Technological Developments: Print Media

REVIEWER IN MEDIA
LESSON 4
Technological developments go as far as combining all traditional media into one, and utilizing
computer and internet in almost every aspect of people's lives, especially in the urban areas.
Print Media
 The oldest form of the media.

 Early news sheets appeared in early 700-100 BCE.
 The ancient Roman government published a news sheet known as the Acta Diuma (Daily Events).
 British philosopher Francis Bacon once regarded printing as one of three inventions that "changed
the whole face and state of things throughout the world.”
 Books are considered to be the oldest, contain almost any kind of information.
 Newspaper is a lightweight, serial publication which comes out regularly and contains news on
current events of special or general interest.
 The first newspapers appeared in Germany, France, and Belgium in 1600s.
 London's Daily Courant was the first daily newspaper (1702) while mass-circulation media began in
1833 with the first "penny press" newspaper, The Sun.
 The first modern newspapers started in print size, until it grew into what came to be called
broadsheet. The most prominent local broadsheets in the Philippines nowadays are Manila Bulletin,
Philippine Daily Inquirer, and The Philippine Star.
 Tabloid, half the size of a broadsheet. Intended for the masses, with its price practically lower
than broadsheet's. There are about 23 tabloid newspapers in the country, Abante, People's
Journal, Pilipino Star Ngayon, and inquirer Libre.
 Magazine, which targets a variety of audiences by offering a smorgasbord of articles that aim to
entertain, inform, or advertise. Some of the most popular magazines are geographic, Time, and
Reader's Digest.
 Similar to the magazine is the journal. It is a periodic publication focusing on a specific field of
study. The main difference between a journal and a magazine is that the former is peer reviewed,
which means selected experts reviewed its content before having it mass published.
 Other materials that fall under print media are comics, flyers, and posters.
Broadcast Media
 2 forms: the radio and the television. As described by Robles and Tuazon, "Broadcasting is a form
of mass communication that utilizes radio and television to transmit messages and programs via
the airspace."
 Thomas Edison introduced the cylinders for his phonograph, film cameras and projectors.
 Auguste and Louis Lumiere invented the cinematograph.
 Notable film directors such as lshmael Bernal, Lino Brocka, Celso Ad. Castillo, and Peque Gallaga.
 The first radio signals were transmitted by Guglielmo Marconi in 1895 (who used Morse code
through his invention wireless telegraph).
 The first long distance voice and music transmission done by physicist Reginald Fessenden.
 Radio was introduced in the Philippines in 1922 during a test radio broadcast from the Nichols Air
Field in Pasay, attributed to an American known as Mrs. Redgrave.
 The oldest radio station in the country is DZRH. The Philippine Broadcasting System (PBS), a
government-owned radio broadcasting company, is known to be the pioneer for development
broadcasting with its broad news and public affairs program.
 Television, developed from the technology used in radio. The Pioneer Corporation introduced the
first television sets to the USA and the first television stations went on air in 1941.
 The television became the major entertainment and information medium of the public
New Media
 Technological advancement in the past decades has led to profound changes in the field of
communication and media.
 These include computers, Internet, satellite televisions, compact disks, e-book readers, and more.
Media Convergence
 Phenomenon that connects different forms of media together. As Britannica writer Terry Flew
puts, media Convergence is the result of the internet and of media content digitization, rounding
up the "three Cs' in media -computing, communication, and content-into one.
 According to Burnett and Marshall, convergence is the "blending of the media,
telecommunications and computer industries.
 This melding of print, electronic, and photographic media into digitized form is also called
technological convergence.
LESSON 5: MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES
Processing Information
 Information sources are the producers or givers of information, and people who use it are the
consumers.
Types of Information Sources
1. Primary source - is an original, uninterpreted, or first-hand material of information, created by

the person(s) directly involved in an activity or an event. Speeches, autobiographies, personal
letters, photos, diaries and manuscripts, among others. An interview can become primary source
when the interviewee shares his/her direct knowledge about a topic.
2. Secondary source - provides an information obtained through a number of primary sources, and
has undergone editing or interpretation. A biography is a secondary source written by an
individual describing the life of another person. Scholarly books, articles, encyclopedias, research
articles, dictionaries, histories, commentaries, magazines, and newspaper articles.
3. Tertiary source - consists of summaries and collections of both primary and secondary sources.
Not always considered to be acceptable materials for academic researches as they only provide
overviews of the original references. Indexes, textbooks, encyclopedias.
 One important element to consider in classifying information sources is time.

 Another element is how the article is written, which some literature point as the rhetorical aim.
According to MEPI (2013), an article written with a persuasive or analytical approach is probably
a secondary source.
Formats of Information Sources
1. Print - Books, periodicals, newspapers, magazine autobiography, reports, journals, dictionaries,

encyclopedias, government documents, and records.
2. Nonprint - Audio, video, audio-video files, microform, microfilm, digital documents, and other
materials in digital formats, usually saved in computers, compact disks, DVDs, and other storage
devices
Where to Find Information Sources
 Most common is the library.

 The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (2003) describes a library
as “a means of access to information, ideas and works of imagination.”
 In the Philippines, the National Library of the Philippines serves as the premier library which
houses have the greatest number of printed materials in the country.
 The internet is a global network of computers that allows computer users around the world to
share information for various purposes.
 Indigenous media, a form of media conceptualized, produced, and circulated by indigenous people
as vehicles for communication. Folklore, folk music and dances, and other indigenous art are
considered as indigenous media.
LESSON 6: MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES
Evaluating Information and Media
 2 different types of information: truths and untruths. Facts are only data gathered through a
rigorous process of tests, studies, and evaluation.
 In evaluating information, one must remember to ask the following questions:
1. What/Who is the source of information?

o An information source can be found through a citation or a bibliography.
o If the source of an information is not stated, it is your duty as the receiver to determine its
source.
o To identity the perspective of an information source, one must acquaint oneself with
triangulation, or the method used to question the validity, reliability, and accuracy of an
information source (Pierce, 2008).
o Jary and Jary (1995) defined validity as "the extent to which a measure, indicator or method
of data collection possesses the quality of being sound or true as far can be judged.
o Reliability pertains to the extent to which a source exudes dependable, trustworthy, genuine,
and reputable process of information gathering.
2. What is the medium used?
o Websites that end with domain “.com” are commercial sites; “org” are non-profit
organizations; “.gov” are government sites; and “.edu” are educational institutions.
3. What is its purpose?

o To inform, to persuade, to entertain, or to advertise.
o Educational media such as researches, dissertations, journals, programs, and the like are
created to inform. Some blogs do so too.
o News entities, whether in print or on air, aim to inform people, along with the purpose of
gaining profit.
o Propagandas, which may hide in the form of news or educational materials, aim to persuade
people.
o If the information source is a commercial entity, there is a big possibility that the reason
behind the presentation of information is advertisement.
4. How is the information made?

o The answer to this question will vary upon the type of information being evaluated.

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REVIEWER IN MEDIA

 The oldest form of the media.

LESSON 5: MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES

Types of Information Sources

1. Primary source - is an original, uninterpreted, or first-hand material of information, created by

 One important element to consider in classifying information sources is time.

Formats of Information Sources

1. Print - Books, periodicals, newspapers, magazine autobiography, reports, journals, dictionaries,

Where to Find Information Sources

 Most common is the library.

LESSON 6: MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES

Evaluating Information and Media

1. What/Who is the source of information?

3. What is its purpose?

4. How is the information made?

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