JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I WAVES

WAVES
SYNOPSIS

Introduction Propagation
wave
There are essentially two ways of transporting
energy from the place where it is produced to Vibration of particle
the place where it is desired to be utilized.
The first involves the actual transport of matter. ii) It travels in the form of crests(C) and
For example, a bullet fired from a gun carries troughts(T)
its kinetic energy with it which can be used at C C
another location. The second method by which
energy can be transported is much more useful
and important, it involves what we call a wave
T T
process. iii) Transverse waves can be transmitted
A wave is a disturbance that propagates in through solids, they can be setup on the surface
space, transports energy and momentum from of liquids. But they cannot be trnasmitted
one point to another without the transport of into liquids and gases.
matter. Waves are every where whether we iv) Medium should posses the property of
recognize or not, we encounter waves on a rigidity
daily basis. Sound waves, visible light waves, v) Transverse waves can be polarised.
radio waves, ripples on water surface, vi) Movement of string of a sitar or violin,
earthquake waves and waves on a string are movement of the membrane of a Tabla or
just a few examples of waves. Dholak, movement of kink on a rope waves
Waves can be one, two or three dimensional setup on the surface of water.
according to the number of dimensions in which 2) Longitudinal waves : i) Particles of a medium
they propagate energy. Waves moving along vibrate in the direction of wave motion.
strings are one dimensional, ripples on liquid Propagation of wave
surface are two dimensional, while sound and
light waves are three dimensional. Vibration of Particle
Types of Waves ii) It travels in the form of compression (C)
Waves can be classified in a number of ways rarefaction (R).
based on the following characteristics
Maximum Pressure
On the basis of necessity of medium and density
i)Mechanical waves: Require medium for C R C R
their propagation e.g., Waves on string and
spring, waves on water surface, sound waves,
seismic waves.
ii) Non-mechanical waves: Do not require Minimum Pressure
and density
medium for their propagation are called e.g.,
Electromagnetic waves like, light, heat iii) These waves can be transmitted through
(Infrared), radio waves,  -rays, x-rays etc. solids, liquids and gases because for
On the basis of vibration of particle: propagation, volume elasticiy is necessary.
iv) Medium should posses the property of
On the basis of vibration of particle of medium
elasticity.
waves can be classified as transverse waves
v) Longitudinal waves can not be polarized.
and longitudinal waves.
vi) Sound waves travel through air, vibration
1) Transverse waves: i) Particles of the of air column in organ pipes vibration of air
medium vibrates in a direction perpendicular column above the surface of water in the tube
to the direction propagation of wave of resonance apparatus.

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On the basis of energy propagation particle to complete one vibration about its mean
i) Progressive wave: These waves advances position
in a medium with definite velocity. These waves Or it is the time taken by the wave to travel a
propagate energy in the medium. Eg: Sound distance equal to one wavelength.
wave and light waves. Time period = 1/Frequency  T  1/ n
ii) Stationary wave: These waves remains 5. Wave pulse: It is a short wave produced in a
stationary between two boundaries in medium. medium when the disturbance is created for a
Energy is not propagated by these waves but it short time.
is confined in segments (or loops) e.g., Wave in
a string, waves in organ pipes.
Simple Harmonic wave
When a wave passes through a medium, if the
particles of the medium execute simple harmonic 6. Wave train: A series of wave pulse is called
vibrations, then the wave is called a simple wave train.
harmonic wave. A graph is drawn (fig.) with the
displacement of the particles from their mean
positions, at any given instant of time, on the
y-axis and their location from origin on x-axis.
y 7. Wave function: It is a mathematical
A
 description of the disturbance created by a wave.
x
For a string, the wave function is a displacement.
For sound waves it is a pressure or density
T  fluctuation where as for light waves it is electric
or magnetic field.
Characteristics of wave: Now let us consider a one dimensional wave
1. Amplitude (A): Maximum displacement of a travelling along x-axis. During wave motion, a
vibrating particle of medium from its’ mean particle with equilibrium position x is displaced
position is called amplitude. some distance y in the direction perpendicular
2. Wavelength    : It is equal to the distance to the x-axis. In this case y is a function of
travelled by the wave during the time in which position (x) and time (t).
any one particle of the medium completes one i.e., y = f(x, t). This is called wave function.
vibration about its mean position. Let the wave pulse be travelling with a speed v.
Or After a time t, the pulse reaches a distance vt
Distance travelled by the wave in one time along the +x-axis as shown. Thus the motion of
period is known as wavelength. the particle P1 at distance ' x ' at time ‘ t ’ is
Or same as the motion of the particle P at time
It is the distance between the two successive t  0 at position x0  x  vt . Hence the wave
points with same phase. functioon now can be represented as
C  C
 y  f ( x  vt ) .
C R C R C R C

  v
T  T
Transverse wave Longitudinal wave
3. Frequency (n): Frequency of vibration of a
particle is defined as the number of vibrations
completed by particle in one second.
(Or)it is the number of complete wavelengths =
traversed by the wave in one second. In general, then we can represent the transverse
Unit of frequency is hertz (Hz) or per second. position y for all positions and times, measured
4. Time period (T): Time period of vibration of in stationary frame with the origin at O, as
particle is defined as the time taken by the y(x, t) = f(x – vt) ............. (i)

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Similarly, if the pulse travels to the left, the 12. Phase: Phase gives the state of the vibrating
transverse position of elements of the string is particle at any instant of time as regards to its
described by position and direction of motion.
y(x, t) = f(x + vt) ............. (ii)  Phase is the angular displacement from its mean
The function y, sometimes called the wave position.  = (  t  kx)
function, depends on the two variables x and t.  If phase is constant then the shape of wave
For this reason, it is often written y(x, t), which remains constant.
is read “y as a function of x and t”. Equation of Progressive Wave :
Note-1: The equation y = f(vt – x) represents the 1. If during the propagation of a progressive wave,
displacement of the particle at x = 0 as time the particles of the medium perform SHM about
passes their mean position, then the wave is known as a
y y
A A harmonic progressive wave.
o
T/2 T
t o
/2 
t 2. Suppose a plane simple harmonic wave travels
-A -A from the origin along the positive direction of
Representation Representation x-axis from left to right as shown in the figure
 x y
of y  f  t   of y  f ( x  vt ) v
 v
y
Note-2: If order of a wave function to represent a o x
x
wave, the three quantities x, v, t must appear in
combinations ( x  vt ) or ( x  vt ) . The displacement y of a particle at O from its
2  B  x  vt 
2
mean position at any time t is given by
Thus y   x  vt  ,  x  vt  , Ae etc.,
y  A sin t . --- (1)
represents travelling waves while
The wave reaches the particle P after time
y   x 2  v 2t 2  ,  
x  vt , A sin  4 x 2  9t 2 
t .
x
etc. do not represent a wave. v
8. Harmonic wave: If a travelling wave is a sin So that the motion of the particle ‘ P ’ which is
at a distance ‘ x ’ at a time ‘ t ’ is same as motion
or cos function of  x  vt  the wave is said to
of the particle at x  0 , at the earliear time
be harmonic or plane progressive wave.
9. The differential form of wave equation: x
t .
All the travelling waves satisfy a differential v
equation which is called the wave equation. It Hence the displacement ‘ y ’ of the particle ‘ P ’
2 y 2
2  y   x
is given by 2
 v 2 ; where
v at ‘ x ’ at a time ‘ t ’ in equation (1) by  t   .
t x k  v
It is satisfied by any equation of the form  x  
y  A sin   t    A sin  t  kx   k  
y  f  x  vt   v  v
10. Angular wave number (or) propagation In general along x-axis, y = A Sin (  t  kx)
constant (k): Number of wavelengths in the + sign for a wave t ravelling along -ve
distance 2 is called the wave number or X direction
- sign for a wave travelling along +ve
2
propagation constant i.e., k  X direction
 where y is displacement of the particle after a
It is unit is rad/m. time t from mean position, x is displacement of
11. Wave velocity (v): It is the distance travelled the wave, A is Amplitude.
by the disturbance in one second. It only depends  is angular frequency or angular velocity
on the properties of the medium and is
  2 / T = 2 n
independent of time and position.
k is propagation constant & k = 2  / 
  
v  n     For a given time ‘t’, y  x graph gives the shape
T 2 k of pulse on string.
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Various forms of progressive wave y

function:
(i) y  A sin  t  kx  (or) y  A sin( kx  t ) o kx

(ii) y  A cos(t  kx) (or) y  A cos(kx  t )



 2  Change in Phase with time for a constant x,

(iii) y  A sin  t  x
   i.e., at a fixed point in the medium
 t x t x t x
(iv) y  A sin 2     t  2  1    ; t  2  2    
T  
1
T   2
T 
y
2  T
(v) y  A sin  t  x 
T  
t
2
(vi) y  A sin  vt  x 

t
 x
(vii) y  A sin   t   (For the wave travelling in positive x-direction)
 v
2 2
 t x    t   t    t2  t1    t
(viii) y  A sin 2    2 1 T T
T   2 t
General Expression for a Sinusoidal Wave   
T
Y  A sin  kx  t    (or) 2
Phase difference   Time difference
Y  A sin(t  kx   ) T
Variation of Phase with Distance
where  is the phase constant, just as we learned
At a given instant of time t = t, phase at x = x1,
in our study of periodic motion. This constant
can be determined from the initial conditions. t x 
 x 2   1   
Positive and Negative Initial Phase 1
T  
Constants. (For the wave travelling in positive x-direction
In general, the equation of a harmonic wave and phase at x = x2,
travelling along the positive x-axis is expressed t x 
as y  A sin  kx  t    . Where  is called  x  2   2   
2
T  
the initial phase constant. It determines the initial y
displacement of the particle at x = 0 when t = 0.
i)Posit ive init ial phase constant
y  Asin(kx  t   ) .The sine curve starts from t
the left of the origin.
y

t

2 2
o
kx      x   x   x2  x1   x
 2 1
 
2
  x
ii) Negative initial phase constant 
y  Asin(kx  t   ) . The sine curve starts from 2
the right of the origin. i.e., Phase difference   Path difference


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Particle Velocity: The rate of change of Intensity is defined as power per unit area.
displacement y w.r.t time t is known as particle E P 1
velocity. I    v 2 A2  2 2 f 2 A 2  v
S t S 2
Hence from y  A sin  t  kx  If frequency f is constant then I  A2
y Reflection and Refraction of Waves :
Particle velocity, v p   A cos  t  kx 
t When waves are incident on a boundary between
two media a part of incident waves returns back
Maximum particle velocity  v p max  A into the initial medium (reflection) while the
y  y remaining is partly absorbed and part ly
Also   transmitted into the second medium (refraction)
t k x Boundary conditions: Reflection of a wave
 Particle velocity at a given position and time is pulse from some boundary depends on the nature
equal to negative of the product of wave velocity of the boundary.
with slope of wave at that point i.e. Rigid end: When the incident wave reaches a
 y  fixed end, it exerts an upward pull on the end,
v
particle
 vWave   according to Newton’s third law the fixed end
 x 
exerts an equal and opposite downward force
Particle velocity = –(wave velocity) × slope of
on the string. It result as inverted pulse or phase
wave curve
change of  .
v Crest (C) reflects as trough (T) and vice-versa.
v T 
Time changes by and Path changes by
2 2
F
C C

T
ENERGY, POWER AND INTENSITY F
OF A WAVE: Free end: When a wave or pulse is reflected
If a wave given by y  A sin(t  kx) is propa- from a free end, then there is no change of phase
(as there is no reaction force).
gating through a medium, the particle velocity
Crest (C) reflects as crest (C) and trough (T)
y reflects as trough (T), Time changes by zero and
will be v p   A cos(t  kx)
t Path changes by zero.
If  is the density of the medium, kinetic en- C C C

ergy of the wave per unit volume will be

2


1  y 

1
  2 A2 cos 2 (t  kx )
Note: Exception: Longitudinal pressure waves
2  t  2 suffer no change in phase from rigid end. i.e.,
and its maximum value will be equal to energy compression pulse reflects as compression
per unit volume i.e., energy density U. pulse. On the other hand if longitudinal pressure
1 wave reflects from free end, it suffer a phase
U   A2 2 change of  , i.e., compression reflects as
2 rarefaction and vice-versa.
The energy associated with a volume V  S x Wave in a combination of string
will be (where ‘S’ is the area of cross section). (i) Wave goes from thin to thick string
1 2 2 Incident Rigid boundary-x
E  U V   A  S x wave
+x
2
The power (rate of transmission of energy) will Rarer Denser
E 1
be P   v 2 A2 S
t 2
Transmitted wave
Reflected
 x  wave
as t  v, (Speed of wave) 

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Incident wave yi  ai sin  t  k1 x  Speed of transverse wave in a string

i) Let a transverse pulse is travelling on a
Reflected wave stretched string as shown in fig(a).
yr  ar sin t  k1   x     v
a)
 ar sin  t  k1 x 
Transmitted wave, yt  at sin  t  k2 x  T cos T cos
dl
(ii) Wave goes from thick to thin string b) T
  
T
Incident Free boundary
-x +x T sin T sin
wave C
Denser Rarer ii) Now consider a small element of length dl
on this pulse as shown fig (b). Let this element
Transmitted wave
is forming an arc of radius R and subtending an
Reflected
wave angle 2 at center of curvature C.
Incident wave yi  at sin  t  k1 x  iii)We can see that two tensions T are acting on
the edges of dl along tangential directions as
Reflected wave yr  ar sin  t  k1   x   0  shown.
iv)The horizontal components of these tensions
 ar sin  t  k1 x  cancel each other, but the vertical components
add to form a radial restoring force in downward
Transmitted wave yt  at sin  t  k2 x  direction, which is given as
Note: Ratio of amplitudes: It is given as follows FR  2T sin   2T 
ar k1  k2 v2  v1 at 2k1 2v2 ( as sin    )
  and  
ai k1  k2 v2  v1 ai k1  k 2 v1  v2 dl  dl 
The Speed of A Travelling Wave
T
R
.....(1)  2  R 
i) Let a wave moves along the +ve x-axis with v) If ‘  ’ be the mass per unit length (Linear
velocity ‘v’ as shown in fig. density) of the string, the mass of this element is
given as dm  dl . In the reference frame moving
v with wave speed, wave will appear as stationary
but dl appears to be moving toward left with speed
v then we can say that the acceleration of this
element in that reference frame is
ii) Let a crest shown by a dot () moves a v2
a .....(2)
distance x in time t . The speed of the wave R
Now from equations (1) and (2) we have
is v  x t . 2
dmv 2 dl   dl  v
iii) We can put the dot () on a point with any FR  or T 
other phase. It will move with the same speed R R R
v (otherwise the wave pattern will not remain T
fixed). or v  .....(3)

iv) The motion of a fixed phase point on the Spacial cases:
wave is given by, y  sin( kx  ωt ) . 1. If A is the area of cross-section of the wire then
v) For the same particle displacement ‘y’ at linear density   M / L  AL / L  A
two different positions, kx  ωt  constant ---
--(1) T S T
 k x  ωt  0 v  ; where S  Stress 
x ω x ω A  A
 t  k  v  t  k 2. If string is stretched by some weight then
2 n Mg
 v  2 /   n T = Mg  v 

