. He selected
ten minerals of distinctly different hardness that ranged from a very soft mineral (talc) to a
very hard mineral (diamond). Except for diamond, the minerals are all relatively common and
easy or inexpensive to obtain.

Mohs Hardness Scale

Mineral Hardness Mineral Hardness
Talc 1 Orthoclase 6
Gypsum 2 Quartz 7
Calcite 3 Topaz 8
Fluorite 4 Corundum 9
Apatite 5 Diamond 10

Metallic Minerals

Metallic minerals are the minerals that contain one or more metals. In general, they occur
as mineral deposits and are a good conductor of heat and electricity, e.g. iron, copper, gold,
bauxite, manganese etc. They are malleable and ductile in nature so they can be easily pounded
into thin sheets or stretched into wires to make new products. They are generally found in
igneous rocks that are formed by cooling and solidification of lava or magma.
They are hard and have a shiny surface, so some of them can be used as gems in
jewelry. They are also used in various industries for different purposes, e.g. silicon, which is
obtained from quartz, is extensively used in the computer industry; aluminum which is
obtained from bauxite is used in automobile and bottling industry.

Nonmetallic Minerals
 Non-metallic minerals are the minerals that do not contain metals, e.g. limestone, mica,
coal, gypsum, dolomite, phosphate, salt, manganese, granite etc. They are used in various
industries to produce a variety of products, e.g. mica is used in electrical industry, limestone is
used in cement industry. Furthermore, they are also used in the production of fertilizers and
manufacturing of refractories. They are generally found in sedimentary rocks that are formed by
the aggregation of various materials like minerals, remains of organisms, rock particles etc.

Earth Materials and Processes: Exogenic Processes

Exogenic Process

Exogenic processes are processes that take place at or near the Earth’s surface that
makes the surface wear away. It is very destructive; they are responsible for degradation
and sculpting the Earth’s surface.

Weathering

Weathering refers to the changes occuring at or near the surface of the Earth which
includes disintegration and decomposition. Disintegration is a mechanical process that
breaks large masses of rocks into small fragments while decomposition is a chemical
process which results in the formation of new substances such as from elements to rocks.
Below is the comparison between mechanical and chemical weathering.
TYPES OF WEATHERING

MECHANICAL/ PHYSICAL CHEMICAL

Cause rocks to break into small pieces Occurs when the internal structure of minerals
with each piece retaining the is changed by the removal or addition of
characteristics of the original elements

Process that can cause physical

weathering Thermal and Pressure Change
Rocks crumble and break into fragments because they are subjected to alternating
hot and cold temperatures in many times.
Wind and Waves
Wind and Waves can cause all physical weathering. Tiny grains of sand are picked
up and carried off by the wind which are then blasted on the surface of rocks, smoothening
them.
Freeze and Thaw
If you put a glass in the freezer it will soon break. This is because water expands
when it freezes. Similarly, when water collects in the rock pores and slits, it expands when it
freezes.
Organic Activity
Animals and plants also take a heavy toll on rocks and cause them to wear away.
For example, there are animals that dig holes on the ground and exposed rocks.

Processes that bring about chemical

weathering 1.Hydration/hydrolysis
Water is nature’s versatile tool that can bring about chemical weathering. There are
other chemical compounds in water that become the main agents of chemical weathering.
Molecules of some substance in rocks chemically combine with water molecules. This
process is called hydration.
2.Carbonation
Carbon dioxide may bond with other substances in a process known as carbonation.
Rainwater is naturally acidic because CO2 gas from the atmosphere chemically reacts with it and
produces carbonic acid, a weak acid that reacts slowly with carbonate minerals in rocks.

3.Oxidation
This is another kind of chemical weathering process. This occurs when oxygen
combines with another substance like minerals in rocks yielding compounds called oxides.
Erosion

Erosion involves the movement of the weathered rock. Loosened rock and mineral
debris produced by weathering are eroded and transported to a new location by means of
air, wind, water, and gravity.
Erosion could result to denudation. The lowering surface of the land mass from which
the material was removed called denudation.
Causes of Erosion

1.Kaingin Method. Trees are cut and burned.Soil losses its fertility.
2. Logging-practice of illegal logging disturbs the soil.
3.Infrastructure projects such as dams, roads, bridges, irrigations and drainage
basins, resorts and hydroelectric plant.
4.Mining-companies loosen and dig rocks exposing them to further erosion.
5.Burning grasslands which may lead to accidental fires can destroy plants and leave
the soil bare.

