Physical Education 2 form of bladed weapon.

Escrima is based on the baston

or stick. It has also become very popular in the sport
REVIEWER aspect of full contact stick fighting.
Module 1: Arnis De Mano To this day Arnis/Kali/Escrima has retained a strong
Arnis (also known as Kali and Escrima) is a weapon Spanish influence not only in the names and titles used
based Filipino martial arts. It is national sports of the in training, but in the impact, it has had on Filipino
Philippines as stated in Republic Act 9850 which was culture. Thus, the reference to it being a “complete”
signed by the President Gloria Macapagal martial art.
Arroyo on December 11, 2009 and has a very long 1.2: Terminologies
history of combat effectiveness. Although it is weapons  ARNIS – “harnass,” terms used in the Northern
based, it also includes striking – kicking, pushing, Phillipines for FMA, synonymous with the middle-
wrestling and grappling. Philippines term, “escrima,” or the southern term,
Arnis is the system of Filipino martial arts founded by “kali.”
late Remy Presas as self-defense. The term Modern  BASTON – Stick or baton used in
Arnis was used by Remy Presas, younger FMA. The baston (Spanish and Filipino for "cane") is
brother Ernesto Presas to describe his style of Filipino one of the primary weapons of Arnis and Filipino
martial arts, since 1999 Ernesto Presas called his martial arts. It is also known
system Kombatan. It is derived principally from the as yantok, olisi, palo, pamalo, garrote, caña,
traditional Presas family style of the Bolo (Machete) and cane, arnis stick, eskrima stick or simply, stick.
the stick-dueling art of Balintawak Eskrima, with  EKIS – X- strikes. The letter X is another term coined
influence from other Filipino and Japanese martial arts. for this combo strike.
1.1: History of Arnis  DULO-DULO – Palm stick (dulo), spoken twice to
Arnis is a Filipino martial art that can be performed indicate style of fighting with said weapon. Made
individually or with a partner, using a single stick or a from Carabao (Buffalo) Horn.
pair of sticks for striking and blocking; it may also be  GARROTE – Another name for olisi. The Garrote
used for self-defense. stick it is a highly effective self-defense weapon that
Arnis/Kali/Escrima was originally developed by the if often used against a blade wielding opponent.
people native to the islands using simple impact and  LARGO – Long distance. The largo mano (long hand)
edged weapons such as kampilans, rattan, swords,  As its name implies, largo mano is a long-range style
daggers, spears and other assorted weapons for combat utilizing distance. The stick used in largo mano is
and self-defense. These weapons were also sometimes about 30 inches, considerably longer than common
used as farm implements. escrima sticks.
The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan’s force in 1521 was  MANO Y MANO - “Hand to hand” combat. Mano y
met in battle with a group of islanders, led by Raja Lapu- Mano often referred to as Empty Hand, Kamao
Lapu, who defeated Magellan using only a bladed (knuckles), Kuntao, or simply Mano represents the
weapon. The practice of Arnis/Kali/Escrima was interpretation and adaptation of weapon
prohibited, but continued and was preserved through techniques to empty hands. 
native ritual dance, performance, and mock battles.  PANUKAD – Stance. Tayo in Tagalog
Thus, the arts were passed down in families from  REDONDO – A circular power- strike
generation to generation, honing their skill, speed,  SALAMAT – A greeting derived from the Muslim
accuracy and agility. “salaam” (or peace) and connoting gratitude.
The terms Arnis, Kali and Escrima are all used to refer to  SALUDO – Salutation. Pagpupugay (salutation or
the Filipino martial arts. There has been some confusion bow) is a recent development in Arnis de Mano.
as to what word refers to which part of the martial art.  SUMBRADA – An upward, oblique “umbrella” block.
