DONE BY

1. GIYON BEZABH 0572/10

2. MIKIYAS ADEFA 0837/10

ADDISABABA, ETHIOPIA
 Acknowledgment

Frist of all we would like to thank the almighty God for keeping us alive till this day to perform our mission,
we would also like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our instructor Mr. Waleligne M.salilew who
gave this golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the pressure vessel.

Second we would like to thank our dormitory students and for anyone who gave us a chance to have
questionnaires with them about this design and we would like to thank 3rd year mechanical students and
finally thank for all who support the project in one or in other way.

i
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Acronyms

T: - design temperature, °C Ro: - outside radius of the vessel, mm

C: - corrosion allowance, mm S: - maximum allowable stress, kg/cmA2
D: - inside diameter of the vessel, mm E: -Joint efficiency, %
Do: - outside diameter of the vessel, mm T: -required the thickness, mm
Ri : - inside radius of the vessel, mm tn:- minimum thickness provided for the nozzle, mm
T: -required the thickness, mm trn: -selected thickness for the nozzle, mm
W: -weight of the vessel N: - Number of bolts
H: - height of center of gravity

ii
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TABLE OF CONTENT
Acknowledgment………………………………………………………………i
Acronyms……………………………………………………………………….ii
Table of content………………………………………………………………..iii-v
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………vi
1. BACKGROUND OVERVIEW ……………………………………………………………….1
1.1 History of pressure vessels…………………………………………………..1
1.2 introduction …………………………………………………………………..2
1.3 Problem Statement…………………………………………………………....3
1.4 Objectives……………………………………………………………………...3
1.4.1 General Objective……………………………………………………..........3
1.4.2 Specific Objective…………………………………………………….........3
1.5 significance of the project……………………………………………………4
1.6 Methodology………………………………………………………………….4
1.6.1 Method………………………………………………………………………4
1.6.2 Procedure…………………………………………………………………..5
2. LITERATUREREVIEW…………………………………………………………………........6
2.1Specification………………………………………………………………………...7

2.2MATERIAL SELECTION…………………………………………………………..8

2.3Design pressure………………………………………………………………………9

2.4 Design of temperature………………………………………………........................9

2.5Design of stress…………………………………………………………………….10

2.6 Corrosion allowance……………………………………………………………….10

2.7 Welded joint efficiency and construction categories………………………………11

3. DESIGN OF CYLINDERICAL PRESSURE VESSEL……………………………………..12

3.1 DESIGN OF CYLINDERICAL SHELL…………………………………………..12

3.1.1 Longitudinal Stress…………………………………………………..............14

3.1.2Circumferential Stress…………………………………………………….14

iii
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3.1.3Stress analysis of the shell…………………………………………………15

3.2 DESIGN OF FLAT HEAD………………………………………………………..16

3.3 Opening…………………………………………………………………………….17

3.4 DESIGN OF NOZZLE……………………………………………………………..18

3.4.1 Stress on nozzle……………………………………………………………..19

3.5 DESIGN OF FALANGE…………………………………………………………..19

3.5.1 Flange for nozzle………………………………………………… ………..20

3.6 DESIGN OF MANHOLE………………………………………………………….20

3.6.1 Flanges for man hole ……………………………………………………....21

3.6.2 Stress of manhole……………………………………………………………21

3.7Design of Pressure and Temperature gauges……………………………………….22

3.8 VESSEL SUPPORTS……………………………………………………………..22

3.8.1 Design of weight…………………………………………………………..22

3.8.2 Design of wind…………………………………………………..................24

3.8.3 Analysis of stresses………………………………………………………...26

3.8.4 Stresses in vessels on leg support…………………………………………28

3.8.4.1 Finding loads on each legs…………………………..…………29

3.8.4.2 Find the length of leg and width……………………………….29
3 .8.4.3 Longitudinal stress……………………………………………30
3.8.4.4Circumferential stress …………………………………………31

3.9 GASKETS ……………………………………………………………………32

3.10 DESIGN OF BOLT …………………………………………………………33

4. CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………………….34

5 Recommendation……………………………………………………………………………………………………..35

6. REFERENCE……………………………………………………………………........36

7. Appendix A…………………………………………………………………….37 - 42

iv
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CONTENTS OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Pressure vessels…………………………………………………….20

Figure 3.1 Flange ……………………………………………………………………26

Figure 3.2 wind loading on a tall column………………………………….28

Figure 3.3 legs………………………………………………………………………….28
Figure 3.4 bolt………………………………………………………………….33

CONTENTS OF TABLE
Tab le 1.1 DESIGN OF Vertical PRESSURE VESSEL SPECIFICATION…………………………………7
Table 2.1 nominal chemical composition of pressure vessel material………………………………..8

Table 2.2 Typical design stress for plate…………………………………………………………………………..10

Table2.3 maximum allowable joint efficiency ………………………………………………………………….11

Table 3.1 Pressure, length to internal diameter ratio and internal diameter calculation……13

Table 3.2 inspection openings…………………………………………………………………………………………….17

Table 3.3 Typical standard flange design……………………………………………………………………………..20

Table 3.4 Typical standard flange design……………………………………………………………………………..21

Table 3.5(velocity pressure ).……………………………………………………………………………………………….25.

