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    Virus Introduction of Virus: Martinus Beijerinck Discovered The Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) From The

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    rafiul muttakim
    Viruses are extremely small infectious particles that can multiply only inside living host cells. They were first observed in the late 19th century when they were found to infect tobacco plants. Since then, over 5,000 types of viruses have been described, though there are likely millions of different types. Viruses range greatly in size but are generally 20-400 nanometers in diameter. They have no cellular structure or metabolism of their own and are composed primarily of nucleic acid surrounded by protein. Viruses exist in a biological gray area between living and non-living, as they can replicate but only inside host cells and are otherwise inert.

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    Virus Introduction of Virus: Martinus Beijerinck Discovered The Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) From The

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    rafiul muttakim
    60 views5 pages
    Viruses are extremely small infectious particles that can multiply only inside living host cells. They were first observed in the late 19th century when they were found to infect tobacco plants. Since then, over 5,000 types of viruses have been described, though there are likely millions of different types. Viruses range greatly in size but are generally 20-400 nanometers in diameter. They have no cellular structure or metabolism of their own and are composed primarily of nucleic acid surrounded by protein. Viruses exist in a biological gray area between living and non-living, as they can replicate but only inside host cells and are otherwise inert.

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    Viruses are extremely small infectious particles that can multiply only inside living host cells. They were first observed in the late 19th century when they were found to infect tobacco plants. Since then, over 5,000 types of viruses have been described, though there are likely millions of different types. Viruses range greatly in size but are generally 20-400 nanometers in diameter. They have no cellular structure or metabolism of their own and are composed primarily of nucleic acid surrounded by protein. Viruses exist in a biological gray area between living and non-living, as they can replicate but only inside host cells and are otherwise inert.

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    60 views5 pages

    Virus Introduction of Virus: Martinus Beijerinck Discovered The Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) From The

    Uploaded by

    rafiul muttakim
    Viruses are extremely small infectious particles that can multiply only inside living host cells. They were first observed in the late 19th century when they were found to infect tobacco plants. Since then, over 5,000 types of viruses have been described, though there are likely millions of different types. Viruses range greatly in size but are generally 20-400 nanometers in diameter. They have no cellular structure or metabolism of their own and are composed primarily of nucleic acid surrounded by protein. Viruses exist in a biological gray area between living and non-living, as they can replicate but only inside host cells and are otherwise inert.

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    VIRUS

    Introduction of Virus
     The word virus has come from the Latin virus referring to poison and other
    noxious substances, first used in English in 1392. In ancient period any
    pathogenic poisonous substances are called as virus.

    Definition
     According to MERRIAM WEBSTER DICTIONARY, virus is an
    extremely small living thing that causes a disease and that spreads from
    one person or animal to another.
     Viruses are very small, submicroscopic, infectious particles of protein
    and nucleic acid that produce significant and infectious diseases in plants
    and animals. Virus can multiply within specific living hosts and exist as
    no living substance outside of any biological entity.

    The history of Virus


    Virus were not known to biologists for a long time due to their
    ultramicroscopic structure although their presence was apparent by infectious
    which were not due to bacteria. They attracted the attention of investigators in the
    19th century when mosaic disease (TMV) caused severe damaged to commercially
    important tobacco crops. Russian scientist Dmitri Ivanosky (1892) describing a
    non bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants. In, 1898, Dutch microbiologist
    Martinus Beijerinck discovered the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) from the
    tobacco plants.

    American virologist, Wendell Stanly in 1935 isolated any crystallized TMV from
    the infested leaves of tobacco. For this contribution he was awarded the Novel
    price in Chemistry in 1946. English scientist F.C Bawden and N.W Pirie in 1937
    have proved that viruses are chemically nucleic acid and protein components. In
    1901 Walter reed first discovered the virus of yellow fever disease in human.
    Robart Gallo and Luc Montagnier in 1984 independently discovered the virus
    HIV that causes AIDS. In 1989 Harvey J. Alter discovered the hepatitis C virus.
    From the beginning about 5,000 virus heave been described in details, although are
    millions of different types.

    Types of virus

    Vaccinia 29 bacteriophage HIV

    IBV TMV INFLUENZA

    SIZE OF VIRUS
    The proteins and nucleic acid of viruses determine their size and shape. The
    nucleic acid and proteins of each class of viruses assemble themselves into a
    structure called a nucleoprotein. Some viruses have more than one layer
    of protein surrounding the nucleic acid; still others have a lipoprotein membrane
    (called an envelope), derived from the membrane of the host cell, that surrounds
    the nucleoprotein core. Penetrating the membrane are additional proteins that
    determine the specificity of the virus to host cells. The protein and nucleic
    acid constituents have properties unique for each class of virus; when assembled,
    they determine the size and shape of the virus for that specific class. The genomes
    of Mimi viruses and Pandora viruses, which are some of the largest known viruses,
    range from 1 to 2.5 Mb (1 Mb = 1,000,000 base pairs of DNA).
    Most viruses vary in diameter from 20 nano-metres (nm; 0.0000008 inch) to 250–
    400 nm; the largest, however, measure about 500 nm in diameter and are about
    700–1,000 nm in length. Only the largest and most complex viruses can be seen
    under the light microscope at the highest resolution.

    General characteristics
    A large number of viruses are now known. They exhibit diversity of from and
    infect a number of organisms. Despite diversity of from and structure, they
    wrapped up in an important characteristics common to all types of viruses

    1. They are ultramicroscopic entities


    2. They have no cellular organization and also no metabolic machinery of their
    cover
    3. They are simple in structure, basically composed of nucleic acid wrapped
    protein coat.
    4. Nucleic acid is only of one type, either DNA or RNA, but never both
    5. They are obligatory intracellular parasitic as they are completely inactive
    outsides the hosts.
    6. They may go underground mountains.
    7. They are unaffected by antimicrobial antibiotics.
    8. They are incapable of growth and divisions.

    Biological positions of Virus


    Virus lack a cytoplasmic membrane and they do not have the basic component of a
    cell. They can only replicate inside the host cell. Outside the host cell, they are
    non-living . Thus viruses show characteristic of both living and non living.

    Non living characters of viruses :

    A. They can be crystallized.


    B. Outside the cell, they behave like inert chemicals.
    C. They do not show growth, developments, nutrition, reproductions, etc.
    D. They can be precipitated.

    Living characteristic of viruses :

    A. They multiply in host cell


    B. They progress genetic material, either DNA or RNA
    C. They have definite races or strains
    D. They exhibit mutations

    Viruses from unique bridge between living and non living things. Nobel
    laureate A.lwoff (1953) identified viruses as virus and defined them nor a living
    substance neither a non living substance but in between them as individual
    existence. According to SALLE (1974) the virus are nothing but as chemicals in
    between the living cells.

    Virus Habit

    Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on earth and are the most abundant
    type of biological entity. There are several viruses that have an animal or plant
    reserviour from where they affect humans.

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