(  2 n and k  2 /  )
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v
Velocity at the bottom vB  0
( tension TB  0 )
T T mg
Velocity at the top vT    
 gl

3. If suspended weight is immersed in a liquid of ( tension TB  mg  lg )

density  and  = density of material of the The average velocity of wave
suspended load then
v vT  vB gl
vavg  
2 2
 The time taken by the transverse pulse
generated at bottom to reach the top is given by
l l
t 2
  Mg 1   /   vavg g
T  Mg  1    v 
   Note: Velocity at a distance x from bottom v  gx
4. If v1 , v2 are the velocities of transverse waves The time taken to reach the point P from bottom
while the load is in air medium and in water
medium respectively, the relative density of ma- x x
2 is vx  v  2 g
v1 avg
terial of load is d  2 2 W.E-1: A longitudinal progressive wave is given
v1  v2
5. If v1 , v2 and v3 are the velocities of transverse by the equation y = 5 × 10–2 sin  (400 t + x)m.
waves while the load is in air, in water and in a Find (i) amplitude (ii) frequency (iii) wave
liquid mediums respectively, the relative den- length and (iv) velocity of the wave. (v) velocity
v12  v32 1
d  and acceleration of particle at x  m at
sity of material of load is . 6
v12  v22
t = 0.01 s (vi) maximum particle velocity and
6. If the temperature a string varies through 
acceleration.
then the thermal force(tension) developed due
Sol. Comparing with the general equation of the
to elasticity of string is T  YA
v
progressive wave y = Asin( t + kx) we find,
 = 400  and k = 
We find
(i) A = 5 × 10–2 m.
v 
YA

Y  400
  (ii) n    200 Hz
2 2
where Y = Young’s modulus of elasticity of string,
A = Area of cross section of string, 2 2
(iii)    2m
  Temperature coefficient of thermal expansion, k 
  400
 = Density of wire  (iv) v    400ms 1
A k 
7. Velocity of wave in vertical strings. If a thick
string is suspended vertically then (v) v p  A cos t  t  kx   10 3ms 1
Top
a p   A2 sin  t  kx   4 104 ms 2
l (vi) vmax  A  20 ms 1
x amax  A2  8  104 ms 2

Bottom

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W.E-2:The wave function of a pulse is given by W.E-4: A copper wire is held at the two ends by
rigid supports. At 30oC, the wire is just taut,
3
y= 2
where x and y are in metre and with negligible tension. Find the speed of
 2x + 3t  transverse waves in this wire at 10°C if Y =
t is in second. 1.3×1011N/m2,   1.7  10 5 / C and
(i) Identify the direction of propagation.
  9  103 kg / m3
(ii) Determine the wave velocity of the pulse.
Sol. (i) Since the given wave function is of the form Y 
y = f(x + vt), therefore, the pulse travels along Sol. v  
the negative x-axis.
(ii) Since 2x + 3t = constant for the same particle 1.3  1011  1.7  105   30  10 
displacement ‘y’. Therefore, by differentiating   70m / s
9  103
with respect to time, we get
W.E-5: A 4 kg block is suspended from the ceiling
dx dx 3
2 3 0  v    1.5m / s of an elevator through a string having a linear
dt dt 2 mass density of 19.2 × 10–3 kg m–1. Find the
W.E-3:Figure shows a snapshot of a sinusoidal speed with which a wave pulse can travel on
travelling wave taken at t = 0.3s. The the string if the elevator accelerates up at
wavelength is 7.5 cm and the amplitude is 2 2 ms–2? (g = 10 ms–2)
cm. If the crest P was at x = 0 at t = 0, write
the equation of travelling wave. T M g  a
Sol. v  
y
 

P
4 10  2 
t = 0.3s
 –1
3 =50ms .
2cm 19.2  10
x
W.E-6: A uniform rope of length 12 m and mass
1.2cm
6 kg hangs vertically from a rigid support. A
block of mass 2 kg is attached to the free end
of the rope. A transverse pulse of wavelength
Sol. The wave has travelled a distance of 1.2 cm in 0.06 m is produced at the lower end of the
0.3s. Hence, speed of the wave, rope. What is the wavelength of the pulse
v  1.2 / 0.3  4cm / s and   7.5cm when it reaches the top of the rope ?
2 2
k   0.84cm 1 Sol. Now as v  T /  
 7.5
 Angular frequency   vk  4  0.84
 3.36rad / s v
Since the wave is travelling along positive x-
direction and crest (maximum displacement) is
at x = 0 at t = 0, we can write the wave equation
 
as, y  A sin  kx  t  
 2
(or) y  x, t   A cos  kx  t  vT T 6  2 g
 T  2
Therefore, the desired equation is, vB TB 2g
y  x, t    2  cos  0.84  x   3.36  t  cm So, T  2 B  2  0.06  0.12m

8 NARAYANAGROUP
JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I WAVES
W.E-7: A uniform rope of mass 0.1 kg and length W.E-9:Two blocks each having a mass of 3.2kg
2.45m hangs from a ceiling. (a) Find the speed are connected by wire CD and the system is
of transverse wave in the rope at a point 0.5m suspended from the ceiling by another wire
distant from the lower end, b) Calculate the AB. The linear mass density of the wire AB
time taken by a transverse wave to travel the is 10 g/m and that of CD is 80 g/m. Find the
full length of the rope (g = 9.8 m/s2) speed of a transverse wave pulse produced in
Sol. a) If M is the mass of string of length L, the mass AB and CD and ratio of speeds of transverse
of length x of the string will be (M/L)x. pulse in AB to that in CD.
Sol. Tension in string AB is TAB  6.4kg  64 N
Thus speed of transverse wave in string AB is
TAB 64
v v AB  
 AB 10 103  6400  80m / s
Tension in string CD is T  3.2kg  32 N
Thus speed of transverse waves in string CD is
TCD 32
vCD  
Mx DC 80 103
T  g
L v AB 80
 400  20m / s    4 :1
T Mgx vCD 20
So, v    gx ......... 1
 M  WE-10 A progressive wave travels in a medium
L 
 L M 1 and enters into another medium M 2 in
Hence x = 0.5m which its speed decreases to 75% . What is
So, v  0.5  9.8  2.21m / s the ratio of the amplitude and intensity of
the
dx dx  dt  dx a. Reflected and the incident waves, and
b) v   gx  b. Transmitted and the incident waves?
dt dt gx
t L
Sol. let Ai , Ar and At be the amplitudes of the inci-
1 1 2
  dt  
0 0 g
x dx  t  2  L g dents, reflected, and transmitted waves.
Given that, velocity in the medium refracted is
75% of that in the initial medium.
Here, L = 2.45 m ,  t  2  2.45 / 9.8  1s 3
v2  v1
W.E-8:The strings, shown in figure, are made 4
ofsame material and have same cross-section. v2
 1 3 1
The pulleys are light. The wave speed of a Ar v2  v1 v1 1
   4 
transverse wave in the string AB is v1 and in Ai v2  v1 v2  1 3  1 7
CD it is v2 . Find v1 / v2 . a. v1 4
Sol: If T1 and T2 are the tensions in strings AB and r A
CD respectively then T2 = 2T1. i.e., the required ration is A  1: 7 and
i

A Ir 1
I  A2  
I i 49
3
T1 T1 2 
At 2v2 2v / v 4 6
  2 1  
v 3
b. Ai v2  v1 2
1 1 7
T2 v1 4
D At
i.e., t he required ratio is  6 : 7 and
Ai
v1 T1 v1 1
As v  T  v  T  v  I  A2 
It 36

2 2 2 2 I i 49

NARAYANAGROUP 9
WAVES JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I
SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II
W.E-11: A long wire PQR is made by joining two L
1
L
wires PQ and QR of equal radii as shown.   M o  ax  2 dx   T dt
PQ has length 4.8m and mass 0.06kg. QR has 0 0
length 2.56 m and mass 0.2kg. The wire PQR L
is under a tensioon of 80N. A sinusoidal wave  2  M  ax  3 2  t
o
pulse of amplitude 3.5cm is sent along the    T t 0
wire PQ from the end P. No power is dissipated 3  
 0
during the propagation of the wave pulse.
2  3 3
a. Find the time taken by the wave pulse to reach t  M o  L  2  M o 2 
the other end R of the wire . 3 T  
b. The amplitudes of reflected and transmitted W.E-13: A stretched string is forced to transmit
wave pulse after incident on the joint Q. transverse waves by means of an oscillator
Q coupled to one end. The string has a diameter
P R of 4 mm. The amplitude of the oscillation is
48m
2.56m 104 m and the frequency is 10 Hz. Tension in
P R the string is 100N and mass density of wire
l1 l2
Sol. a.
  4.2  103 kgm 3 . Find
M 0.06 1 (a) the equation of the waves along the string
1  1   kg / m (b) the energy per unit volume of the wave
l1 4.8 80 (c) the average energy flow per unit time across
M 0.2 20 any section of the string
2  2   kg / m Sol.(a) Speed of transverse wave on the string is
l2 2.56 256
T
T 80 v     A 
v1    80m / s A
1 1
80 100
v
 
v2 
T

80  
 256  4  32m / s     (4.2 103 )   (4.0 103 )2
2 20 / 256  A  4
l l  43.53ms 1
t  t1  t2  1  2  4.8  2.56   2 n  20 rad / s  62.83 rad/s
V1 V2 80 32

= 0.06 + 0.08 = 0.14sec k   1.44m 1
v
v v  32  80  Equation of the waves along the string
b. Ar   2 1  Ai   3.5  1.5cm
 v2  v1  32  80 y ( x, t )  A sin( kx   t )
thus Ar  1.5cm and -ve sign represents that the  (104 m ) sin  (1.44m 1 ) x  (62.83rads 1 )t 
reflected pulse suffers a phase difference of  (b) Energy per unit volume of the string,
radian. 1 2 2
u  energy density   A
 2v2  2  32 2
At    Ai   3.5  2cm . 1
 v1  v2  80  32 u    (4.2  103 )(62.83) 2 (10 4 ) 2
 2
W.E-12: A wave pulse starts propagating in +ve
X-direction along a non-uniform wire of  8.29  102 Jm 3
length ‘L’, with mass per unit length given by (c) Average energy flow per unit time P = power
  M o  x and under a tension of TN. Find 1 
   2 A2  ( Sv)  (u )(Sv )
the time taken by the pulse to travel from the 2 
lighter end (x = 0) to the heavier end.  
P  (8.29  102 )   (4.0  103 ) 2 (43.53)
dx T T 4
Sol. v  dt    M  x 5
 4.53  10 Js 1
o

10 NARAYANAGROUP
JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I WAVES
Principle of Superposition:
y1  a1 sin t , y2  a2 sin  t    then by the
1. The displacement at any time due to a number   
of waves meeting simultaneously at a point in a principle of superposition y  y1  y2
medium is the vector sum of the individual
displacements due to each one of the waves at
that point at the same time.  y  a1 sin t  a2 sin  t     A sin  t   
  
2. If y1 , y2 , y3........... are the displacements at a where A  a12  a22  2a1a2 cos  and
particular time at a particular position, due to a2 sin 
individual waves, then the resultant tan  
displacement. a1  a2 cos 
    2
y  y1  y2  y3  ......... Since Intensity (I)   Amplitude A 
2
I a 
 1  1 
I 2  a2 
Therefore, the resultant intensity is given by
I  I1  I 2  2 I1I 2 cos 
3. Important applications of superposit ion
principle.
i) Interference of waves: Adding waves that Table: Constructive
differ in phase. and destructive interference
ii) Formation of stationary waves: Adding
waves that differ in direction. When the waves meet When the waves meet a
a point with same phase, point with opposite phase,
iii) Formation of beats: Adding waves that constructive interference destructive interference
differ in frequency. is obtained at that point is obtained at that point
Interference of Sound waves (i.e., maximum sound) (i.e., minimum sound)
1. When two waves of same frequency, same
wavelength, same velocity (nearly equal Phase difference between Phase difference
amplitude) moves in the same direction. Their the waves at the point of  = 180° (or) (2n1);
superimposition results in the interference. observation =0°(or) 2n n = 1,2,......
2. Due to interference the resultant intensity of Phase difference between Phase difference
sound at a point is different from the sum of the waves at the point of 
intensities due to each wave separately.   2n  1
observation = n 2
3. Interference is of two type (i) Constructive i.e., even multiple of /2) (i.e., odd multiple of /2)
interference (ii) Destructive interference
4. In interference energy is neither created nor Resultant amplitude at Resultant amplitude at
the point of observation the point of observation
destroyed but is redistributed.
will be maximum will be minimum
5. For observable interference, the sources Amax = a1 + a2 Amax = a1a2
(producing interfering waves) must be coherent. If a1 = a2 = a0 If a1 = a2 Amax = 0
6. Let at a given point two waves arrives with phase Amax = 2a0
difference  and the equation of these waves is
Resultant intensity at the Resultant intensity at the
given by
point of observation will point of observation will
be maximum be minimum
Imax  I1  I 2  2 I1 I 2 I min  I1  I 2  2 I1 I 2
A
a2 2 2
  I1  I 2    I1  I 2 
 If I1 = I2 = I0 Imin = 0 If I1 = I2 = I0 Imin = 4I0


a1

NARAYANAGROUP 11
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SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II

