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SNAP Student Guide

The document provides an overview of the SIPR/NIPR Access Point (SNAP) system. It describes the various components that make up the SNAP package upon shipment. It includes 11 cases containing equipment such as antennas, routers, modems, phones, and laptops. It provides diagrams showing the signal flow through the SNAP network and how SIPR data is encrypted and tunneled through NIPR. It also gives a high-level overview of the tactical TDMA mesh network that utilizes a Ku band commercial satellite for backbone connectivity.

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Arsyila Naifa

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)

1K views

SNAP Student Guide

Uploaded by

Arsyila Naifa

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 170

Chapter 1 SIPR NIPR Access Point

Chapter 2 Antenna Installation

Chapter 3 ODU Equipment

Chapter 4 RF Assembly and Components

Chapter 5 Initial System Deployment CONUS

Chapter 6 Initial System Deployment OCONUS

Chapter 7 Baseband Theory

Chapter 8 Baseband Components

Chapter 9 Call manager Express

Chapter 10 Access Lists

Chapter 11 Backup/Restore Router Configuration

Chapter 12 TACLANE (KG-175D)

Chapter 13 Troubleshooting

Chapter 14 Command Device Commands

Chapter 15 Preventive Maintenance

Chapter 16 Satcom Definitions

SIPR NIPR Access Point
SNAP
2
System Overview

The SIPR/NIPR Access Point (SNAP) is a complete communications terminal

consisting of a radio frequency (RF) side and a baseband side; providing access
to the local IP network while communicating with distant terminal stations. Users
have full access to input any form of IP equipment such as IP telephones and
computers; fully separated via secure (SIPR) and non-secure (NIPR)
communications. SNAP terminals can be customized to communicate within
several tactical networks or communicate within its own SNAP meshed network.

The SNAP contains full SIPR & NIPR capability and is pre-wired to be compatible
with several Ethernet enabled modems. The SNAP falls under the everything-
over-IP (EoIP) architecture and is built with satellite auto-tracking features. The
SNAP system is a move towards the automated telecommunications systems;
requiring less work from the user.

3
System Overview
2.0M Antenna Assembly

RF Case:
Antenna Control
Linkway S2 Modem

NIPR Baseband Case:

2811 Cisco Router
Citrix WAN Accelerator

SIPR Baseband Case:

2811 Cisco Router
Citrix WAN Accelerator
KG-175D-TACLANE

CITRIX Case:
2811 Cisco Router
Citrix WAN Accelerator
KG-175D-TACLANE

UPS Case
3

The SNAP package contains 11 cases upon shipment. Below is the breakdown
of all cases:

1 – Case containing antenna base

1 – Case containing 1 center reflector and 4 pedals

1 – Case containing 4 legs, 2 strut bars for boom, 4 strut bars for leg assembly, &
1 boom

1 – Antenna assembly case

1 – Block UpConverter (BUC)
3 – Low Noise Blockers (LNB)
1 – TX/RX cable
1 – Power Cable
1 – HMMV Power Cable

1-RF Case
Antenna Control
Linkway S2 Modem
TrackStar Handheld
1 – IP Phone
1 – CF-30 Laptop

4
Accessory Cables

1-UPS Case
UPS

1-NIPR Case
2811 Cisco Router
CITRIX WAN Accelerator

1-SIPR Case
2811 Cisco Router
CITRIX WAN Accelerator
KG-175D-TACLANE

1-Centrix Cases
2811 Cisco Router
CITRIX WAN Accelerator
KG-175D-TACLANE

1-Spares Case
3 – Spare LNBs
1 – Spare BUC

1-User Accessory Case

4 – IP Phones
3 – CF-30 Laptops
Accessory Cables

Rack Mounted Router Configuration

1-NIPR Case
2811 Cisco Router
CITRIX WANScaler IP Accelerator

1-SIPR Case
2811 Cisco Router
CITRIX WANScaler IP Accelerator
KG-175D-TACLANE (GFE)

1-Centrix Case
2811 Cisco Router
CITRIX WANScaler IP Accelerator

Embedded Router Configuration

1- Embedded Case
1- NIPR 2811 Cisco Router
CITRIX WANScaler IP
Accelerator
External Power supply with
Input power measurement
5
1-SIPR 2811 Cisco Router
CITRIX WANScaler IP
Accelerator
KG-175D TACLANE Mount kit.

1-Accessories bag including all RJ-45 cables needed for cabling

6
System Overview

SIPR
Encrypted via
TACLANE
and Tunneled
through NIPR

Above is a simple block diagram of a Point to Point SNAP network. The diagram
breaks out all vital equipment indicating the transmit (TX) and receive (RX) signal
flow. It is important to understand the signal flow of the system. Understanding
the signal flow provides a clear understanding of how a data flows through the
system. For instance, the diagram shows how SIPR data has to flow through the
NIPR router on TX and RX via a secure tunnel created by the TACLANE. This
leads to the understanding that SIPR relies on NIPR to transfer packets; a very
important piece to understand during troubleshooting.

Note: The VLANS depicted in the diagram are only examples and may not be the
actual VLANS used for the deployed SNAP.

7
TDMA Mesh & Satellite
Backbone
(cable)
DISN/GIG

Hub Node
STEP
(Div/Corps)

DISN/GIG

JNN
(BCT)

SNAP

Ku TDMA

5 BN CPN Ku FDMA

The tactical TDMA Mesh network utilizes a Ku Band commercial satellite network
for the backbone interconnectivity of its systems. Both Time Division Multiple
Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)are utilized. The
TDMA network architecture is composed of four primary systems:
1. Unit Hub Node (UHN)
2. Joint Network Node (JNN)
3. Battalion Command Post Node (Bn CP N)
4. SIPR/NIPR Access Point (SNAP)
These systems provide communications support to the various elements within
an Army Division.

The UHN is located at the Division and/or the Corps element. It provides
connectivity to the Defense Information Systems Network (DISN) and the Global
Information Grid (GIG). The UHN utilizes both FDMA and TDMA satellite
connectivity.

The JNN is located at the Brigade Combat Team (BCT) element. It serves as
both a distribution point for the various systems within the BCT and provides
direct network services for the Brigade headquarter elements. The JNN can
utilize both TDMA and FDMA satellite connectivity. It has a single FDMA link
which is usually reserved connectivity to the UHN.

8
The Bn CPN provides direct network access to users within a Battalion element.
It utilizes only TDMA satellite connectivity. It has permanent links to the UHN
and/or JNN and can establish on demand connections to other CPN’s within the
BCT.

The SNAP system is located at the Company level and, like the CPN, only
utilizes TDMA. Also, like the CPN, the SNAP system is able to establish
permanent links to JNNs, CPNs, UHNs, and C band and X band terminals (feed
assembly must be changed to communicate with X band and C band terminals.

9
SATCOM and RF Theory
What is a Satellite?

Repeater in the sky

A satellite is simply a repeater in the sky. A satellite is any object that orbits or
revolves around another object. For example, the Moon is a satellite of Earth,
and Earth is a satellite
of the Sun. The earth has many man-made satellites orbiting around it.

Communications
Earth Remote Sensing
Weather
Global Positioning

These satellites are in varying orbits around the earth:

Geostationary – 22,300 miles

Low Earth Orbit – 200 – 500 miles

10
SATCOM and RF Theory
Why Satellite?
• Allows for beyond line of
sight (BLOS) extension

• Accessible from virtually

anywhere on the battlefield

• No need for extensive “link”

planning for installation of Transponder
ground systems at a new
location

• Scales well for maneuver

units

• Current ground equipment

readily transportable

The use of satellite communications by the JNN network allows for the
installation and operation of a very flexible intra-network backbone for its users.

Tactical line of sight radio systems (LOS) are normally limited to a maximum
range of approximately 40 miles. This limits the area on a battle field that
maneuver units can cover. With satellite, two systems can establish a radio link
as long as they are within the earth “footprint” of the satellite coverage. This
coverage can be rather large allowing systems to be hundreds of miles apart.

LOS radio link installation requires extensive planning and engineering utilizing
complex computer programs to provide a “profile”. It is not always possible to
establish an LOS radio link between two locations. Whenever LOS radio systems
are moved to a new location, this link planning must be conducted again prior to
the installation of the new radio link. Satellite on the other hand requires initial
link planning for the installation of radio links. Once this is done, systems can
move almost anywhere within the footprint and reestablish the radio link. Also,
there are virtually no limits to establishing a satellite link as long as there is a
clear line of sight path between the earth system and the satellite.

With the flexibility noted above, satellite based systems serve well in meeting the
needs of Army combat units. As changes occur on the battlefield and units are
required to move, satellite based systems provide them the ability to rapidly
terminate and reestablish communications in a minimal amount of time.

11
Polarization

Vertical Polarization
Horizontal Polarization

Angle of the transmission/reception wave

Way to reuse same frequencies
Typically commercial satellite cross polarization
One polarization up and the opposite down (e.g. V/H)
Co-Polarization is the same polarization up and down

12
Ground, Space, Control Segment

Transponder

Footprint

• Antenna determines coverage area on

earth's surface
9 Provided by BCBL(G)

There are three major segments within satellite communications:

Ground Segment – contains the satellite earth terminal i.e. SNAP.
Space Segment – contains the communications satellite
Control Segment – satellite administrators which grant control and access to the
satellite.

SNAP operators will exclusively be a part of the Ground Segment. Under the
ground segment the satellite has a coverage area known as the satellite footprint.
In order for a SNAP terminal to communicate to any satellite it must be within the
satellite’s footprint or coverage area.

13
Space Segment

Ku-band (Europe):
Downlink: FSS: 10.700-11.700 GHz
Uplink: FSS and Telecom: 14.000-14.800 GHz;

Ku-band (America):
Downlink: FSS: 11.700-12.200 GHz
Uplink: FSS: 14.000-14.800 GHz

Ku-band (Asia):
Downlink: FSS: 10.950-11.700 GHz
Uplink: FSS: 14.000-14.800 GHz

Frequency bands of communication and reference satellites are a part of the

space segment. There are different receive frequencies per strategic location. In
the SNAP spares case there will be three redundant LNBs. Each LNB is
dedicated to a specific strategic location as depicted above. It is important for the
operator to use the correct LNB for the specific location. Using the incorrect LNB
will cause the VSAT antenna to scan a frequency band not associated with the
area.

Note, that with TDMA there is one transmit frequency which is shared throughout
all systems.

14
Frequency Ranges

Uplink Downlink

C-Band 5.9-6.4GHz 3.7-4.2GHz

X-Band 7.9-8.4GHz 7.25-7.75GHz

Ku-Band 13.75-14.5GHz 10.7-12.75GHz

Ka-Band 27.5-31GHz 18.3-20.2GHz

Military 30-31GHz 20.2-21.2GHz

Commercial 27.5-30GHz 20.2-21.2GHz

15
TDMA

Shared BW

No Users Users

Signal
Noise
SNAP SNAP

TDMA is a digital transmission technology that allows a number of users to

access a single radio-frequency (RF) carrier without interference by allocating
unique time slots to each user within each carrier. The type utilized within JNTC-
S is referred to as Multi-Frequency TDMA Demand Assigned Multiple Access.
This allows for dynamic allocation of time slots based on user requirements and
allows multiple carriers on the satellite within the TDMA network. This forms a
“bandwidth pool” for the users.

Major characteristics of TDMA are:

Users share carrier(s) for both xmit and receive.

Additional carriers can be defined to support network growth.
Scales well – efficient use of valuable space resource.
Supports ad hoc networking well.
Bandwidth is a shared resource, not dedicated
Slight delay in establishing link connection

TDMA Characteristics Unique to the Linkway S2 Modem:

Unique in the industry, the LinkWayS2 is a mesh MF-TDMA modem with

completely independent fast-hopping transmit and receive sections.
The transmit modulator and receive demodulator can each tune on a burst-to-
burst basis, independently and automatically, to any of 64 carriers across an

16
800MHz frequency range spanning multiple transponders, multiple carrier rates,
multiple carrier coding rates, and multiple carrier modulations.
This allows the most efficient allocation of bandwidth on the network carriers, on
any available timeslot on any available carrier frequency, for the most flexible
and frequency agile system available

17
Defining the quality of
Communications

Eb/N0 – Eb/N0 is defined as the ratio of Energy per Bit (Eb) to the Spectral
Noise Density (No). This measurement is an important parameter in data
transmission. Eb/N0 is the measure of signal to noise ratio for a digital
communication system. It is measured at the input to the receiver and is used as
the basic measure of how strong the signal is. It is especially useful when
comparing the bit error rate (BER) performance of different
digital modulation schemes without taking bandwidth into account.

18
Bit Error Rate

010100011?010001011000101?01010101111?0001001010111

ERROR ERROR ERROR

Bit Error Ratio – The number of bit errors that occur within a space of one
second. This measurement is one of the prime considerations in determining
signal quality. The higher the data transmission rate the greater the standard.
In telecommunication transmissions, the bit error rate (BER) is the percentage of
bits that have errors relative to the number of bits received in the transmission,
usually expressed as 10 to a negative power.
The Bit Error ratio calculation is the number of erroneous bits received divided by
the total number of bits transmitted (e.g. 4.6x10-7 = 4.6 errors for every
measured 10,000,000 bits)

19
RF Signal Flow

The Radio Frequency (RF) signal flow for the SNAP terminal is the same as most
other RF systems. The picture above indicates transmit with the dashed line,
receive is designated by a solid line.