It is believed that Arnis, Kali, and Escrima are all a part  SUNGKITI – Hooking thrust
of the same art and depending on the location, dialect  TAPI-TAPI-ON – Series of parries and blocks
and type of training taught. One interpretation is that  TUYOK – Spinning movement
Kali is the mother art of Arnis and Escrima. Arnis focuses 1.3: Code of Ethics
on the knife, including dagger, sword, and any other
1. Arnis is an event that aims to bond and develop Handa/Ready Stance
friendship and brotherhood.  Stand with your feet apart parallel to the shoulder
2. It is never a sport to hurt and defeat the opponent with both toes pointing forward.
but to improve the skills of the players.  The knees should be straight, the waist and the
3. It aims to develop the mind, the physique and the body facing forward.
character of the player.  Hands are on waist level and the hands should hold
4. Arnis is played to develop the social aspect that will the sticks on both sides.
lead to the close bonding of all practitioners. Attention Stance
5. All the practitioners respect each other. They salute  Heels should be close to each other, knees should
each other when they meet and from a meeting be straight, the waist and body facing forward.
before they depart. The juniors must salute first and  Shoulders are dropped to the side and both hands
maintain the position until the seniors answer their are at waist level.
salute. Handa sa Paglaban/Fighting Stance
6. The juniors do not have the right to challenge to  One foot in front (foot the same as the weapon
fight the seniors unless in the program set by their hand), the other foot on the rear.
association to fulfill an objective.  Keep feet apart, distance of one foot.
7. All the practitioners continue to move on as there is  Both knees slightly bent.
room for improvement or advancement.  Toes facing forward.
8. Each practitioner must share with other beginners Forward Stance
or practitioners the advancement attained.  Both toes are pointing in front, the waist and the
9. Practitioners must desire to strengthen the Arnis body is facing forward.
family he belongs to by sharing love, knowledge and  The body should not be too low or the lead foot too
understanding. extended otherwise it will be hard to maneuver.
10. Practitioners must remember that Arnis is not a  Forward stances can be right foot lead, which is the
means to fight people but to bond with them for life Right Foot Forward Stance, or it can be left foot lead
improvement. which is Left Foot Forward Stance.
1.4: Equipment used in Arnis  Forward Stance are commonly used with frontal
 White t-shirt with Philippine Flag on the left chest striking or blocking techniques.
 Red trouser pants  Backward Stance
 Belt's  The heels of the foot should form an imaginary “L”
 Cane or arnis stick with the standard size of 28 shape while the legs are in a straddle position.
inches of length and 1 inch in diameter.  The body should not be too low or extended
 Competition area: 8x8m equal size for Combat/ otherwise it will be hard to maneuver.
10x10 for Anyo Competition.  Back stances can be right foot lead, which is the
 Head gear Right Foot Back Stance, or it can be left foot lead
 Body armor which is Left Foot Back Stance.
 Armed guard  Back stances are used for blocking and backward
 Shin Guard evasion techniques.
 Groin guard (Male and Female) Oblique Stance
 Hand Protector  Both toes are pointing in front, the waist and the
1.5: Fundamental Skills body is facing forward.
Grip: Proper hold of the stick  The body should not be too low or the lead foot too
 Hold the stick one fist away from the punyo (butt) extended otherwise it will be hard to maneuver.
of the stick.  Oblique stances can be right foot lead, which is the
 Close the grip with the thumb. Right Foot Oblique Stance, or it can be left foot lead
Kinds of Stances and Salutation which is Left Foot Oblique Stance.
Pugay  Oblique Stances are commonly used for forward
 Place the weapon hand across the chest. blocking and evasion techniques.
 Bow by bending at the waist. Straddle Stance
 Both toes are pointing in front, the waist and the fast, slows high, flat, or low. You can smash it with
body is facing forward. maximum power or use the most delicate touch shots".