 a1 
2
x
2 2
 a1  a2   a2
1 From figure, we get cos  
I max  I1  I 2  2
7.      
I min  I1  I 2   a1  a2   a1  1   x  2 cos  ------(1)
a 
 2  For maximum intensity path difference
W.E-14: Two loud speakers L1 and L2 , driven by x  N --------(2)
a common oscillator and amplifier, are From equations (1) and (2) we get
arranged as shown. The frequency of the 2 cos   N   2cos   N
oscillator is gradually increased from zero at least p is Ist maxima  N  1
and the detector at D records a series of 1
maxima and minima.  cos      60
40m D 2
L1
x
9m tan    x  D tan 60  x  3D
D
L2 Standing Waves or Stationary Waves:
If the speed of sound is 330 m/s then the fre- When two sets of progressive wave trains of
quency at which the first maximum is ob- same type (both longitudinal or both transverse)
served is having the same amplitude and same time period/
40m D
L1 frequency/wavelength travelling with same
9m speed along the same straight line in opposite
Sol. directions superimpose, a new set of waves are
L2 41m
It is clear from figure that the path difference formed. These are called stationary waves or
standing waves.
between L1D and L2 D is x  41  40  1m These waves are formed only in a bounded
medium.
For maximum x  N  where N = 1, 2, 3.... In practice, a stationary wave is formed when a
v wave train is reflected at a boundary. The
for Ist maximum N = 1,   incident and reflected waves then interface to
n
v 330 produce a stationary wave.
x  1  1  1  n  330 Hz 1. Suppose that two super imposing waves are
n n
W.E-15: Two coherent narrow slits emitting of incident wave y1  a sin  t  kx  and reflected
wavelength  in the same phase are placed wave y2  a sin  t  kx 
parallel to each other at a small separation (As y2 is the displacement due to reflected wave
of 2 . The sound is detected by moving a from a free boundary)
detector on the screen S at a distance Then by principle of superposition
D     from the slit S1 as shown in figure. y = y1 + y2 = a sin  t  kx   sin  t  kx  
P
CD CD
x ( sin C + sin D  2sin cos )
2 2 2
O
S1 S2  y  2a cos kx sin t
D
S (If reflection takes place from rigid end, then
equation of st ationary wave will be
y  2a sin kx cos t )
Find the distance x such that the intensity at
P is equal to the intensity at O. 2. As this equation satisfies the wave equation.
Sol. 2 y 2
2  y
 v . It represents a wave
t 2 x 2
3. As it is not of the form f  ax  bt  , the wave is
not progressive.
4. Amplitude of the wave ASW = 2a cos kx.
5. Nodes (N): The points where amplitude is
minimum are called nodes.
i)Distance between two successive nodes is  / 2

12 NARAYANAGROUP
JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I WAVES
ii) Nodes are at permanent rest. 2. Overtone: The harmonics other than the first
iii) At nodes air pressure and density both are (fundamental note) which are actually produced
high. by the instrument are called overtones. e.g. the
tone with frequency immediately higher than the
fundamental is defined as first overtone.
3. Octave: The tone whose frequency is doubled
the fundamental frequency is defined as Octave.
6. Antinodes (A): The points of maximum i) If n2 = 2n1 it means n2 is an octave higher than
amplitudes are called antinodes. n1 or n1 is an octave lower than n2.
(i) The distance between two successive ii) If n2 = 23 n1, it means n2 is 3-octave higher or
antinodes is  / 2 n1 is 3-octave lower.
(ii) At antinodes air pressure and density both iii) Similarly, if n2 = 2nn1 it means n2 is n-octave
are low. higher or n1 is n octave lower.
(iii) The distance between a node (N) and 4. Unison: If time period is same i.e., two
adjoining antinode (A) is  / 4 frequencies are equal then vibrating bodies are
7. Amplitude of standing waves in two said to be in unison.
different cases: Standing Waves on a String
1. Consider a string of length l, stretched under
Table: : Amplitude in two tension T between two fixed points.
different cases 2. If the string is plucked and then released, a
transverse harmonic wave propagates along it’s
Reflection at open end Reflection at closed end length and is reflected at the end.
or free boundary or rigid boundary
3. The incident and reflected waves will
ASW = 2a cos kx ASW = 2a sin kx superimpose to produce transverse stationary
waves in a string.
Amplitude is maximum Amplitude is maximum 4. Nodes (N) are formed at rigid end and antinodes
when cos kx =  1 when sin kx =  1 (A) are formed in between them.
 kx  0, 2,........n  3 2n  1 5. Number of antinodes = Number of nodes –1
 kx  , ....
 n 2 2 2 6. Velocity of wave (incident or reflected wave)
 x  0, , .......
2 2  3
 x , ............... T
2 4 4 is given by v  .
Where k 
2 
 Where k 
and n = 0, 1, 2, 3.....  7. Frequency of vibration (n) = Frequency of wave
and n = 1, 2, 3,....... v 1 T
 
Amplitude is minimum Amplitude is minimum   
when cos kx = 0 when sin kx = 0 8. For obtaining p loops (p-segments) in string, it
 3 2n  1  3 2n  1 l
 kx  , ....  kx  , ....
2 2 2 2 2 2 has to be plucked at a distance from one
2p
 3  n fixed end.
 x , .........  x  0, , .......
4 4 2 2 9. Fundamental mode of vibration

Terms related to the Application of Stationary

wave l
1. Harmonics: The frequency which are the
integral multiple of the fundamental frequency i) Number of loops p = 1
are known as harmonics e.g. if n be the
fundamental frequency, then the frequencies n, l
ii) Plucking at (from one fixed end)
2n, 3n ...... are termed as first, second, third .... 2
harmonics.
NARAYANAGROUP 13
 WAVES JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I
SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II

1 vi) Positions of nodes:

iii) l   1  2l
l 2l 3l
2 xN  0, , , .........l
iv) Fundamental frequency or first harmonic P P P
1 T 1 T vii) Positions of antinodes:
n1  
1  2l  x AN 
l 3l 5l
, , .....
 2P  1 l
10. Second mode of vibration: 2 P 2P 2 P 2P
Sonometer
1. It is an apparatus, used to produce resonance
(matching frequency) of tuning fork (or any
l
l
source of sound) with stretched vibrating string.
i) Number of loops p = 2 2. It consists of a hollow rectangular box of light
wood. The experimental set up fitted on the box
l l is shown below.
ii) Plucking at  (from one fixed end)
2 2 4 Experimental Rider Bridge
wire
iii) l   2
Tension
iv) Second harmonic or first over tone. T = mg
Resonance Box
1 T 1 T
n2    2n1
2  l 
11. Third mode of vibration: 3. The box serves the purpose of increasing the
i) Number of loops p = 3 loudness of the sound produced by the vibrating
wire.
l 1 4. If the length of the wire between the two bridges
ii) Plucking at  (from one fixed one)
23 6 is l, then the frequency of vibrat ion is
3 3 2l
iii) l   3  1 T T
2 3 n 
2l  r 2 
iv) Third harmonic or second over tone.
(r = Radius of the wire,  = Density of material
1 T 3 T of wire)  = mass per unit length of the wire
n3    3n1
3  2l  5. Resonance: When a vibrating tuning fork is
12. More about string vibration placed on the box, and if the length between the
i) In general, if the string is plucked at length bridges is property adjusted then if
(n)Fork = (n)string  rider is thrown off the wire.
l
, then it vibrates in p segments (loops) and Laws of string
2p i) Law of length: If T and  are constant then
p T 1
we have the pth harmonic n n p  n  nl  constant  n1l1  n2l2
2l  l
ii) All even and odd harmonics are present. Ratio n l
of harmonic = 1 : 2 : 3...... If % change is less than 5% then 
n l
iii) Ratio of over tones = 2 : 3 : 4 ......
n l
2l or 100%    100%
iv) General formula for wavelength   ; n l
P ii) Law of mass: If T and l are constant then
where P = 1, 2, 3,..... correspond to 1st, 2nd, 3rd
modes of vibratio of the string. 1 n 2
n  1 
v  n2 1
v) General formula for frequency n  P 
2l n 1 
If % change is less than 5% then 
n 2 

14 NARAYANAGROUP
JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I WAVES
n
100%  

100%
W.E-16: The vibrations of a string of length 60
or n  cm fixed at both ends are represented by the
iii) Law of density: If T, l and r are constant
 x 
1 n1 2 equation. y  4 sin   cos  96t  Where x
then n    n   const  n    15 
2 1 and y are in cm and t in sec.
If % change is less than 5% then a)What is the maximum displacement at
n 1  n  x = 5 cm ?
 or 100%    100%
n 2  n  b)What are the nodes located along the string ?
iv) Law of tension: If l and  are constant c) What is the velocity of the particle at
then n  T x = 7.5 cm and t = 0.25 s ?
d) Write down the equations of component waves
n n T M1 whose superposition gives the above wave.
  const  1  1 
T n2 T2 M2
If % change is less than 5% then Sol. a) For x = 5cm, y  4sin  5 /15  cos  96t 
n 1 T n T (or) y  2 3 cos  96t 
 or  100%   100%
n 2 T n T So y will be maximum when cos (96  t) = 1 i.e.,
Tuning fork
i) It is a U shaped metal bar made of steel or an (ymax)x = 5  2 3cm
alloy with a handle attached at the bend. b)At nodes amplitude of wave is zero.
ii) When it is struck against a hard rubber pad,  x  x
its prongs begin to vibrate as shown in figure(a). 4sin    0  or   0, , 2,3......
A A A  15  15
N N So x = 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 cm [as length of
string = 60cm]
c) As y  4sin  x /15  cos  96t 
dy  x 
iii)A tuning fork emits a single frequency note,  4 sin   sin  96t    96 
i.e., a fundamental with no overtones. dx  15 
iv) A tuning fork may be considered as a So the velocity of the particle at x = 7.5cm and
vibrating free bar as shown figure(b) that has t = 0.25s,
been bent into U-shape.
v) Two antinodes are formed one at each free vpa = -384 sin(7.5/15) sin (96 × 0.25)
end of the bar which are in phase. vpa = -384  1 0=0
vi) The frequency of a tuning fork of arm length
‘l’ and thickness ‘d’ in the direction of vibration  x 
is given by d) y = y1 + y2 with y1  2 sin 96t  
 15 
d d Y  Y
n v , v     x 
l2 l2    y2  2 sin 96t  
 15 
where Y is the Young’s modulus and  is the
density of the material of the tuning fork. W.E-17: A guitar string is 90 cm long and has a
vii) Using the tuning fork we can produce fundamental frequency of 124 Hz. Where
transverse waves in solids and longitudinal should it be pressed to produce a fundamental
waves in solids, liquids and gases. frequency of 186 Hz?
viii) Transverse vibrations are present in the
prongs. Longitudinal vibrations are present in Sol. Since T is constant we have n  1
the shank. l
ix) Loading or waxing a tuning fork increases its n 124
inertia and so decreases its frequency, while l2  1 l1   90  60cm
filing a tuning fork decreases its inertia and so n2 186
increases its frequency. Thus, the string should be pressed at 60cm from
x) When tuning fork is heated its frequency an end.
decreases due to decrease in elasticity.
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W.E-18: A wire having a linear mass density W.E-21 A sonometer wire has a length of 114 cm
5.0×10–3 kg/m is streched between two rigid between two fixed ends. Where should two
supports with a tension of 450 N. The wire bridges be placed to divide the wire into three
resonates at a frequency of 420 Hz. The next segments whose fundamental frequencies are
higher frequency at which the same wire in the ratio 1 : 3 : 4 ?
resonates is 490 Hz. Find the length of the
wire. Sol. In case of a given wire under constant tension,
Sol. Suppose the wire vibrates at 420 Hz in its nth fundamental frequency of vibration n  1/ l 
harmonic and at 490 Hz in its (p + 1)th harmonic.
490 p  1 1 1 1
  or  p  6  l1 : l2 : l3  : :  12 : 4 : 3
420 p 1 3 4
 l1  72cm; l2  24cm; l3  18cm
6 450 900
420  l   2.1m  First bridge is to be placed at 72 cm from
2l 5.0 103 420 one end.
W.E-19: The equation of a standing wave Second bridge is to be placed at 72 + 24 = 96
produced on a string fixed at both ends is
where ‘y’ is measured in cm. What could be cm from one end
the smallest length of string? W.E-22: An aluminium wire of cross-sectional
Sol. Comparing with y  2 A sin kx cos wt area 10–6 m2 is joined to a copper wire of the
same cross-section. This compound wire is
 stretched on a sonometer, pulled by a load of
We have k     20cm
10 10 kg. The total length of the compound wire
If the string vibrates in ‘p’ loops then length of between two bridges is 1.5 m of which the
p p aluminium wire is 0.6 m and the rest is the
string ‘l’ is .  l
2 2 copper wire. Transverse vibrations are set
 up in the wire in the lowest frequency of
' ' is minimum if p = 1  l   10 cm excitation for which standing waves are
2 formed such that the joint in the wire is a
W.E-20: The equation for the vibration of a string node. What is the total number of nodes
fixed at both ends, vibrating in its third observed at this frequency excluding the two
x at the ends of the wire ? The density of
harmonic is given by y  0.4 sin cos 600t
10 aluminium is 2.6  104 kg/m3.
where x and y are in cm Sol. As the total length of the wire is 1.5 m and
1) What is the frequency of vibration? out of which LA = 0.6 m, so the length of
2) What are the position of nodes? copper wire
3) What is the length of string? Lc = 1.5 - 0.6 = 0.9 m. The tension in the whole
4) What is the wavelength and speed of
wire is same (=Mg = 10g N) and as fundamental
transverse waves that can interfer to give this
vibration? frequency of vibration of string is given by
Sol. Comparing with 1 T 1 T
n 
2 L  2 L A 
y  2 A sin kx cos t we have [   A ]
1)   600 gives n = 300 Hz
x 1 T 1 T
2) To get the position of nodes sin 0 so nA  and nc  ------- (1)
10 2 LA  A A 2 Lc c A
x Now as in case of composite wire, the whole
i.e.,  N  where N = 0, 1, 2....
10 wire will vibrate with fundamental frequency
Hence nodes occur at x = 0, 10, 20 cm... n  p A nA  pC nC -------- (2)
3) Since the string is in 3rd harmonic
Substituting the values of f A and f c from
  2 2 
l  3 gives l = 30cm;      20 cm  Eqn.(1)in(2)
2  k  /10 
pA T
4)Speed of wave v = n = 300 × 20=60ms–1. 2  0.6 A  2.6 103