On receive, the initial signal flows from the satellite to the reflectors, then to the
Low Noise Block (LNB). The LNB acts as a down-converter for the signal which
is then transferred to the Outdoor Equipment Enclosure (OEE) which is located
directly under the dish on the antenna system. The OEE contains both the
Antenna Control Unit (ACU) and Spectrum Analyzer circuit bords and passes
the signal to the pedestal where the system’s 100’ transmit/receive cable carries
the signal in to the RF Equipment Case. Within this case the signal travels into
the Linkway S2 Modem for demodulation and transfer into the Baseband
segment of the terminal.

On the transmit side, the signal begins in the Baseband segment of the terminal
and is sent to the Modem via a Cat 5 cable connecting the NIPR case to the RF
Equipment Case. This data is then modulated in the Linkway S2 modem into an
Intermediate Frequency (IF) for transmission out through the 100’
transmit/receive cable where it connects to the antenna pedestal. The pedestal
connection passes the signal up the boom to the Bulk Up Converter (BUC) which
up-converts the signal to the appropriate satellite transmit frequency and
amplifies the signal to the appropriate power level. From there the signal is sent

20
to the feed assembly where it is transmitted into the reflectors and sent back up
to the satellite.

21
Antenna Installation

22
Installation of 2.0 M Antenna

RF Hazards
•10 Ft safety zone

10 ft

Wind Loading Hazard

•35 MPH wind speed limitation
•Compensations
•Sand Bag placed in antenna base
•Anchors
17

During the site survey, establish a safety zone a minimum 10 feet beyond the
front of the feed horn and extend in an arc to 90 degrees of a center line on
either side of the feed horn around any SNAP VSAT Satellite System Satellite
Communications (SATCOM) device. The safety zone should be marked off to
prevent others from entering the area.

The operator must also keep a minimum of a 15 foot radius behind the antenna
in order to avoid any electromagnetic interference. The compass and GPS
antenna on the feed boom are very susceptible to magnetic interference.

The operator must also ensure the direction of the positioner is faced towards the
equator as marked on the positioned. This will mean the positioner will be facing
due south in most situations.

It is recommended that antenna assembly be performed at wind speeds under 35

MPH. At wind speeds of 45MPH or greater, the antenna should be placed in the
stowed position (See Stowing Antenna procedures).

23
Installation of 2.0 M Antenna

• 50 foot (minimum) separation between dish

and fueling stations
• Unit Local policies
• Approved power sources
• Tripping hazards & unsafe conditions
• Two-Man-Lift
• Adhere to warnings and cautions

The satellite dish should be at a minimum 50 ft from any fueling station or high
explosives. Access to all electrical power should be regulated by the respective
unit’s local policies. Check the Technical guide for all approved power sources.
Observe all equipment warnings and cautions indicated in technical manuals and
on equipment. Identify all tripping hazards and unsafe conditions with proper
identification and documentation. Any equipment over 50 pounds require a two-
man-lift.

24
Installation of 2.0 M Antenna
1

Feed Assembly – contains components for signal conditioning of TX & Rx signals

Feed Boom – Supports the Feed Assembly
Reflector
Positioner – Positions the antenna
Antenna Pedestal – Antenna support base
Pedestal Legs –Supports and sustains the antenna assembly

25
Installation of 2.0 M Antenna

Place the base of antenna approximately two feet from the center point of your
antenna base location. The antenna base should be placed on ground that is
close or equal to level. Unlock all latches and slowly lift the antenna case body
upward; exposing the antenna base. Place the case body (open end up) on the
flat surface; at the center point of antenna location. Lift the antenna base and
position it directly on top of the case body.

26
Installation of 2.0 M Antenna

Connect the legs of the antenna to each corner of the case body. The hook of the
leg inserts first onto the pin located at the bottom of the case body. Once the
hook is securely in place, screw the knob into the upper hole of the case body.
Repeat for remaining legs. Connect struts from leg to leg, matching the colors
until completion. Level the base of the antenna by twisting the knobs on the foot
pedals of the legs. Watch the center setting on the base of the antenna for
accurate leveling.

27
Installation of 2.0 M Antenna

Place the center reflector on top of the designated channel mounts on the
antenna base. Ensure that the portion of the center reflector associated with the
number 1 pedal is facing directly to the rear. Screw and tighten all the knobs
located on the antenna base into the reflector center section.

Install all antenna pedals by matching the number of the pedal with to the
corresponding number on the center reflector. The best way to install the pedals
is to match from 1 to 4, individually clamping the pedals in place. Then attach
pedals 7 & 8; individually clamping the pedals in place. Piece together pedals 5 &
6 with one person holding each pedal. With pedals 5 & 6 pieced together insert
the assembled pedals into their respective slots on the reflector center section.
Secure all pedals with secure latching clamps. Ensure all clamps are secured
before proceeding.

28
Installation of 2.0 M Antenna

Note: Make sure that the

LNB is the correct one

Connect the antenna assembly to the boom by sliding the assembly onto the
boom securely clamping the assembly. Match cable labeling with input on
assembly and attach.

Ensure the LNB mounted on the feed assembly is correct for the region.

29
Installation of 2.0 M Antenna

Mount the feed boom to the reflector by aligning the bottom hole in the mounting
bracket with the corresponding hole in the reflector mounting bracket.

NOTE: Ensure the color coding of the struts match the color of the feed boom
collar.

30
Installation of 2.0 M Antenna

With a person on the end of each feed strut, rotate the feed boom upward while
walking the struts around the edge of the reflector towards the lower connection
point. Insert the 2nd captive ball detent pin into the upper reflector pivot bracket
hole to secure the feed boom to the reflector. Connect the lower end of the feed
strut to its ball joint by sliding back the locking collar

31
ODU Equipment

32
Wavestream Block Upconveter

The Block UpConverter (BUC) up-converts an L-Band frequency to a Ku Band or

extended Ku Band frequency to transmit to the satellite.
The Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA) amplifies your upconverted signal to
give it the power it needs to reach the satellite.
The Ku-Band BUC’s Local Oscillator (LO) frequency is 12.8GHz.
Ku Output range is 13.75GHz - 14.5GHz
An external 10MHz is needed to provide signal stability. This is received from the
10 MHz signal generator on the front side of the RF Case

33
IFL Cable Diagram

Run the transmit (TX) and receive (RX) RF cables; and the antenna power and
M&C cable between the indoor equipment location and the antenna assembly
location.

2. Connect the antenna control cable to J1 on the positioner base.

3. Connect the red TX cable to the TX connector on the positioner base.

4. Connect the blue RX cable to the RX connector on the positioner base.

5. Connect the antenna power and M&C cable to J1 on the rear of the RF
Equipment Case.

6. Connect the red TX cable to TX on the rear of the RF Equipment Case.

7.Connect the blue RX cable to RX on the rear of the RF Equipment Case.

8. Remove the 10 MHz reference GPS antenna from its pouch in the lid of the RF
Equipment Case.

9.Connect the GPS antenna to J4 on the rear of the RF Equipment Case.

34
Low Noise Block Downconverter

Low Noise Block Down Converter (LNB) down-converts a signal returning from
the satellite to an L-Band frequency for use with baseband equipment
The LNB also amplifies the weak signal
Easily changeable for maintenance or geographic reasons
Three LNB options are available for the SNAP system to support worldwide
Ku-Band 10.95 to 11.70GHz, w/ External 10MHz
Ku-Band 11.70 to 12.20GHz, w/External 10MHz
Ku-Band 12.20 to 12.75GHz, w/External 10MHz
Signal passes through the waveguide portion of the LNB and is sent toward the
baseband portion via an F-Type coaxial Connector
An external 10MHz is needed to provide signal stability. This is received from the
10 MHz signal generator on the front side of the RF Case

35
RF Assembly &
Components

36
Identify Components
RF Case

Front Rear

2 4
5
3 6

Satellite Modem (Linkway S2) – TDMA satellite modem

RF Control Panel – Houses the antenna ODU circuit breaker, the Moxa NPort
Serial to IP Converter the 10Mhz reference generator and contains input for
TracStar & Phone/Laptop
Storage Shelf – Houses the CF-30 laptop and IP phone
Rear RF Patch Panel – Signal entry for 100 ft TX/RX cable,10Mhz Reference
GPS, Antenna Control/Power Cable, and an RF-45 input for “NIPR in”
Power Strip – Extra power source used for laptop and embedded kit
Ground Bar – Ground all RF devices within the case

37
Equipment Descriptions
2.0M Antenna

TX RX
Antenna
Power

Above is the interconnection from the Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) dish
to the Antenna Control Unit (ACU). Proper connection allows RF signals to and
from the satellite and data packets to be transmitted and received.

Ground – Ground wire connection point

Antenna Power & Control – Provides power and control functioning from the ACU
to the antenna
TX – Transmit connection from RF case to antenna
RX – Receive connection from RF case to antenna

38
Equipment Descriptions
Linkway S2 Modem
modem lock indicator

Multi-carrier, multi-rate, Multiple-Frequency Time Division Multiple Access (MF-

TDMA) Satellite Modem
Provides high-speed connection between SNAP remote terminals and the hub
Data Rate – Up to 5Ms/s
Dynamically allocates bandwidth on demand
Backward Compatible with the Linkway 2100
Supports multiple network topologies (Mesh, Star or Multi-Star)
Up to 256 Traffic Terminals (TTs) can be on a single carrier frequency on only a
TDMA Network, under the control of the Network Master Reference Terminal
(MRT)
Output of Modem is “L” Band (0.950 – 1.450 GHz).
All TTs and MRT use Linkway S2 and 2100 modems
The MRT modem passes control bursts
Controls timing and operation of all TTs in the network.
Unlike TTs, does not pass traffic
Without a MRT there is no Network

39
Linkway S2 Modem

The S2 is the connection point between your RF and Baseband side. Without
Modem lock there is no end to end communication. Once the SNAP terminal
attains all reference satellites and is deployed, the MODEM should have full lock.

To verify MODEM lock look at the ‘SAT’ LED on the front of the modem. If there
is a green flashing LED the modem has RX lock. After the Transmit Acquisition
bursts have been acknowledged by the MRT and your terminal has been
activated, the ‘SAT’ LED should be solid, indicating full TX & RX lock.

The MODEM also serves the purpose of modulating and demodulating the data
transmitted from the local baseband equipment and received from the distant
baseband equipment. Through modulation the MODEM adds a carrier to the
digital data suitable for transmission to follow on equipment (BUC). Through
demodulation the carrier is stripped to recover the raw digital data for follow on
equipment (baseband).

For configuration, load parameters from a “Boot File” via a RJ45 port from a
laptop or by Visual VSAT GUI. Bootfiles are to be obtained through the MRT
(hub) supporting the specific mission. After a SAR (satellite access request) is
approved an SAA (satellite access approval) will be granted and the POC listed
on the SAA will receive the modem boot files

40
Identify Components
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Case

Front Rear

2
1

The Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) system provides AC power for all
baseband and RF stacks to draw power. Upon loss of external power, the
internal battery of the UPS provide power to all stacks maintaining
communications. On average, with all stacks drawing battery power from the
UPS, communications will be maintained for about 15 to 20 minutes.

Battery Compartment – Houses the external battery

Power Strip – Located on the rear of the UPS rack. Provides power to all other
cases within the SNAP system. Can also provide power for other devices
(laptops, IP Phones, ect).

41
AVCOM Spectrum Analyzer

The SNAP system is equipped with a laptop based Spectrum Analyzer GUI.
The AVCOM SpecAn is capable of most everything a physical SpecAn is capable
of.
The signal is received directly into the OEE where the Spectrum Analyzer board
is located.
This signal is routed through the MOXA NPORT Serial to IP converter
Setting up the AVCOM
Click the Configure Tab
Set Connection Type to Serial 232
Set COM number to COM 9
Click the ADD button
Click the Close Button

42
Tracstar Antenna Controller

Four Main Menus – Ready page, User Setup, Tech Page and Diagnostic page.

Move through the menus by using the MAIN button for vertical movement (select
one of the four Main menus) and the key for horizontal (submenu) movement.

Main-1-Ready Page: Main page displayed after powering up. From this page the
user can access satellite and orbital position in degrees west longitude.

Main-2-User Setup: From this page users can jog the antenna, input satellite
parameters, and input the reference satellites.

Main-3-Tech Setup: From this page users can run several pre-set tests. From
here a user can also set the LNB parameters.

Main-4-Diagnostics: From this page users can look at the antenna information
such as look angles, level sensor readings, GPS data, and correction factors for
the three axis.

43
Initial System
Deployment
CONUS

44
Configuration of the ACU

From the Ready Page, Press the Main Button two times til you reach Tech Setup

Press the ENTER button til the CODE setting is flashing

Press the + button to Code 13 and press ENTER to input the Code

The configuration of the TracStar Antenna Control Unit is specific to the location
in which the operator will be positioning the antenna system. When setting up in
CONUS locations satellite acquisition is easier, simply because TracStar has
already pre-programmed a library of reference satellites.

When setting up in Europe and Asia the ScanSky function must be performed to
build the reference satellite library. The ScanSky process takes a minimum of
twenty minutes. During this time the antenna system is scanning the arc of the
sky at different angles, peaking and frequency locking on all satellites 80 degrees
from the front side of the dish.

The following pages will walk the operator through the TracStar ACU procedure.
The first portion will cover CONUS Setup. See the Appendix for CONUS and
OCONUS quick reference guides.

Firstly, the operator must set up the library of satellites known as “reference
data”. When setting up CONUS there is no need to clear the reference data since
the “USA REF SETUP” command automatically does this procedure.

Before any configuration changes can be made the operator must set the
Tech Setup Code to Code 13.

