Analysis and Design of Pratt Truss by

IS 800:2007 & IS 800:1984

Abstract truss of an industrial building using STAAD.PRO
Trusses are triangular frame works, consisting of axially loaded software.
members. They are more efficient in resisting external loads as
the cross sections of all the members are nearly uniformly
stressed. They are extensively used for larger spans. Truss
members are regarded as being pinned joints. They are assumed
2. Objective
to be joined together so as to transfer only the axial forces and
not moments and shears from one member to the adjacent Objective of this paper is to analyze and design Pratt truss
members. The loads are assumed to be acting only at the nodes of 30m span with Limit State Method (LSM) and
of the trusses. External forces and reactions to those forces are Working Stress Method (WSM) of design of steel
considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in the structures. Pratt truss model is analyzed in STAAD Pro.
members that are either tensile or compressive. The top beams in The truss is analyzed for the dead load, live load and wind
a truss are called top chords and are typically in compression, loads. Load combination considered in design is as per
the bottom beams are called bottom chords, and are typically in Table 4, IS
tension. This paper represents the analysis and design of Pratt 800:2007 for LSM and as per Cl. No. 3.4.2.1, IS
Truss for 30m span by Limit State Method (IS 800:2007) and
800:1984 for WSM. Members are designed as per load
Working Stress Method (IS 800:1984). The data’s are calculated
using Indian Standard code IS 875-1975 (part I, II & III), IS 800 combinations in WSM & LSM. Total weight of steel
– 2007 using limit state method, IS 800-2007 using working required is found out in both methods and results are
stress method and the section properties of the specimens are compared.
obtained using steel table. The structure is designed under Wind
loading with fixed supported condition. The main aim is to 3. Problem Statement
provide the method which is economical, more load carrying
capacity and high flexural strength. The studies gives conclusion
A truss problem has been considered for analysis and
that the limit state method design gives high load caring capacity
with minimum quantity of steel required as compare to working design by working stress and limit state design
stress method, which results in economical design of truss philosophies. Span of truss is taken as 30 m with spacing
design. of truss is 6 m to be built near Nasik. Class of Building as
Keywords: Pratt truss, Limit State Method (IS 800:2007, general with life of 50 years of terrain category 2 with
Working Stress Method (IS 800:1984), IS 875-1975 (Part I, II & maximum dimensions 40 m and Width of Building: 15 m.
III) Height of eve level is considered as 12 m with topography
less than 30. Permeability of structure is assumed as
1. Introduction medium with span of Purlins taken as 3.95 m. no. of
purlins are 10.

Steel roof truss is an important element in structural

engineering. It is made of individual members with equal
tensile and compressive forces; it is designed to behave as
a single object which carries/supports a load over whole
span. A roof truss is a structural framework designed to
connect the space above a room and to provide support
for a roof. Trusses usually occur at regular intervals. Roof
truss is linked by longitudinal members such as purlins.
The space between each truss is known as a bay. Software
plays a important role in analysis and design of different
types of structures. There are many members used in
industrial building .Steel is most widely used material.
Fig.1 Node & Member Numbers of Pratt Truss
The primary aim of the present work is to Analysis of roof
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 Fig.2 Grouping of Members of Pratt Truss Fig.3 Dead Load per panel point

Let a pitch of be provided 3.1.2 Live Load Calculation

i) Imposed load on truss = 750 20 (θ 10)
Height of truss = m = 581.4 N/m2

Spacing of truss = ii) Live load on the truss = × imposed load × plan

Slope of top chord = area

= 69768 N
Length of top chord = iii) Live load on each panel point = = 8721N =
Spacing of purlin = = 3.952 m
8.721 kN
Sloping area of roof truss = 2 (sloping length x spacing of iv) Live load on end panel point = = 4360.5 N =
truss) = 2 (15.81 x 6) = 189.72
Plan area of roof truss = span x spacing 4361 N = 4.361 kN
= 30 x 6 = 180
3.1 Load Calculations
3.1.1 Dead Load Calculation
Self weight of C.G.I. = 150 N/m2
Self weight of purlin = 100 N/m2
i) Self wt. of truss = 150
2
N/m
Total self wt. of truss on plan area = 150 × 30 ×
6 = 27000 N Fig.4 Live Load per panel point
ii) Total self wt. of C.G.I. sheet and wind bracing
on sloping area 3.1.3 Wind Load Calculation
= (150 + 20) × 189.72 i) Find design wind speed (Vz)
= 32252.40 N Vz = Vb × × ×
iii) Self wt. of purlin = no. of purlin × spacing of Where,
truss × wt. per Vb = basic wind speed for Nasik region
= 10 × 6 × 100 = 39 (Table 1, IS 875-1987)
= 6000 N K1= probability factor for risk coefficient of life
of building= 50 years (Table 1, Cl.5.3.1, IS
iv) Total dead load = addition of i), ii) and iii) 875-1987) = 1
= 65252.40 N K2= terrain, heights, structures, size factor
v) Dead load on each panel point = = = for terrain category 2and class A
= 1 (Table 2, Cl.5.3.2.2, IS 875-1987)
8156.55 N = 8157 N = 8.157 kN K3= topography factor it is taken as unity for
vi) Dead load on end point = = 4078.5 N = plain load
= 1 (Cl.5.3.3 IS 875-1987)
4079 N = 4.079 kN Vz = 39 x 1 x 1 x 1 = 39
ii) Design wind pressure (Pz)
(Cl.5.4, IS 875-1987)