16 NARAYANAGROUP
JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I WAVES

pc T WE-24: A wire of density 9×103 kg/m3 is stretched

 between two clamps 1 m apart and is subjected
2  0.9 A 1.0401104 to an extension of 4.9 × 10–4 m. What will be
p A 2 2.6 2 1 1 the lowest frequency of transverse vibrations
i.e.,     in the wire ? (Y = 9 × 1010 N/m2)
pc 3 10.4 3 2 3 Sol. In case of fundamental vibrations of a string
So that for fundamental frequency of composite
string, pA = 1 and pc = 3, i.e., aluminium string 1 Y L
n
will vibrate in first harmonic and copper wire 2L  L
at second, overtone as shown in figure.
l 1 9  1010  4.9  104
  35Hz
2 1 9  103  1
W.E-25: A string 120 cm in length sustains a
standing wave, with the points of string at
which the displacement amplitude is equal
 n  nA  3nC to 2 mm being separated by 15.0 cm, Find
This in turn implies that total number of nodes the maximum displacement amplitude.
in the string will be 5 and so number of nodes Sol. From figure. points A, B, C, D and E are having
excluding the nodes at the ends = 5 - 2 = 3 equal displacement amplitude.
W.E-23: A wire of uniform cross-section is Further, xE  xA    4 15  60cm
stretched between two points 1 m apart. The A B E
wire is fixed at one end and a weight of 9 kg
is hung over a pulley at the other end produces
fundamental frequency of 750 Hz. C D
(a) What is the velocity of transverse waves
propagating in the wire ?
(b) If now the suspended weight is submerged 2l 2  120
As     60
in a liquid of density (5/9) that of the weight, n n
what will be the velocity and frequency of the 2  120
waves propagating along the wire ?  n 4
60
Sol. a) In case of fundamental vibrations of string
So, it corresponds to 4th harmonic.
  / 2   L , i.e.,   2 1  2m Also, distance of node from A is 7.5 cm and
no node is between them. Taking node at origin,
L
the amplitude of stationary wave can be written
as, Asw  Amax sin kx
2 2
M Asw  2mm; k   and x = 7.5 cm
 60
Now as v  n and n = 750 Hz,
 2  
vT  2  750=1500m/s  2  Amax sin   7.5   Amax sin
 60  4
b) Now as in case of a wire under tension
Hence, Amax  2mm
T v T
v  v T  B  B Sound Waves :
 vT TT Sound is a form of energy propagated in the form
of longitudinal waves. This energy causes the
B T mg 1  l / b  sensation of hearing on reaching the ear. Any
 vB  1500 T  1500 mg
 1000m / s
A vibrating body could be a source of sound.
vB 1000 Longit udinal mechanical waves can be
From v  n  nB    500 Hz transmitted in all the three states of matter namely,
lB 2 solids, liquids and gases. According to their

NARAYANAGROUP 17
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SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II
range of frequencies longitudinal mechanical waves where   density of medium, v  velocity of
are divided into the three categories. wave, A - Amplitude, n - Frequency
1) Longitudinal waves having frequencies below  Human ear responds to sound intensities over a
20Hz are called infrasonic waves. These are wide range from 10-12 W/m2 to 1 W/m2.
created by earthquakes, elephants and whales.  In a spherical wave front ( i.e. wave starting
Infrasonic waves can be heard by snakes. from a point source) , the amplitude varies
2) Longitudinal waves having range, of inversely with distance from position of source
frequencies lying between 20Hz and 20kHz are 1
1
called audible sound waves. The audible i .e, A  I  2
wavelength is 16.5 mm to 16.5m at S.T.P when r r
I
velocity of sound is 330 m/s. These are
r
generated by tuning forks, streched stings and S
vocal cords.
2
The human ear can detect these waves. r

3) Longitudinal waves having frequencies  In a cylindrical wave front (i.e. wave starting
greater than 20 kHz are called ultrasonics. The from a linear source ), the amplitude varies
human ear can’t detect these waves. These inversely as the square root of distance from
waves can be produced by high frequency 1 1
vibrations of a quartz crystal under an alternating the axis of source i.e. , A  I
r r
electric field. These waves can be detected by
mosquito, fish and dog etc.
Application of ultrasonic waves :
i) The fine internal cracks in a metal can be r
detected by ultrasonic waves.
ii) They are used for determining the depth of
the sea and used to detect submarine.
iii) They can be used to clean clothes and fine
machinery parts Sound level in decibles is given by
iv) They can be used to kill animals like rats,
 I 
fish and frogs etc.   10log  
Characteristics of Sound  I0 
 Hearing of sound is characterised by following If 1 and 2 be the sound levels corresponding
three parameters. to sound intensities I1 and I2 respectively. Then,
1) Loudness (Refers to Intensity) :
It is the sensation received by ear due to intensity I I
1  10 log 1 and  2  10 log 2
of sound I0 I0
Greater the amplitude of vibration, greater will
 I I 
be intensity ( I A2 ) and so louder will be sound. 2  1  10  log 2  log 1 
 I0 I0 
The loudness being the sensation, depends on
the sensitivity of listener’s ear. Loudness of a I 
sound of a given intensity may be different for (or) 2  1  10log  2 
different listeners.  I1 
The average energy transmitted by a wave per 2) Pitch (Refers to Frequency):
unit normal area per second is called intensity The shrillness or harshness of sound is known
E as pitch. Pitch depends on frequency. Higher the
of a wave. I  . ItsSI Unit : W/m2 frequency, higher will be the pitch and shriller
At
will be the sound.
 It is the average power transmitted by a wave 3) Quality or Timber (Refers to Harmonics):
through the given area.
It is the sensation received by ear due to
P waveform. Quality of a sound depends on
I  avg. ; I  2 2 n 2 A2  v
area number of overtones. i.e, harmonic present.
18 NARAYANAGROUP
JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I WAVES
Velocity of Sound v0t
 The equation for velocity of sound through a  vt  v0   v0  0.61t C
546
E Note:
medium is given by v 
 1) When temperature rises by 1o C then velocity of
where E  modulus of elasticity;   density sound increases by 0.61 m/s
2) The velocity of sound increases with increase
 As modulus of elasticity is more for solids and
less for gases, so in humidity. Sound travels faster in moist air
than in dry air at the same temperature, because
vsolids  vliquids  vgases
density of humidity air is less than that of dry
Y air.
 In case of solids v   ,
 moist air   dry air  vmoist air  vdry air
where Y is Young's modulus,
3) The velocity of sound at constant temperature in
B a gas does not depend upon the pressure of air.
 In case of fluids (liquids and gases) v   4) Amplitude, frequency, phase, loudness, pitch,
where B is the Bulk modulus quality donot effect velocity of sound.
Velocity of sound in Gases : W.E-26: Find the speed of sound in a mixture of
1 mol of helium and 2 mol of oxygen at 27°C.
 Newton’s formula :
Newton assumed that the propagation of sound C Pmix 19 R / 6  19
in a gas takes place under isothermal conditions. Sol.  mix  C  
Vmix 13R / 6  13
 Isothermal Bulk modulus , B  P
nM n M 1 4  2  32
P M mix  1 1 2 2 
 vs  n1  n2 1 2

68
1.013 x105   103 kg / mol ;
 280ms 1 3
 At S.T.P. v  1.29
 RT 19 8.314  300
Which is less than the experimental value v  mix  
( 332 m / s ) M mix 13 68 10 3 / 3  401m / s
 Laplace’s correction: Laplace assumed that W.E-27: A window whose area is 2m opens on a
3

the propagation of sound in a gas takes place street where the street noise result in an
under adiabatic conditions. intensity level at the window of 60dB . How
 Adiabatic Bulk modulus, B   P much ‘acoustic power’ enters the window via
sound waves. Now if an acoustic absorber is
P  PV  nRT  RT fitted at the window, how much energy from
v    
 m m M street will it collect in five hours ?
where V = volume, m is mass, M = molecular  I 
weight. T is absolute temperature Sol. Sound level   10log  I 
 For air  = 1.4. Therefore  o
At STP v0  280 1.4  330ms 1 , which agrees  I  I
 60  10 log     106  I  106 I
with the experimentally calculated value.  Io  Io o

 Velocity of sound in a gas is directly proportional  I  106  10 12  106 W / m 2

to the square root of the absolute temperature
1 E
vt T  t  273  2 but intensity I   E  IAt
vo
 
To  273    v   T At
E  10 6  2  5  3600  36  103 J
 t  Various forms of longitudinal wave:
 vt  vo  1   As we know, during a longitudinal wave
 546  propagation the particles of the medium oscillate

NARAYANAGROUP 19
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SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II
to produce pressure and density variation along the 2) Density wave form : Let o be the normal
direction of the wave. These variations result in
series of high and low pressure (and density) density of the medium and  be the change in
regions called compression and rarefactions density of t he medium during t he wave
respectively. Hence the longitudinal wave can propagation.
be in terms of displacement of particles called Then fraction of change in volume of the element
displacement wave y(x, t) or in terms of change v   m
 v  
in pressure called pressure wave P( x, t ) or v 0  
change in density called density wave d ( x, t ) . According to definition of Bulk’s modulus
1) Pressure Wave:  
 v 
i)A longitudinal sound wave can be expressed B  P    P  0 
either in terms of the longitudinal displacement  v    
of the particles of the medium or in terms of
excess pressure produced due to compression 0
or rarefaction. (at compression, the pressure is    .p
B
more than the normal pressure of the medium 0
and at rarefaction the pressure is lesser than the    (p )max Cos (kx   t )
normal). B
ii) If the displacement wave is represented by     0 Ak Cos ( kx  t )
y  A sin(t  kx) then the corresponding
pressure wave will be represented by
dy
  p max  BAk 
P   B (B = Bulk modulus of elasticity of
dx      max Cos ( kx  t ),
medium)
where ( ) max  0 Ak is called density
P  BAk cos(t  kx )  P0 cos(t  kx)
amplitude. Thus the density wave is in phase
where P0  pressure amplitude  BAk with the pressure wave and this is 900 out of
iii) Pressure wave is  / 2 out of phase(lags) phase (lags ) with the displacement wave as
with displacement wave. i.e. pressure is shown in the figure.
maximum when displacement is minimum and
vice-versa.
Note1:At the centre of compression and
rarefaction particle velocity is maximum and +A
at the boundary of compression and rarefaction O
particles are momentarly of rest. This is -A
explained as in a harmonic progressive wave
vp dy
vP = -(slope of y-x )  v  
v dx
Since the change in pressure of the medium P0+BAK
P0
 dy   vp  P0-BAK
P   B    P  B  v 
 dx   
i.e., for a given medium, B and v are constants.
Where v p is maximum, p is also maximum, d0+d0AK
d0
which is true at y = 0
Note 2: As sound sensors (e.g ear or mike ) detect d0-d0AK
pressure changes, description of sound as
pressure wave is preferred over displacement
wave.
20 NARAYANAGROUP
JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I WAVES
Note 1: The relation between density amplitude and WE-30: A firework charge is detonated many
 metres above the ground. At a distance of 400
pressure amplitude is () max  (p )max   m from the explosion, the acoustic pressure
B reaches a maximum of 10.0 N / m 2 . Assume
P 1 that the speed of sound is constant at 343 m/s
Note 2: Average Intensity I    2 A2v throughout the atmosphere over the region
S 2 considered, the ground absorbs all the sound
In terms of pressure amplitude, sound intensity falling on it, and the air absorbs sound en-
2 2 ergy at the rate of 7.00 dB/km. What is the
1   p
I   2  max  v 
 1   pmax  sound level (in decibels) at 4.00 km from the
v explosion?
2  Bk  2
Sol. r  400m, r 1  4000m,

[ (P)max  BAk , k  and B   v 2 ]   1.2kg / m3 , v  343m / s
v 2
Thus intensity of wave is proportional to square Pmax 10
I   1.21102W / m 2
of pressure amplitude or displacement amplitude 2  v 2(1.2)(343)
or density amplitude and is independent of 2
frequency. 1 I1  r 
as I  2    1 
W.E-28: What is the maximum possible sound r I r 
level in dB of sound waves in air? Given that I (400)
3
I1   1.21 103 W / m 2
density of air  1.3kg / m , v  332m / s and 4000
atmospheric pressure P  1.01 10 N / m .5 2  I   1.21103 
  10 log  1   log  12 
 90.8 dB
Sol. For maximum possible sound intensity, pressure I   110 
amplitude of wave will be equal to atmospheric At a distance of 4 km from the explosion, ab-
pressure, i.e., p0  P  1.01 10 Nm5 2 sorption from the air will decrease the sound
level by an additional amount,
2 5 2
p (1.0110 )   (7)(3.60)  25.2 dB
I 0   1.18 107 W / m 2 At 4 km, the sound level will be
2  v 2 1.3  332
 f      90.8  25.2  65.6 dB
I 107 Organ pipes
 SL  10log  10log 12  190dB
I0 10 Organ pipe: An organ pipe is a cylindrical
WE-29: The faintest sounds the human ear can tube of uniform cross section in which a gas is
detect at a frequency of 1000 Hz correspond trapped as a column.
Open pipe : If both ends of a pipe are open
to an intensity of about 1.00  1012 W / m 2 , and a system of air is directed against an edge,
which is called threshold of hearing. The standing longitudinal waves can be set up in the
loudest sounds the ear can tolerate at this tube. The open end is a displacement antinode.
frequency correspond to an intensity of about  Due to finite momentum, air molecules undergo
certain displacement in the upward direction
1.00W / m 2 , the threshold of pain. Determine hence antinode takes place just above the open
the pressure amplitude and displacement end but not exactly at the end of the pipe.
amplitude associated with these two limits.  Due to pressure variations, reflection of
Sol. Pmax  2  vI longitudinal wave takes place at open end and
hence longitudinal stationary waves are formed
in open tube.
 2(1.20)(343)(1.00  10 12 )
 2.87  105 N / m2
Pmax 2.87 10 5
A 
 v (1.2)(343)(2 1000) 
(   2 n) ;  1.11 1011 m
(a) (b) (c)