45
USA REF SETUP
From the Ready Page press the Main button twice to TECH SETUP (Code 13
should already be input)

From TECH SETUP Press the Arrow Button twice to SET TEST

From SET TEST Press the + button til USA REF SETUP

Press ENTER; CANCEL will now appear in the top right corner

Press + to RUN NOW and Press ENTER

Upon performing these steps the operator will be redirected to the Ready Page
and a pre-programmed Reference Satellite will be input.

NOTE: This data satellite may need to be changed according to your SAA..

At this time the Operator has the ability to select from a library of Reference
Satellites.

46
Programming the Reference
Satellites

From the Ready Page press the Arrow over once to SET REF SAT

Press the ENTER button until RefX is highlighted. Press the + or -

buttons to select a Reference Satellite. Press Enter to select.
NOTE: it cannot be the same as the Data Satellite

Press the ENTER button until RefY is selected. Press the + or –

buttons to select a Reference Satellite. Press Enter to Select.
NOTE: it cannot be the same as the Data Satellite

Now the operator has programmed the reference satellite. It is optimal to

program reference satellites fairly close to the data satellite to ensure the line of
site to the satellite. For example, if the Data Satellite annotated on the SAA is in
the orbital longitude of 121W, the operator should program his two reference
satellites at orbital locations such as 110W, 119W, 127W, etc.

NOTE: When in CONUS locations it is perfectly fine to leave both RefX and
RefY on Auto. This will simply use the compass and GPS on the antenna to pick
the first reference satellite in the stored in the NVRAM.

47
Programming the Data Satellites
From the Ready Page, press the over Arrow two times to SET DATA SATELLITE.

Press The ENTER button to highlight SatA and use the + or – to toggle to SatA.

Press the ENTER Button til SatA is highlighted in the lower left hand corner.

Using the + or – buttons input the longitudinal orbit of the data satellite.
NOTE: All western satellites (CONUS) will be a positive number (121W = 121).
All eastern satellites (OCONUS) will be negative (54E = ‐54).

Press the ENTER Button til SatB is highlighted in the lower right hand corner.

Using the + or – buttons input the longitudinal orbit of the same data satellite.

Verify you have pressed ENTER to input all values and all settings are correct.

Now that the reference satellites have been programmed the operator must
program the data satellite.

NOTE: The operator must reference the SAA for this information.

The operator is given the option to program two data satellites, one primary and
one secondary. In most cases the mission will not call for two satellites as
bandwidth must be purchased on two satellites and this is unusual. The operator
must then program SatA and SatB to the same orbital longitude.

Now the Data Satellite has been input. When at the Ready Screen it should read
“Ready @ XXX (XXX = longitudinal orbit of the satellite).

48
Programming the Polarity

From the Ready Screen press the Arrow over three times to reach the Polarity Page.

Press the ENTER button to highlight the POL value

Using the + or – buttons toggle between HorzDN and VertDN

Press ENTER to input the correct POL value

Following the programming of Data/Ref satellites the operator must now program
the polarity as determined by the SAA. In most cases the Polarity will be
Horizontal Down (HorzDN).

At this point the correct parameters for Polarity have should have been inputted
by the operator.

49
Programming the Geographical
Area
From the Ready Page press the MAIN button twice to TECH SETUP

From TECH SETUP press the Arrow button
seven times to GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

Press the + or – button to ensure USAdvb
is selected, press the ENTER button

When the LO is flashing toggle the + or –
button to ensure the correct local
oscillator for the us is input (10.75GHz)

Press the enter button until Fb l (frequency band
Low) is flashing and toggle the + or – button to
ensure the value is 11.7 GHz and press ENTER

After pressing ENTER, The Fb H
(Frequency band High) should be flashing.
This value should read 12.2 GHz
44

It is necessary for the operator to verify the ACU is set to the proper LNB Local
Oscillator. If these parameters aren’t correct you will not achieve satellite lock on
the ACU.

By inputting these settings the ACU the dvb receiver is now programmed to
correlate
with the US region LNB and lock onto CONUS satellites.

50
Programming Frequency Scan
Parameters
From the Ready Page, press the MAIN button to USER SETUP Menu.

Press the Arrow button over twice to SATELLITE PARAMETERS PAGE

Using the + or – buttons ensure SatA is selected, Press ENTER. At this

point the first frequency should be flashing, using the – button
ensure the frequency reads 10799, press the ENTER button and
ensure the second frequency is also 10799 and press ENTER.

Press the Arrow key once to the reference satellite page and repeat
the procedure above ensuring the frequency span being scanned is
10799 to 10799.

When the dish begins scanning the sky in search for a strong reference satellite
carrier and secondly a strong data satellite carrier to ensure maximum signal and
frequency strength, it is important that before entering auto-acquisition mode, the
reference and data satellites aren’t associated with a specific frequency range.
This is why the system must be allowed to scan the entire frequency range of Ku-
Band which is 10.799GHz to 10.799GHz.

51
Acquiring the Satellite,
Deploying the Positioner

From the Ready Page, press Either the RUN button or hold + for 3 seconds. If outside near the
ODU the operator can also press the green deploy button.

After reviewing all the steps listed above and ensuring the correct parameters are
input into the TracStar handheld ACU, The operator is now ready to acquire the
satellite.
From the Ready Page, press Either the RUN button or hold + for 3 seconds. If
outside near the ODU the operator can also press the green deploy button.

After pressing the button the operator will see “STARTUP @ XXX”. This means
the acquisition has begun. Throughout the entire process the operator will notice
the numbers on the top left change (e.g. B21, B22, B23, etc). These are the
mechanical steps of the system and are not to be taken into consideration.

The next part of the sequence will read COMPASS and an associated number
count (e.g. Compass -98, -99 -100, etc). If the operator were to monitor the dish
at this point he or she would see the dish move in accordance with the calibration
of the compass.

After the compass has finished calibrating, the operator should see the GPS
calibrating. The GPS will pull as many GPS satellite readings and begin passing
NMEA data streams to the modem. TDMA requires constant GPS updates to
synch its TX bursts.

Upon completion of the GPS Calibration the operator will see the ACU begin to
Scan for its first reference satellite. The AGC (Automatic Gain Control) reading in

52
the lower left hand corner will rise and fall growing with signal strength. If the
ACU fails to lock onto its first reference satellite it will use the second satellite
programmed by the operator.

Pending successful acquisition of the reference satellite the antenna will cut
directly to the data satellite programmed by the operator. The operator will notice
the values in the lower right corner of the screen changing between AGC value
and frequency strength value (e.g. F010799 100). Once the system has peaked
in both signal and frequency strength the TracStar Handheld should read LOCK
@ XXX (XXX = orbital longitude of the data satellite programmed by the
operator).

The System is now ready for modem bootfile configuration.

53
Initial System
Deployment
OCONUS

54
OCONUS ACU Setup

This portion of the manual is designed for TracStar ACU configuration in

OCONUS locations only. Upon setting up the SNAP system in an OCONUS
(Europe/Asia) location, there are several things that must occur before the
operator should begin TracStar ACU configuration. Firstly, it must be ensured
that the correct LNB for the region is in use. This LNB should be NJR2637E with
a local oscillator of 10.00GHz. Also upon setup the operator must ensure the
front of his or her positioned is facing the equator. In Europe and Asia, as well as
CONUS this is facing due South.

55
Configuration of the ACU

From the Ready Page, Press the Main Button two times til you reach Tech Setup

Press the ENTER button til the CODE setting is flashing

Press the + button to Code 13 and press ENTER to input the Code

The following pages will walk the operator through the TracStar ACU procedure.
The first portion will cover CONUS Setup. See the Appendix for CONUS and
OCONUS quick reference guides.

Before any configuration changes can be made the operator must set the
Tech Setup Code to Code 13.

56
Clearing the Reference Data

From the Ready Page, press the MAIN button
twice to TECH SETUP. Ensure code 13 is selected.

Press the Arrow over twice to Set Test

Using the + or – button toggle to
CLEAR REF DATA, Press ENTER

Press the + button to RUN NOW, Press ENTER

Before making any configurations or changes using the TracStar, all reference
data must be cleared from the Antenna Control Unit (ACU) using the TracStar.
This procedure should only be done for strategic location changes; i.e. country
location.

NOTE: If redeploying within the same local location, the same user data
previously input into the system by the previous ScanSky should be used

At this point all reference information will be cleared from the ACU. The ready
page should ready “READY @ 0.0”

57
Programming the Geographical
Area
From the Ready Page press the MAIN button twice to TECH SETUP

From TECH SETUP press the Arrow button
seven times to GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

Press the + or – button to ensure MIDEAST
is selected, press the ENTER button

When the LO is flashing toggle the + or –
button to ensure the correct local
oscillator for the us is input (10.00GHz)

Press the enter button until Fb l (frequency band
Low) is flashing and toggle the + or – button to
ensure the value is 10.95 GHz and press ENTER

After pressing ENTER, The Fb H
(Frequency band High) should be flashing.
This value should read 11.70 GHz
51

It is necessary for the operator to verify the ACU is set to the proper LNB Local
Oscillator. If these parameters aren’t correct the ScanSky function which is to be
performed next may not populate a correct list of Reference Satellites.

By inputting these settings the ACU the dvb receiver is now programmed to
correlate
with the MIDEAST region LNB and lock onto OCONUS satellites.

58
Programming the Polarity

From the Ready Screen press the Arrow over three times to reach the Polarity Page.

Press the ENTER button to highlight the POL value

Using the + or – buttons toggle between HorzDN and VertDN

Press ENTER to input the correct POL value

Following the programming of Data/Ref satellites the operator must now program
the polarity as determined by the SAA. In most cases the Polarity will be
Horizontal Down (HorzDN).

At this point the correct parameters for Polarity have should have been inputted
by the operator.

59
Populating Reference Satellites

From the Ready Page, press the
MAIN button twice to TECH SETUP

From TECH SETUP, press the
Arrow button over to SET TEST.

Using the + or – button toggle
to SCAN SKY, press Enter

Press the + button to RUN NOW, Press ENTER.

The next step in the OCONUS setup requires the operator to run the ScanSky
function to build a library of reference satellites so, along with the compass, the
SNAP will auto acquire and auto peak on the selected data satellite.

Scanning the sky for satellites allows the SNAP ACU to acquire several
references for communications. The SNAP ACU can store up to 12 reference
satellites. The scan is done using the frequency bands programmed into the ACU
(see Set Frequency Band procedures). When a scan is started it is best to set
the TracStar control down until completion. Accidently pressing the ‘+’ or ‘-’ key
can terminate the function. The scan can alternately be viewed using the built in
spectrum analyzer

NOTE: The operator should ensure the that the postioner is level and is facing
due south before running this procedure.

The ScanSky function takes approximately twenty to thirty minutes for the
positioner to scan arc of the sky for the longitudinal orbits of visible satellites.
When the ScanSky has finished the screen will read “OPER DONE” and revert
back to the Ready Screen.

60
Programming the Reference
Satellites

From the Ready Page press the Arrow over once to SET REF SAT

Press the ENTER button until RefX is highlighted. Press the + or -

buttons to select a Reference Satellite. Press Enter to select.
NOTE: it cannot be the same as the Data Satellite

Press the ENTER button until RefY is selected. Press the + or –

buttons to select a Reference Satellite. Press Enter to Select.
NOTE: it cannot be the same as the Data Satellite

Upon Completion of the ScanSky function a set of new reference satellites will be
programmed into the reference library. At this time the operator must select two
reference satellites.

NOTE: When in the Eastern Region of the world note that all Eastern orbit
satellites will be associated with a negative value.

Once a scan has been performed to acquire reference satellites all acquired
satellites can be viewed by performing the above procedures. Remember that
the SNAP terminal can save up to 12 reference satellites.

61
Programming the Data Satellites

From the Ready Page, press the over Arrow two times to SET DATA SATELLITE.

Press The ENTER button to highlight SatA and use the + or – to toggle to SatA.

Press the ENTER Button til SatA is highlighted in the lower left hand corner.

Press the ENTER Button til SatB is highlighted in the lower right hand corner.

Using the + or – buttons input the longitudinal orbit of the same data satellite.

Verify you have pressed ENTER to input all values and all settings are correct.

Now that the reference satellites have been programmed the operator must
program the data satellite.

NOTE: The operator must reference the SAA for this information. Most military
satellites used in OCONUS locations are eastern orbit satellites requiring a
negative value in the TracStar ACU (i.e. 4E = -4, 54E = -54, etc.)

Now the Data Satellite has been input. When at the Ready Screen it should read
“Ready @ XXX (XXX = longitudinal orbit of the satellite).

62
Programming Frequency Scan
Parameters
From the Ready Page, press the MAIN button to USER SETUP Menu.

Press the Arrow button over twice to SATELLITE PARAMETERS PAGE

Using the + or – buttons ensure SatA is selected, Press ENTER. At this

point the first frequency should be flashing, using the – button
ensure the frequency reads 10799, press the ENTER button and
ensure the second frequency is also 10799 and press ENTER.

Press the Arrow key once to the reference satellite page and repeat
the procedure above ensuring the frequency span being scanned is
10799 to 10799.

63
Acquiring the Satellite,
Deploying the Positioner

From the Ready Page, press Either the RUN button or hold + for 3 seconds. If outside near the
ODU the operator can also press the green deploy button.

After reviewing all the steps listed above and ensuring the correct parameters are
input into the TracStar handheld ACU, The operator is now ready to acquire the
satellite.