Table 3.6(gust response factor combined factor combined with exposure coefficient )……….25

Table3.7 standard bolt hex. Dimension table ………………………………………………………………………33

v
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ABSTRACT

This project work deals with a detailed study and design procedure of pressure vessel. A detailed study of
various parts of pressure vessels like shell, support, nozzles Design is carried according to rules of ASME code
section VIII, Division I.
The design of pressure vessel depends on factors such as pressure, temperature, material selected,
corrosion, loadings, and many other parameters depending on the applications. This project also elaborates
the work done in design of pressure vessels to reduce failures in the pressure vessels and study of the
parameters such as material selection, operating pressure and temperature, design, analysis, etc. which
cause fatigue failure or stress concentration in the vessels.
The first chapter deals with detailed study of pressure vessel i.e. the various materials used in pressure
construction and temperature are mentioned .It also deals with the study of various parts like type of support
etc. and Application of pressure vessels, Types of Pressure Vessel, component of pressure vessel, Problem
Statement, Objectives , Scope Of The Project.
At the end of this term paper or report, the student is supposed to have the basic knowledge on how to design
a pressure vessel and/or a similar mechanical component, and be familiar with the different codes and
standards that should be followed while designing

vi
 1.BACKGROUND OVERVIEW
1.1History of pressure vessels
The earliest documented design of pressure vessels is described in the book Codex Madrid I, by
Leonardo da Vinci, in 1495, where containers of pressurized air were theorized to lift heavy weights
underwater however vessels resembling what are used today did not come about until the 1800s where steam
was generated in boilers helping to spur the industrial revolution. However, with poor material quality and
manufacturing techniques along with improper knowledge of design, operation and maintenance there was a
large number of damaging and often fatal explosions associated with these boilers and pressure vessels, with
a death occurring on a nearly daily basis in the United States. Local providences and states in the US began
enacting rules for constructing these vessels after some particularly devastating vessel failures occurred killing
dozens of people at a time, which made it difficult for manufacturers to keep up with the varied rules from
one location to another and the first pressure vessel code was developed starting in 1911 and released in
1914, starting the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC).In an early effort to design a tank capable of
withstanding pressures up to 10,000 psi (69 MPa), a 6-inch (150 mm) diameter tank was developed in 1919
that was spirally-wound with two layers of high tensile strength steel wire to prevent sidewall rupture, and the
end caps longitudinally reinforced with lengthwise high-tensile rods. The need for high pressure and
temperature vessels for petroleum refineries and chemical plants gave rise to vessels joined with welding
instead of rivets (which were unsuitable for the pressures and temperatures required) and in 1920s and 1930s
the BPVC included welding as an acceptable means of construction, and welding is the main means of joining
metal vessels today.
Today vessels in the USA require BPVC stamping but the BPVC is not just a domestic code, many other
countries have adopted the BPVC as their official code. There are, however, other official codes in some
countries (some of which rely on portions of and reference the BPVC), Japan, Australia, Canada, Britain, and
Europe have their own codes. Regardless of the country nearly all recognize the inherent potential hazards of
pressure vessels and the need for standards and codes regulating their design and construction

1
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

1.2 INTRODUCTION
The term pressure vessel referred to those reservoirs or containers, which are subjected to internal or external
pressure. The pressure vessels are used to store fluids under pressure. The fluid being stored may undergo
a change of state inside vessels as in case of steam boilers or it may combine with other reagents as in
chemical plants. High pressure is developed in pressure vessel so pressure vessel has to withstand
several forces developed due to internal pressure, so selection of pressure vessel is most critical.

A pressure vessel is also a container having a pressure differential with respect to the atmosphere. The
purpose of a pressure vessel is to store or process a high pressure high temperature fluid. The fluid can be
toxic such as chemicals as well as non-toxic such as steam. The pressure vessel has to be designed according to
the standard available codes such as ASME , EN/DIN Code, IS Code. They are used in a variety of application
in both industry and the private sector. Even though pressure vessel can be useful in many sectors and can
store different chemicals, Pressure vessel and tank are in fact essential to the chemical, methane gas ,
petroleum, petrochemical and nuclear industry They may also be used as driving cylinders recompression
chambers, distillation towers, pressure reactors, nuclear reactors, hydraulic reactors and storage vessel for
different chemicals.

Openings in pressure vessels are frequent, in fact all riveted constructions make use of such means of
fabrication, and all vessels must have openings. These geometric discontinuities alter the stress distribution
in the neighborhood of discontinuity so that elementary stress equations no longer prevail. Such
discontinuities are called stress raisers and the regions in which they occur are called the areas of stress
concentrations.

In our project we will limit our self and discuss in a brief way about pressure vessels that can contain Methane
gas.

Vessels may be of thin or thick shells; the deciding factors among thin and thick shells are its wall thickness
and shell diameters. Thin shells are used in boilers, tanks and pipes where as thick shells are used in high
pressure cylinders.

The pressure vessels must design with a perfect care because crack of pressure vessels will cause an
explosion which may cause of death and loss of property. The material that be used to construct pressure
vessels may be ductile such as mild steel or brittle such that cast iron.

2
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Pressure vessel is one of the most devices which used in industries. But there are several defects created on
this device. Such as corrosion, loss of thickness, mechanical & metallurgical failure, cracking, mechanical
deformation etc. and these defects are influenced negatively on the function of this device. However these
defects can be solved by different mechanisms. Such as by proper material selection, by proper manufacturing
process : like welding process etc. from the above defects. The pressure vessels that not follow any standard
codes can be very dangerous.

The risk of damage from a pressure vessel increases when vessel contents are toxic, flammable or gaseous
substances. When a substance is stored under pressure, the potential for rupture and leakage is greater.
Improper design and construction, irregular testing and inspection causes safety hazards to pressure vessels.
Finally , in sophisticated pressure vessels encountered in engineering construction; high pressure, extremes of
temperature and severity of functional performance requirements pose exciting design problem.