NARAYANAGROUP 21
WAVES JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I
SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II
fig: a) For fundamental mode of vibrations or If n1 is the fundamental frequency, then the velocity
I harmonic of sound waves is given as
 V
L  1 ; 1  2L V  1n1 V  4 Ln1  n1  4L ----- (1)
2
 figure b) for third harmonic or first overtone.
V
V  1n1 ; V  2 Ln1  n1  ------ (1)  4
2L L  3  2 ,  2  L
 fig:b) For the second harmonic or first 4 3
overtone, 4 3V
L  2 V  2 n2 , V  Ln2  n2  ---- (2)
3 4L
2V  figure c) for fifth harmonic or second
V  2 n2 V  Ln2  n 2  2L ------ (2) overtone.
 fig:c) For the third harmonic or second  4
overtone, L  5  3 ,  3  L
4 5
 2 4 5V
L  3  3  3  L V   3 n3 , V  Ln3  n3  ---- (3)
2 3 5 4L
2 3V From (1), (2) and (3) we get,
V  3 n3 V  Ln3  n 3  ------- (3)
3 2L n1 : n2 : n3 .....  1: 3 : 5 : ......
 From (1), (2) and (3) we get, 4L
n1 : n2 : n3 .....  1: 2 : 3 : ...... In the general case, 
i.e. for a cylindrical tube, open at both ends, the
  2 p  1 , where
harmonics excitable in the tube are all integral p  0,1, 2,.....
multiples of its fundamental.  2 p  1V
 p harmonic frequency 
th
2L ,
 4L
  In the general case, p
, where
where p = 1, 2....
p  1, 2,..... End Correction
Due to finite momentum of air molecules in organ
V pV pipe reflection takes place not exactly at open
 p harmonic frequency    2l , where
th
end but some what above it. Hence antinode is
p  1, 2,..... not formed exactly at the open end rather it is
Closed pipe: If one end of a pipe is closed, formed at a little distance away from open end
then reflected wave is 180 out of phase with outside it.
the wave. Thus the displacement of the small The distance of antinode form the open end is
volume elements at the closed end must always known as end correct (e).
be zero. Hence the closed end must be a It is given by e = 0.6 r , where r = radius of
displacement node. pipe.

l' l l l'

(a) (b) (c)

 figure a) for the fundamental mode of Effective length in open organ pipe l '   l  2e 
vibration or I harmonic :
 Effective length in closed organ pipe l '   l  e 
L  1 1  4L
4
22 NARAYANAGROUP
JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I WAVES

Note: When the end correction is considered, then W.E-32: A tuning fork of frequency 340 Hz is
i)the fundamental frequency of open pipe vibrated just above a cylindrical tube of
V V length 120 cm. Water is slowly poured in the
n n tube. If the speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.
2  l  2e   2  l  1.2r 
Find the minimum height of water required
ii) The fundamental frequency of closed pipe for resonance. (v = 340m/s)
V V v
n  n
4 l  e 4  0.6r 
l  Sol: n  p with p = 1, 3, 5,.............
4L
Velocity of sound So length of air column in the pipe
(Resonance column apparatus) :
pv
L  25 p cm with p = 1,3,5,.....
4n
i.e., L = 25cm, 75cm, 125cm
l2
Now as the tube is 120 cm , so length of air
column must be lesser than 120 cm, i.e., it can
be only 25 cm or 75 cm. Further if h is the height
of water filled in the tube,
 If l1 , l2 and l3 are the first, second and third L + h = 120 cm or h = 120 – L
So h will be minimum when Lmax = 75cm

resonating lengths then l1  e  ....(1)  (h)min = 120 – 75 = 45cm.
4 BEATS
3  It is the phenomenon of periodic change in the
l2  e  ...(2)
4 intensity of sound when two waves of slightly
5 different frequencies travelling in same
l3  e  --- (3) direction superpose with each other.
4
 Maximum Intensity of sound(Waxing) is
 From equations (1) and (2) produced in the beats when constructive
1)   2  l2  l1  2) V  n  2n  l2  l1  Interference takes place.
1 l  3l1  Minimum Intensity of sound(Waning) is
3)  2   e  2 4) l3  l2  l2  l1  l3  2l2  l1 produced in the beats when destructive
2 Interference takes place.
W.E-31: A tube of certain diameter and length
48 cm is open at both ends. Its fundamental
frequency of resonance is found to be 320 Hz.
The velocity of sound in air is 320 m/s.
Estimate the diameter of the tube. One end
of the tube is now closed. Calculate the
frequency of resonance for the tube.
v v
Sol. n0  2  L  2e   2  L  2  0.6r   as e  0.6r 
So substituting the given data,
Analytical treatment of Beats:
320  100 10
320   or  r  cm  Equations of waves producing beats are given
2  48  1.2 r  6 as y1  a sin 1t and y2  a sin 2t let 1  2
So, D = 2r = 2 × (10/6) = 3.33cm.
Now when one end is closed,  Resultant wave equation is
 1  2     2 
v y  y1  y2  2a cos   t sin  1 t
nc   2   2 
4  L  0.6r 
320  100  1  2 
  163.3Hz y  A  t  cos  t
4  48  0.6  10 / 6    2 

NARAYANAGROUP 23
 WAVES JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I
SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II
2. When arms of one of the tuning forks are filed then
   2  t
 2a sin 1
Here A  t  its frequency increases.
2 i.e., n1  n
 Amplitude is function of time. Frequency of 3. The following table gives the relation for beats
n n produced when sounded together under different
variation of amplitude  1 2
2 conditions.
n1  n2
 Frequency of resultant wave = 2 Fork Frequency
Relation n when
1 1
n > n n < n
 The variation in the intensity of sound between
successive maxima or minima is called one beat. Wax is added
to 1st fork
n11  n1 n = n2n1 n = n1n2
 The number of beats per second is called beat
frequency. I f n1 and n 2 are the frequencies of Wax is added
the two sound waves that interfere to produce nd
to 2 fork
n22  n2 n = n1n2 n = n2n1
beats then st
1 fork is
Beat frequency = n1 ~ n2 filled
n11  n1 n = n1n2 n = n2n1

 The time period of one beat (or) the time interval nd

between two successive maxima or minima is 2 fork is
n12  n1 n = n2n1 n = n1n2
filled
1
n1 ~ n2 W.E-33: The frequency of tunning fork ‘A’ is
 The time interval between a minima and the 250 Hz. It produces 6 beats/sec, when sounded
1 together with another tunning fork B. If its
immediate maxima is arms are loaded with wax then it produces 4
2n1 ~ n2 
beats/sec. Find the frequency of tuning fork
 As the persistence of human hearing is about B.
0.1 sec, beats will be detected by the ear only
if beat period is t  0.1sec or beat frequency Sol. n  nA  nB = 6 beats / sec
n  n1  n2  10 Hz If wax is added to the tunning fork A then its
 Maximum number of beats that can be heard by frequency decreases. i.e., n1A  nA and
a human being is 10 per second.
given n1  4 beats / sec  n
 If more than 10 beats are produced then no. of
beats produced are same but no. of beats heard This is possible when nA  nB  n
are zero
 If a1 , a2 are amplitudes of two sound waves that  250  nB  6  nB  244 Hz
interfere to produce beats then the ratio of W.E-34: A tunning fork of frequency of 512 Hz
maximum and minimum intensity of sound is, when sounded with unknown tunning fork
2 produces 5 beats/sec. If arms of the unknown
I max  a1  a2  fork are filed then it produces only 3 beats /
 
I min  a1  a2  sec. Find the frequency of unknown tunning
Uses of Beats: fork.
i) To determine unknown frequency of a tuning fork Sol. n  n1  n2 , n1  512 Hz , n  5 beats/sec
with the help of a standard tuning fork.
ii) To tune the stretched string of a musical If arms of unknown fork are filed then its fre-
instrument to a particular frequency. quency increases.
iii) To detect the presence of dangerous gases in i.e., n12  n2 and given n1  3 beats / sec.
mines.
Note: This is possible when n  n2  n1
1. When wax is added to the arms of one of the
tuning forks then its frequency decreases.  5  n2  512  n2  517 Hz
i.e. n1  n

24 NARAYANAGROUP
JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I WAVES
W.E-35: The lengths of two open organ pipes are 3K 97 K
ny  K  
l and l  l  l  l  . If v is the speed of 100 100
sound, find the frequency of beats between 105 97
n  nx  n y  4  K K
them. 100 100
On solving, K = 50 Hz
Sol. Beat frequency  n1  n2  v  v
2l 2  l  l  105
The frequency of x   50  52.5 Hz
1
100
v   l   v  l  vl 97
 1   1     1  1    2 Similarly frequency of y   50  48.5Hz
2l   l   2l  l  2l 100
W.E-36: If two sound waves, W.E-38: A string under a tension of 129.6 N
produces 10 beats per sec when it is vibrated
y1 =0.3sin596 [t-x/330] and along with a tuning fork. When the tension
y 2 =0.5sin604 [t -x/330] are superposed, in the string is increased to 160 N, it sounds
what will be the (a) frequency of resultant in unison with the same tuning fork. Calculate
wave (b) frequency at which the amplitude of the fundamental frequency of the tuning fork.
resultant waves varies (c) Frequency at which Sol. Let ‘n’ be the frequency of fork.
beats are produced. Find also the ratio of The wire frequency would be  n  10 
maximum and minimum intensities of beats.
In case of a wire under tension n  T
Sol. Comparing the given wave equation with
y  A sin  t   x / v    as k /   1/ v  we find n  10 129.6
   n = 100 Hz
that here, n 160
W.E-39 Two open organ pipes 80 cm and 81 cm
A1=0.3, 1  2n1  596  n1=298Hz long found to give 26 beats in 10 sec, when
and A2= 0.5, 2  2n2  604  n2 = 302 Hz each is sounding its fundamental note. Find
a) The frequency of the resultant the velocity of sound in air.
Sol. Number of beats per second
n1  n2  298  302 
navg    300 Hz v v
2 2 n  
2l1 2l2
b) The frequency at which amplitude of resultant
wave varies: 26 v v 2v
  ~  2.6 
n1  n2  298  302  10 160 162 160 162
nA    2 Hz 2.6  160  162
2 2 v  33696cms 1  337 ms 1 .
c) The frequency at which beats are produced 2
nb = 2nA = n1 – n2 = 4Hz Doppler’s effect: Whenever there is a relative
d) The ratio of maximum to minimum intensities motion between a source of sound and the
of beat observer (listener), the frequency of sound heard
2 2
by the observer is different from the actual
I max  A1  A2   0.3  0.5  64 frequency of sound emitted by the force.
 2
 2   16 The frequency observed by the observer is
Imin  A1  A2   0.3  0.5 4 called the apparent frequency. It may be less than
W.E-37:The frequency of a tuning fork ‘x’ is 5% or greater than the actual frequency emitted by
greater than that of a standard fork of the sound source. The difference depends on the
frequency ‘K’. The frequency of another fork relative motion between the source and observer.
‘y’ is 3% less than that of ‘K’. When ‘x’ and 1. When observer and source are stationary
‘y’ are vibrated together 4 beats are heard per
second. Find the frequencies of x and y.
Sol. Let the frequency of standard fork be K O
S
5 K 105 K 
nx  K   
100 100

NARAYANAGROUP 25
WAVES JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I
SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II
i) Sound waves propagate in the form of spherical   v  vm   vo 
wavefronts (shown as circles) (from observer to source) n '   v  v  v  n
ii) The distance between two successive circles  m S 
is equal to wavelength 
iii) Number of waves crossing the observer = If medium is stationary i.e., vm = 0 then
Number of waves emitted by the source
 v  v0 
iv) Thus apparent frequency  n ' = actual n'   n
 v  vS 
frequency (n).
2. When source is moving but observer is  Sign convention for different situation
i) The direction of v is always taken from source
at rest
to observer.
S S1
O3
ii) If the velocities vo , vs in the direction of v
O S
 
2

then positive +ve is taken.

y x

i) S1, S2, S3 are the positions of the source at iii) If the velocities vo , vs in the opposite
three different positions. direction of v then positive -ve is taken.
ii) Waves are represented by non-concentric Note:- i) Doppler effect in sound is asymmetric.
circles, they appear compressed in the forward ii) Doppler effect in light is symmetric.
direction and spread out in backward direction. iii) Doppler’s effect in vector form is written
iii) For observer (X) as
Apparent wavelength   '  Actual r  v  v0 .r 
n1  
S O  v  v .r  n
wavelength (  )  s 

 Apparent frequency  n '   Actual frequency (n) r unit vector along the line joining source and
observer V  Velocity of sound in the medium.
For observer (Y) :  '    n '  n
Its direction is always taken from source to
3. When source is stationary but observer observer.
is moving
 limitations of Doppler effect:
i) Doppler effect is not observed if
O
S
O
a) v0  vs  0 (both are in rest)
 
x
y b) v0  vs  0 and medium is alone in motion
i) Waves are again represented by concentric direction.
circles.
ii) No change in wavelength received by either d) vs is perpendicular to the line of sight
observer X or Y. ii) Doppler effect is applicable only when,
iii) Observer X (moving towards) receives v0  v and vs  v . ( v is velocity of sound)
wave fronts at shorter interval thus n '  n . 5. Common Cases in Doppler’s Effect
iv) Observer Y receives wavelengths at longer
 Source is moving but observer at rest.
interval thus n '  n 1. Source is moving towards the observer
4. General expression for apparent v
frequency: If v, vo , vs are the velocities of
sound, observer, source respectively and vs O v0 = 0
s
velocity of medium is vm then apparent
frequency observed by observer when wind  v 
blows in the direction of v (from the source to Apparent frequency n '  n  v  v 
 S 
observer )is given by
 v  vm   v o 
 v  vS 
n'  n
Apparent wavelength  '    
and in opposite direction of v  v 
 v  vm   vS 