Upon completion of the GPS Calibration the operator will see the ACU begin to
Scan for its first reference satellite. The AGC (Automatic Gain Control) reading in
the lower left hand corner will rise and fall growing with signal strength. If the

64
ACU fails to lock onto its first reference satellite it will use the second satellite
programmed by the operator.

The System is now ready for modem bootfile configuration.

65
Saving configuration to NVRAM

From the READY PAGE, press the
MAIN button twice to TECH SETUP

From the TECH SETUP page, Press
the Arrow over twice to SET TEST

Toggle the – button to SAVE EEP, Press
Enter, + to RUN NOW, Press Enter.

After all reference data has been input into the ACU via the TracStar it must be
saved; otherwise entered data may be erased upon any power outage or shut
down.

66
ACU Peak-Up Procedure

In the case of low BER, low SNR, or any other symptoms of poor receive levels it
may be necessary to re-peak and POL on the data satellite. The procedure for this
is simple. When the system is in Run mode, simply double tap the RUN button and
if done properly the operator should see “PEAK @ XXX”

67
ACU Cross Polarization
:
Procedure

From the Ready Page press MAIN once to User Setup

From User Setup, Press the Over Arrow once to Jog Page, Press
the Enter button and then + or – button to select JogSlow

Press the RUN button to enable Jog Mode, you will know
you are in Jog mode when “JogSlow” becomes “JOgSlow”.

While in Jog Mode, press Enter to top right corner for E (elevation) and +
or – to adjust. Press Enter for A (Azimuth) on bottom left and + or – to
adjust. Press Enter again for P (POL) at bottom right and + or – to adjust.

The process of performing an antenna peaking and cross polarization, or Peak &
Pol for short, is required by DISA when accessing a satellite with bandwidth
leased or owned by the US Military. The Peak & Pol procedure serves two
purposes.
Firstly, the operator at the control segment will be able to inform the operator of
the Traffic Terminal (SNAP) when he or she has reached optimal signal strength
by viewing the SNAP’s unmodulated carrier on specialized spectrum analyzers.
An unmodulated carrier, or carrier wave (CW), is a pure carrier without any data
or modulation.
Secondly, the other purpose of the Peak & Pol procedure is to ensure the Traffic
Terminal is not operating on the incorrect polarity. For example, if the SNAP
coming into the TDMA network is supposed to be operating on the Horizontal
Polarity the feed must be rotated to match the horizontal polarity set by the
Satellite. If a TT is operating on the wrong polarity, even the slightest bit, it could
easily knock other customers paying for bandwidth on the other polarity out of the
network and become an expensive problem.
Even though the SNAP system is capable of performing a perfect Peak and Pol
99 times out of 100, it is mandatory that upon accessing a satellite using US
military bandwidth, the peak and pol procedure must be performed

The procedure is as follows:

Open up a HyperTerminal session and login as “root”.

68
When at the # prompt, call the bandwidth provider and request to do a cross-pol
check.
Ask the operator for a Ku-Band frequency in Hz to bring your CW up on. NOTE:
You must inform the earth station operator that your BUC Local Oscillator
is 12800GHz and not the standard 13050GHz.
After you have been given the frequency, and been told to bring up the carrier
type this command into the HyperTerminal session:

cw –power -25 –frequency xxxxxxxxxx –time 60

This can be shortened to: cw –p -25 –f (freq in Hz) –t (0 to 300 seconds). Be sure
to include all spaces and dashes.

If done correctly the CLI (command line interface) will echo back: “Switching LED
7 to 0” and your CW will be up for the allotted time programmed.
The earth station controller will take an isolation reading, nominal isolation is
30db.

From the Ready Page press MAIN once to User Setup

If the operator asks you to manually jog the AZ, El, or POL, this is the procedure

69
Stowing the Antenna

From the Main menu Press and hold the - button for three seconds
-The TracStar should read “Stowing”-

The antenna should only be stowed in cases of tear-down or excessively high

wind speeds where anchoring or sand bagging does not secure the dish.

Note: After deploying the Antenna, set the TracStar box down. Pressing any
button afterwards will cancel the antenna deployment.

70
Loading the bootfile to Linkway
S2 Modem

The operator must now configure the modem by loading the boot file. This is
done through the Admin laptop by connecting a straight through RJ-45 cable to
the Laptop/Phone on the front side of the RF Case. The bootfile should come in
.txt format and should look like this:

NOTE: Depending on the MRT which created the bootfile its formula may
change. The operator may also receive a bootfile without “echo back” commands
or command lines with the associated directory. As long as the operator is able to
load the bootfile then the format isn’t an issue, however some formats may not
load through the Visual VSAT GUI. If this is the case the operator will receive a
“bad bootfile” notice.

71
Loading the bootfile on Linkway S2
Modem using CLI

1 3

COM7

4 115200

Open HyperTerminal on your laptop as follows:

Start - Programs - Accessories - Communications - HyperTerminal
The main HyperTerminal window will appear but will be inactive. The
“Connection Description” dialog box will be active and will appear within the
HyperTerminal window. Enter an easy to remember name in the “Name” field
within the Connection Description dialog box. Ex: bootfile.txt, then Click the OK
button.
When the Connect To window appears, pull down the line menu in the Connect
using: field. Choose the correct Com port that your console cable is connected
to . Click OK. The Com port is assigned by using the NPORT Administrator and
is usually set to Com 7.
When the Com “X” Properties window displays, choose 115200 Bits per
second and leave the remaining fields at their default setting (8, none, 1,
hardware). Click OK.
Once the HyperTerminal is displayed again, hit Enter a few times to trigger the
communication between the Com port and the console port of the router.
When prompted to login as “root”
Directed to the # prompt.
From the # prompt click the Transfer tab
Select “Send Text File”
The bootfile should appear on the screen
The operator should then type “init 6” to load and reset the modem

72
Loading the bootfile on Linkway S2
Modem using Visual VSAT GUI

System Login
window

73
Loading the bootfile on Linkway S2
Modem using Visual VSAT GUI

Click on the Modem tab

Click Load Config File
Locate the saved bootfile and open the file
If successful you will see the following messages from the GUI.

74
Baseband Connections

To Connect the Linkway S2 Modem to the Cisco 2811, the operator must simply
connect a NIPR (green) straight-through RJ-45 cable from the rear of the RF
case to the Gigabit 0/0 Port.
The Citrix WanScaler should stay permanently connected to ports 15 (LAN) and
16 (WAN).

Connect the Gigabit 1/0 port to rear of the SIPR case labeled KG CT
When connecting the KG-175D ensure the red SIPR cable is connecting to the
Plain Text (PT) side and the green NIPR cable is connected to the Cipher Text
(CT) side.

75
Baseband Theory

76
The Concept of Networking

At its most elementary level, a

network consists of two
computers connected to each
other by a cable so that they
can share data. All
networking, no matter how
sophisticated, stems from that
simple principle.

Everything we cover throughout the class is to provide connectivity from one

computer to another. It may be email, web page or some other service. In each
case, we are connecting one computer to another.

77
Understanding the Data

Data tends to exist as rather large files. However,

networks cannot operate if computers put large
amounts of data on the cable at one time.

- Large amounts of data sent as one large unit

tie up the network

- Networks reformat large chunks of data into

smaller packages in case there is an error in
transmission.

Data tends to exist as rather large files. However, networks cannot operate if
computers put large amounts of data on the cable at one time. There are two
reasons why this slows down the network:

First, large amounts of data sent as one large unit ties up the network and makes
timely interaction and communications impossible, because one computer is
flooding the cable with data.

The second reason networks reformat large chunks of data into smaller
packages is in case there is an error in transmission. Only a small section of
data is affected, so only a small amount of data must be resent, making it
relatively easy to recover from the error.

In order for many users at once to transmit data quickly and easily across the
network, the data must be broken into small, manageable chunks. These chunks
are called packets, or frames.

78
The IP Address

Each Device must have a unique

214.27.89.215 214.27.89.212 number to identify itself

Each number contains both the

network and host information
214.27.89.213
Both the host and the network
214.27.89.208 Network portions of an address are used to
identify a computer’s location
214.27.92.48 Network

214.27.92.52 214.27.92.53 70

IP addresses are actually assigned to device interfaces. If a device has multiple

interfaces, then there must be an IP address allocated for each interface.

79
IP Addressing Terms

Network
Is a group of devices which share a range of IP addresses. Those
addresses include a unique network address, a unique broadcast
address and other addresses assignable to host devices.
Host
Is any device on the network that is capable of receiving and transmitting
IP packets, such as a workstation or a router. Each host must be
supplied with a unique IP address.
Mask
A mask is applied to the address to define which portion of the address is
network specific and which is host specific. The mask is 32 bits long,
and is a series of 1s followed by a series of 0s.

IP addressing is based on the concept of hosts and networks. A host is

essentially anything on the network that is capable of receiving and transmitting
IP packets, such as a workstation or a router.

The hosts are connected together by one or more networks (segments). The IP
address of any host consists of its network address plus its own host address on
the network. Routers deliver packets to networks, not hosts.

A mask is used to determine the network and host portion of an IP address.

When applied to an IP address, it quite simply defines a range of addresses.
The mask determines which IP addresses reside on a given network or segment.
The mask is written in the same format as the IP address.

80
Network Address

• The network address is used by routers to identify

and route packets to the correct destination.
• The network address cannot be assigned to a
computer or host.

Network Address Examples

214.27.92.0 255.255.255.0
214.27.92.128 255.255.255.128
214.27.92.64 255.255.255.192
214.27.92.96 255.255.255.224 72

81
Broadcast Address

• The broadcast address is used by routers and

hosts to send packets to all computers on a
network at one time.
• The broadcast address cannot be assigned to a
computer or host.

Broadcast Address Examples

214.27.92.255 255.255.255.0
214.27.92.127 255.255.255.128
214.27.92.63 255.255.255.192
214.27.92.95 255.255.255.224 73

82
IP Addressing

214.27.92.48 255.255.255.240

214.27.92.48 Network Address

214.27.92.49
Hosts
214.27.92.63
214.27.92.64 Broadcast Address
74

Defining Network, Host and Broadcast Addresses

According to Internet practices, the host-number field of an IP address cannot

contain all 0-bits or all 1-bits. The all-0s host-number identifies the base network
(or sub-network) number, while the all-1s host-number represents the broadcast
address for the network (or sub-network).

In the above example, there are 4 bits in the host-number field of each subnet
address. This means that each subnet represents a block of 16 host addresses
(24 -2 = 14, note that the 2 is subtracted because the all-0s and the all-1s host
addresses cannot be used). The hosts on this subnet are numbered 1 through
14.

83
Baseband Components

84
Baseband Components
Block Diagram

The Baseband equipment segment for the SNAP terminal consists of several
pieces of networking equipment. The NIPR case consists of a Cisco 2811 router
with a 16 port switch module and also a Citrix WANScaler. SIPR is exactly the
same, except that it also contains the TacLane 175D encryption device to allow
SIPR traffic to be encrypted and tunneled through the NIPR router. These
terminals also come with a 3rd Baseband equipment case called the Centrix
system, which is exactly the same in equipment layout as the SIPR case, but is
used for Coalition forces communications at remote Forward Operating Bases
(FOB).

85
Baseband Components
SIPR
Front Rear

1 4

2 5
3 6

1 – KG-175D TACLANE “Micro” Type-1 data encryptor

2 – 2811 Cisco Router Provides SIPR connectivity

3 – WANScaler Accelerator Maximizes data speeds on satellite networks

4 – SEP Signal Entry Panel to interface with the NIPR Baseband Case

5 – Ground Bar Grounds all equipment in the SIPR Baseband Case

6 – Power Strip Provides power distribution for internal and external components

The SIPR case is a 4 unit transit case consisting of a KG-175D TACLANE Micro,
Cisco 2811 router, 16 port switch module, Citrix WANScaler, Signal Entry Panel
(SEP) grounding bar and Power Strip. This system’s baseband connection
passes from the KG-175D’s through to the SEP labled KG-CT where it connects
out to the Fa 0/1 connection on the NIPR SEP.

86
Baseband Components
CENTRIX
Front Rear

1 4

2 5
3 6

1 – KG-175D TACLANE “Micro” Type-1 data encryptor

2 – 2811 Cisco Router Provides SIPR connectivity

3 – WANScaler Accelerator Maximizes data speeds on satellite networks

4 – SEP Signal Entry Panel to interface with the NIPR Baseband Case

5 – Ground Bar Grounds all equipment in the SIPR Baseband Case

6 – Power Strip Provides power distribution for internal and external components

The CENTRIX case is identical to the SIPR case in equipment layout. The only
difference between the two is where they connect to the NIPR case. Where
SIPR connects to the NIPR SEP port Fa 0/1, the CENTRIX case connects from
its KG-CT connection on the CEP into the GE1 connection on the front of the
NIPR routers 16 port switch module.

87
Baseband Components
NIPR
Front Rear

3
4
1
5
2

1 – 2811 Cisco Router Provides NIPR connectivity

2 – WANScaler Accelerator Maximizes data speeds on satellite networks
3 – SEP Signal Entry Panel to interface with the RF and SIPR Case
4 – Ground Bar Grounds all equipment in NIPR Baseband Case

5 – Power Strip Provides power distribution for internal and external components

88
Call Manager Express

89
CME Call Path

HUB Node

SNAP Terminal 1 SNAP Terminal 2

SNAP Terminals and the Call Manager Express these are generally designated
to be employed at the company level. A common misconception for the use of
CME at these sites has been that it is simply there to enable intrasite phone calls
during a network outage. There are actually several important reasons to have it
– no need to register with a particular Hub, an independent dial plan, minimized
downtime during network outages, and localization of the phone’s image file.

