PSSR - Module 1

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES
This course covers the

mandatory competences and
the required knowledge,
understanding and
proficiencies prescribed in
Table A-VI/1-4 of the STCW
Code as amended.

• Working on ship is a hazardous occupation to
which one is exposed as soon as one steps on
board
• It is necessary to understand the hazards on board

and equipment and procedures provided to avoid
hazards

Any condition or situation that endangers or threatens
the loss of life, injury, property and environment
Main Causes:
Internal: “man made”

-due to human error
External: natural calamities/disaster

- due to “Force Majeure”

Collision Stranding Adverse reaction
of dangerous
goods or
hazardous bulk
materials
Shifting of cargo Engine room Hull failure
explosion or fire

Ingress of water Heavy weather Oils spill

Foundering Man overboard

A prompt, organized and well
rehearsed plan in order to
minimize the effect of
emergency.
Primary objective of emergency

response plan is the preservation
of human life.

• Preservation of human
life
• Initial response
• Flexible/suitable
• Efficient communication
• Prevention of emergency

Exhibited at conspicuous
places on board, containing
the list of crew, their
corresponding duties,
designated emergency
squads and muster stations
for specific emergency.

A place on a ship where
passengers or crew must
gather in case of
emergency.

• Attire yourself adequately
and properly
• Go to the muster station
• Find out nature of
emergency
• Take action as per muster
list or duty list

Most realistic preparation use to simulate actual
response to an emergency.
• Regulatory or legislative needs

• Operational need
• State of mind

• A system of escape route is arranged from all
rooms and sections of the ship
• Escape routes are marked by GREEN signs
• It is important to know alternative routes
• Keep the escape routes free from obstructions.

• Telephone
• Public Address System
• Lifeboat VHF
• Walkie Talkies
• Emergency Alarms

General Emergency Alarm Signal – seven or more
short blasts followed by one long blast plus public
address (Code call for passenger ships).
On hearing the emergency alarm, all crew should
proceed to their designated muster station wearing
safety outfit and act in accordance with muster list
instruction..
Mustering – the accounting of

personnel.

• Plays a vital role in
international commerce and
the world economy
• Provides cost effective
method of bulk transport
over great distances
• Efficient, safe and environmentally-friendly

method of transporting goods
• Considered a potential threat to the marine
environment PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES
• Ballast water discharges
• Exhaust emissions
• Sound pollution
• Threat of extinction on
marine mammals.
• Oil spills
• Sewage discharge
• Solid waste
• Bilge water
• Aquatic life can be threatened
by entanglement, suffocation,
and ingestion
• Cost money in lost tourist
revenues, clean up and
damaged livelihood
• Devastating to fishing industry
in terms of fish kills
• Endanger human lives and
prevent use of the sea for
livelihood and recreation.

Discharge of:
• Ballast water
• Dirty ballast water from
ballast tanks and cargo tanks
• Slops from tank washing
• Oily water from machinery
bilges
• Sewage
• Throwing overboard of
garbage

• Overfilling of cargo tanks
• Wrong handling of valves
• Faulty or non-functioning
equipment
• Garbage or washed out from
ship.
• Loss of integrity due to
groundings, collisions,
explosions and cracks from
hull.

• Stranding and collision
• Lightering operations
• Unchecked garbage and
sewage disposal
• Tank cleaning, washing and
line flushing
• Unchecked chemical disposal
in bulk or packaged form
• Ballasting.

Date Ship’s Location Amount Cause Remarks
Name of Spill
18 March Torrey Sicilly 80,000 to Grounding due to First major tanker
1967 Canyon Isles, UK 120,000 delay in turning disaster and
tons while taking short Britain’s worst oil
cut route spill disaster. Led
to adoption of
MARPOL 73/78
16 March Amoco Brittany, 220,000 Grounding in a Largest loss of
1978 Cadiz France to storm due to marine life ever
230,000 steering gear recorded, i.e.,
tons failure 20,000 birds,
1,000,000
mollusk, clams
killed
24 March Exxon Prince 40,000 to Navigation error Worst tanker spill
1989 Valdez William 105,000 while avoiding ice in US history. Led
Sound, tons to enactment of
Alaska, OPA 1990
USA
Torrey Canyon ran aground at Pollard's Rock on Seven Stones reef between
the Cornish mainland and the Sicilly Isles, UK on 18 March 1967.

Amoco Cadiz ran aground on Portsail Rocks off the coast of Britany,
France on 16 March 1978.

Exxon Valdez ran aground at Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska
on 24 March 1989.