26 NARAYANAGROUP
JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I WAVES
2. Source is moving away from the observer. 2. When both are moving away from each other.
v
v
vs
vs v0 = 0 v0
s O O
s

 v 
Apparent frequency n'  n   v  vO 
 v  vS  i) Apparent frequency n '  n  v  v   n '  n 
 S 
 v  vS 
Apparent wavelength  '     ii) Apparent wavelength
 v 
 Source is at rest but observer is moving.  v  vS 
1. Observer is moving towards the source. '     '   
 v 
v iii) Velocity of waves with respect to observer
= (v – vO)
vs= 0 v0 3. When source is moving behind observer
s
O
v
 v  v0 
Apparent frequency n '  n   vs O v0
 v  s
Apparent wavelength
 v  v0    v  v0   v    v  vO 
'  i) Apparent frequency n '  n  v  v 
n'
n
 v  v0  n  S 

v a) If vO < vS, then n '  n

2. Observer is moving away from the source b) If vO > vS, then n '  n
v
c) If vO = vS then n '  n
 v  vS 
v0 ii) Apparent wavelength  '    
vs= 0
s O  v 
iii) Velocity of waves with respect to observer
 v  vO  = (v – vO)
Apparent frequency n '  n   4. When observer is moving behind the source
 v 
Apparent wavelength  '   v
4. When source and observer both are vs v0
moving s O
1. When both are moving towards each other
v  v  v0 
i) Apparent frequency n '  n  
 v  vs 
vs v0 a) If v0 > vs , then n '  n
s O
b) If v0 < vs , then n '  n
 v  v0  c) If v0 = vs , then n '  n
i) Apparent frequency n '  n  v  v 
 S 
 v  vS 
 v  vS  ii) Apparent wavelength  '    
ii) Apparent wavelength  '     v 

 v  iii) The velocity of waves with respect to
iii) Velocity of wave with respect to observer observer   v  vO 
= (v + v 0)

NARAYANAGROUP 27
 WAVES JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I
SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II
Crossing Some Typical Cases of Doppler’ Effect
1. Moving sound source crosses a stationary 1. M ov i ng car t ow ar ds w al l : When a car is
observer moving towards a stationary wall as shown in
v v
figure. If the car sounds a horn, wave travels
toward the wall and is reflected from the wall.
When the reflected wave is heard by the driver,
vs vs
s it appears to be of relatively high pitch, if we
v0= 0 wish to measure the frequency of reflected sound.
Before After
crossing crossing
Observer Imaginary source
Apparent frequency before crossing vc vc
 v 
n 'Before  n  
 v  vS  v
 v  Echo (sound)
Apparent frequency n ' After  n  Here we assume that the sound which is reflected
 v  vS  by the stationary wall is coming from the image
n 'Before
 v  vS  of car which is at the back of it and coming
Ratio of two frequencies n '   1 towards it with velocity vC. Now the frequency
After  v  vS  of sound heard by car driver be given as
Change in apparent frequency
' '  v  vc 
 v v  ndirect  n; nreflected  n 
n 'Before  n ' After  n    v  vc 
 v  vs v  vs  No.of beats
 2v  2vc n
 nv  2 s 2  n '  n 'reflected  n 'direct 
 v  vs  v  vc
2nvS Case (i): If the observer is at rest in between
If vs  v then n 'Before  n ' After  source and wall as shown
v
2. Moving observer crosses a stationary source
v v vs v 0= 0 vs
s
Direct Reflected
0
v0 v0 Sound Sound
0
source observer wall Image of
vs= 0 source
Before After
crossing crossing  v   v 
Apparent frequency before crossing
n1direct   1
 n ; nreflected   n
 v  vs   v  vs 
 v  vO 
n 'Before  n   No.of beats n '  n 'reflected  n 'direct  0
 v  Case (ii): If the source is in between observer
Apparent frequency after crossing
and wall
 v  vO 
n ' After  n  
 v  v0= 0 vs vs

n 'Before v  vO Direct Reflected

Ratio of two frequencies n '  Sound Sound
After v  vO observer source wall Image of source
Change in apparent frequency
 v   v 
n 'Before  n ' After 
2nvO n1direct   1
 n ; nreflected   n
v  v  vs  v  vs 

28 NARAYANAGROUP
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No. of beats n '  n 'reflected  n 'direct 3. Transverse Doppler’s effect

i) If a source is moving in a direction making an
 v   v   2 vs  angle  w.r.t. the observer..
 n  n  n 2 2 
 v  vs   v  vs   v  vs  A
vs C
B
vs cos

2nvS 
90° 
If vs  v then n '  vs cos
vs
v
Note: This method of images for solving problems
of Doppler effect is very convenient but is used O

only for velocities of source and observer which The apparent frequency herd by observer O at
are very small compared to the speed of sound rest
and it should not be used frequently when the nv
reflector of sound is moving. At point A: n ' 
v  vS cos 
2. Moving target: Let a sound source S and
observer O are at rest (stationary). The frequency As source moves along AB, value of 
of sound emitted by the source is n and velocity increases, cos  decreases, n ' goes on
of waves is v . decreasing.
Moving traget
S At point C:
  90 , cos   cos 90  0, n '  n
O
Source and observer
At point B: The apparent frequency of sound
vr
are at rest nv
A target is moving towards the source and becomes n ''  v  v cos 
s
observer, with a velocity vT. Our aim is to find ii) When two cars are moving on perpendicular
out the frequency observed by the observer, for roads: When car-1 sounds a horn of frequency
the waves reaching it after reflection from the n, the apparent frequency of sound heard by car-
moving target. The formula is derived by
applying Doppler equations twice, first with the  v  v2 cos  2 
2 can be given as n'  n 
target as observer and then with the target as  v  v1 cos 1 
source.
The frequency n ' of the waves reaching surface S
Car-1 v
of the moving target (treating it as observer) will 
1
1

v
 v  vT  v cos 
be n '   n v 2 2 2
v cos  1 1 2

 v 
Car-2
Now these waves are reflected by the moving
target (which now acts as a source). Therefore 2

the apparent frequency, for the real observer O 4. Rotating source/observer: Suppose that a
v v  vT source of sound/observer is rotating in a circle
will be n ''  n '  n ''  n of radius r with angular velocity  (Linear
v  vT v  vT
i) If the target is moving away from the observer, velocity vS  r  )
v  vT i) When source / observer at rest at centre of circle
then n '  n and observer / source is rotating in a circle then
v  vT the line of sight is perpendicular to the direc-
ii) If target velocity is much less than the speed tion of motion of observer / source and hence
 2v  no doppler effect.  n1  n
of sound, (vT << v), then n '   1  T  n , for
 v  O
v0 = 0
 2vT  vs = 0 vS
approaching target and n '   1   n for v0
vS
 v  v0 O
receding target
O

NARAYANAGROUP 29
WAVES JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I
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ii) When source is rotating 6. Uses of Doppler effect:
a) Towards the observer heard frequency will It is used in
nv a) SONAR
be maximum i.e., nmax  v  v b) RADAR (Radio detection and ranging used
S to determine speed of objects in space)
b) Away from the observer heard frequency will c) To determine speeds of automobiles by traf-
fic police. The technique is applied in the air-
nv ports to guide the air crafts.
be minimum and nmin  v  v d) To determine speed of rotation of sun.
S
vS e) In Astrophysics, it is applied in the study of
a the saturn’s rings and in the study of binary satrs.
r
Here the doppler’s shift in the frequency of light
vS
from the atronomical objects is measured.
v f) Accurate navigation and accurate target bomb-
c) Ratio of maximum and minimum frequency ing techniques.
nmax v  vS g) Tracking earth’s satellite.
 h) In medicine, it is applied to study the veloc-
nmin v  vS ity of blood flow in different parts of the body
iii) When observer is rotating and the moment of the fetus in the woomb using
vO ultra sound. The conditions of heart beat can be
a inferred by “echocardiogram” generated from
r
this technique.
vO W.E-40 When a train is approaching the observer,
v the frequency of the whistle is 100 cps while
a) Towards the source heard frequency will be when it has passed the observer, it is 50 cps.
maximum Calculate the frequency when the observer
moves with the train.
 v  v0 
i.e., nmax  n   Sol. In case of approaching of source, 100 
nv
 v 
v  vS
b) Away from the source heard frequency will while in case of recession of source,
 v  v0  nv
be minimum and nmin  n   50 
 v  v  vS
c) Ratio of maximum and minimum frequency Which on simplification gives
nmax v  v0 200
 n  66.67 Hz
nmin v  v0 3
5. Doppler shift in RADAR: A microwave beam W.E-41: A car approaching a crossing at a speed
of 20 m/s sounds a horn of frequency 500Hz
is directed towards the aeroplane and is received when at 80m from the crossing. Speed of
back after reflection from it. If ‘v’ is the speed sound in air is 330 m/s. What frequency is
of the plane and ‘n’ is the actual frequency of heard by an observer 60 m from the crossing
the microwave beam then the frequency of the on the straight road which crosses car road
microwave beam then the frequency received by at right angles ?
Sol. The situation is as shown in figure
1 cv 80m
moving plane n   n (car) S
 c  

60m
Now the plane act as a moving source, the fre- 100m

11 cv (observer)
quency of the wave from it is n   n O
 cv  80 4
( c is velocity of microwave) cos     Apparent frequency is
100 5
2nv  
Change in frequency n  v  330 
c napp  n
4   500  = 525.5 Hz
v  vS cos   330  20  
By measuring n , the speed ‘v’ can be obtained.  5

30 NARAYANAGROUP
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W.E-42: A whistle of frequency 540 Hz rotates Further more source is moving on a circle, its speed
in a circle of radius 2 m at a linear speed of vs  r  = 3 × 10 = 30m/s and as detector is
30m/s. What is the lowest and highest
frequency heard by an observer a long executing SHM, vD   A2  y 2
distance away at rest with respect to the
centre of circle. Take speed of sound in air  10 62  02  60m / s i.e., detector is at C.
as 330 m/s. Can the apparent frequency be So n ' will be maximum when both move
ever equal to actual ?
Sol. Apparent frequency will be minimum when the  v  vD 
towards each other. n 'max  n   with vD
source is at N and moving away from the  v  vS 
observer. = max i.e., the source is at M and detector at C
L
vs
and moving towards B, so
M  330  60 
K n 'max  340    442 Hz
O C
 330  30 
N Similarly n ' will be minimum when both are
Apparent frequency will be maximum when moving away from each other i.e.,
source is at L and approaching the observer.
 v  vD 
v  330  n 'min  n   wit h vD = max i.e., t he
n 'max 
v  vS
n   540   594 Hz  v  vS 
 330  30 
source is at N and detector at C but moving
Further when source is at M and K, angle
between velocity of source and line joining  330  60 
towards D, so nmin  340    255 Hz
source and observer is 90° (i.e., line of sight  330  30 
is perpendicular to vs ) or Echo (additional)
vScos =vScos90° = 0 .  The sound reflected by an obstacle which is
heard by a listener is called an echo.
So, there will be no Doppler effect.
 Persistence of hearing is the minimum interval
W.E-43: A source of sound is moving along a of time between two sound notes to distinguish
circular orbit of radius 3 m with an angular them.
velocity of 10 rad/s. A sound detector located Persistence of hearing is 0.1s
far away from the source is executing linear
 A person is at a distance ‘d’ from a reflected
simple harmonic motion along the line BD surface (a wall, mountain etc). The person
with amplitude BC = CD = 6 m. The sounds a horn and hears its echo at the end of a
frequency of oscillation of the detector is time ‘t’. If V is the velocity of sound in air then.
 5 /   rev /sec. The source is at the point A Vt
d
when the detector is at the point B. If the 2
source emits a continuous sound wave of
frequency 340 Hz, find the maximum and d
the minimum frequencies recorded by the S
detector [velocity of sound = 330 m/s]. D

A
3m B C D Reflector
To hear a clear echo, the minimum distance of
M
Sol. Time period of circular mot ion the obstacle,
V  0.1 V
T   2 /    2 /10  is same as that of d  
min 2 20
SHM i.e., T=(1/n)    / 5  , so both will -1
If V = 330 ms then dmin = 16.5m
complete one periodic motion in same time. If V = 340 ms-1 then dmin = 17 m

NARAYANAGROUP 31
 WAVES JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I
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9. When a progressive wave is propagating in a
C .U .Q medium, at a given instant, two particles which
are separated by three wave lengths will
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGRESSIVE have.....
WAVE 1) Different displacement in same direction
1. When a wave is travelling in a medium, in that 2) Different displacement in opposite direction
process, the following is/are transporting from 3) Same displacement in opposite direction
one particle to other 4) Same displacement in same direction
1) energy 2) momentum 10. The speed of sound in a medium does not
3) both 1 & 2 4) length change with the change of
2. A plane progressive wave cannot be 1) frequency 2) wave length
represented by 3) pressure 4) density
11. Phase difference between a particle at a
1) y = a sin  t  kx  compre-ssion and a particle at the next
rarefaction is
 t x 1) Zero 2)  /2 3)  4)  /4
2) y = asin 2   
T   12. One similarity between sound and light waves
is that.
2 1) both can propagate in vacuum
3) y = a sin Vt  x 
 2) both have same speed
4) y  A log x  B log x 3) both can show polarization
4) both can show interference
3. The speed of wave of time period T and 13. When a body is undergoing undamped
propagation constant K is vibration, the physical quantity that remains
2 TK 1 T constant is
1) 2) 3) 4) 1) amplitude 2) velocity
TK 2 TK K
3) acceleration 4) phase
4. The phase change between incident and
SPEED OF A TRAVELLING WAVE
reflected sound wave from a fixed wall is 14. At any instant a wave travelling along the
1) 0 2)  3) 3  4) 2  string is shown in figure. Here, if point A is
5. The phase change between incident and moving upward, the true statement is
reflected sound wave from a free end is
1) 0 2)  3) 3  4)  / 2 B
6. Figure shows the shape of a string, the pairs A C
of points which are in opposite phase is O
A E
x

C B 1) the wave is travelling to the right

2) the displacement amplitude of wave is equal
to displacement of B at this instant
1) A and B 2) B and C 3) C and E 4) A and E 3) at this instant, C also directed upward
7. During propagation of longitudinal plane wave 4) 1 and 3
in a medium the two particles separated by a 15. Transverse waves are produced in a long
distance equivalent to one wavelength at an string by attaching its free end to a vibrating
instant will be/have tuning fork. Figure shows the shape of a part
1) in phase, same displacement of the string. The points in phase are
2) in phase, different displacement B
A C G
3) different phase, same displacement
4) different phase, different displacement
8. The equation of a progressive wave is Y=a D F
sin (  t-kx), then the velocity of the wave is E
1) k  2) k/  3)  /k 4) a  1) A and D 2) B and E
3) C and F 4) A and G