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 Pz = 0.6 = 0.6 x 392 = 912.6
v) Wind load per panel point = = 19802.71 N
iii) Wind load F on building
F = (Cpe ± Cpi) Pz = 19.80 kN
(Cl.6.2.1, IS 875-1987) vi) Wind load per end panel point = = 9901.5 N =
Cpe is found by interpolation
9.90 kN

a) Assuming wind normal to the ridge

Windward Leeward
Angle (α)
side side
10 -1.2 -0.4
18.43 ? ?
20 -0.4 -0.4
Cpe for
Fig.5 Wind Load per panel point
Windward side Leeward side Dead load, live load and wind load per panel point are
Cpe = - 0.526 Cpe = - 0.4 summarized in Table 1.
Net pressure calculation
For windward side slope Table 1: DL, LL & WL per Panel Point
1. -0.526 + 0.2P = -0.326P
2. -0.4 – 0.2P = -0.6P
Load on each
For leeward side slope Loads intermediate panel
Load at end
1. -0.4 + 0.2P = -0.2P point
point
2.-0.526 – 0.2 P = -0.726 P
b) Assuming wind parallel to the ridge Dead load (DL) 8.157 kN 4.079 kN
Live load (LL) 8.721 kN 4.361 kN
Windward Leeward
Angle (α) Wind load (WL) 19.800 kN 9.902 kN
side side
Dead load and wind load analysis is performed in STAAD
10 -0.8 -0.6
Pro. Member forces are found out. Live load is found out
18.43 ? ? by taking ratio of LL per panel point to DL per panel
20 -0.7 -0.6 point. (8.721/8.157=1.069).
Cpe for Analysis for all members of truss is as shown in Table 2
Windward side Leeward side below.
Cpe = - 0.715 Cpe = - 0.6 Table 2: DL, LL & WL Analysis in members of Pratt Truss
Net pressure calculation
For windward side slope
1. -0.715 + 0.2P = -0.515P
2. -0.6 – 0.2P = -0.8P LL
Truss Length DL (kN) = WL
For leeward side slope Member
Members (m) (kN) DL x (kN)
1. -0.6 + 0.2P = -0.4P 1.069
2.-0.715 – 0.2 P = -0.915P
From the values of both windward and leeward for both
cases normal to the ridge and parallel to the ridge. 1 3.75m 86 92 -194
Considering worst case i.e. maximum value from all
8 3.75m 86 92 -194
values
Consider (Cpe ± Cpi) = -0.915P 2 3.75m 73 78 -163
F = 0.915 × 912.6 = 835.02 7 3.75m 73 78 -163
Main Tie
iv) Total wind pressure 3 3.75m 61 65 -132
= sloping area × intensity of wind
6 3.75m 61 65 -131
= 189.72 × 835.02
= 158421.70 N 4 3.75m 49 52 -100
5 3.75m 49 52 -100
 4.2 Design of Truss by Limit State Method:
Table 2: DL, LL & WL Analysis in members of Pratt Truss
From IS 800-2007, we find load factor is 1.5 for
(continued….)
case (i) whereas for load case (ii) it is 1.2 for DL,
LL and WL and 0.9 for DL and 1.5 for WL.
LL
Hence the factored force in the member is to be
(kN)
Truss Length DL WL found for
Member = DL
Members (m) (kN) (kN) i) 1.5 (DL + LL)
x
1.069 ii) 1.2 (DL + LL + WL) (Table 4, IS 800:2007)
iii) 0.9 DL + 1.5 WL
9 3.95m -90 -97 208
Member forces from above load calculations are tabulated
16 3.95m -90 -97 208 below.
10 3.95m -90 -97 215
Table 3: Load Combinations by WSM (Cl. No. 3.4.2.1, IS 800:1984)
15 3.95m -90 -97 215
Principal
11 3.95m -77 -83 188 Load Combinations (kN)
Rafter
14 3.95m -77 -83 188 Truss Working Stress Method (IS
Member
Members 800:1984)
12 3.95m -64 -69 162
DL+LL DL+LL+WL DL+WL
13 3.95m -64 -69 162 1 177 -17 -108
8 177 -17 -108
17 1.25m -8 -9 21 2 152 -11 -89
23 1.25m -8 -9 21 7 152 -11 -89
Main Tie
18 2.5m -12 -13 31 3 127 -5 -70
Vertical 6 127 -5 -70
22 2.5m -12 -13 31
Ties 4 101 1 -51
19 3.75m -16 -17 42
5 101 1 -51
21 3.75m -16 -17 42 9 -187 21 118
20 5m 0 0 0 16 -187 21 118
24 6.25m 20 22 -52 10 -187 28 124
27 6.25m 20 22 -52 Principal 15 -187 28 124
Rafter 11 -160 28 111
25 5.3m 17 18 -44
Inclind Ties 14 -160 28 111
28 5.3m 17 18 -44
12 -133 28 97
26 4.51m 15 16 -38 13 -133 28 97
29 4.51m 15 16 -38 17 -17 4 13
23 -17 4 13
4. Design of Members 18 -25 6 19
Vertical
22 -25 6 19
Ties
4.1 Design of Truss by Working Stress Method: 19 -34 8 25
Analysis of truss has been carried out by standard 21 -34 8 25
software STAAD Pro. The truss is analyzed for 20 0 0 0
the dead load, live load and wind load forces in
24 42 -10 -32
various members as per Table 78. Maximum
forces to be considered for design of members 27 42 -10 -32
are calculated by the following load Inclind 25 36 -8 -27
combinations. Ties 28 36 -8 -27
i) DL + LL 26 30 -7 -23
ii) DL + LL + WL (Cl. No. 3.4.2.1, IS 800:1984) 29 30 -7 -23
iii) DL + WL
 Table 4: Load Combinations by LSM (Table 4, IS 800:2007)
Table 5: Design of Pratt Truss by LSM