• Prevention of operational • Providing compensation
pollution • Helping in the
• Reduction of maritime implementation
accidents
• Reducing the
consequences of accidents

• International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships of
1973 as modified by Protocol of
1978.
• Superseded OILPOL Convention of
1954.
• Grounding of tanker Torrey Canyon
in 1967 led to the conference in
1973.
• Articles of 1973 Convention to
include Protocol I and Protocol II ;
Protocol of 1978 as well as Annexes.
• Annex I - Regulation for Prevention of Oil Pollution
implemented 02 October 1983.
• Annex II - Regulation for Control of Pollution by

Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk; 02 October 1983.
• Annex III – Regulation for Prevention of Pollution

by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged
Form; implemented 01 July 1992.

• Annex IV – Regulation for Prevention of Pollution
by Sewage from Ships; Implemented on 27
September 2003.
• Annex V – Regulation for Prevention of Pollution by

Garbage by Ships; implemented 31 December 1988.
• Annex VI – Regulation for Prevention of Air Pollution

from Ships; implemented 19 May 2005.

Regulation for the
Prevention of Oil Pollution

Principles of Environmental Protection
• Minimize generation of oil and water mixtures.

• Separate oil from water, where mixtures can not be
avoided.
• Set limits to the quantity of oil which may be
discharged into the sea.
• Set standard so as to render any discharges
harmless, and take extra protective measures for
special areas and coastal zones.

Principles of Environmental Protection
• Carry oil in tanks which are protected from direct

impact by collision and stranding.
• Limit the size of oil cargo tanks.
• Carry oil in ships, which have a greater survival
capability in case of damage.

Definition of Terms
• Special Areas – areas that strictly prohibits

discharge of marine pollutants.
• Reception Facilities – facilities in ports and

terminals to discharge oily residues and oil mixtures
as well as sewage and garbage.

Special Areas
• Baltic Sea
• Northwest
• European Waters
• Mediterranean Sea
• Black Sea
• Red Sea
• Arabian Gulf
• Gulf of Aden
• Antarctic Ocean
• Gulf of Oman
• South African Waters
Oil Record Book
A mandatory logbook for recording the handling of

oil, sludge and oily water
• Maintained by Chief
Engineer for Oil Record
Book Part I
• Maintained by Chief
Officer for Oil Record
Book Part II (in case of
tanker)

Oil Record Book
• Any failure of the oil

discharge monitoring and
control system shall be
noted in the Oil Record
Book Part I & II.
• It shall be kept on board

and preserve for three (3)
years after the last entry.

Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP)
• A contingency plan for

containment of oil spillage
caused by ships.
• Contains the procedures,

materials and equipment
required for containment

Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious
Liquid Substances carried in bulk

Categories of NLS and Other substances
Category X
• Present a major hazard to marine resources or

human health.
• Prohibited to be discharge into the marine

environment
• Cargo involve- phosporus, chlorosulfuric acid

Category Y
• Present a hazard to marine

resource or human health or cause
harm to amenities
• Cargo mostly on board Ethylene,

phenol, etc.

Category Z
• Present a minor hazard to marine resources or

human health. cargoes carried are chloroform and
acetic acid
Other Substances (OS)
• Fall outside Category X, Y or Z because they

present no harm to marine resources, human
health, amenities or other legitimate uses of the
sea when discharged into the sea.

Shipboard Marine Pollution Emergency Plan (SMPEP)
Content of SMPEP
• Procedure to be followed to report a
NLS pollution incident
• List of authorities to be contacted
in the event of a NLS pollution
incident
• Detailed action to be taken to
reduce or control the discharge of
NLS
• Procedures and point of contact for
coordinating action with national
and local authorities.
Regulation for Prevention of Pollution by Harmful
Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form

Definition of Terms
• Harmful or Dangerous
Substance - substances/goods
which are identified as marine
pollutants
• Packaged Form – forms of

containment specified for harmful
substance

IMDG CODE Classification System
Class 1 – Explosives
Class 2 – Gases
Class 3 – Flammable liquids
Class 4 – Flammable solids
Class 5 – Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides
Class 6 – Toxic and infectious substances
Class 7 – Radioactive materials
Class 8 – Corrosive substances
Class 9 - Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles

Prevention of Pollution by Sewage.