32 NARAYANAGROUP
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16. A pulse in a rope approaches a solid wall and 21. At a certain instant a stationary transverse
it gets reflected from it wave is found to have maximum kinetic
energy. The appearance of the string at that
instant is a
1) sinusoidal shape with amplitude A/3
2) sinusoidal shape with amplitude A/2
The wave pulse after reflection is best 3) sinusoidal shape with amplitude A
represented by _____ 4) straight line
1) 2) 22. When stationary waves are set up, pick out
the correct statement from the following
1) all the particles in the medium are in the same
phase of vibration at all times and distances
3) 4)
2) the particles with an interval between two
consecutive nodes are in phase, but the particles
in two such consecutive intervals, are of opposite
phase
3) the phase lag along the path of the wave increa-
17. A transverse wave is travelling along a string ses as the distance from the source increases
from left to right. The figure below represents 4) only antinodes are in same phase
the shape of the string at a given instant. At 23. In a stationary wave along a string the strain
this instant the points have an upward velocity is
are (here X-wave displacement, Y-particle 1) zero at the antinodes
displacement) 2) maximum at the antinodes
y
C 3) zero at the nodes
B D
E
4) maximum at the nodes
x
A
24. In a stationary wave
F H
G 1) phase is same at all points in a loop
1) D,E,F 2) A,B,H 3) B,D,F 4) A,E,H 2) amplitude is same at all points
18. A metal string is fixed between rigid supports. 3) energy is constant at all points
It is initially at negligible tension. It’s Young’s 4) temperature is same at all points
modulus is ‘Y’ density is  and coefficient of 25. A wave is represented by an equation;
linear expansion is . It is now cooled through Y = A cos kx sin t , then
a temperature ‘t’, transverse waves will 1) it is a progressive wave with amplitude A
move along it with a speed. 2) it is a progressive wave with amplitude A
Yt t Yt cos kx

1) 
2) Y  3)   4) t 3) it is a stationary wave with amplitude A
Y 4) it is a stationary wave with amplitude A cos
PRINCIPLE OF SUPER POSITION, kx
INTERFERENCE AND STATIONARY 26. In a stationary wave
WAVES ON STRETCHED STRINGS. 1) pressure change is maximum at nodes
19. The interference phenomenon can take place 2) pressure change is maximum at antinodes
1) in transverse wave 3) pressure change is minimum at nodes
2) in longitudinal wave 4) amplitude is zero at all points
3) in electromagnetic waves 27. A wire in sonometer experiment is vibrating
4) in all waves in the third overtone. There are
20. For superposition of two waves, the following 1) two nodes, two antinodes
is correct 2) three nodes, three antinodes
1) they must have the same frequency and 3) four nodes, three antinodes
wavelength 4) five nodes, four antinodes.
2) they must have equal frequencies but may have 28.  is maximum wavelength of a transverse
unequal wavelengths
wave that travels along a stretched wire
3) they must have the same wave-length, but
whose two ends are fixed. The length of that
may have different frequencies
4) they may have different wavelength and wire is
different frequencies 1) 2  2)  3)  /2 4) 3  /2

NARAYANAGROUP 33
 WAVES JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I
SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II
29. In the sonometer experiment, a wire of density 37. The relation between the intensity (I) of a wave
‘  ’ and radius ‘a’ is held between two bridges and on the distance (r) from a line source is
at a distance ‘L’ apart. Tension in the wire is
1
‘T’ the fundamental frequency of the wire will 1) I  r 1 2) I  r 2 3) I  r 4) I  r 2
be 38. Loudness of sound primarily depend upon
1  a2 1 T 1) intensity 2) frequency
1) 2) 3) shape of the source 4) overtone
2L T  2L  a2
39. According to Laplace correction, the
1 T 1 T
3) 4) 2 L  a 2  propagation of sound in gas takes place under
2L  a2 1) isothermal condition 2) isobaric condition
30. For a stretched string of given length, the
3) isochoric condition 4) adiabatic condition
tension ‘T’ is plotted on the X-axis and the
frequency ‘f’ on the Y -axis. The graph is 40. The velocity of sound is not affected by change
1) rectangular hyperbola in
2) straight line through the origin 1) temperature 2) medium
3) parabola 3) pressure4) wavelength
4) straight line not through the origin 41. Velocity of sound in air at the given
31. The equation of a stationary wave in a
temperature
medium is given as y  sin  t cos kx . The
1) decreases with increase in pressure
length of a loop in fundamental mode is
2) may increase on decrease with pressure
  2 K
1) 2) 3) 4) 3) is independent of the variation in pressure
2K K K  4) varies directly as the square root of pressure
32. A stretched string of length l , fixed at both
ends, can sustain stationary waves of 42. If the temperature of atmosphere is increased
wavelength , correctly given by( P is number the following character of sound waves is
of loops) effected
l2 2
p 2l 1) amplitude 2) frequency
1)   2 p 2)   3)   2lp 4)   p 3) velocity 4) wavelength
2l
33. A knife-edge divides a sonometer wire into 43. Velocity of sound is
two parts. The fundamental frequencies of the 1) directly proportional to absolute
t wo par t s ar e n 1 and n2. The fundamental temperature
frequency of the sonometer wire when the 2) directly proportional to square root of
knife-edge is removed will be
absolute temperature
1 n1n2
1) n1 + n2 2)  n1  n2  3) n1n2 4) n  n 3) inversely proportional to absolute temperature
2 1 2
4) inversely proportional to T
SOUND AND VELOCITY OF SOUND
34. Pitch of sound primarily depend upon ORGAN PIPES
1) intensity 2) frequency 44. A closed pipe has certain frequency. Now its
3) quality 4) overtone length is halved. Considering the end
35. Quality of sound primarily depends upon
1) intensity 2) frequency correction, its frequency will now become
3) shape of the source 4) wave form 1) double 2) more than double
36. It is possible to recognize a person by hearing 3) less than double 4) four times
his voice even if he is hidden behind a solid 45. The fundamental frequency of a closed organ
wall. This is due to the fact that his voice pipe is ‘n’. Its length is doubled and radius is
1) Has a definite pitch halved. Its frequency will become nearly.
2) Has a definite quality
3) Has a definite loudness n n
4) Can penetrate the wall 1) 2) 3) n 4) 2n
2 3
34 NARAYANAGROUP
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46. When an air column of length ‘l’ open at both 56. In closed pipes, the positions of antinodes are
ends produces its fundamental note, the obtained at ____
wavelength is given by  3 5 
1)   l 2)   2l 3)   4l 4)   3l 1) , , 2) 0, , 
4 4 4 2
47. In the case of closed end organ pipe 3) , 2, 3 4) 2, 4, 6
1) the maximum possible wavelength is same as
that of open end organ piple 57. An open pipe of length ' l ' vibrates in
2) the maximum possible wavelength is less than fundamental mode. The pressure variation is
that of open end organ pipe maximum at
3) the maximum possible wavelength may be less 1) 1/4 from ends 2) the middle of pipe
than that of open end organ pipe 3) the ends of pipe 4) at 1/8 from ends of pipe
4) the maximum possible wavelength is greater BEATS
than that of open end organ pipe 58. Beat phenomenon is physically meaningful
48. In the case of standing waves in organ pipe, only, if
y 1) 1  2  1  2 2) 1  2  1  2
the value of x at the open end is
1 1
1) >0 2) <0 3) =0 4) =10 3)   17 4) 1  2  
2 2
49. The harmonics formed in air column in an
59. Beats are produced by the superposition of
organ pipe closed at one end are
1) only odd 2) only even two waves of nearly equal frequencies. Of
3) both odd and even 4) neither odd nor even the following, the correct statement is
50. A tube with both ends closed has same set of 1) all particles of the medium vibrate simple
natural frequency as harmonically with frequency equal to the
1) one end closed organ pipe difference between the frequencies of component
2) both end open organ pipe waves
3) vibratory string fixed at both ends 2) the frequency of beats changes with the
4) vibratory string fixed at one end location of the observer
51. The frequency of the sound emitted by an 3) the frequency of beats changes with time
organ pipe will increase if the air in it is 4) amplitude of vibration of particle at any point
replaced by changes simple harmonically with frequency
a) hot air b) moist air c) hydrogen equal to one half of the difference between the
1) a is true 2) a,b are true component waves
3) b,c are true 4) a,b,c are true 60. When beats are formed by two waves of
52. An empty vessel is filled partially with water frequencies n1 and n2, the amplitude varies
natural frequency with frequency equal to
1) increase 2) decrease 1) n1-n2 2) 2(n1-n2)
3) remains unchanged 4) insufficient data 3) (n1-n2)/2 4) (n1+n2)/2
53. End correction in a closed organ pipe of 61. Two wires are producing fundamental notes
diameter ‘d’ is of same frequency. The change in which of
1) 0.6d 2) 1.2d 3) 0.3d 4) 2.4d the following factors of one wire does not
54. If oil of density higher than that of water is produce beats between them
used in place of water in a resonance tube, its 1) stretching force 2) diameter of the wire
frequency will 3) material of the wire
1) increase 2) decrease 4) amplitude of the vibrations
3) remain the same 62. Beats are the result of
4) depend upon the density of the material of 1) diffraction 2) destructive interference
tube 3) constructive and destructive interference
55. If 1 , 2 and 3 are wave lengths of the waves 4) superposition of two waves of nearly equal
frequencies
giving resonance with fundamental ,first and
second over tones of a closed organ pipe .the 63. To hear beats, it is essential that the two sound
waves in air should
ratio of wave lengths 1 : 2 : 3 is 1) be travelling in opposite directions
1 1 2) be travelling in the same direction
1) 1:2:3 2) 1: : 3) 1:3:5 4) 5:3:1 3) have slightly different amplitude
3 5 4) have slightly different wavelengths
NARAYANAGROUP 35
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SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II
64. When the two tuning forks of nearly same 71. When a source moves away from stationary
frequency are vibrated to produce beats, then observer with velocity v then apparent
the velocity of propagation of beats will be change in frequency is n1 . When an observer
1) less than that of sound approaches the stationary source with same
2) depend upon the relative frequency velocity v then change in frequency is n2 then
3) more than that of sound
4) equal to that of sound 1) n1  n2 2) n1  n2
65. A certain number of beats are heard when n1
two tuning forks of natural frequencies n1 and 3) n1  n2 4) n  1
2
n2 are sounded together. The number of beats 72. The graph between distance between source
when one of the forks is loaded and observer and apparent frequency in the
(1992) case of Doppler’s effect will be
1) increases 2) decreases 1) 2)
3) remains same
4) may increase or decrease S S
n
66. The frequency of sound reaching a stationary
listener behind a moving source is n
1) lower than source frequency
2) higher than source frequency 3) 4)
3) zero
S S
4) same as the frequency of the source
DOPPLER EFFECT
67. Doppler shift in frequency does not depend n n
upon 73. A source of sound moves towards a stationary
listener. The apparent pitch of the sound is
1) the frequency of wave produced found to be higher than its actual value. This
2) the speed of the source happens because
3) distance between source and observer 1) wavelength of sound waves decreases
4) the speed of the observer 2) wavelength of sound waves increases
68. An observer is moving away from a source at 3) the number of waves received by the listener
rest. The pitch of the note heard by the increases
observer is less because 4) the number of waves received by the listener
1) the pitch of the source decreases decreases
2) the velocity of sound in air increases ASSERTION & REASON
3) wave length of the wave becomes small In each of the following questions, a statement
4)wavelength of the wave remains is given and a corresponding statement or
unchanged but observer receives less number reason is given just below it. In the
of waves
statements, mark the correct answer as
69. Doppler effect is not applicable to
1) sound Waves 2) light Waves 1) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
3) radio Waves 4) matter Waves Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
70. In Doppler effect, when a source moves 2) Both Assertion and Reason are true but
towards a stationary observer, the apparent Reason is not the correct explanation of
increase in frequency is due to Assertion.
1) increase in wavelength of sound received by 3) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
observer 4) Assertion is false but Reason is true..
2) decrease in wavelength of sound received 74. Assertion (A): In transverse wave particle
by obzerver velocity is perpendicular to wave velocity.
3) increase in number of waves received by Reason(R): In a longitudinal wave particle
observer in one second
velocity is along the direction of propagation
4) decrease in number of waves received by
observer in one second of wave.

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75. Assertion (A): When a sound wave is 82. Assertion (A): The speed of sound in moist
propagating through the medium the air is more than that in dry air.
acceleration of a particle is directly Reason(R): Speed of sound is independent of
proportional to its displacement. change in pressure at constant temperature.
Reason(R): Wave velocity depends on the 83. Assertion (A): The Doppler formula is not
symmetric with respect to the speed of source
properties of the medium and is independent
and the speed of observer.
of time and position.
Reason(R): Doppler effect is applicable for
76. Assertion (A):When a transverse wave both mechanical as well as electromagnetic
propagates along a string it transports energy waves.
in two forms : kinetic energy and potential 84. Assertion (A): In propagation of sound waves,
energy. pressure amplitude is proportional to the
Reason(R): A transverse pulse reflected from displacement amplitude.
a fixed end gets inverted. Reason(R): Suppose the source and observer
77. Assertion (A):When a wave is transmitted both are stationary and wind is blowing in a
from one medium to another, the frequency direction from source to observer, then the
does not change. observer detects an apparent increase in
frequency.
Reason(R): A wave transports energy and
85. Assertion (A): In stationary wave, all the
momentum along with matter. particles of the medium between two nodes
78. Assertion (A):Mechanical waves require vibrate in same phase with same frequency
material medium for their propagation. but with different amplitude.
Reason(R): In stationary wave, every particle
Reason(R): Transverse waves cannot be of the medium vibrates with its own energy
generated with in the liquids. and it does not share or transmit it to any
79. Assertion (A):The wave reflected from a other particle.
denser medium has a phase change of  from 86. Assertion (A): In the phenomena of
the incident wave. superposition, each wave propagates as if the
other wave were not present.
Reason(R): The rate of energy transfer by a
Reason(R): The superposition of waves is
wave is proportional to the frequency. valid only when the amplitude of the wave is
80. Assertion (A): A pulse traveling in one rope much less than the wave length and velocity
is reflected at the boundary with another rope. of the wave is much longer than the particle
If the reflected pulse is not inverted, then the velocity.
transmitted pulse is longer than the original 87. Assertion (A):A standing wave can be
pulse. produced even if the component waves have
Reason(R): The speed of a transverse wave different amplitude.
in an elastic stretched string is doubled if Reason(R): Only periodic waves can produce
extension in the string is quadrapled. interference.
81. Assertion (A): When a sound wave is 88. Assertion (A): Displacement node is a
pressure antinode.
propagating through the medium, the pressure
Reason(R): Standing waves can only be
fluctuations are  /2 out of phase with the
transverse.
displacements. 89. Two points P and Q have a phase difference
Reason(R): When a sound wave is of  when a traveling sine wave passes
propagating through the medium maximum through the region.
pressure deviation occurs at the positions of Assertion (A): P and Q move in opposite
zero displacement and no pressure change directions.
occur at the positions of maximum Reason(R): P oscillates at half the frequency
displacements. of Q.