1.4 OBJECTIVES

1.4.1 General objective

The general objective of our project is to design a vertical pressure vessel position with some flat head and
with a leg support by estimating the internal pressure and temperature and having a medium of methane gas
at the temperature of 40ᵒc,volume of 9.5m3 and pressure of 4.5bar
In their design consider some external effect that acts on the cylindrical pressure vessel such as that wind load
and earth quake.
1.4.2 Specific objective:
Specifically we would like to design each and individual component of pressure vessel such as:
 Shell of pressure vessel
 Head of pressure vessel
 Nozzle of pressure vessel
 Support of pressure vessel

3
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

When we design as much as possible we will try to consider each and individual things in order to full fill a
particular need within our overall objective. We will also recognize sub-objective requirements of the various
units that make up the overall design.
When we see the overall design, the basic thing is understand and select a proper material that used in the
design process in their time we must know about all material that used in the design process in their time
We must know about all materials properties, select a best and economical material.
1.5 Significance of the project

Pressure vessels are the largest components most tools and machinery need in order to function properly.
These containers are purposely made so that gases and liquids can be safely contained without placing things
in danger. Experts have understood the usefulness of this material in avoiding unexpected accidents. Their
usage has become the usual practice among many people and businesses.

Pressure vessels are designed for industrial use such as in nuclear reactors and in mining. But aside from this,
they are also used in people’s everyday activities like in heating water and in distillation. They are capable of
storing liquefied gases with all safety. They are useful in storing and disseminating unstable chemicals such as
propane, ammonia, and LPG.

It is important for pressure vessels to be properly inspected. Normally, if they fail in a disastrous condition,
vessels release great amount of content and energy. There are manifold results to happen like high-speed
projectiles and a shock wave on the contents of the vessel.

As we see in the above sentences the project that we are doing, pressure vessel that contain methane gas, has
much significance especially their ability in addressing of people’s everyday activity problems and also, their
usefulness in the industries to store methane and other chemicals.

1.6 METHODOLOGY

1.6.1 Method

The design starts with the set of all possible solutions bounded by the external constraints, and by a process of
progressive evaluation and selection narrows down the range of candidates to find the best design for the
purpose. There are so many stages are there in the design process

 Select a proper material that used to store or resist a given pressure at a required temperature and
type of fluid with consider external factors.
 After selecting a proper material start the design of components

4
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

1.6.2 Procedure

I.SHELL DESIGN :- In the shell design calculate

 Shell thickness
 Shell diameter
 Length of shell

Then check all their value by stress analysis that acting the cylindrical shell
those are :-
o Hoop stress and
o Longitudinal stress

Their stress are must less than the allowable stress for the vessel safety.

II. HEAD:-
All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell section).
Heads are usually categorized by their shapes. Ellipsoidal, hemispherical, tori spherical,
conical, tori conical and flat are the common types of heads
The required thickness of a flat head .
III. OPENING AND NOZZLE:- When we opened the shell or head using the diameter of the
nozzle attachment. The minimum wall thickness of a nozzle neck or other connection
for pressure vessel under internal pressure only the thickness (plus correction
allowance) review for pressure (assuming E=1.0) for shell or head at the location where
the nozzle neck or other connection attaches to the vessel but in no case less than the
minimum thickness specified for the material in table .
IV. SUPPORT:- To design the support lug first calculate weight of shell, weight of head,
wind wad and earth quack loads. Additionally add weight of the methane gas and sum
up all loads. Then divide their load in each no of lugs and calculate the geometry of lugs.
V. BOLTS :- To design bolt first calculate each load act on each lugs then using all allowable
stress of material determine diameter of bolt and approximate to standard one.

5
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

David Heckman tested three dimensional, symmetric and axisymmetric models; the preliminary conclusion is
that finite element analysis is an extremely powerful tool when employed correctly. Depending on the desired
solutions, there are different methods that offers faster run times and less error. The two recommended
methods included symmetric models using shell elements and axisymmetric models using solid
elements. Contact elements were tested to determine their usefulness in modeling the interaction between
pressure vessel cylinder walls and end caps.

A. J. Dureli (1973) presented work on the stresses concentration in a ribbed cylindrical shell with a reinforced
circular hole subjected to internal pressure, by several experimental methods and the results obtained
were compared with those corresponding to a non-reinforced hole in a ribbed and un-ribbed shell and
also to a reinforced hole in an un-ribbed shell. From the result it was found that the maximum value of hoop
stress, and longitudinal stress, in shells always occurred at the points θ = 0° and θ = 90°, respectively, along the
edge of the hole, θ being the angle measured clockwise from the longitudinal axis of the hole R.

M.A. Guerrer, C. Betego´n, J. Belzunce A finite element analysis (FEM) was used to calculate the behavior of
a pressure vessel (PV) made of high strength steel (P500) subject to the design loads and assuming
the existence of the „„worst case‟‟ crack allowed by the European standards in order to demonstrate the safe
use of these steels and the too conservative design rules currently applied by the PV manufacture codes.
analysis was checked by the simulation of a Wide Plate Test. A good agreement was obtained with the
experimental values determined using strain gauges and with the analytical KI expression available for this
specific geometry. It was demonstrated that the presence of cracks on pressure vessels made of P500
high strength steel non detected during non-destructive tests, do not endanger the safety of the vessel,
from

the fracture mechanics point of view, since the maximum values of the stress intensity factor along the crack
tip is always much lower than the room temperature fracture toughness of the material (coarse grain heat
affected zone). That is why, although high strength P500 steel is excluded by EN 13445 Part 2, Annex B for
the manufacture of pressure vessels, because it has a yield strength higher than 460MPa, its application can
be fully successful and safe even under the worst allowed conditions, given way to significant reductions of
wall thicknesses, weights and costs.

6
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2.1Specification
Tab 1.1 DESIGN OF Vertical PRESSURE VESSEL SPECIFICATION

DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL SPECIFICATION

Parameters Value Unit

Design pressure 4.5 Bar

Design temperature 40 :C

Total inside volume 9.5 m3

Working fluid Methane gas

Vessel orientation Vertical

Support element Legs

7
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2.2 MATERIAL SELECTION

Before selected material we must show such environment condition include corrosion, neutron irradiation,
hydrogen embrittlement and so on. The pressure vessel are required to operation at a temperature range
from high as 600ᵒC to as low as -20ᵒC with design pressures is 4.5 bar

Apart from the mechanical properties , consideration on manufacturability, commercial availability as well as ,
has to be accounted for in the selection process. The material that are used in pressure vessel construction
are:-

 Steel
 Nonferrous material such as aluminum and copper
 Specialty metals such as titanium and zirconium
 Non -metallic material such as plastic compositor and concrete
 Metallic and non -metallic protective coating

Type 316 stainless steel :- is an excellent material for use with most organic system a few organic acids
and organic halide can under certain conditions hydrolyzed to acetic formic and other organic acid that are
routinely handled in T316.