Sewage defined
• Drainage and other wastes from any form of

toilets, urinals, etc.
• Drainage from medical premises
• Drainage from spaces containing living animals
• Other water waste when mixed with the
drainages

Discharge of Sewage
Prohibited, except when:

• comminuted and disinfected
sewage at a distance of more
than 3 nm from the nearest
land
• not comminuted or disinfected
sewage at a distance of more
than 12 nm from the nearest
land;

Discharge of Sewage
• Sewage stored in holding

tanks shall be discharged
when the ship is en route at
not less than 4 knots.
• Ship may have a sewage
treatment plant in lieu of the
sewage comminuting and
disinfecting system

Regulation for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage .

Definition of Terms
Garbage – includes all kinds of food, domestic and

operational waste, excluding fresh fish, generated during the
normal operation of the vessel and liable to be disposed of
continuously or periodically.
Domestic waste – all kinds of waste generated in the
accommodation spaces on board ship.
Operational waste – all solid wastes collected on board
during the normal maintenance or operations.
Food waste – any spoiled or unspoiled food substances
All Plastics – all garbage that consists of or includes plastics
(high molecular mass polymers) in any form.

Definition of Terms
Incinerator ashes – ash and clinkers resulting from

shipboard incinerators.
Animal carcass – bodies of any animals carried on
board
Cooking oil- any type of edible oil or animal fat
Fishing gear - any physical device with the intended
purpose of capturing, or harvesting, marine or fresh
water organism.

Principles of Preventing Garbage Pollution
• Reduction on the
generation of garbage on
board ship
• Segregation of garbage
• Recycling of garbage
• Garbage disposal at port
reception facilities

 The revised Annex V prohibits the
discharge of all garbage into the
sea
 IMO adopted extensive

amendments to Annex V in July
2011
 Enter into force on 1 January 2013

- 3 nautical miles for food waste which
have passed through a communiter or
grinder (25mm screen openings);
- 12 nautical miles for food waste that
have not been treated above
- 12 nautical miles for cargo residues
- As far from the nearest land as possible
for animal carcasses.

• Every ship of 400 GT and above
and every ship carrying 15
persons or more shall be provided
with a Garbage Record Book.
• Shall record the following:
- each discharge into the sea or
reception facility, or incineration
- entry shall include date, time,
position of ship, category of
garbage, and estimated amount;
- kept on board and preserved for
at least two years

• North Sea
• Baltic Sea
• Wider Caribbean Region
• Mediterranean Sea
• Black Sea
• Red Sea
• Arabian Gulf
• Antarctic Ocean
Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Air

Definition of Terms
Nitrogen – colourless, odourless gaseous chemical element

forming nearly four fifths of the atmosphere.
Sulfur- a pale-yellow, non-metallic chemical element
produced during combustion
Oxide – a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical
element.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) – It is a generic term for the
various nitrogen oxides produced during combustion.
Sulphur Oxide (Sox)– gases with pungent, unpleasant and
irritating odor emanating from volcanoes and fossil fuels as
well as the process of combustion.
Definition of Terms
Emission – any release of substances into the

atmosphere or sea.
Emission Control Area – area where measures for

emissions from ships is required to prevent, reduce
and control air pollution from NOx or Sox and
particulate matter

Definition of Terms
• Shipboard Incineration –burning of wastes or

other matter on board ship
• Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) –

substances that deplete the ozone layer.

The bodies of salt water and any plants, animals and other
objects that exist therein.
An environment where complex and diverse marine

species and communities of organism live and support
each other.

The largest of the Earth's aquatic ecosystems,
where plant life supports animal life and, vice
versa.

Rainforest of the Sea
Approximately 10% of the

world's coral reefs are already
dead.
About 60% are at risk due to

destructive human-related
activities.

• Coral mining
• Blast fishing
• Overfishing
• Digging of canals
• Pollution
• Other destructive
fishing practices
• Warming oceans.
• Competition - contact between corals and
seaweeds
• Predation - overfishing unbalance the coral
ecosystems
• Fishing practices - intense harvesting and
destructive fishing practices

• Excess nutrients – nitrogen
and phosphorus
• Climate change – rising sea
levels requires coral to grow
close to the surface to continue
photosynthesis
• Ocean acidification – results
from increases in atmospheric
carbon dioxide.

• Coral mining – harvesting of corals
• Marine debris – any object that enters coastal
and ocean
• Marine pollution – occurs when harmful, or
potentially harmful effects enter into the ocean

Inconvenience or damaged caused by:
• Natural phenomena
• Human activities to human
• Animals, plants to our environment
• As a whole by spreading compounds to
land, air and sea.

• Land-based/coastal-based
activities
• Continental shelf-drilling
• Sea-bed mining
• Ocean dumping
• Discharges from ships
• Atmospheric source pollution

• Cargo is lifted on and off vessel by crane or derricks
• Poured into the ship’s hold
• Pumped into and out of the ship through pipe lines

• Overhead loads
• Lifting gear
• Cargo handling equipment
• Ramps
• Gas which can be flammable, toxic

The procedure of tying up of a ship to a jetty, berth, pier.