 Distribute the weight or center of gravity to both 2.1: History of Badminton
legs. Straddle stance are also called Horseback Badminton evolved from a similar game
Riding Stance since it mimics position when riding called battledore played in fifth-century B.C. China. The
on a horse back. people in China then played a game called ti jian zi. A
 Straddle stances are commonly used for blocking direct translation from the word “ti jian zi” is kicking the
the strikes to the side of the body. shuttle. As the name suggest, the objective of the game
Side Stance is to keep the shuttle from hitting the ground without
 Moving foot will be perpendicular to the ground using hand. It was however the first game that uses a
while the other leg is extended thereby creating a Shuttle.
position like that of a side kick. A game named Battledore and Shuttlecock was played
 Both toes are pointing in front, the waist and the in China, Japan, India, and Greece. This is a game where
body is facing forward. you use the Battledore (a paddle) to hit the Shuttlecock
 Distribute the weight or center of gravity to both back and forth. In Europe this game was known as jeu
legs. If the left foot moves to the side it becomes de volant to them. In the 1860s, a game
Left Foot Side Stance, if the right foot moves to the named Poona was played in India. This game is much
side it becomes Right Foot Side Stance. like the Battledore and Shuttlecock but with an added
 Side Stances are commonly used for strike net.
deflection and evasion techniques. The game we all know as badminton began in the
1.6: 12 Striking Techniques 19th century (1870) and was named by the Duke of
Strike 1 – Left Temple Beaufort after Badminton House in Gloucestershire. The
 Strike 2 – Right Temple International Badminton Federation now has its base in
Strike 3 – Left Shoulder Gloucestershire.
Strike 4 – Right Shoulder In England there had long been a children’s game
Strike 5 – Thrust. known as “battledore and shuttlecock.”
Strike 6 – Left Chest stab The Bath Badminton Club standardized the rules and
Strike 7– Right chest stab. regulations. The Badminton Association of England
Strike 8 – Right lower leg! published the first set of rules in line with the new
Strike 9 – Left lower leg. regulations in 1893 and officially launched the game of
Strike 10 – Left Eye poke Badminton. The All-England Open badminton
Strike 11 – Right Eye poke championships began in 1899 and were the world’s first
Strike 12 – Crown/top of head. badminton competition.
Module 2: Badminton In 1934 the International Badminton Federation (IBF),
is a racket sport played by either two opposing players which now known as the Badminton world Federation,
(singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles). The was established. England, France, Canada, Denmark,
badminton court is rectangular and is divided by a net. Netherlands, New Zealand, Ireland, Scotland and Wales
Players score points by hitting a shuttlecock with their were the first members. Globally, the Badminton world
racket so that it passes over the net and lands in the Federation (BWF) governs and promotes the sport.
other side of the court. The history of badminton in the United States began
Competitive badminton is best played indoors because with the first Badminton club, the Badminton Club of
shuttlecock flight is affected by wind. But badminton, as New York, founded in1878. Badminton became a
a casual recreational activity, can also be played popular pastime for many Hollywood stars including
outdoors. Badminton has been an Olympic sport since James Cagney, Bette Davis, Ginger Rogers and Douglas
1992 (Barcelona). Fairbanks, which also helped to promote the sport in
"The objective of the game is simple, that is to hit the the 1930s.
shuttle over the net so that it lands in your opponent's The United State singles player, David Freeman, won
court before it can be returned. you can hit the shuttle the All-England World Championships in 1949, while the
All-England World Championship doubles were won the
same year by the American players Clinton and Patsy Badminton Courts have a length of 44’ (13.4 m), 20 feet
Stevens, although the All-England championships were wide by 44 feet long for doubles while 17 feet wide by
considered the unofficial world championship until 44 feet long for singles Service courts are split by a
1977. center line dividing the width of the court and are set
Although the history of badminton originated in back from the net by a ‘short service line’ of 6.5 feet
England this international sport has been largely (1.98 m).
dominated by Asian countries and Denmark over the Doubles games also require a ‘long service line’ that is
last few decades. Countries including South Korea, placed 2.5’ (.76 m) in from the back boundary.