T316 offers excellent resistance to surface corrosion by caustic but this is misleading caustics can
cause stress corrosion cracking in stainless pressure vessels. This phenomenon begin to appear at
temperatures just above 100ᵒC and was been the most common cause of corrosion failure in stainless
laboratory vessels

Table 2.1 nominal chemical composition of pressure vessel material

Major element percent

MATERIAL Fe Ni Cr Mo Mn other
Type 316 65 12 17 25 2.0 Si=1.0
stainless steel
Alloy 20Cb-3 35 34 20 2.5 2.0 Cb=1
Cu=3.5
Alloy 400 1.2 66 - - - Cu=31.5
Alloy 600 8 76 15.5 - - -
Alloy B-2 2 66 1 28 1 Co=1.0
Alloy C-276 6.5 53 15.5 16 1 W=4
Co=2.5
Alloy C-200 3.0 54 23 16 0.5 Cu=2
Co=6
Nickel 200 - 99 - - - -

8
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2.3 Design pressure

A vessel must be design to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is likely to be subjected in operation

For vessels under internal pressure, the design pressure is normally taken as the pressure at which the relies
device is set. Their will normally be 5 to 10 % above the normal working pressure, to avoid spurious operation
during minor process upsets. When deciding the design pressure, the hydrostatic pressure in the base of the
column should be added to the operating pressure it significant.

Vessels subjected to external pressure should be designed to resist the maximum differential pressure that is
likely to occur in service. Vessels likely to be subjected to vacuum should be designed for a full negative
pressure of 1 bar, unless fitted with a effective and reliable, vacuum breaker.

The pressure used in the design of vessel component for the most severe condition of coincident pressure and
temperature expected in normal operation for this condition and test condition.

The maximum difference condition in pressure between the inside and outside of vessel or between any two
chamber of a combination unit shall be considered.

PD= Pi + Pi*10% ----------------------*

2.4 Design of temperature

The strength of metals decrease with increasing temperature so the maximum allowable design stress will
depend on the material temperature.

The design temperature at which the design stress is evaluated should be taken as the maximum working
temperature of the material, with due allowance for any uncertainty involved in predicting vessel wall
temperatures.

For must vessels, it is the temperature that corresponding to the design pressure, however there is a
maximum design temperature and a minimum design temperature for an given vessel. The minimum design
temperature would be the MDMT. The MDMT shall be the lower allowable temperature expected in service or
the lowest allowable temperature as calculated for the individual parts. Design temperature for vessel under
external pressure shall not exceed the maximum temperature given on the external pressure chars.

a. For vessel operating at ᵒC and over

design temperature shall be equal to maximum operating temperature plus 10% internal
temperature.
TD=Ti +Ti*10%
b. For vessel operation below ᵒC
design temperature shall be equal to lowest operating temperature.

9
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

c. Minimum design metal temperature(MDMT) shall be lower of minimum atmospheric temperature

and minimum operating temperature.

2.5 Design of stress(nominal design strength)

This is determined by applying a suitable “design stress factor”(factor of safety) to the maximum stress that
the material could be expected to with stand without failure under standard test conditions. The design stress
factor allows for any uncertainty in the design methods. The loading ,the quality of the material and the
workmanship.

For materials not subject to high temperature the design stress is based on the yield stress or the tensile
strength (ultimate tensile stress) of the material at the design temperature.

Table 2.2 Typical design stress for plate

2.6 Corrosion allowance

The “corrosion allowance” is the additional thickness of metal added to allow for material lost by corrosion
and erosion, or scaling. The allowance to be used should be agreed between the customer and manufacturer.
Corrosion is a complex phenomenon, and it is not possible to give specific rules for the estimation of the
corrosion allowance required for all circumstances. The allowance should be based on experience with the
material of construction under similar service conditions to those for the proposed design.

For carbon and low-alloy steels, where severe corrosion is not expected, a minimum allowance of 2.0 mm
should be used; where more severe conditions are anticipated this should be increased to 4.0 mm. Most
design codes and standards specify a minimum allowance of 1.0 mm.

10
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2.7 Welded joint efficiency and construction categories

The strength of a welded joint will depend on the type of joint and the quality of the welding The soundness of
welds is checked by visual inspection and by non-destructive testing (radiography).

The possible lower strength of a welded joint compared with the virgin plate is usually allowed for in design by
multiplying the allowable design stress for the material by a “welded joint factor”J. The value of the joint
factor used in design will depend on the type of joint and amount of radiography required by the design code.
Typical values are shown in Table 2.3. Taking the factor as 1.0 implies that the joint is equally as strong as the
virgin plate; this is achieved by radiographing the complete weld length, and cutting out and remaking any
defects. The use of lower joint factors in design, though saving costs on radiography, will result in a thicker,
heavier, vessel, and the designer must balance any cost savings on inspection and fabrication against the
increased cost of materials.

Table2.3 maximum allowable joint efficiency

11
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3. DESIGN OF CYLINDERICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

For vessels under internal pressure, the design pressure is normally taken as the pressure at which the relief
device is set. Their will normally 5-10% above the normal working pressure to avoid spurious operation during
minor process upsets when deciding

PD= Pi + Pi*10% where PD= design pressure

PD = 0.45MPa +0.45MPa* Pi=internal pressure

PD=(0.45+0.045)MPa

PD=0.495MPa =0.495N/mm2

The design temperature at which the design stress is evaluated should be taken as the maximum
working temperature of the material, with due allowance for any uncertainty involved in predicting vessel wall
temperatures.