The only path that a SNAP Terminal typically has in the network will be over a
highly-latent satellite connection. By having all device registration and
management functions, as well as several dial plans with routes to intra-brigade
peers the SNAP Terminal has little to no reliance on an external call
management device.

90
How It Works

Call Manager
Express is an IOS-
based call control
agent.

Registration SCCP Registration SCCP

Several things happen during the registration of each IP phone or device.

Once the phones begin power up and have an IP address, they begin to
communicate with the call manager. This address is typically given via DHCP as
option 150, or if manually assigned, it is entered in the field for the TFTP server.

As the device is recognized by the call manager, it verifies that the phone has the
correct version of firmware and then checks for an existing configuration file. If it
requires firmware, it is downloaded to the phone via TFTP and the device is
rebooted automatically. If it does not have a current configuration file, it is
downloaded from the call manager.

An additional point to remember is that Call Manager Express does not support
devices on anything other than its local LAN. It is possible to get a device to
register over a WAN connection, but it is not recommended to do so.

91
Configuration Steps

1. Set IP Address on Telephony Device.

2. DHCP – Automatically set address.
3. Turn on and Configure telephony-service.
4. Create directory numbers.
5. Apply directory numbers to devices.

92
DHCP Server Settings

ip dhcp pool NIPR

network 214.27.92.48 255.255.255.240
default-router 214.27.92.49
dns-server 214.13.46.11 214.13.46.12
option 150 ip 214.27.92.49
netbios-node-type h-node

When any Cisco phone device boots, one of the first things it looks for is a DHCP
server with which to get its IP settings and the Cisco Call Manager address. This
is especially important to remember when a device has either been booted for
the first time or has recently had a factory reset performed on it. In those cases,
it is required to have both a DHCP server and a TFTP server available for the
devices.

The settings above are the minimum settings needed by any Cisco device in
order to get it to function. “IP dhcp pool VOICE” creates a DHCP pool called
“VOICE”, which is case-sensitive. The network command describes the range of
addresses that will be provided to a client.

The default-router points to the gateway, which in this case is also the CME
router, but doesn’t always have to be the case. Option 150 is a setting utilized by
Cisco to identify the address of the TFTP server to the client device. It also will
be the address of the Call Manager, but again doesn’t always have to be the
case. The device configuration file received via TFTP will actually have the Call
Manager address which the device will use to register.

The show command: sh ip dhcp binding will list any devices that have received
an address from this DHCP server.

93
Telephony-Service Commands

telephony-service url authentication

sdspfarm units 1 http://214.27.92.49/CCMCIP/authenticate.
sdspfarm transcode sessions 16 asp
sdspfarm tag 1 SN-4185-NT2R time-zone 31
load 7960-7940 P00308000700 time-format 24
load 7941 term41.default.loads date-format yy-mm-dd
load 7961 term61.default.loads max-conferences 4 gain -6
max-ephones 10 call-forward pattern .T
max-dn 10 moh music-on-hold.au
ip source-address 214.27.92.49 port 2000 dn-webedit
auto assign 1 to 10 transfer-system full-consult
timeouts interdigit 5 transfer-pattern .T
system message NIPR create cnf-files version-stamp Jan 01 2002
00:00:00

The above contains the settings used within telephony-service to configure the
call management properties of the router.

LOAD command – Specifies the devices expected and their associated

firmware files.

MAX-EPHONES – Sets the maximum number of physical devices allowed to be

registered off the CME router.

MAX-DN – Sets the maximum number of directory numbers allowed on the CME
router.

IP SOURCE-ADDRESS – Specifies which IP address the router should be

listening for SCCP traffic off of. This is normally the IP address of VLAN 58 in
the JNN system.

TIMEOUTS INTERDIGIT – The amount of time, in seconds, that the system

waits between dialed digits.

MAX-CONFERENCES – Sets the maximum number of simultaneous

conferences on the system.

94
CALL-FORWARD PATTERN – In the case of the JNN CMEs all calls are
forwarded.

MOH – Specifies the name of the music on hold file, stored in the root of the
flash: drive. In this case it is music-on-hold.au.

TRANSFER-SYSTEM – Sets the type of transfers allowed on the system-blind or

full-consult.

TRANSFER-PATTERN – Specifies which directory numbers are allowed to

transfer active calls. A dial pattern of “.T” allows all extensions to make transfers.

CREATE CNF-FILES – This command is used to automatically create the default

device configuration files.

95
Ephone-dn Command

ephone-dn 1 dual-line
number 4813850
!
!
ephone-dn 2 dual-line
number 4813851
!
!
ephone-dn 3 dual-line
number 4813852
!

This is the most basic setting available for the ephone-dn command. This
command is used to create the actual directory numbers used on the system. At
this point they are virtual and are not tied to any specific device. The number
directly after “ephone-dn” is the tag number, which is normally sequential. The
“dual-line” option is necessary for call waiting, conferencing and transfers to be
enabled as this allows two virtual voice ports to be dedicated to the phone
device. The number command sets the 7 digit number.

Additional commands:

NAME <WORD> - Used to create a free-text name that is used on both the
phone and is also passed during call setup as the Caller ID Name.

DESCRIPTION <display-text> - Unlike most applications of the description

command, this is actually used as a header bar display along the top of the
phone.

LABEL <string> - Used to mark the line button on the phone device, rather than
the line number.

96
Ephone Command Example
ephone 1
no multicast-moh
device-security-mode none
mac-address <MAC address>
button 1:1
!
!
ephone 2
no multicast-moh
device-security-mode none
mac-address <MAC address>
button 1:2
!
!
!
ephone 3
no multicast-moh
device-security-mode none
mac-address <MAC address>
button 1:3
87

The ephone command is used to associate a physical device (an Ethernet

phone) to directory numbers.

NOTE: If a phone has already been plugged in and is active on the system, it
will automatically bind to the first available ephone number. This can be seen
when a phone displays the date and time, but no directory number. The “show
ephone summary” command may be run on the CLI to determine which ephone it
has bound to, by MAC address.

The administrator still needs to perform the above commands and type in the
MAC address in order to fully register and bind a directory number to the device.

97
7961 IP Phone Reset

line buttons

CISCO 7960/7961
IP Phone line buttons

CISCO 7940/7941
IP Phone

There will be times when your IP phone will not register with the Call Manager
Express (CME). Some indications are the phone continuing to cycle, indicating
that the phone is registering but never acquires an IP address (NOTE: the phone
will recycle power about 2-3 times as part of the normal registration process, any
more than that and there may be registration issues). Another indicator of invalid
registration will be the phone locked on a boot status screen or the Cisco splash
screen. In instances like these it is good to know how to reset your IP phone.
Below are procedures for resetting the Cisco 7961/7941 IP phone and the Cisco
7960/7940 IP phones (NOTE: the 7961 model comes standard with the SNAP
system, but others may be issued by NETOPS). There are different versions of
IP Phones that may interface with the SNAP system. All reset procedures can be
found at www.cisco.com.

Cisco 7961/7941 IP Phone Reset Procedures:

Recycle power on the phone.
As soon as the phone boots press and hold the # key. Wait until the line buttons
start to illuminate.
Once the line buttons start to illuminate, enter the key sequence:
‘123456789*0#’. The phone will reboot and start to upgrade.

Note: Do not be alarmed that the phone states ‘error’, this is a part of the
process.

98
Cisco 7960/7940 IP Phone Reset Procedures:
Boot phone completely
Press the Menu button (oval button in lower right with square and check mark in
it)
From the main menu press **# to unlock the phone
Press the “3” key to enter the Network Settings (may be the “2” key on some
models)
Press “33” to reach the “Reset Network Settings” prompt
Select the “Yes” soft key
Select the “Save” soft key

Note: The phone will erase network settings and then reboot and reregister with
the CallManager Express

99
Call Processing - Internal

Phone A calls Phone B

Call Setup - SCCP Call Setup - SCCP

Voice Traffic-
RTP

PHONE A PHONE B

A call sequence within one CME router is quite simple. The phone dials the
requested number and the most specific match will be the directory number of
the destination device. The same CME router handles the call control for both
devices and then hands the call off to the devices. There are two protocols
involved:

SCCP – Skinny Call Control Protocol – Used primarily as the signaling method
between a device and its registered call manager or between to call managers.
Only used during device registration, call setup and call teardown.

RTP – Real-Time Transport Protocol – Used as the end-to-end transport

mechanism for applications passing real-time data, such as audio or video.
Allows for time-stamping and packet sequencing to enable the devices to
reassemble the packets in the correct order.

100
Call Processing CME to CME

dial-peer voice 9991 voip

description JOC Subscriber
preference 1
destination-pattern .T
voice-class codec 1
session target ipv4:214.13.46.35
dtmf-relay h245-signal Call
ip qos dscp cs3 signaling SNAP 1 CME SNAP 3 CME
no vad Setup –
214.27.92.49 H.323 214.13.46.35

Call Setup - SCCP Call Setup - SCCP

Phone A calls Phone B

Voice Traffic-RTP

PHONE A PHONE B
4311850 4315301
214.27.92.55 214.13.46.40
90

When phone A goes offhook and begins dialing, the SNAP 1 CME is continually
attempting to match the dialed digits with its most specific dial peer or directory
number.

Once the caller dials the sequence of 67273, the CME has now narrowed the
possibilities down to the above dial peer. After the final digits are dialed and the
requisite pause set by the “interdigit timeout”, the directory number request is
immediately sent to the session target, in this case SNAP 3 CME for directory
resolution.

As the call is in progress between the WAN connections, the CMEs act as a sort
of proxy for their respective voice devices. The RTP voice data is converted to
H.323 signaling to be passed between the CME devices.

Once received at the distant CME, the packet IP and UDP headers are rewritten
for transmission for the device endpoint. The purpose of this conversion of RTP
to H.323 is to take advantage of the QoS features inherent within H.323 such as
RSVP and priority queuing.

101
Dial Peers

dial-peer voice 9991 voip

description JOC Subscriber
preference 1
destination-pattern .T
voice-class codec 1
session target ipv4:214.13.46.35
dtmf-relay h245-signal
ip qos dscp cs3 signaling
no vad
!
dial-peer voice 9992 voip
description SN Subscriber
preference 3
destination-pattern .T
voice-class codec 1
session target ipv4:214.13.26.206
dtmf-relay h245-signal
ip qos dscp cs3 signaling
no vad

These are the two dial peers in the SNAP NIPR systems that are generic to all
CMEs. Every SNAP node directs any non-matched directory numbers to the
Cisco Call Manager at the JOC Hub Node. Note that both these dial peers have
a “.T” destination pattern and thus any number dialed will match this peer. These
dial peers and any others, for that matter, merely direct the call to the call
management system that most likely contains the directory number dialed. Call
completion will still follow the IP route to the actual IP-enabled device for call
setup.

An additional function that the default dial-peer performs does not involve
outbound calls, but inbound. It ensures that the proper codec is used for call
setup, which in this case is g.711. If this was not the case, there would be the
possibility that an inbound number would not match one of the dial peers and
would use the default “dial-peer 0” settings, which includes compression. Dial-
peer 0 does not actually appear on the router configuration and cannot be
modified, which is why it is always important to include a default dial-peer in your
telephony configurations.

102
Dial Peers
Class of Restriction

dial-peer cor custom

name PT-Class-A
name PT-Class-B
name PT-Class-C
name PT-Class-D
!
!
dial-peer cor list Css-Class-A
member PT-Class-A
member PT-Class-B
member PT-Class-C
member PT-Class-D
!
dial-peer cor list Css-Class-B
member PT-Class-B
member PT-Class-C
member PT-Class-D
!
dial-peer cor list Css-Class-C
member PT-Class-C
member PT-Class-D
!
dial-peer cor list Css-Class-D
member PT-Class-D

CME offers Class of Restriction settings to restrict call capabilities. This

configuration snippet configures Class A, B, C and D lines for access to different
numbers. The above snippet indicates that the Class A service can dial any
numbers and the Class D can only dial other lines indicated with Class D access.

103
Dial Peers
Class of Restriction (2)

dial-peer voice 9991 voip dial-peer voice 9993 voip

corlist outgoing Css-Class-C corlist outgoing Css-Class-A
description JOC Subscriber description Class_A to JOC (pref 1) ///DRSN///
preference 1 preference 1
destination-pattern .T destination-pattern 312.......
voice-class codec 1 voice-class codec 1
session target ipv4:22.38.254.138 session target ipv4:22.38.254.138
dtmf-relay h245-signal ip qos dscp cs3 signaling
ip qos dscp cs3 signaling no vad
no vad !
! dial-peer voice 9994 voip
dial-peer voice 9992 voip corlist outgoing Css-Class-A
corlist outgoing Css-Class-C description Class_A to JOC (pref 2) ///DRSN///
description JOC Publisher preference 2
preference 2 destination-pattern 312.......
destination-pattern .T voice-class codec 1
voice-class codec 1 session target ipv4:22.38.254.130
session target ipv4:22.38.254.130 ip qos dscp cs3 signaling
dtmf-relay h245-signal no vad
ip qos dscp cs3 signaling !
no vad
!

These are the Dial Peers configured to use the Class of Restriction setting
configured previously. These are very similar to standard Dial Peers, but they
have a new configuration line: corlist outgoing that can is followed by the
desired Class of Restriction. This line is interpreted by the Call Manager at the
JOC Hub to determine what numbers the line is allowed to call, or if the phone
making the call is authorized to dial that particular number.