Malaysia, China and Indonesia have all produced world Clearances of 2’ (.61 m) should be providing around the
class players. China is currently the strongest entire badminton court.
badminton country, winning many major Net- central gameplay element in a game of Badminton,
championships consistently over the last few years. requiring players to return the shuttlecock from one
2.2: Badminton 101 side of the court to the other during the match.
Nature and Purpose of the Game Badminton Nets span the entire 20’ (6.1 m) width of the
The object is to serve the shuttle strategically and court and are placed over the doubles sidelines, even
thereafter direct it with speed or accuracy to an when singles games are played. The net has a height of
unprotected point on the opponent’s court so that the 5 ft.  (1.524 m) at the edges and sags slightly at the
opponent is unable to return the shuttle across the net center resulting in a height of 5’ (1.52 m). Badminton
or into the proper boundaries of the court area. nets are split into a 1:1 ratio with a 30’ (76 cm) opening
Likewise, the opponent attempts to prevent the shuttle below the mesh and an equal surface above.
from falling to the court on his side of the net and to Posts- The posts are 1.55m high from the surface of the
return it to an unprotected spot in his opponent’s court. court and remain vertical when the net is strained.
Equipment The posts are placed on the double side lines
Racket- Badminton Rackets have an overall length of irrespective of whether singles or doubles is played. The
26.18”-26.77” (665-680 mm), head width from 8.66”- posts or supports must not extend into the court
9.06” (220-230 mm), and a handle diameter of 1” (25.4 beyond the side lines.
mm). The mass/weight of a modern Badminton Racket 2.3: Badminton Terminology
is between 2.46-3.35 oz (85-100 g). 1. Side out- loss of service
Shuttlecock- have 16 feathers fixed in a cork base 2. Fault- a violation of the rules
covered in kid leather. Interestingly, the best 3. Birdie- shuttlecock
Badminton Shuttlecocks are made from feathers from 4. Let- serve hitting the top of the net and landing in
the left wing of a goose. A shuttlecock weighs approx. the proper court, a serve retake
0.17 oz (5g). The diameter of the circle that the feathers 5. Match- winning 2 out of 3 games
make is around 58 to 68 mm (2.3 to 2.7 in). Length of a 6. Rally- a sequence of one or more strokes starting
shuttlecock feathers 2.75 inches (70mm). Length of a with the service, until the shuttle ceases to be in
shuttlecock cork base 1 inch (25-28mm) play.
There are two types of shuttles- plastic and feather. The 7. Inside- team serving
synthetic or plastic shuttlecocks are made of plastic or 8. Outside- the team receiving
nylon material and is commonly referred to as plastic or 9. Odd and Even Courts- In singles: At the beginning of
nylon shuttlecocks. The plastic shuttle is heavier, flies the game and when the score is even, the servers
differently but lasts a lot longer than the feather. The from the right service court. When it is odd, the
feathered shuttlecock is commonly made from the server serves from the left service court. If the
feathers of a goose or duck. The feather shuttle is used server wins a rally, the server scores a point and
for most official tournaments. then serves again from alternate service court. If
Court Dimensions- divided in half by a center the receiver wins a rally, the receiver scores a point
badminton net, courts are usually marked for both and becomes the new server.
singles or doubles games with boundary widths varying 10. Toss/spin – the method of deciding which side will
between the two match types. serve first at the beginning of the match.
11. Smash – a powerful overhand stroke that sends the Clear- The clear is one of 4 overhead strokes played
bird downward over the net. with the forehand grip- the others are the smash, drop
12. Fault – any violation of the rules whose penalty is and the snap. The aim is to produce these shots in the
loss of serve or the point. same way so that the opponent cannot pick which shot
13. Drop – a shot made that barely clears the net with is going to be played until the last split second.
little speed. Drop Shot- to bring the opponent in close to the net so
14. Singles – a game involving one player on each end they have to lunge down low to retrieve the shuttle.
of the court. Smash- the most powerful and dynamic shot. It is an
15. Doubles – a game of four players, two on each attacking shot that is used a lot to put the opponent
team. under pressure and to win rallies.