SO TD=T +T*10% where TD= design temperature

TD= 40ᵒC +40ᵒC * T= allowance temperature
TD=44ᵒC

From typical design stress table find the stress for stainless steel(316)

 Design stress 𝜎D =175N/mm2

 Tensile stress 𝜎t =520N/mm2

3.1 DESIGN OF CYLINDERICAL SHELL

The design procedures in pressure vessel codes for cylindrical shell are mostly based on linear elastic
assumption , occasionally allowing for limited in elastic behavior over a localized region. The shell thickness is
the major design parameter and is usually controlled by internal pressure and sometimes by external pressure
which produce bucking.

Now to determine thickness, height and diameter of shell 1 st categorized our pressure vessel according to its
design pressure compared to standard.

12
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

V= where V= volume of shell

L= length of shell

D= diameter of shell

Table 3.1 Pressure, length to internal diameter ratio and internal diameter calculation

No Pressure (MPa) L/D D

1 0 to 1.723 3 √
2 1.723 to 3.445 4 √
3 >3.445 5 √

P=4.5 bar=0.45MPa, then the design pressure PD=0.495MPa ,so L/D=3or L=3D , V=9.5m3 are givens.

Since the pressure vessel given for our project is end flat construction so,

V=

V=

V= , V=9.5m3

9.5=

9.5*4=

D=1.59161m=1591.61mm ≈1592mm
Then
L=3D
L=3*1592mm=4776mm

13
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3.1.1 Longitudinal Stress (Circumferential Joints)

When the thickness does not exceed one-half of the inside radius, or P does not exceed

0.385× D × 𝐸, the following formulas shall apply: let as check 0.45<0.385×1 ×175=67.375

so, we can use the formula below.

t=

t=

t=

t=1.125+2

t=3.125mm

3.1.2Circumferential Stress (Longitudinal Joints)

When the thickness does not exceed one-half of the inside radius, or P does not exceed

1.25× D × 𝐸, the following formulas shall apply: 0.45<1.25 × 175× 1 < 181.25

t=

t=

t=

t=

t=2.255+2
t=4.255mm

From this calculated thickness we select the larger one that is 4.255mm.

Let as check whether the pressure vessel is thin or thick using the ratio of thickness and internal

radius by substituting the value in the equation below of t=4.255 and D=1592mm it indicates the pressure
vessel type is thin.

14
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

< ------------------------thin cylindrical shell

> -------------------------thick cylindrical shell

<

0.00267<0.1

 it indicates the pressure vessel type is thin cylindrical shell.

Evaluate the external diameter of the shell by using the value of the thickness.

Do=D+2t

Do=1592mm+2*4.255mm

Do=1600.51mm

3.1.3 Stress analysis of the shell

The thin vessel cylindrical pressure vessel is subjected to tangential ( t) and longitudinal (𝜎L)stresses.

A. Tangential (Hoop stress) 𝜎H or 𝜎t :- which act indirection tangential to the circumference is called
circumferential (Hoop stress).

𝜎 H= where 𝜎H=hoop stress

𝜎 H= t=thickness of shell
𝜎 H= D= internal diameter of shell
𝜎H=92.602N/mm2

15
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

B. Longitudinal stress (𝜎L):- which a tensile stress acting in a direction of the axis

𝜎L= =
𝜎L=
𝜎L=46.301N/mm2

The maximum of the two stress which is Hoop stress( 𝜎H)is must less than the allowable stress therefor check
the stress which resist the internal pressure 𝜎H< 𝜎D , 92.602N/mm2<175N/mm2

So The design is safe

3.2 DESIGN OF FLAT HEAD

Though the fabrication cost is low, flat ends are not a structurally efficient form, and very thick plates would
be required for high pressures or large diameters.

The design equations used to determine the thickness of flat ends are based on the analysis of stresses in flat
plates;

The thickness required will depend on the degree of constraint at the plate periphery.


Plates welded to the end of the shell with a fillet weld, angle of fillet 45 and depth equal to the plate
thickness, take Cp as 0.55 and De=D

The minimum thickness required is given by:

e= Cp De√

e= 0.55* 1592√

e=875.6*0.0532

16
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

e=465.82mm

add corrosion allowance 465.82+2=467.82mm 468mm

Where

Cp= design constant, dependent on the edge constraint,

De= nominal plate diameter

𝜎D = design stress.

3.3 Opening
All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subjected to internal corrosion, erosion or
mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with suitable manhole, hand hole or inspection opening for
examination and cleaning from inspection opening table from inside diameter of vessel.

Table 3.2 inspection openings

D>36 in use 15 in I.D manhole

Two- 6 in pipe size nozzle

17
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

we diameter D=1592mm=62.655 in, so use the above two opening

In our design use circular opening because mostly the attached nozzle selected by considering circular cross
section, in the design of nozzle or opening we use reinforcement because to reduce stress concentration
around the opening hole.

3.4 DESIGN OF NOZZLE

In our case I get diameter of the nozzle and make opening the head surface.

DN=2 in= 50.8mm

Using thickness formula of a head calculate the nozzle

tnr= where

tnr= tnr= minimum required nozzle thickness

tnr= DN= nozzle diameter

tnr=0.07187mm

To find the length of inside nozzle inside by ratio =3 then

L=3*D

L=3*50.8mm=152.4mm

According to design reference so we use the outer length of nozzle is 200mm

3.4.1 stress on nozzle

𝜎H=

𝜎H=

𝜎H=174.46MPa

When compare 𝜎H to 𝜎D , 𝜎H < 𝜎D so The design is safe

18
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3.5 DESIGN OF FLANGE

Flanged joints are used for connecting pipes and instruments to vessels, for manhole covers, and for
removable vessel heads when ease of access is required. Flanged joints are also used to connect pipes to other
equipment, such as pumps and valves.
Types of flanges
Several different types of flange are used for various applications.
 Welding-neck flanges.
 Slip-on flanges, hub and plate types.
 Lap joint flanges.
 Screwed flanges.
 Blank, or blind, flanges.