Effects of Erosion
1.Loss of fertile land
2.Led to increased pollution and sedimentation in streams and rivers

Mass Movement (Mass Wasting)

Mass wasting, also known as slope movement or mass movement, is the geomorphic
process by which soil, sand, regolith, and rock move downslope typically as a solid,
continuous or discontinuous mass, largely under the force of gravity, frequently with
characteristics of a flow as in debris flows and mudflows.
It is the movement of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity. Rock falls,
slumps, and debris flows are all examples of mass wasting. Often lubricated by rainfall or
agitated by seismic activity, these events may occur very rapidly and move as a flow.

What’s More

Activity 3A
Materials and Processes of the Earth
Objective:
1.Identify the different materials and processes on the Earth’s surface.

Procedure:
1.Examine the table containing the letters.
 2. Trace 15 word/s horizontally, vertically, and diagonally that may refer to
the different materials and processes of the Earth’s surface.
3. Write the identified traced word/s on a piece of paper.

W G A I M A S S W A S T I N G R M N T I
E R O S I O N R I S E O X I D A T I O N
A A T S N B I O N X D L M X T W E D C B
T N C H E M I C A L W E A T H E R I N G
H I M N R B X K X S M A R B L E R A R P
E T T T A L C S D N E W R B L C C M S U
R E C O L O R T D H N P U M I C E O A M
I S E D I M E N T A T I O N T S A N V I
N R O N C A R B O N A T I O N S S D X C
G H Y D R O L Y S I S G F R A C T U R E

Activity 3B
The Mohs Hardness Scale
Objective:
Identify the hardness of each mineral using the Mohs hardness scale.
Procedure:
1.Study the table below.
2.Identify the hardness value of each mineral as listed below based from the
Mohs scale.
3.Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Apatite Corundum Feldspar Gypsum Talc

Calcite Diamond Fluorite Quartz Topaz

Hardness Mineral Hardness Mineral

1 6

2 7
 3 8

4 9

5 10

What I Have Learned

Choose your answer from the word bank to complete the paragraphs. Write your answer
on a separate sheet.
Chemical weathering lithification chemical magma fire
Rock- forming minerals mechanical hydration rock

Rocks are mixtures of different minerals. Some (1) _____ are made up of many
minerals while others are made of just one mineral. The minerals that make up rocks are called
(2) _______________. All rocks can be put into one of those fundamental categories based
on their origin. Igneous rock got its name from a Latin “word” ignis which means (3)
___________. The parent material of igneous rocks is usually (4) ____________ a molten
from deep within the Earth that cools and hardens. When igneous rocks are exposed at the
surface, they begin to wear away. They are altered either by physical or (5)
________________ processes. Rainwater may fill cracks in rocks and eventually break
them down. Sedimentary rocks are formed from (6) ___________ a process of cementing
soft, unconsolidated sediments into hard rocks.
Rocks when exposed to the environment tend to break down. It is said that rocks
experience weathering. Physical weathering also known as (7) ____________
Weathering refers to the breakdown of rocks without a change in its composition. Chemical
weathering is the decomposition of rocks due to (8) _______reactions occurring between the
minerals in rocks and the environment. Water is nature’s versatile tool that can bring about (9)
_________________. Molecules of some substance in rocks chemically combine with water
molecules in a process called (10) ______________.

What I Can Do
Poster making
Based from what you have learned about weathering and erosion, create a poster showing
the negative effects of weathering and erosion and the ways to minimize these.

Rubric

Category Description Points

Required The poster includes all required elements as well as 5

Elements additional information.

Labels All items of importance on the poster are clearly labeled 5

with labels that can be read from at least 3 feet away.
 Graphics All graphics are related to the topic and make it easier 5
Relevance to understand. All borrowed graphics have a source
citation.

Attractiveness The poster is exceptionally attractive in terms of design, 5

layout, and neatness.

TOTAL POINTS 20

Assessment

Direction: Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet.

1. A steel nail can scratch a certain mineral. A copper penny cannot scratch the same
mineral. Which statement is TRUE about the mineral?
A. It is softer than both copper and steel.
B. It is harder than both copper and steel.
C. It is harder than steel, but softer than copper.
D. It is harder than copper, but softer than steel.
2. Paul wants to identify a mineral. He rubs a corner of the mineral across a white tile
and records the color of the mark. What property is Paul testing?