16. Double hit – contacting the bird twice in succession Once again, the preparation for the smash is the same
on the same stroke. for all overheads.
17. Backhand – any stroke made on the side of the Net Shots- to play the shuttle as close as possible to the
body opposite the racket side. net so that it is difficult to return. It is not so important
18. Forehand – any stroke made on the racket side of to keep the shuttle flat in its trajectory over the net- it’s
the body. more important for it to be close to the net (tight).
19. Game scoring- Played to 21. The side winning a rally Net Lift- is played with either the forehand or the
adds a point to its score. At 20 all, the sides which backhand and aims to land the shuttle in the tramlines
gains a 2-point lead first, wins that game. At 29 all, at the back of the court.
the side scoring the 30th point, wins the game. The Defense Block- The basic technique for defense- this is
side winning a game serves first in the next game. used more in doubles and mixed doubles.
2.4: Badminton Techniques Your body position is important- face the net with both
Forehand Grip- ‘shake hands’ with your racket. your shoulders and feet square on to the net. The
Backhand Grip- To use the backhand grip your thumb easiest and often the most effective way of returning at
must sit on the flat part of the racket handle (you must smash is to play a block just over the net. The idea is to
be able to see the strings). take the pace off the smash and just block the shuttle so
High Serve (Single Serve)- to get the shuttle as high and it lands inside the short service line and makes it very
as far back in the court as possible. Here are the steps: difficult for the opposition to keep attacking service line
NOTE: It’s a fault serve if you slide or lift your feet and makes it very difficult for the opposition to keep
during a serve. attacking.
Doubles Serve (Back hand)- to serve as low to the net Drives- is a hard flat shot from half court to half court.
and as close to the short single line as possible. You can This is a good shot for beginners to start with to practice
use either a forehand or backhand grip. with the shuttle.
Return of Service Footwork
In singles- players should be stand in the middle of the Stance- An effective stance will enable players to move
area to be served into. In doubles, the player can stand quickly from the base (the central position of the court
a little closer towards the service line. the player starts from and returns to between shots) in
Positioning for Serving any direction. Players should be ready to move quickly. 
In men’s or ladies’ doubles, the server will stand close Front of Court- To move to the front is simply- chasse
to the service line and their partner should stand in the from the base then a lunge
middle of the court behind the server so they are ready Back of Court
to cover the back of the court. Side of Court- To move to the side of the court to reach
In Mixed doubles it’s normal for the lady to stand in a smash or half-court shot is the same
front of her partner on the service line when he is movement/footwork as to the front- fast small chasse
serving. Also, when the pair is receiving, the partner and lunge.
should stand behind the receiver in the middle of the Everybody is different and has different abilities-
court. therefore some footwork will be slightly different for
Overhead Shot players but the basics are the same. With large groups it
There are three kinds of overhead shots:
is possible to have many players on each court to A. On the service, any part of the racket head is higher
practice footwork. than the server’s wrist and contact is made above the
2.5: General Rules and Regulations waist.
Serving B. The service fails to cross the net or go into the proper
A. The server must keep both feet in contact with the service court.
floor at the time of the serve. C. The feet of the server and receiver are not in the
B. The bird must be connected below the waist. proper courts at time of service.
C. The racket head must be below the server’s wrist. D. The server hesitates or stops (feint/balk) the service
D. The server should not serve until the receiver is motion or misses the bird.
ready, the opponent is deemed ready if a return is E. The improper receiver returns the bird on the serve.
attempted. F. A bird hit into the net, under the net, against the wall
E. Partners of the server and receiver may stand or ceiling is out-of-bounds.
anywhere on the court providing they do not obstruct G. A player hits the bird before it crosses the net.
the opponent’s view. H. The bird touches a player or clothing.