104
Ephone-DN
Class of Restriction

ephone-dn 1 dual-line ephone-dn 4 dual-line

number 4311850 number 4311853
corlist incoming Css-Class-C corlist incoming Css-Class-C
! !
! !
ephone-dn 2 dual-line ephone-dn 5 dual-line
number 4311851 number 4311854
corlist incoming Css-Class-C corlist incoming Css-Class-C
! !
! !
ephone-dn 3 dual-line ephone-dn 6 dual-line
number 4311852 number 4311855
corlist incoming Css-Class-C corlist incoming Css-Class-C
! !

The final step in configuring Class of Restriction is to apply the CoR to the
appropriate phone number by adding the corlist incoming command to the
ephone-dn X config section.

105
Access Lists

106
Access List Applications

- Permit or deny packets moving through the router

- Permit or deny vty access to or from the router
- Permit or deny routing information

Packet filtering helps control packet movement through the network. Such
control can help limit network traffic and restrict network use by certain users or
devices. To permit or deny packets from crossing specified router interfaces,
Cisco provides access lists.

An IP access list is a sequential list of permit and deny conditions that apply to
IP addresses or upper-layer IP protocols. Access lists filter traffic going through
the router but they do not filter traffic originated from the router. Access lists can
also be applied to the vty ports of the router to permit or deny Telnet traffic into or
out of the router’s vty ports.

You can use IP access lists to establish a finer granularity of control when
differentiating traffic into priority and custom queues. An access list can also be
used to identify interesting traffic that serves to trigger dialing in dial-on-
demand routing (DDR). Access lists are also a fundamental component of route
maps, which filter, and in some cases, alter the attributes within a routing
protocol update.

107
Access List Tests

Top Down Processing

Match
Packet to interface First
Test
No

Deny Match
Permit
Second
Test
No
Deny Permit
No Match
DENY ALL Any Test
Packet Discard Bucket Destination Interface

Access list statements operate in sequential, logical order. They evaluate

packets from the top down, one statement at a time. If a packet header and an
access list statement match, the rest of the statements in the list are skipped and
the packet is permitted or denied as specified in the matched statement. If a
packet header does not match an access list statement, the packet will then be
tested against the next statement in the list. This matching process continues
until the end of the list is reached.

A final implied statement covers all packets for which conditions did not test true.
This final test condition matches all other packets and results in a deny. Instead
of proceeding in or out an interface, all these remaining packets are dropped.
This final statement is often referred to as the “implicit deny any” at the end of
every access list. Because of the implicit deny any, an access list should have at
least one permit statement in it; otherwise, the access list will block all traffic.

An access list can be applied to multiple interfaces. However, there can be only
one access list per protocol, per direction, per interface.

108
Standard Access Lists

Router(config)#
access-list access-list-number { permit | deny } source { mask }

- Sets parameters for this list entry. May be one of several statements.
- IP standard access lists use 1-99
- Default wild card mask = 0.0.0.0
- No access-list access-list-number removes entire access list

Router(config-if)#
ip access-group access-list-number { in | out }

- Activates a list on an interface

- Sets inbound or out bound testing
- Default = Outbound
- No ip access-group access-list-number removes access
list from the interface

The access-list command creates an entry in a standard IP traffic filter list.

access-list number - Identifies the list to which the entry belongs; a number from
1 to 99.
permit \ deny - Indicates whether this entry allows or blocks traffic from the
specified address.
source – Identifies the source IP address.
source-mask - Identifies which bits in the address field are matched. The default
mask is 0.0.0.0 (match all bits).

The ip access-group command links an existing access list to an interface.

Only one access list per protocol, per direction, per interface is allowed.

access-list-number – Indicates the number of the access-list to be linked to this

interface.
in | out – Selects whether the access list is applied as an incoming or outgoing
filter. If in or out is not specified, out is the default.

Note: To remove an IP access list from an interface, first enter the no ip access-
group access-list-number command on the interface then enter the global no
access-list access-list-number command to remove the access list.

109
Other Common ACL
Applications
Blocking telnet access in / out vty lines

Standard ACLs can be applied to the vty lines, to permit or deny

certain IPs from telnetting into, or once in, out of the router.
-- Uses the “access-class” command to apply
-- Does not affect local users consoled into the router
Example:
Access-list 12 permit 192.89.55.0 0.0.0.255
!
Line vty 0 15
access-class 12 in

Filtering routing information

ACLs can be used to limit the propagation of routing information

-- Applied to the routing protocol with the “distribute-list” command
-- Applied as route maps to route redistribution process
(exchanging route info from one protocol or source to another)
99

The basic principles of access list configuration are given in the figure.

The order of access list statements is crucial to proper filtering. It is

recommended to create and download your access list on a TFTP server using a
text editor or to use a PC to cut and paste the access list into the router.

Access lists are processed from the top down. If you place more specific tests,
and tests that will test true frequently, in the beginning of the access list you can
reduce processing overhead.

Only named access lists allow removal, but not reordering, of individual
statements from a list. If you wish to reorder or remove access list statements,
you must remove the whole list and recreate it in the desired order or with the
desired statements.

All access lists end with an implicit deny all statements.

110
ACL Configuration Principles

Top-down processing Order of access list statements is crucial

Place more specific test statements first

No reordering / removal of statements Use no access-list number command to remove

for numbered lists entire list
Exception: Named access lists permit addition and
removal of individual statements.

Implicit deny all Unless access list ends with explicit permit any.

Create access lists before applying them Access list must exist on the router before it can
to an interface be applied to the interface or the user will receive
an error

Access list filter traffic going through

the router; they do not apply to traffic
originated from the router 100

Follow these general principles to ensure the access lists you create have the
intended results:

Use numbers from the assigned range for the protocol and type of list you are
creating.

Only one access list per protocol, per direction, per interface is allowed. Multiple
access lists are permitted per interface, but each must be for a different protocol.

Top-down processing
Organize your access list so that more specific references in a network or subnet
appear before more general ones. Place more frequently occurring conditions
before less frequent conditions.

Subsequent additions are always added to the end of the access list.

You cannot selectively add or remove lines when using numbered access lists,
but you can when using named IP access lists (a Cisco IOS Release 11.2
feature). With named IP access lists, additions are still added to the end of the
access list.

Implicit deny all

111
Unless you end your access list with an explicit permit any, it will deny by default
all traffic that fails to match any of the access list lines.

Every access list should have at least one permit statement. Otherwise, all traffic
will be denied.

Create the access list before applying it to an interface. An interface with an

empty access list applied to it allows (permits) all traffic.

Access lists only filter traffic going through the router. They do not filter traffic
originated from the router.

112
Verifying Access Lists

Commands to Verify Access Lists

- show ip interface
Will show the access list applied to that interface.
- show access-lists
Will show all access lists on the router.
- show access-lists {access-list number}
Displays on the access list number you specify.
- show {protocol} access-list {access-list number}
Will show all access lists applied in that protocol.
(Normally you would use IP for protocol).

101

Applying access lists to the router provides a means of restricting access to

particular IP addresses, protocols, etc. While working with access lists,
particularly when adding or removing them, it is often necessary to perform some
basic commands to verify creation, validity, etc. These are some of the
commands which are useful in viewing the access lists on a router.

113
Backup/Restore Router
Configuration through
Console

114
Connect to Router

1 3 4

2 5

103

Open HyperTerminal on your laptop as follows:

Start - Programs - Accessories - Communications - HyperTerminal
The main HyperTerminal window will appear but will be inactive. The
“Connection Description” dialog box will be active and will appear within the
HyperTerminal window. Enter an easy to remember name in the “Name” field
within the Connection Description dialog box. Ex: Router Config, then Click the
OK button.
When the Connect To window appears, pull down the line menu in the Connect
using: field. Choose the correct Com port that your console cable is connected
to . Click OK.
When the Com “X” Properties window displays, choose 9600 Bits per second
and leave the remaining fields at their default setting (8, none, 1, hardware).
Click OK.
Once the HyperTerminal is displayed again, hit Enter a few times to trigger the
communication between the Com port and the console port of the router.

115
Backup Configuration
Capture configuration in HyperTerminal

3
1

4
2

104

Configuration backup should be a regular procedure for properly maintaining a

system. To do so, Login to the router using credentials obtained from the JOC
and type “show running-config” and press Enter. Press the space bar when
the "-More -" prompt appears. NOTE: This command displays the active
“running” configuration of the router that is stored in the RAM memory of the
router.

Capture the router configuration file.

In the HyperTerminal window pulldown menu, click on the “Transfer” menu

option, then click on “Capture Text.”
When prompted, provide a path for the destination of the new file to be saved,
and the new filename. Use a descriptive name of the router for the filename and
use the .txt for the extension. REMEMBER the location of this file for later use.
Enter the command “show running-config” at the router prompt. Press the
space bar when the "-More -" prompt appears. Note: All the text that you will see
appearing/scrolling on the HyperTerminal screen is also being “captured” to the
text file that you created.
After the “#” prompt re-appears, stop capturing the configuration file by going to
the HyperTerminal pull-down menu, and clicking on the "Transfer" menu option,
then click on "Capture Text." A new menu appears. Click on "Stop.“ The
captured text has also been saved to the file created earlier.

116
Backup Config
Clean up Captured Configuration

5
6

105

Clean up the captured configuration file.

Open Windows Notepad by clicking Start - Run - and type "Notepad" in the
window. Press the Enter key. Once in Notepad, click on File/Open. Find the file
you created from the capture in step 4` and click "Open.“
The displayed captured text will have some text that is not required for the router
to read(e.g. "- More -" prompts.). The exclamation mark "!" is used in the file for
user comments. Do not delete any text comments that are preceded with “!”.
These comments are helpful in describing information in the text file to the user.
The router will ignore any lines of text that are preceded by a “!”.
Delete the lines with: “Sh run”, “Building configuration. . .”, “Current
configuration. . .”
Also delete each line that has the "- More -" prompt.
Delete any lines that appear after the word "End“.
Save the “cleaned up” version of the configuration by clicking on File/Save. Your
captured file is now ready for the router to read.
Close Notepad by clicking on File – Exit
Make sure to save the configuration file so all the changes are updated.

You now have a backup copy (.txt) file of your router’s running
configuration that can be used to restore the routers running configuration
or you can edit the file “offline” and then copy it to your router.

117
Change Line Delay for Config
Restore

1
2

106

Loading a configuration file into a Router using HyperTerminal.

NOTE: This procedure is usually done when a user needs to restore a router’s
running configuration or update the router’s configuration file “offline” and then
load it back into a router. Follow the directions previously for connecting to a
router (Steps 1-5).

Once the HyperTerminal is displayed again, hit Enter a few times to trigger the
communication between the Com port and the console port of the router.
In the HyperTerminal window, click File – Properties. In the Properties window
that will display, click the Settings tab. Within the Settings tab, click the ASCII
Setup… button at the bottom of the window. In the Line Delay field, enter 50
milliseconds . This allows for a smoother transfer of the configuration file into the
router.

118
Restore Configuration

1 3

2 4

107

Login to the router and if a “>” prompt appears, then enter the Privileged EXEC
mode by typing “enable” and pressing Enter and entering the password obtained
from the JOC. Otherwise, you will get a prompt with a “#” contained within it and
you are ready to move to step 2.
Enter the command configure terminal. You will get a prompt with “(Config)”
contained within it.
Click on Transfer – Send - Text File in the HyperTerminal pull-down menu
Browse for the backup file you are going to use. Once you choose the router’s
backup file, click “Open”. Each line in the text file will be entered automatically
into the router for you.
Once the lines of text have been entered automatically into the router, press and
hold Control-Z on your keyboard to exit global configuration mode. Then save
the router’s new configuration that is currently running in the router’s RAM to the
router’s NVRAM by typing the command copy running-config startup-config.
Verify that the router’s configuration was saved into the NVRAM by typing show
startup-config. If lines of text are displayed , then the router’s running
configuration was correctly saved to NVRAM. The next time the router reboots it
will use the new startup configuration file for its active configuration.

119
TACLANE (KG-175D)

120
Operation
TACLANE Configuration

Power

Console Port CIK

109

Install the CIK in the front panel of the TACLANE (Note: to load keys or make
significant device settings changes you MUST use the Master CIK).
Connect GFE computer to CONSOLE port on front panel of TACLANE.
Ensure the TACLANE is powered on. If necessary, power-on by pressing green
button on front panel of TACLANE.

NOTE: There are often issues using a NIPR or SIPR imaged computer to
connect to and setup the TACLANE because of device security settings, etc.
Because of this it is recommended to use the laptop supplied with the SNAP
terminal to access and configure the TACLANE.

121
Operation
TACLANE Configuration – Setting PIN

123456789

110

Open a browser on CF-29 computer and enter the TACLANE default IP address
of 172.16.0.1 to open the TACLANE GUI.
Navigate to Maintenance/Security Administration/Enable SSO Privileges. The
Enable Site Security Officer Privileges page will be displayed.
Enter appropriate PIN (this pin should be located on the Master CIK tag, or in the
upper left of the display after “Device Name”) and click YES.
The menu should show SSO Enabled and icon in green.

Note: 123456789 is the default PIN number for all KG-175Ds. This PIN should
only be set if the device has not been previously setup.

122
Operation
TACLANE Configuration – Entering Local IPs

Same IP

111

All local IP addresses will come from the user data spreadsheet. Verify all local
TACLANE IP addresses before entering them into the TACLANE.

Click Network ->IP Comm ->IPv4 Addresses.

Enter the Plain Text (PT) and Cipher Text (CT) assigned IP addresses and
subnet mask from the user data spreadsheets. PT and CT should be the same IP
address.
Click YES.