• Ropes
• Wires
• Heaving lines
• Stoppers
• Shackles
• Winches
• Windlass

• Lines used to tie up the ship are mooring lines or
mooring wires
• Mooring lines are extremely heavy synthetic lines
around 100mm or more mooring wires are around
50mm depending on the size of the ship
• Ship is brought alongside by passing one or more
lines ashore and heaving on these lines using
windlass and mooring winches
• Ropes and wires are risky to handle and can be
dangerous to those in the vicinity, especially when
under stress

• When ropes or wire parts are under stress, they
can cause whiplash that can kill or dismember a
person
• Person engaged in mooring operations must be
extremely careful and aware of the risks and stay
well clear of a rope under tension
• Operation is more risky during strong winds,
heavy seas, swell, rain, or by the need of speed
• Crew should never stand in the bight of a rope or
wire

• Crew heaving the rope on the drum must hold it
loosely and be ready to slacken it, should it slip
under tension
• Mooring lines must be constantly checked and
always maintained taut
• Special attention must be paid when:
• Loading or unloading at a high rate
• There is a large tidal range in the port or strong
currents
• There are strong winds or at berths exposed to
sea

Any work which generates heat or sparks of sufficiency
high temperature or intensity to ignite a flammable gas
– air mixture.
• Welding
• Cutting
• Burning
• Heating
• Chipping
• Generating heat
• Open flame
• Electric arc

• Explosion
• Heat injuries
• Strong light injuries
(ultraviolet light affecting
eyes)
• Shock injury to personnel

General
This permit is valid from ……………………………….. hrs Date ……………………...
To ……………………………….. hrs Date ……………………...
Location of hot work…………………………………………………………………………………………
Has an enclosed space entry permit been issued? Yes/No
Reason if ‘No’…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Description of hot work…………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………….
Person responsible for hot work……………………………………………………………………….
………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………….
Person responsible for hot work……………………………………………………………………….
Person responsible for hot safety…………………………………………………………………….
Section 1
1.1 Has the hot work area been checked with a combustible gas indicator for
hydrocarbon vapours? Yes / No. Time …………………….
1.1 Has the surrounding are been made safe? Yes / No. Time …………………….
Section 2
2.1 Has the hot work area been checked with a combustible
gas indicator for hydrocarbon vapours? Yes / No.
2.2 Has the equipment or pipeline been gas-freed Yes / No.
2.3 Has the equipment or pipeline been blanked Yes / No.
2.4 Is the equipment or pipeline free of liquid Yes / No.
2.5 Is the equipment isolated electrically Yes / No.
2.5 Is the surrounding area safe? Yes / No.
Working at a height above the ground or deck
• Painting
• Cleaning or painting funnel
• Maintenance or repair
• Chipping, painting,
cleaning
• Painting the ship side

• Loss of balance
• Falling material
• Burns from funnel
• Emission of carbon dioxide
or toxic gases
• Exposure to wind and cold
• Electric and radiation

• Gantlines
• Safety lines
• Wooden stages or
bosun’s chairs
• Hooks and shackles
• Fall arrester
• Ladders, scaffolding,
etc…

Identify the hazards, safe practices, and safety
equipment for the following:
• Loading and Unloading of Cargoes

• Mooring/Unmooring Operation
• Hot Work
• Working Aloft

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PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

This course covers the

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

• It is necessary to understand the hazards on board

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

Internal: “man made”

External: natural calamities/disaster

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

Primary objective of emergency

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

• Regulatory or legislative needs

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

Mustering – the accounting of

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

• Efficient, safe and environmentally-friendly

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

• Annex II - Regulation for Control of Pollution by

• Annex III – Regulation for Prevention of Pollution

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

• Annex V – Regulation for Prevention of Pollution by

• Annex VI – Regulation for Prevention of Air Pollution

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

• Minimize generation of oil and water mixtures.

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

• Carry oil in tanks which are protected from direct

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

• Special Areas – areas that strictly prohibits

• Reception Facilities – facilities in ports and

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

A mandatory logbook for recording the handling of

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

• Any failure of the oil

• It shall be kept on board

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

• A contingency plan for

• Contains the procedures,

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

• Present a major hazard to marine resources or

• Prohibited to be discharge into the marine

• Cargo involve- phosporus, chlorosulfuric acid

PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

• Present a hazard to marine