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WAVES JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I
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90. Assertion (A): A transverse wave is traveling Reason(R): The ratio of modulus of elasticity
in a string. Equation of the wave is equal of to density for solids is much greater than that
shape of the string at an instant t. for gases.
Reason(R): At a point beats frequency of n 98. Assertion (A): Beats can be observed by two
Hz is observed. It means, at that point, zero light sources as in sound.
intensity is observed 2n times per second. Reason(R): To observe beats by two light
91. Assertion (A): In case of longitudinal sources, the phase difference between the
stationary wave, compressions and two sources should change regularly.
rarefractions are obtained in place of nodes 99. Assertion (A): When a vibrating tuning fork
& antinodes respectively. is placed on a sonometer, a large sound is
Reason(R): Two plane waves, one heard. Reason(R): It is due to resonance.
longitudinal and the other transverse having 100. Assertion (A): When the star approaches the
same frequency and amplitude are traveling earth, the spectral lines are shifted towards
in medium in opposite directions with same the blue end of the spectrum.
speed forms a stationary wave. Reason(R): It is due to Doppler effect.
92. Assertion (A): If all the particles of a string 101. Assertion (A): The change in frequency due
are oscillating in same phase, the string is to Doppler effect does not depend on
resonating in its fundamental tone. separation between the source and the
Reason(R): A sound wave is propagating observer.
through the medium, when the particle moves Reason(R): When a listener and sound source
in the opposite direction to the propagation are moving with the same velocity in the same
of the wave, it is in a region of rarefaction. direction, the apparent frequency as heard
93. Assertion (A): In longitudinal progressive by listener increases.
waves, when the particle is at the mean 102. Assertion (A): The Doppler effect can be
position, it is a region of maximum observed in case of light and sound, but
compression or rarefaction. Doppler effect formula for light differs from
that for sound.
Reason(R): In longitudinal progressive waves,
Reason(R): Light does not require a material
compressions and rare fractions travel
medium for its transmission whereas sound
forward along the wave.
requires medium for its transmission.
94. Assertion (A): In progressive waves, the
103. Assertion (A): In a standing wave, the
minimum distance between two particles
particles at nodes always remain in rest.
vibrating in phase is equal to the wavelength.
Reason(R): In a standing wave, all the
Reason(R): In progressive waves, all
particles cross their mean positions together.
particles have the same amplitude, frequency
104. Assertion (A): In a travelling wave, energy
and time period.
is transmitted from one region of space to
95. Assertion (A): The intensity of sound
other but in a standing wave the energy of
increases with increase in the density of the
one region is always confined that region.
medium. Reason(R): In a travelling wave, the phases
Reason(R): The sound heard is more intense of nearly particles are always different,
in carbon dioxide in comparison to air. whereas in a standing wave all particles
96. Assertion (A): The velocity of sound increases between two successive nodes move in phase.
with increase of temperature. 105. Assertion (A):Solids can support both
Reason(R): Sound wave travel through longer longitudinal and transverse waves, but only
distances during night than during day. longitudinal waves can propagate in gases.
97. Assertion (A): The velocity of sound is Reason(R): Solid possess elasticity of length
generally greater in solids than in gases at as well as shape, but gases possess only Bulk
NTP. modulus.

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106. Assertion (A): A driver under water is unable MATCH THE FOLLOWING
to hear the sound produced in air. 114. Match the following :
Reason(R): The sound produced in air List – I List – II
undergoes reflection at the water surface. In a stretched string % Change in frequency
107. Assertion (A): We need two ears to locate a) Length increases by 2% e) Decreases by 4%
the direction from which the sound is coming. b) Radius increases by 4% f) Increases by 4%
Reason(R): The phase difference between the c) Tension increases by 2% g)Decreases by 4%
sound reaching the two ears depends on the d) Density decreases by 2% h)Increases by 8%
I) Changes by 8%
direction and distance of source. The correct match is
108. Assertion (A): The sound waves do not exhibit 1) a-g, b-e, c-h, d-f 2) a-h, b-i, c-g, d-h
the property of polarization. 3) a-e, b-g, c-f, d-h 4) a-f, b-i, c-e, d-g
Reason(R): The sound waves do not have the 115. Match the following :
transverse nature. List – I List – II
109. Assertion (A): Two pulses are traveling along a) Resonance e)Law of conservation
a uniform string in opposite directions. One of energy
of them is inverted pulse when compared with b) Reflection f) Doppler effect is due
to change in wave length
the other in shape. There is no point clamped c) Source is in g) Doppler effect is due
between the pulses. Then they will have motion to number of waves
different speeds. reaching the observer
Reason(R): In a uniform string under a given d) Observer is h) Special case of
tension, wave speed of any pulse is same. in motion forced vibrations
110. Two waves in a string (all in SI units)are i) Reverberation
The correct match is
y1  0.6sin 10t  20 x  and y2  0.4sin 10t  20 x  .
1) a-e, b-h, c-g, d-i 2) a-f, b-g, c-e, d-h
kg 3) a-g, b-h, c-e, d-f 4) a-h, b-i, c-f, d-g
Mass per unit length of the string is 102 . 116. I represent intensity of sound wave, A the
m
Assertion (A): Stationary wave can be formed amplitude and r the distance from the source.
Then the match the following two comlumns.
by their superposition but net energy transfer Column - I Column - II
through any section will be non-zero. a) Intensity due to a p) Proportional to r 1/ 2
Reason(R): Their amplitudes are unequal. point source.
111. Assertion (A): When a longitudinal pressure b) Amplitude due to a q) Proportional to r 1
wave is reflected at the open end of an organ point source.
pipe, the compression pressure wave pulse
c) Intensity due to a line r) Proportional to r 2
becomes rarefraction pressure wave pulse source
during the reflection.
d) Amplitude due to a s) Proportional to r 4
Reason(R): The phase of the wave changes line source
by  when reflected at the open end. 1) a-r,b-q,c-q,d-p 2) a-p,b-q,c-r,d-s
112. Assertion (A): An open organ pipe of certain 3) a-q,b-q,c-s,d-r 4) a-s,b-p,c-q,d-r
length have the same fundamental frequency 117. Transverse waves are produced in a stretched
as closed organ pipe of half the length wire. Both ends of the string are fixed. Let
Reason(R): In the case of open organ pipe, us compare between second overtone mode(in
at both the ends antinodes are formed, while numerator) and fifth harmonic mode(in
in the closed organ pipe at one end antinode denominator). Match the following two
and at the other end node is formed columns.
113. Assertion (A) When a traveling wave is sent Column - I Column - II
along a particular string by oscillating one (a) Frequency ratio (p) 2/3
end, the speed of the wave will increase if we (b) Number of nodes ratio (q) 4/5
increase the frequency of oscillations. (c) Number of antinodes ratio (r) 3/5
Reason(R): If a traveling wave sent along a (d) Wavelength ratio (s) 5/3
1) a-r,b-p,c-r,d-s 2) a-q,b-p,c-s,d-s
particular string by oscillating its one end, it
3) a-r,b-s,c-q,d-p 4) a-s,b-p,c-r,d-p
is the wave length of the wave that decreases.

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 WAVES JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I
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118. A wave travels from a denser medium to rarer 121. A tuning fork ‘P’ of frequency 280 Hz produces
medium, then match the following two 6 beats/s with unknown tuning fork ‘Q’
columns. Column-I Column-II
A) P is waxed and P) Frequency of ‘Q’
Column - I Column - II number of beats is 286 Hz
(a) speed of wave (p) will increase decreases
(b) wavelength of wave (q) will decrease B) Q is filed and Q) Frequency of
(c) amplitude of wave (r) will remain constant numbered beats ‘Q’ is 274 Hz
(d)frequency of wave (s) may increase or decrease decreases
C) P is filed and R) Frequency of‘Q’
1) a  r; b  p; c  r; d  s 2) a  p; b  p; c  p; d  r
number of beats is 272 Hz
3) a  r; b  s; c  q;d  p 4) a  s; b  p; c  r;d  p remains same
119. y-x graph of a transverse wave at a given D) ‘Q’ is filed and S) Frequency ‘Q’ is
instant is shown in figure. match the following number of beats 288 Hz
A B C D
two columns. 1) Q R S R
y 2) P P Q Q
3) P,Q Q,R R,S P
4) R,S Q,R S R
122. Match the following
B Column-I Column-II
x
A) Beats P) Ratio of harmonics is
1:2:3
A B) open organ pipe Q) Transverse stationary
waves
C) string stretched at R) Superposition of
Column - I Column - II both ends sound waves of nearly
(a) velocity of particle A (p) positive equal frequencies
(b) acceleration of particle A (q) negative D) closed organ pipe S) longitudinal stationary
(c) velocity of particle B (r) zero waves
(d) acceleration of particleB (s) cen’t tell T) Interference in time
A B C D
1) a-r,b-p,c-r,d-s 2) a-p,b-p,c-p,d-r
1) P,T P,S P,Q S
3) a-r,b-s,c-q,d-p 4) a-s,b-p,c-s,d-r 2) Q,R S,T R,S,T Q
120. Match the following 3) S,T Q,R,T P Q
Column-I Column-II 4) Q P,Q R,S T
A) Laplace equation P) humidity 123. A string of length 1m stretched at both ends
vibrating with frequency 300 Hz which is 3
p times the fundamental frequency
B) Newton equation Q)
d Column-I Column-II
C) Speed of R) Temperature 1
A) Number of loops P) m
longitudinal wave 3
depends on S) isothermal process B) Number of antinodes Q) 200 Hz
C) Distance between R) 1st overtone
P two successive
T)
d antinodes
A B C D) 2nd harmonic S) 3
1) P Q S,T A B C D
1) Q R,S P,R Q,S
2) Q S,T P,R
2) T Q,R P S,T
3) P,Q R,S T 3) P,Q R,S P,R,T Q
4) Q,R P,Q,R R,S 4) S S P Q,R

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MORE THAN ONE OPTION IS CORRECT 128. A wave y = Acos(  t – kx) passes through a
124. A string of length l is stretched along the x- medium. If v is the particle velocity and a is
axis and is rigidly clamped at x=0 and x=l. the particle acceleration then,
Transverse vibrations are produced in the a) y, v and a all are in the same phase
string. For nth harmonic which of the following b) y lags behind v by a phase angle of  /2
relations may represent the shape of the string c) a leads y by a phase angle of 
at any time 3
d) v leads a by a phase angle of
 n x  2
a) y  2Acost cos   1) a only correct 2) b and c are correct
 l  3) a, b, c are correct 4) b and d are correct
 n x  129. The equation of the standing wave in a string
b) y  2Asint cos   clamped at both ends, vibrating in its third
 l 
harmonic is given by
 n x  y  0.4sin  0.314 x  cos  600t 
c) y  2Acost sin  
 l  where, x and y are in cm and t in sec.
 n x  a) the frequency of vibration is 300 Hz
d) y  2Asint sin   b) the length of the string is 30 cm
 l  c) the nodes are located at x  0 , 10 cm, 30 cm
1) c only 2) c and d only 1) Only a is true 2) a, b are true
3) a only 4) a, b, c and d 3) b, c are true 4) a, b, c are true
125. In case of superposition of waves (at x=0), 130. The equation of a stationary wave in a string
y1=4sin(1026  t) and y2=2sin(1014  t)
a) the frequency of resulting wave is 510 Hz is y   4mm  sin  3.14m 1  x  cos t .
b) the amplitude of resulting wave varies at Select the correct alternative(s) :
 frequency 3 Hz a) the amplitude of component waves is 2 mm
c)the frequency of beats is 6 per second b) the amplitude of component waves is 4mm
d) the ratio of maximum to minimum intensity c) the smallest possible length of string is 0.5 m
is 9 d) the smallest possible length of string is 1.0 m
The correct statements are 1) a, c are correct 2) b, c are correct
1) a, d 2) b, d 3) a, c, d 4) all 3) a, d are correct 4) all are correct
126. In case of stationary sound waves in air the
correct statement(s) is a/are CUQ - KEY
A) each air particle vibrates with the same 1) 3 2) 4 3) 1 4) 2 5) 1 6) 1
     amplitude 7) 1 8) 3 9) 4 10) 1 11) 3 12) 4
B) amplitude is maximum for some 13) 1 14) 2 15) 4 16) 3 17) 1 18) 1
particles and 19) 4 20) 4 21) 4 22) 2 23) 4 24) 1
minimum for some other particles 25) 4 26) 1 27) 4 28) 3 29) 4 30) 3
C) the particles do not execute periodic 31) 2 32) 4 33) 4 34) 2 35) 4 36) 2
motion 37) 2 38) 1 39) 4 40) 3 41) 3 42) 3
D) the particles do not vibrate at all 43) 2 44) 3 45) 1 46) 2 47) 4 48) 3
1) A 2) B 3) C 4) B & C 49) 4 50) 2 51) 4 52) 1 53) 3 54) 3
127. The tension in a stretched string fixed at both 55) 2 56) 1 57) 2 58) 2 59) 4 60) 3
ends is changed by 2%, the fundamental 61) 4 62) 4 63) 4 64) 4 65) 4 66) 1
frequency is found to get changed by 15 Hz. 67) 3 68) 4 69) 4 70) 2 71) 3 72) 4
a) wavelength of the string of fundamental 73) 1 74) 2 75) 2 76)2 77)3 78)2
frequency does not change 79)3 80)4 81)1 82)2 83)2 84)3
b) velocity of propagation of wave changes 85)3 86)2 87)3 88)3 89)3 90)2
by 2% 91)3 92)2 93)3 94)2 95)3 96)3
c) velocity of propagation of wave changes 97)1 98)1 99)1 100)1 101)3 102)1
by 1% 103)3 104)2 105)1 106)1 107)1 108)1
d) original frequency is 1500 Hz 109)4 110)1 111)1 112)2 113)4 114)1
1) c only correct 2) c and d are correct 115)4 116)1 117)1 118)2 119)4 120)2
3) a, c and d are correct 4) b and d are correct 121)2 122)1 123)4 124)2 125)1 126)2
127)3 128) 4 129)4 130)3

NARAYANAGROUP 41