F. A bird that touches the net on the serve and goes into I. The player touches the net while the bird is in play.
the proper service court is legal. J. The bird is hit twice in succession by one/both
G. If the server misses the bird on the serve attempt, it partners.
still counts. In singles and doubles the serve would go to K. The bird is held, caught, or carried on the racket
the opponent. The serve is lost to the opponent. when struck.
Serving Order-Singles L. A player obstructs an opponent.
A. The first serve of the game and all following serves, Let (a play allowed to be replayed)
when the server’s score is an even number, are made A. The bird becomes caught in or on the net after
from the right service court. passing over the net.
B. All serves, when the server’s score is an odd number, B. The bird hits the basketball supports or net.
are made from the left service court. C. The following situations occur before the next serve
C. When a rally is lost, the receiving player becomes the and if the offending side wins the rally:
server and scores a point.  The correct server serves from the wrong court.
Serving Order-Doubles  The wrong serves from either the correct/incorrect
A. There is only one server in doubles. service court.
B. At the beginning of the game and when the score is  The correct receiver receives in the wrong court.
EVEN, the server serves from the RIGHT COURT. When 2.6: Scoring Games
the score is ODD, the server serves from the LEFT Since January 2006 World Badminton Federation
COURT. changed the scoring system so now points are scored
C. If the serving side wins a rally, the serving side scores after all rallies. Games are played to 21 with advantages
a point and the same person serves again from the of 2 and breaks are only at 11 or 21. Below is a basic
alternate court. explanation for the new scoring system.
D. If the receiving side wins a rally, the receiving side Simplified New Rally Points Scoring System
scores appoint. The receiving side becomes the new Scoring System
serving side. 1. A match consists of the best of 3 games of 21
E. The players do not change their respective service points.
courts until they win a point when their side is serving. 2. The side winning a rally adds a point to its score.
You only change sides of the court, from left to right, 3. At 20 all, the side which gains a 2-point lead first,
when your team has scored while serving. wins that game.
The winners of the first game serve first in the next 4. At 29 all, the side scoring the 30th point, wins that
game. game.
Birds falling on the lines are considered good. 5. The side winning a game serves first in the next
During a rally, a bird that touches the net and goes over game.
is in play. Intervals and Change of Ends
A fault (violation of rules) occurs if:
1. When the leading score reaches 11 points, players
have a 60 second interval.
2. A 2-minute interval between each game is allowed.
3. In the third game, players change ends when a side
scores 11 points.
Singles
1. At the beginning of the game and when the score is
even, the server serves from the right service court.
When it is odd, the server serves from the left
service court.
2. If the server wins a rally, the server scores a point
and then serves again from alternate service court.
3. If the receiver wins a rally, the receiver scores a
point and becomes the new server.
Doubles
1. There is only one serve in doubles.
2. At the beginning of the game and when the score is
even, the server serves from the right court. When
it is odd, the server serves from the left court.
3. If the serving side wins a rally, the serving side
scores a point and the same server serves again
from the alternative service court.
4. If the receiving side wins a rally, the receiving side
scores a point. The receiving side becomes the new
serving side.
5. The player of the receiving side who served last
stays in the same service court from where he
served last. The reverse pattern applies to the
receiver’s partner.
6. The players do not change their respective service
courts until they win a point when their side is
serving.
7. If players commit an error in the service court, the
error is corrected when the mistake is discovered.
Safety/Etiquette
1. Keep a firm grip on the racket.
2. Be careful not to hit your partner with the racket.
3. Stay in your own court to avoid the possibility of
collision with other players.
4. Stop play if other players enter your court.
5. Wait until there is a stop in the action to retrieve a
bird from another court.
6. Be aware of the walls and the net posts.
7. Before play, agree on the boundaries and
determine the first server.
8. Players call their own lines; replay the point if in
doubt.
9. Shake hands after the game/match.