Welding neck flanges: have a long tapered hub between the flange ring and the welded joint. This gradual
transition of the section reduces the discontinuity stresses between the flange and branch, and increases the
strength of the flange assembly.
Slip-on flanges: slip over the pipe or nozzle and are welded externally, and usually internally. Slip-on flanges
are cheaper than welding-neck flanges and are easier to align.
Lap-joint flanges: are used for piped work. They are economical when used with expensive alloy pipe, such as
stainless steel, as the flange can be made from inexpensive carbon steel.
Screwed joint: are used to connect screwed fittings to flanges. They are also sometimes used for alloy pipe,
which is difficult to weld satisfactorily.
Blind flanges (blank flanges): are flat plates, used to blank off flange connections, and as covers for manholes
and inspection ports.

Standard flanges
Standard flanges are available in a range of types, sizes and materials; and are used extensively for pipes,
nozzles and other attachments to pressure vessels.
In the United States, flanges are covered by the standards issued by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
An abstract of the American standards is given by Perryet al. (1997).Standard flanges are designated by class numbers,
or rating numbers, which correspond to the primary service (pressure) rating of the flange at room temperature.

19
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3.5.1 Flanges for nozzle

Figure 3.1 flang

Table 3.3 Typical standard flange design

Nom. Pipe D b h d4 f Bolting No. d2 k d3

Size o.d(d1)
25 33.7 100 14 24 60 2 M10 4 11 75 50

3.6 DESIGN OF MANHOLE

In our case I get diameter of man hole and make opening on the shall surface

Dm=15 in =381mm Rm=190.5mm

Using thickness formula shell calculate thickness of manhole

tmr= where

tmr= tmr= minimum required manhole thickness

tmr= =1.03mm Rm=manhole radius

20
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3.6.1 Flanges for man hole

Table 3.4 Typical standard flange design

Nom. Pipe D b h d4 f Bolting No. d2 k d3

Size o.d(d1)
125 139.7 240 18 44 178 3 M16 8 18 200 160

3.6.2 Stress of manhole

𝜎H=

𝜎H=

𝜎H=

𝜎H=91.55MPa

When compare 𝜎H to 𝜎D, 𝜎H < D so The design is safe.

21
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3.7 Design of Pressure and Temperature gauges

The design of pressure gauge depends up on the given pressure (0.45MPa). This used to control the vessel
from failure and the designed gauge must have the maximum read of 0.45MPa with equal as that of equal
internal working pressure and if the operation undergoes in this manner the vessel is free from the failure
caused by excessive external pressure. The hole diameter depends up on the flange standard and also we
select both for temperature and pressure gauges and by taking the nominal size of the hole diameter 43mm.

3.8 VESSEL SUPPORTS

The method used to support a vessel will depend on the size, shape, and weight of the vessel; the design
temperature and pressure; the vessel location and arrangement; and the internal and external fittings and
attachments. The supports must be designed to carry the weight of the vessel and contents, and any
superimposed loads, such as wind loads. Supports will impose localized loads on the vessel wall, and the
design must be checked to ensure that the resulting stress concentrations are below the maximum allowable
design stress. Supports should be designed to allow easy access to the vessel and fittings for inspection and
maintenance.

3.8.1 Design of weight

Given data

𝜌s=8000kg/m3 where

L=4776mm=4.776m D= vessel diameter

t=4.255mm=0.004255m L= vessel length

D =1592mm=1.592m 𝜌s=density of material

𝜌f=0.657kg/m3 𝜌f=density of fluid

Vf=9.5m3 Vf=volume of fluid

g=9.81m/s2

22
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

A. Weight of shell

Ws=πDtLg 𝜌s
Ws=π*1.592m*0.004255m*4.776m*9.81*8000kg/m3
Ws=7976.56N
B. Weight of head

WH=

WH=
WH=664.714N
c. Weight of fluid

Wf= Vf 𝜌fg

Wf=9.5m3*9.81m/s2*0.657kg/m3

Wf=61.23N

D. weight of manhole

Wm= 𝜌sg Dmt*0.7

Wm=8000*9.81* *0.381*0.00103*0.7

Wm=67.73N

E. weight of nozzle

Wn= 𝜌sg Dnt*0.8

Wn=8000*9.81* *0.0508*0.00007187*0.8

Wn=0.72N

F. Weight of flange for nozzle

Wfn= 𝜌sgVn

Vn= )h= )0.024=2.572*10-5 m3

Wfn =8000*9.81*2.572*10-3m3

Wfn =2.02N

23
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

G. Weight of flange for manhole

Wfm = 𝜌sgVm

Vm = )h= )0.044

Vm=2.102*10-4m3

Wfm =8000*9.81*2.102*10-4

Wfm=17.35N

The total weight of the vessels are:-

WT=ws+2WH+ Wf + Wn +Wm + Wfm + Wfn

WT=7976.56+2*664.714+61.23+67.73+0.72+2.02+17.35

WT=9455.038N

3.8.2Design of wind
Wind design procedure used to determine the force and moment attach elevation check it calculated shell
thickness are adequate the over turning moment at the base is used to determine all of the charge and
support details. These details include the number and size of bolts.