Load Combinations (kN)

Limit State Method (IS 800:2007) Limit State Method (IS800:2007)
Truss Mem
Members ber 1.5 1.2 Principal All Other
0.9DL+1.5 Member Main Tie
(DL+ (DL+L Rafter Members
WL
LL) L+WL) 2 ISA 2 ISA ISA
1 266 -20 -214 Section Required 90 x 90 x 100 x 100 130 x 130
8 266 -20 -214 8 x8 x8
2 228 -13 -178 Total Length 30 32 47
7 228 -13 -178
Main Tie Weight/m (kg/m) 10.8 12.1 15.9
3 190 -6 -142
6 190 -6 -142 Total Wt. (kg) 648 774 747
4 152 1 -106
Total Weight
5 152 1 -106 2170
(Kg)
9 -280 25 231
16 -280 25 231 Table 6: Design of Pratt Truss by WSM
10 -280 33 241
Principal 15 -280 33 241 Working Stress Method (IS800:1984)
Refter 11 -240 34 213
Principal All Other
14 -240 34 213 Member Main Tie
Rafter Members
12 -200 34 185 2 ISA 2 ISA ISA 130
13 -200 34 185 Section Required 100 x 100 130 x 130 x 130 x
17 -25 5 24 x8 x8 10
23 -25 5 24 Total Length 30 32 47
18 -38 7 36
Vertical Weight/m (kg/m) 12.1 15.9 19.7
22 -38 7 36
Ties
19 -51 10 48 Total Wt. (kg) 726 1018 926
21 -51 10 48 Total Weight
20 0 0 0 2670
(Kg)
24 63 -12 -60
27 63 -12 -60 6. Conclusion
Inclind 25 54 -10 -51
Ties 28 54 -10 -51 From above analysis and design of Pratt truss following
26 46 -9 -43 points can be concluded:
29 46 -9 -43  Limit state method is more reliable and
economical than the working stress method for
5. Results & Discussion designing roof trusses (For the same
configuration of truss, total percentage saving in
Members are designed as per above load combinations in weight of steel is by limit state method is 23% as
WSM & LSM. Sections are selected form Steel table. compare to working stress method).
Results for the same are summarized in Table 5 & 6.  The consumption of steel is less in LSM with
From Table 5 & 6, it can be seen that quantity of steel respect to WSM. For same working forces, WSM
required is more in working stress method as compare to will require higher steel section than LSM.
limit state method.  Working stress method is simple to use but does
not give consistent values of factor of safety.
 Limit states design, by providing consistent
safety and serviceability, ensures an economical
use of materials and a wide range of applications.