3. A scientist is investigating an unknown mineral. As a safety precaution, what should he

NEVER do in this investigation?
A. Use another mineral to scratch it.
B. See if the mineral leaves a streak.
C. Compares its taste to another mineral.
D. Check to see if the mineral is magnetic.
4. While walking in his backyard. Bill picked up an object that he thought was a rock. When
he dropped, it broke. He noticed that there were crystals inside. Now he is not sure if the
object was a rock. What did Bill find? He picked up__________________.
A. a rock, and the crystals inside rocks, too
B. a mineral, and the crystals inside are rocks
C. a rock, and the crystals inside are minerals
D. a mineral, and the crystals inside are made of dirt
5.Which causes sedimentary rock to change into metamorphic rock?
A. heating and pressure C. weathering and pressure
B. cooling and hardening D. cementing and weathering
6. What is the difference between a rock and a mineral?
A. A rock is prettier. C. A mineral is more valuable
B. A rock is made of minerals D. Both A and B
7. Which is NOT TRUE about rock cycle? ______________
A. It shows that rock is lost forever.
B. It shows that the rocks are recycled.
C. It shows the rock’s journey as it changes.
D. It is a summary of the processes that change rock from one kind to another.
8. What is the process where sediments are dropped off in a new location?
A. cementation B. compaction C. deposition D. transportation
9. Which of the following activities has resulted in an increased rate of weathering?
A. The release of too much carbon dioxide in the air that turns rain into “acid rain”
B. The physical disintegration of rocks during construction and mining.
C. Both A and B
 D. Neither A nor B
10. In which of the following climates will chemical weathering be most rapid?
A. cold and dry C. hot and dry B. cold and humid D.
hot and humid
11. What is the term for the general process by which rocks are broken down at the earth’s
surface?
A. deposition B. erosion C. metamorphism D. weathering
12. How is the texture described if an igneous rock has large crystals and is coarse-grained?
A. aphanitic B. aliphatic C. glassy D. phaneritic 13.How do igneous
intrusive rocks form?
A. As a result of increasing heat and directed pressure.
B. From magma that cools and hardens deep within the earth’s crust.
C. From magma that are erupted, cools and hardens onto the earth’ surface.
D. Made from fragments of rocks, sand, mud, and other materials carried by stream into
lakes.
14. Metamorphic rocks form deep inside Earth from other types of rocks. Which forces produce
metamorphic rocks?
A. rain and snow C. extreme pressures and temperatures
B. cold temperatures D. strong winds and earthquakes
15. How does freezing water cause the weathering of rocks?
A. Keeps rocks in place C. causes rocks to fall in landslides
B. Makes the rocks last longer D. expands cracks and breaks rocks

References

Salandan, Gloria G. Ph.D., et al. Earth and Life Science for Senior High
School. Lorimar Publishing, Inc., 2016
Bayong, Roel B, et.al. Earth and Life Science for Senior High
School.Educational Resources Corporation. 2016

Web Sources

www.EasyTeacherWorksheets.com
https://www.google.com/search?q=rock+cycle+diagram
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ducksters.com%2Fscience%2
Frocks.php&psig=AOvVaw0djUy2bAqRAtJZiDCrIcdn&ust=1593741840552000&source=ima
ges&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCOCRvrvKreoCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

https://www.google.com/search?q=rubrics+for+poster+making
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/56aa36ddcb9632e935dc4445/rocks-and-minerals-test
https://www.scribd.com/document/164851874/Drawing-Rubrics-General
 Answer Key

.4 cosmetics

.3 transportation

.2 electricity
Diamond
Rocks .1 construction
Pumice
Marble .10 Hydration Minerals
Chemical weathering weathering
Oxidation Chemical .9 .3 landscape
Carbonation Chemical .8
Hydrolysis Mechanical .7
.2 Home and office decor
Sedimentation Lithification .6
Fracture Chemical .5
Talc Magma .4 .1 construction
Granite Fire .3
Erosion minerals Rocks
Mass wasting Rock-forming .2
Weathering Rock .1
What’s more What I Have Learned What’s In ( Rocks and Minerals)

molten rock or .magma The cycle begins again, and the same processes take .place
.rocks With high temperature alternating with cold temperature, metamorphic rocks are melted producing
further alteration in the process called .metamorphism The transformed rocks are known as metamorphic
Sedimentary or igneous rocks may be subjected to further heating and more pressure; thus, they undergo
accumulate, compacted, and cemented and form sedimentary rock in the process called lithification.
transported and deposited by agents of weathering and erosion such as water and .wind Loose sediments
subjected to weathering and erosion. The weathered and eroded materials form sediments which are
the rocks are exposed, they are surface, igneous rocks are .formed When the Earth’s crust or at the
cools and solidifies either deep in rocks formed as they .changed As magma shows the entire journey of
rocks from one kind to .another It the transformational processes that change The rock cycle summarizes

What’s New
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