123
Operation
TACLANE Configuration – Static Routes

112

Static Routes must be entered for HUB/MRT and all distant SNAP terminals
within the TDMA network.

Click Security->Static Routes->Route management.

On the Static Routes screen, click CREATE

124
Operation
TACLANE Configuration – Static Routes Cont’d

113

Enter values for NET ID/Prefix Length, Remote CT Address, and Remote PT
Address.
Click YES to save.

125
Operation
TACLANE Configuration – Security Level

114

Click Operation->Security Level to enable security level. The Set Security Level
screen is displayed.
Select appropriate security level according to your key fill. SIPRnet will be Secret.
Click YES to save

126
Operation
TACLANE Configuration – Secure Comm

115

Click Operation->Secure Comm. You will receive a warning message.

The TACLANE Secure Communication screen is displayed.
Click Yes to enable secure communication. You will receive conformation of the
communication change.

127
Operation
TACLANE Configuration – Firefly

116

Click Key Management->FIREFLY Vector Set. The Manage FIREFLY Vector Set
screen is displayed.
Click the FILL button.

128
Operation
TACLANE Configuration – Firefly Cont’d

117

Connect the Data Transfer Device (DTD). Select the desired key and send the
key from the DTD.
After the fill is complete, details are displayed.

129
Operation
TACLANE Configuration – Static Routes

118

To verify configuration, navigate to Operation/Security Association Info/SA Table.

Verify the static route is present. To verify connectivity, ping the distant end
SIPR router. (This will only work if the distant end configuration is accurate and
complete.)

130
Troubleshooting

131
Troubleshooting Process

• If there are issues with the SNAP Terminal, verify the following
first:
– The SNAP system is installed on ground that slopes no more than
can be compensated for by the antenna pedestal. (NOTE: The
system is validated on up to an 8 degree incline, so ensure the slope
is no more than this.)
– Power is connected to the system.
– All cables are properly connected and connectors are firmly seated.
– Cables are not frayed or cut and do not have broken connectors or
pins.
– System configurations have not changed.
– The TDMA network you are trying to enter is operating correctly.
(NOTE: This information will be obtained from the Hub or NetOps.)
– The proper user signals are connected.
120

To effectively troubleshoot the SNAP Terminal the operator must first have an
understanding of system operations and signal flow. The procedures in this
section assume the operator has been trained and understands SNAP
operations. Be sure to follow proper safety procedures at all times and, if
possible, do not work on this terminal alone. Ensure all operators understand
how to contact medical or firefighting personnel in the event of an accident.

In the event that all the above items are functioning properly then continue
troubleshooting. Most issues can be narrowed down to a single unit or item, and
to effectively isolate the problem the operator must understand the basic data
transmit and receive signal flow of the terminal through NIPR, SIPR and
CENTRIX. If necessary review section 1 for RF signal flow and section 6 for the
SIPR, NIPR and CENTRIX signal flow.

Identify symptoms and decide which of the components could cause those
symptoms. When you suspect a component is faulty, check if it has an output. If
it has an output, check it has all required inputs. If a required input is missing,
follow the signal path backward and repeat the process with the previous
component. If you find a component that has correct inputs but no output or an
incorrect output, replace that component.

Before calling Technical Support, have the following specific information ready:
SNAP VSAT Satellite System number

132
Component, model nd serial number
Type of software or version number/software baseline
Brief description of the problem and indications
Brief explanation of the steps taken to diagnose the problem

133
Troubleshooting Process Cont’d

• General Steps for troubleshooting

– Identify any problems
– Annotate problems
– Decide what to do next
– Verify equipment setup
– Locate suspect components
– Replace suspect components
– Conduct testing
– Annotate problem resolution
– Prevent failures in the future

121

Identify any problems

Step one is to identify the problems. Be aware of your current operating
conditions. It is possible to find a potential problem and fix it before it causes a
failure. Regularly check for problem indications on the front panel indicators of
equipment. Perform at least daily checks of network statistics such as TDMA
burst statistics and bit error rates. Regularly ask your users if their
communications are operating normally. You can help minimize equipment
failure and communication downtime by monitoring the system and following the
preventive maintenance checks and services schedule.

Annotate problems
Collect any information available about the occurring problems. This step is very
important and will help reduce the likelihood of repairing the wrong problem.
Failures will vary, but you can ask specific questions to help with fault isolation.

Keep an equipment log and record problems and how you fixed them.
Recommended data to collect are: operator’s name and contact information;
current date; and the make, model, and configuration of the equipment. Also
record the symptoms of the problem. Describe any error messages, indicator
lights, or other system information. Are the problems constant or intermittent?
When did the problems start? Were maintenance procedures performed near
the time the symptoms appeared? Were there any changes to operating
configurations or parameters?

134
Decide what to do next
Decide how to attack the problem only after collecting all the data you can about
it. Safety of personnel is the primary concern during all procedures, so be sure
to read and understand the safety information in this manual.

Verify equipment setup

Be sure the hardware and software are installed correctly and have had the
proper initial settings applied. Refer to the system’s maintenance records to
determine if regularly scheduled maintenance has been performed.

Locate suspect components

The procedures in this manual are useful in helping determine the source of
faults, but in the event that they do not help then the best method to use is
something called the “half-split” method of troubleshooting. This method involves
assessing current system issues and using those symptoms and an
understanding of the system’s signal flow and basic operations to divide the
system in half. An example of this method would look like the following; after
assessing the SNAP terminal and determining that there are problems with
achieving a transmit lock on the modem you are able to immediately disregard
the baseband side of the system because the issues will not pertain to that
portion of the system. You are then able to further split the system and focus on
the transmit side of the system without wasting time evaluating the LNB or
receive side of the modem. With this method you have significantly reduced the
number of problem areas and are now able to just focus on the systems
pertaining to transmit which would be the modem, BUC and associated cabling.

Replace suspect components

After locating the faulty unit, replace it according the procedures in this section.
Return the faulty component to the factory according to the instructions in
Section 8.

Conduct testing
After replacing a component, test the system with normal operating procedures
to be sure the problem is corrected. Be sure the symptoms are gone and that no
new problems have been created.

Annotate problem resolution

After the equipment is repaired and back on-line, be sure to record in the
system’s operating log a description of the problem and how you corrected it.
This information will help future operators with their troubleshooting

Prevent failures in the future

Always follow the required setup and operating procedures. Always perform
preventive maintenance procedures at their scheduled intervals. Do not skip any
of the maintenance procedures even if the item looks like maintenance is not
required. Proper preventive maintenance helps keep the equipment operating
correctly.

135
Removal and Replacement of
Feed Assembly Components

122

Replacing any feed assembly components requires the dish to be placed in the
STOW position and power to the dish and BUC to be removed. Do not attempt to
replace any antenna feed assembly components with power applied.

136
RF Troubleshooting
Visual VSAT Access

123

A common problem with the Visual VSAT application is ensuring it has sole rights
to the appropriate COM port for communicating to the Linkway S2 Modem and
that the designated laptop has the correct IP address for COM port
communication. First of all, on the laptop make sure the IP address is set to
10.255.255.3 with a Net Mask of 255.255.255.0, no Gateway and no DNS server
IP addresses. Once the IP address is set, make sure that HyperTerminal is not
connected to COM 7 – this is the COM port used to connect to the Linkway S2
Modem. If either of these are not accomplished before opening this application
then it will display a connection error message and must be closed and re-
opened after settings are made. Another indication that there are issues with the
software connecting to devices are the Comms indicators under both the
Linkway and ACU sections. If either of these is Red then it indicates that the
Visual VSAT application cannot communicate with the device. If this occurs then
the application must be closed, settings checked/changed and then the
application re-opened.

The Visual VSAT is an accurate troubleshooting tool. In the case where the
SNAP has encountered any problems in the RF component of the system, the
Visual VSAT will often provide an indication of the location of the problem by not
illuminating on the specific step the problem occurred. The SNAP can be split
into two sections for troubleshooting using the Visual VSAT. From ‘Startup’ to
‘Data Sat Lock’ indicates RF components. From ‘RX Lock’ to ‘Network Lock’

137
indicates problems with the Modem. Using the Visual VSAT a technician is able
to narrow down what section to begin troubleshooting.

To access the VisualVSAT program:

Double click the VisualVSAT icon on the desktop screen of the laptop computer
Click the drop-down box and log in as “Admin” with “Password” as the
password.
Click “Login”.

The Visual VSAT Setup Screen is displayed. This screen gives you a status of
the full end to end acquisition process.

NOTE: While settings changes can be made to the ACU (TracStar) through this
program it is NOT RECOMMENDED. Doing so will also write any other settings
from within the application whether they conflict with the current settings or not.

Note that the nine indicators show a series of steps. It must start at the left
and go one indicator at a time to the right. Each step must be completed
successfully before progressing to the next step.

138
RF Troubleshooting Cont’d

Power is The GPS unit The system The system has The system is
applied and has acquired has found the transmitted a transmitting and
the system data from GPS data satellite. signal to the receiving on the
is initializing. satellites and satellite and it TDMA network.
has determined has been
the location of acknowledged.
the SNAP
system.

The compass The system has

The system has The system has
has acquired found a known received a acquired the
data to reference signal from the satellite and
determine the satellite satellite. When established the
direction the lit, indicates that
transport layer.
reflector is the proper
pointing. satellite and
network have
been found. 124

The VisualVSAT status indicators . Full lock is indicated with green illumination
while un-illumination indicates non-lock. This visual provides an excellent
depiction of the problem at hand; narrowing down what needs to be troubleshot.
For instance, in the example above, the VisualVSAT indicates that the data
satellite is not locked in. This means the SNAP system has not found the data
satellite. There are several things to troubleshoot:

Using the TracStar, check to see if the data satellite was acquired during a scan
the sky process

If the data satellite was found, using the TracStar, make sure the correct data
satellite was input

The following steps will provide troubleshooting steps to perform for each Visual
VSAT indicator.

139
RF Troubleshooting Cont’d
(Startup)

125

In the case where the Startup LED is not illuminated:

Check to make sure power is applied to the RF stack

Check to make sure all power switches are in the ‘ON’ position
Check power switches on RF case (front and back) and on VSAT Antenna

Make sure the ‘Comm’ indicator is connected for both the ACU on the Visual
VSAT

Verify all cables are connected to proper connection ports on VSAT and RF stack

Make sure COM ports are properly mapped via the Moxa Switch

140
RF Troubleshooting Cont’d
(Compass Lock)

126

In the case where the Compass Lock LED is not illuminated:

The VSAT terminal may be too close to magnetic interferers such as large metal
or other magnetic objects. To resolve, relocate the VSAT terminal at least 10 to
20 feet from the interferer.

Make sure the compass is connected and secure on the VSAT

Compass data can manually be input into the TracStar handheld. If all else fails
perform this step

Note: Compass interference can be caused by being too close to objects which
cause magnetic interference.

141
RF Troubleshooting Cont’d (GPS
Lock)

127

In the case where the GPS Lock LED is not illuminated:

Make sure there is no damage to GPS receiver located on antenna boom.

Make sure connection from GPS to OEE is secure (J8).

Note: GPS interference can be caused by being too close to objects which cause
magnetic interference. GPS signal loss can be caused by obstructions to satellite
line of sight; like buildings. Repositioning the GPS receiver will eliminate many
GPS receiver issues.

142
RF Troubleshooting Cont’d
(Reference Satellite Lock)

128

In the case where the Reference Satellite Lock LED is not illuminated:

Verify that VSAT antenna is pointed in the correct direction

Check the TracStar or Visual VSAT to verify correct:

Reference satellite settings
Polarization
Frequency Bands

Verify that the correct LNB has been installed on the antenna feed assembly for
your specific region:
Asia:
USA:
Europe:

Make sure power is applied to LNB

Verify that receive cables are securely connected on:

Rear of RF case
Rear of antenna base signal entry point
LNB located on Antenna Feed Assembly

143
With a continuity testing device verify that all receive cables pass the continuity
check

Note: Anytime the boom will be lowered the VSAT must be in the STOW position
and fully powered down (BUC power and Main power).

144
RF Troubleshooting Cont’d
(Data Satellite Lock)

129

In the case where the Data Satellite Lock LED is not illuminated:

Verify that VSAT antenna is pointed in the correct direction

Check the TracStar or Visual VSAT to verify correct:

Reference satellite settings
Polarization
Frequency Bands

Verify that the correct LNB has been installed on the antenna feed assembly for
your specific region:
Asia:
USA:
Europe:

145
RF Troubleshooting Cont’d
(RX Lock)

130

In the case where the Receive (RX) Lock LED is not illuminated:

Verify all cables are correctly and secure on back of modem

Verify correct bootfile in MODEM. Modem command:

‘ls /home/db/’
This command allows you to view the active bootfile in the modem. ‘name of
bootfile.default’ denotes the default bootfile.

‘cat /home/db/’bootfile’
This command displays the bootfile contents. ‘bootfile’ = name of actual bootfile

Note: It is best not to open the bootfile in NotePad as it has the potential of
corrupting the bootfile. If the bootfile must be opened or modified on a Microsoft
Windows computer then use WordPad instead of NotePad.

146
RF Troubleshooting Cont’d
(TX Lock)

131

In the case where the Transmit(TX) Lock LED is not illuminated:

Verify all cables are connected and secure on back of modem

Verify that BUC power switch is in the ON position on VSAT antenna

Verify there is no attenuation set on TX signal

Verify that transmit cables are securely connected on:

Rear of RF case
Rear of antenna base signal entry point
BUC located on Antenna Feed Assembly

Verify correct bootfile in MODEM. Modem command:

‘ls /home/db/’
This command allows you to view the active bootfile in the modem. ‘name of
bootfile.default’ denotes the default bootfile.