The basic wind speed shall be taken from the map and the maximum wind speed is 110mph in Alaska.the
design wind pressure on the project area of cylinder tower shall be calculated by

Fw=QzGCtAt where

Fw= design wind load (force)

Qz=velocity pressure (0.002565)

G=guest response factor when the tower located

At=projected area of tower (D*H)

Ct=shape factor for cylindrical tower =0.8

24
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Table 3.5(velocity pressure)

 From the table at V=110mph , Qz=31psf

 The diameter of vessel D=1592mm

The maximum height of the vessel from ground is 1.524m=5ft

The height of tower (H)=2485mm=2.485m

From the table at H=0-15ft with exposure B

Table 3.6(gust response factor combined factor combined with exposure coefficient)

25
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

G=0.6 Pw=0.00256V2=0.00256*1102

Do=1600.51mm=1.60051m Pw=30.976psf

At=H*D=2.485*1.60051=3.977m2

Fw= QzGCtAt=31*0.6*0.8*3.977

Fw=59.18N

Under these condition the vessel under wind loading act as a

cantilever beam. For a uniform a uniformly loaded cantilever
the bending moment at any plane is given by

Mx= W= =

Mx= W=23.815N/m

Mx=73.53N.m Figure3.2 wind loading on a tall column

3.8.3 Analysis of stresses

 At bottom tangent line pressure stresses

𝜎L= = = 𝜎 H= = =
𝜎L=46.289N/mm2 𝜎H=92.579N/mm2

 Dead weight stress

𝜎 w= =
𝜎w=0.443N/mm2 (compressive)
 Bending stresses

26
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

D0=D+2t=1592+2*4.256=1600.512mm

I= (Do4-D4)= (1600.5124-15924)
I=6.798*109mm4

𝜎b= (R+t)
𝜎b= (796+4.256)
𝜎b=
𝜎b= 8.656*10-6N/mm2

The resultant longitudinal stress is 𝜎2= 𝜎L+ 𝜎w 𝜎b

𝜎w is compressive (negative)

𝜎2(upward ) =46.289-0.443+8.656*10-6=45.846N/mm2

𝜎2(dawn ward)=46.289-0.443-8.656*10-6=45.845N/mm2

45.846 45.845

92.579 92.579

Up wind down wind

Figure 3.2 analysis stress

The difference is 92.579-45.845=46.734N/mm2

Well below the maximum allowable design stress

27
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3.8.4 Stresses in vessels on leg support

Figure 3.3 legs

o Longitudinal stress

S1= (cosα(K1+6K2) √ (K3+6K4))

o Circumferential stress

S1= (cosα(K5+6K6) √ (K7+6K8))

28
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Design data

W=9455.038N=2125.68 lb H=0.9843in

n=4 E=1

Q= = =531.42 lb t=18.425in

R=796mm=31.339 in C=√ =√ =1.5 in

2A=3 in α=25ᵒ

2B=3in

3.8.4.1 Finding loads on each legs

Q= = =531.42 lb=2363.862N

The area of legs

𝜎 D= = =137N/mm2

A= =17.253mm2

3.8.4.2 Find the length of leg and width

 The area of leg is 17.253mm2

Read from table: - if outer diameter (inch) =56-68, length =20 inch, so

29
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Do=1600.51mm=1.60051m=63.012 inch

Take length of legs between 0-65 outer diameter takes as 100mm using 2:1 proportion to the width of the leg
is 50mm, w=50mm

Then

H= = =25mm=0.9843in

Dimension of wear plate

Let take 2A=3 in 2B=3 in

The radius of circular plate will be

C=√ =√ =1.5 in

D=1.82 √ = 1.82* √ =0.114

The values of k can be taken from the charts shown below

K1=0.257 K2=0.3 K3=0.07 K4=0.2 K5=0.08 K6=0.12 K7=0.025 K8=0.6

Positive values denote tensile stresses and negative values denote compression. Computing the maximum
tensile stresses, in formulas for S1 and S2, K1 K3, K5 and K7, denote negative factors and K2, K4, K6 and K8 denote
positive factors. Computing the maximum compression stresses, in formulas for S 1 and S2, K1, K2,

K3, K4, K5, K6, K7, and K8 denote negative factors. The maximum tensile stresses S1 and S2, respectively, PIUS the
tensile stress due to internal pressure shall not exceed the allowable tensile stress value of head material.

The maximum compression stresses S1 and S2, respectively, plus the tensile stress due to internal pressure
shall not exceed the allowable compression stress value of head material.

3 .8.4.3 LONGITUDINAL STRESS

1. Maximum tensile stress

30
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

S1= (cosα(K1+6K2) √ (K3+6K4))

S 1= (cos25(-0.257+6*0.3) √ (-0.07+6*0.2))
S1= 6.262*0.906*1.543+0.03*1.304 *1.13 Psi
S1=8.798 PSi

The stress due to internal pressure

= =61.058Psi

The sum of tensional stress =61.058+8.798Psi=69.86Psi

2. Maximum compressive stress

S1= (cosα(-K1-6K2) √ (-K3-6K4))

S1= (cos25(-0.257-6*0.3) √ (-0.07-6*0.2))

S1=6.262*0.906*-2.057+0.03*1.304*-1.27 Psi
S1=-12.398si

The stress due to internal pressure = 61.058Psi

The sum of stresses =61.058Psi-12.398Psi=48.66Psi

3.8.4.4Circumferential stress

1. Maximum tensile stress

S2= (cosα(-K5+6K6) √ (-K7-6K8))

S2= (cos25(-0.025+6*0.12) √ (-0.025-6*0.6))

S2=6.262*0.906*0.695+0.03*1.304*-3.625 Psi

31
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

S2=3.8Psi

The stress due to internal pressure = 61.058Psi

The sum of stresses =61.058Psi+3.8Psi=64.858Psi

2. Maximum compression stress

S2= (cosα(-K5+6K6) √ (-K7-6K8))

S 2= (cos25(-0.025-6*0.12) √ (-0.025-6*0.6))
S2=6.262*0.906*-0.745+0.03*1.304*-3.625 Psi
S2=-4.368Psi

The stress due to internal pressure = 61.058Psi

The sum of stresses =61.058Psi-4.368Psi=56.69Psi
 Both longitudinal and circumferential stress are less than the stress value of girth seam which is
17500(E) =17500*1=17500Psi
Therefore, it is safe

3.9 Gaskets
Gaskets are used to make a leak-tight joint between two surfaces. It is impractical to machine flanges to
the degree of surface finish that would be required to make a satisfactory seal under pressure without
a gasket. Gaskets are made from "semi-plastic" materials; which will deform and flow under load to fill the
surface irregularities between the flange faces, yet retain sufficient elasticity to take up the changes in
the flange alignment that occur under load.