‘cat /home/db/’bootfile’
This command displays the bootfile contents. ‘bootfile’ = name of actual bootfile

147
Note: It is best not to open the bootfile in NotePad as it has the potential of
corrupting the bootfile. If the bootfile must be opened or modified on a Microsoft
Windows computer then use WordPad instead of NotePad.

If problem continues to exist verify settings with HUB node.

148
RF Troubleshooting Cont’d
(Satellite Lock)

132

In the case where the Sat Acquired LED is not illuminated:

Verify there is no attenuation set on TX signal

Check for damage on any TX components on Antenna Feed Assembly

Restart the MODEM

If problem continues to exist verify settings with HUB node.

149
RF Troubleshooting Cont’d
(Network Lock)

133

In the case where the Network Locked LED is not illuminated:

Verify correct bootfile in MODEM

Restart MODEM

Re-deploy antenna

If problem continues to exist verify settings with HUB node.

150
RF Troubleshooting Cont’d

The components tab under the Visual VSAT also provides real time system
status. Both the RX state and TX state indicators in the left menu are linked to
the status of each of these functions in the Linkway S2 Modem. The status of
these functions corresponds to the actual status of the Linkway S2 Modem. A
green indication means the particular part of the system is good. Yellow indicates
a problem with that specific section of the system.

151
Loading Boot File

1 3
COM7

4 115200

135

At times the boot file for the Linkway S2 Modem must be reloaded such as if the
primary Modem of the SNAP terminal fails. If this is the case, then the operator
must log into the secondary modem and load the appropriate boot file onto the
device. This file, if not located on the laptop computer provided with the SNAP
terminal can be obtained from the MRT or Regional Hub node.

Open HyperTerminal on your laptop as follows:

Start - Programs - Accessories - Communications - HyperTerminal
The main HyperTerminal window will appear but will be inactive. The
“Connection Description” dialog box will be active and will appear within the
HyperTerminal window. Enter an easy to remember name in the “Name” field
within the Connection Description dialog box. Ex: Router Config, then Click the
OK button.
When the Connect To window appears, pull down the line menu in the Connect
using: field. Choose the correct Com port that your console cable is connected
to . Click OK.
When the Com “X” Properties window displays, choose 115200 Bits per
second and leave the remaining fields at their default setting (8, none, 1,
hardware). Click OK.
Once the HyperTerminal is displayed again, hit Enter a few times to trigger the
communication between the Com port and the console port of the router.
Select Send text file
Change txt to all files

152
Select boot file from desktop
Hit enter
After screen scrolls through, there should be 3 checksums displayed, make sure
all 3 match.
Type in hw, hit enter

153
IP Phone Not Transmitting

136

154
VSAT Not Transmitting

137

155
Common Device
Commands

156
Common Linkway Commands
Common Linkway Commands/Information
2100 COMMAND LWS2 COMMAND DEFINITION DESIRED RESULT
9600 115.2 K (115200) Baud rate for consoling Will be able to console in

"" (blank) root Login Will be logged into the device as Administrator

ttelnet logs into UNIX shell COSMIX Password will load - Hit Enter (password is blank "")
CTRL-C (gets # prompt) takes you from UNIX shell to Hardware console A "#" sign will appear
netstat -r routing table Can diagnose problems with LinkWay routing

show_ber show_ber Raw BER statistics of all received bursts 1X10-3 to 1X10-7 BER - Can get each Terminal in meshes HEX LW ID
0 CRC Errors - used show_ber to get Hex LW ID and you can determine the
rb rb Receive Burst Statistics numerical ID

rt rt or rtprt IP Route IP address for local and all remote modems should be present

Ping IP address of distant end modem, -i 1 directs the modem to use interface
ping X.X.X.X -i 1 -t 2000 -n 1, -t 2000 holds the ping up for 2000 milliseconds, and –n 4 repeats the ping 4 Ping response is successful Can be -I 0 based on the interface you are using,
4 ping X.X.X.X -i 1 -t 2000 -n 4 times. MRT, HUB or STT

rx rx Receive Statistics Modem in receive synched. (RX SYNCH)

tx tx Transmit Statistics Modem is transmit synched (TX SYNCH)

Most important field is Tx Power, should match planned power level. Console
field shows power level of 0 to – 60, divide the reading by 2 to calculate actual
tc tc Terminal Configuration level.

Lat/lon should match position as read by the ACU, if not notify the MRT operator
dbpr siteconf Site Configuration of current position.
hw reboot Hardware Reset Modem will reboot

Set transmit power on the modem in case baseline config is too low to achieve
dbset termconf txpower –XX transmit synch, -xx is the new power level, 0x0xxx is the terminal ID (boot file
termid 0x0XXX number) for your terminal. To increase power by 1 dB, increase the tx power level by 2.

cacmodeminfo cacmodeminfo ODU (Outdoor Unit) Configuration LNB Power and Reference should be off, BUC power should be off.

caclnbpower on caclnbpower on Enables 18 VDC output on the modems Rx port to power the LNB. Should only be used in case of equipment failure.

Enables 10 MHz output on the modems Rx port to provide an external

caclnbref on caclnbref on reference to the LNB. Should only be used in case of equipment failure.

cw -freq xxxx -pow xx -t xxx(power

cw -freq xxxx -pow xx (power level in dBm i.e.-14, -t time in Continuous Wave (clears when time runs out or with hw, reboot or LWS2_Stop
level in dBm i.e.-14) seconds) and LWS2_Start commands) Modem will transmit a continuous wave signal. Freq is L-band (i.e. 1140000000)
Displays LW IP address, if system is online address should be one less than
dbpr ipifconf dbpr ipifconf Shows Modem IP conficuration received from the MRT router address on port F0/1

157
Common Router Commands

Command Description When to use

Verify up or down status of interface
sh ip interface brief Shows interface name, IP addressing and status Verify interface IP address
sh ip ospf neighbor Shows status of ospf neighbors Verify connection to distant end routers

Shows known paths to other routers, how
sh ip route paths are known and source of the path Verify OSPF is updating path information

sh interface fa#/# Check access lists applied to an interface
(i.e. router: fa1/1 Show detailed information about a specific Check connectivity
switch: fa1/0/1) interface Check IP address and subnet mask

Displays temperature, fan status and other
sh environment device environmental information Check device temperature for overheating

Verify access lists are in router
sh access‐list Display all access lists on the device Check if a user or network is being blocked

To backup configuration
sh run Shows running configuration of device Verify all currently used device settings
140

158
Common CME Commands

Command Description

shows detailed information about all

show ephone
registered telephony devices
shows summary information – useful for
show ephone summary
getting MAC address info.
shows current CME-related configuration
show telephony-service
info
Shows more detailed information related to
show telephony-service all
CME
Shows all configured dial-peers, to include
show dial-peer voice summary
ephone-dn

show voice call active brief shows all calls in progress

141

Above are some basic show commands which are very useful in troubleshooting
IP phone problems. These commands are issued from the command line of the
router and show various pieces of information about the phones, their status,
registered phone number, etc.

159
Preventive Maintenance

160
UPS Maintenence

143

The SNAP VSAT Satellite System is designed to withstand wear and never
degrade performance below specifications, to ensure peak performance and
operability of the system, perform basic preventative and routine maintenance
procedures. These actions will keep the system running efficiently and will help
prolong the life and overall operability of the equipment.

Properly store all cables for the Sub-system in the transit case. Never twist any
of the cables when assembling, disassembling, or storing the Sub-system
Ensure case lids are securely fastened for storage and transport to ensure lid
and case deforms the same

161
SIPR Maintenance

144

162
NIPR Maintenance

145

163
Subsystem Maintenance

146

164
Satcom Definitions

165
Satcom Definitions

• Azimuth- Azimuth is just another name for direction. Azimuth is an angular measurement made in the
horizontal plane. It is usually measured in degrees. You must have a correct azimuth when pointing a dish to
find the satellite. Magnetic compass North will vary from true Azimuth north by the value of declination.

• BUC-Block Up-Converter- The BUC converts the L-band frequency to a higher frequency. It can be
converted to Ka, Ku, C, or X band. In the SNAP system it converts it to Ku band for transmission to the
satellite. The BUC also amplifies the signal to give it the power it needs to reach the satellite.

• Declination- Declination is the difference between magnetic North as reported by a compass and true North.
It is very important to know when plotting your azimuth. If you have a West declination, you must subtract it
from your compass reading to determine the true azimuth. If you have a East declination, you must add it to
your compass reading to determine the true azimuth.

• Downlink-The signal from the satellite to the ground station.

• Elevation- Elevation is the height of an object above a fixed reference point. It is usually measure in degrees.
In satcom, it is important to know the angular measurement of the satellite above the horizon.

148

166
Satcom Definitions

• FEC-Forward Error Correction- FEC is a type of error correction used in satcom equipment. It works by
adding check bits to the outgoing data stream. Adding more check bits reduces the amount of available
bandwidth, but this allows the receiver to detect and correct errors without the need to ask the sender for
additional data

• Feedhorn- It is the part of the antenna that gathers the reflected signal from the dish and focuses it to the
LNB.

• GPS-Global Positioning System- GPS is used by the terminal to determine it’s position on the Earth in
latitude and longitude.
• IFL-Intra-Facility Link. The IFL refers to the cables that run between the IDU (indoor unit) and the ODU
(outdoor unit).

• LNB-Low noise block converter- The LNB converts the higher frequency received from the satellite back to
an L-Band frequency for use in the baseband equipment. It also amplifies the weak signal received from the
satellite.
• Uplink-The signal from the ground station to the satellite.

• VSAT-Very Small Aperture Antenna- A VSAT is a two-way satellite ground station with a dish antenna that
is smaller than 3 meters.

149

167

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SNAP Student Guide

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SNAP Student Guide

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1 SIPR NIPR Access Point

Chapter 2 Antenna Installation

Chapter 3 ODU Equipment

Chapter 4 RF Assembly and Components

Chapter 5 Initial System Deployment CONUS

Chapter 6 Initial System Deployment OCONUS

Chapter 7 Baseband Theory

Chapter 8 Baseband Components

Chapter 9 Call manager Express

Chapter 10 Access Lists

Chapter 11 Backup/Restore Router Configuration

Chapter 12 TACLANE (KG-175D)

Chapter 14 Command Device Commands

Chapter 15 Preventive Maintenance

Chapter 16 Satcom Definitions

The SIPR/NIPR Access Point (SNAP) is a complete communications terminal

NIPR Baseband Case:

SIPR Baseband Case:

1 – Case containing antenna base

1 – Case containing 1 center reflector and 4 pedals

1 – Antenna assembly case

1-User Accessory Case

Rack Mounted Router Configuration

Embedded Router Configuration

1-Accessories bag including all RJ-45 cables needed for cabling

Repeater in the sky

These satellites are in varying orbits around the earth:

Geostationary – 22,300 miles

• Accessible from virtually

• No need for extensive “link”

• Scales well for maneuver

• Current ground equipment

Angle of the transmission/reception wave

• Antenna determines coverage area on

There are three major segments within satellite communications:

Frequency bands of communication and reference satellites are a part of the

C-Band 5.9-6.4GHz 3.7-4.2GHz

X-Band 7.9-8.4GHz 7.25-7.75GHz

Ku-Band 13.75-14.5GHz 10.7-12.75GHz

Ka-Band 27.5-31GHz 18.3-20.2GHz

Military 30-31GHz 20.2-21.2GHz

Commercial 27.5-30GHz 20.2-21.2GHz

TDMA is a digital transmission technology that allows a number of users to

Major characteristics of TDMA are:

Users share carrier(s) for both xmit and receive.

TDMA Characteristics Unique to the Linkway S2 Modem:

Unique in the industry, the LinkWayS2 is a mesh MF-TDMA modem with

ERROR ERROR ERROR

Wind Loading Hazard

It is recommended that antenna assembly be performed at wind speeds under 35

• 50 foot (minimum) separation between dish

Feed Assembly – contains components for signal conditioning of TX & Rx signals

Note: Make sure that the

The Block UpConverter (BUC) up-converts an L-Band frequency to a Ku Band or

2. Connect the antenna control cable to J1 on the positioner base.

3. Connect the red TX cable to the TX connector on the positioner base.

4. Connect the blue RX cable to the RX connector on the positioner base.

6. Connect the red TX cable to TX on the rear of the RF Equipment Case.

7.Connect the blue RX cable to RX on the rear of the RF Equipment Case.

9.Connect the GPS antenna to J4 on the rear of the RF Equipment Case.

Satellite Modem (Linkway S2) – TDMA satellite modem

Ground – Ground wire connection point

Multi-carrier, multi-rate, Multiple-Frequency Time Division Multiple Access (MF-

Battery Compartment – Houses the external battery

Press the ENTER button til the CODE setting is flashing

Press + to RUN NOW and Press ENTER

Press the ENTER button until RefX is highlighted. Press the + or -

Press the ENTER button until RefY is selected. Press the + or –

Now the operator has programmed the reference satellite. It is optimal to

Press The ENTER button to highlight SatA and use the + or – to toggle to SatA.

Press the ENTER Button til SatA is highlighted in the lower left hand corner.

Press the ENTER Button til SatB is highlighted in the lower right hand corner.

Using the + or – buttons toggle between HorzDN and VertDN

Using the + or – buttons ensure SatA is selected, Press ENTER. At this

The System is now ready for modem bootfile configuration.