A great variety of proprietary gasket materials is used, and reference should be made to the manufacturers'
catalogues and technical manuals when selecting gaskets for a particular application. Design data for
some of the more commonly used gasket materials are given in appendix A-2

The minimum seating stress y is the force per unit area (pressure) on the gasket that is required to cause the
material to flow and fill the surface irregularities in the gasket face.

The gasket factor m is the ratio of the gasket stress (pressure) under the operating conditions to the
internal pressure in the vessel or pipe. The internal pressure will force the flanges' faces apart, so the pressure
on the gasket under operating conditions will be lower than the initial tightening-up pressure. The gasket
factor gives the minimum pressure that must be maintained on the gasket to ensure a satisfactory seal. Up to

32
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

pressures of 20 bars, the operating temperature and corrosiveness of the process fluid will be the
controlling factor in gasket selection. Vegetable fiber and synthetic rubber gaskets an be used at
temperatures of up to 100°C. (Teflon) and compressed asbestos gaskets can be used to a maximum
temperature of about 260°C. Metal-reinforced gaskets can be used up to around 450°C. Plain soft metal
gaskets are normally used for higher temperatures.

3.10 Design of bolt

Figure 3.4 bolt

Bolt for flange of nozzle

Table3.7 standard bolt hex. Dimension table

Nominal size Body diameter Head thickness Across the flats Across corner
M10 10mm 6.63mm 17mm 18.48mm

Bolt for flange of manhole:-

Nominal size Body diameter Head thickness Across the flats Across corner
M16 16mm 10.32mm 24mm 27.71

33
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4. Conclusion
The design of pressure vessel is initialized in term of standard technical specification along with
numerous requirements that lay hidden from the market.
The design of a pressure vessel is more of a selection procedure, selection of its component to be more
precise rather designing each and every component requiring storage of fluid for a pressure vessel
system should be preferred due to its simplicity better sensitivity, higher reliability, low maintenance,
compactness for the same capacity.
The storage of fluid at high pressure in the pressure vessel is at the heart of its performance and is the
first step toward the design. The pressure vessel component are merely selected, but the selection is
very critical.
It is observed that all the pressure vessel components are selected on basis of available ASME
standards and the manufactures also follow the ASME standards while manufacturing the components.
Selection of pressure vessel component should be according to standards rather than
customizing the design

 As abiding by the standards lead to

 A universal approach
 Less time consumption
 Easy replacement
 So less overall cost

34
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

5. Recommendation
5.1 Preventing Corrosion under Insulation

5.1.1 Types of Corrosion under Insulation

By understanding the types of corrosion that can occur under insulation, the proper materials and
construction can be employed to prevent them. Intruding water is the key problem in CUI. Special care
must be taken during design not to promote corrosion by permitting water to enter a system either
directly or indirectly by capillary action. Moisture may be external or may be present in insulation. Corrosion
may attack the jacketing, the insulation hardware, or the underlying piping or equipment. Depending
on other factors, chloride, and galvanic, acidic or alkaline corrosion may occur.

Galvanic corrosion generally results from wet insulation with an electrolyte or salt present that allows a
current flow between dissimilar metals (i.e., the insulated metal surface and the outer jacket or accessories).
The extent and severity of the attack on the less noble metal depends not only on the difference in
potential of the two metals, but also on their relative areas.

5.1.2Preventing Corrosion

The major factor in preventing CUI is to keep liquid from intruding into the insulation. Water decreases
the effectiveness of the insulation and leads to corrosion of pipe or equipment. Poor conditions caused
by wet insulation can be aggravated by weathering, vibration or abuse from people. Preventing Alkaline or
Acidic Corrosion Metal jackets should contain moisture barriers on the inside. When corrosion of the jacket is
the problem, plastic weather types are a good answer. Precautions with water and the insulation cement are
needed if the piping or equipment is stainless steel. If certain combinations of metals cannot be avoided,
paint the substrate metal. For underground pipes, the pipe should be painted before it is insulated, and then a
coating should be applied over the insulation. The pipe should be coated with a coal-tar epoxy or an extruded
polyethylene jacket. A polyethylene jacket should also be placed over the insulation. The most critical part
of this system is protection of the field-made joints. Rigorous inspection methods are needed to ensure
that joints are done correctly. An internally mounted anode beneath the primary weathering barrier and
above the secondary coating has been found effective as an additional measure.

35
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

6. REFERENCE

 Coulson & Richardson chemical engineering, volume 1, sixth edition

 Pressure vessel design ,manual 2
 Pressure vessel hand book 10thedition
 “ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,” Section VIII, Pressure Vessels Division, 2. ED2010.
 *2+ L.S.Ong and G.Lu, “Optimal support radius of loose-fitting saddle,” International Journal of Pressure
Vessels & Piping, vol.54, pp. 465-479, 1993.
 [3] N.El-Abbasi, S.A. Maguid and A. Czekanski “Three dimensional finite element Analysis of saddle supported
pressure vessel,” International journal of mechanical sciences,vol. 43, pp. 1229-1242, 2001.
.

Appendix A

36
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix A-1
Typical standard flange design (All dimensions mm)

37
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix A

Appendix A-2
Gasket materials (Based on a similar table in BS 5500: 1991; see BS PD 5500 2003)

38
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix A

Appendix A-3

39
ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix A

40
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix A

Appendix A-4
Typical design stress for plate

41
 ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix A

Appendix A-5

42
ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

43