Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 6
Bending

Tishk International University

Civil Engineering Department
Second Year (2020-2021)
Mechanics of Materials
Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen Mohammed Saeed
Najmadeen_qasre@uor.edu.krd
6. Bending
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• Determine stress in members caused
by bending
• Discuss how to establish shear and
moment diagrams for a beam or shaft
• Determine largest shear and moment in a
member, and specify where they occur
• Consider members that are straight, symmetric
x-section and homogeneous linear-elastic material
• Consider special cases of unsymmetrical bending and
members made of composite materials

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 2

6. Bending
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Shear and Moment Diagrams
2. Graphical Method for Constructing Shear
and Moment Diagrams
3. Bending Deformation of a Straight Member
4. The Flexure Formula
5. Unsymmetrical Bending
6. Composite Beams
7. Reinforced Concrete Beams
8. Stress Concentrations

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 3

6. Bending

Shear and Moment

Diagrams

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 4

6. Bending
BEAMS AND LOADINGS
The member that resists transverse load (perpendicular to longitudinal
axis) and slender are called beams. In general, beams are long, straight
having a constant cross sectional area. The applied loads on the induced
an internal shear force and bending moment. In order to design a beam,
the maximum shear and moment at different location must be
determined. Shear, V, and moment, M, can be expressed as a function at
arbitrary position x along beam`s axis. The shear and moment function
must be determined for each region of the beam located between any
discontinuities of loading.
A cantilever beam: with a
concentrated at B and a couple
at A.
A simply supported:
beam with distributed load.
Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 5
6. Bending
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

• Members that are slender and support loadings

applied perpendicular to their longitudinal axis are
called beams

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 6

6. Bending
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

• Depends on the support configuration

FH
Pin
FV
FV
FH Fixed
Roller

M
Fv Roller Pin
FH

FV FV
Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 7
6. Bending
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

• In order to design a beam, it is necessary to

determine the maximum shear and moment in the
beam
• Express V and M as functions of arbitrary position
x along axis.
• These functions can be represented by graphs
called shear and moment diagrams
• Engineers need to know the variation of shear and
moment along the beam to know where to
reinforce it

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 8

6. Bending
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Internal loading at a specified Point

In General
•The loading for coplanar structure will
consist of a normal force N, shear force V,
and bending moment M.
•These loading actually represent the resultants
of the stress distribution acting over the member’s
cross-sectional.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 9

6. Bending
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Shear & Moment Diagrams (By Section Method)

Shear Force Diagram (SFD):

The diagram which shows the variation of shear force
along the length of the beam is called Shear Force
Diagram (SFD).

Bending Moment Diagram (BMD):

The diagram which shows the variation of bending
moment along the length of the beam is called
Bending Moment Diagram (BMD).

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 10

6. Bending
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

• Shear and bending-moment functions must be

determined for each region of the beam between
any two discontinuities of loading

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 11

6. Bending
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Beam sign convention

• Although choice of sign convention is arbitrary, in
this course, we adopt the one often used by
engineers:

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 12

6. Bending
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

SIGN CONVENTION
The positive directions are as follows: the internal shear force
causes a clockwise rotation of the beam segment on which it acts;
and the internal moment causes compression in the top fibers of
the segment such that it bends the segment such that it holds
water

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 13

6. Bending
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
SIGN CONVENTION

“Happy” Beam is +VE “Sad” Beam is -VE

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 14
6. Bending
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Sign Convention
+ve Sign

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 15

6. Bending
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
IMPORTANT
• Beams are long straight members that carry loads
perpendicular to their longitudinal axis. They are
classified according to how they are supported
• To design a beam, we need to know the variation
of the shear and moment along its axis in order to
find the points where they are maximum
• Establishing a sign convention for positive shear
and moment will allow us to draw the shear and
moment diagrams

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 16

6. Bending
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Procedure for analysis
Support reactions
• Determine all reactive forces and couple moments acting on
beam
• Resolve all forces into components acting perpendicular and
parallel to beam’s axis
• Free-Body Diagram
• Equation of Equilibrium
Shear and moment functions
• Specify separate coordinates x having an origin at beam’s
left end, and extending to regions of beam between
concentrated forces and/or couple moments, or where there
is no discontinuity of distributed loading
Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 17
6. Bending
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Procedure for analysis
Shear and moment functions
• Section beam perpendicular to its axis at each
distance x
• Draw free-body diagram of one segment
• Make sure V and M are shown acting in positive
sense, according to sign convention
• Sum forces perpendicular to beam’s axis to get
shear
• Sum moments about the sectioned end of segment
to get moment

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 18

6. Bending
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Procedure for analysis
Shear and moment diagrams
• Plot shear diagram (V vs. x) and moment diagram
(M vs. x)
• If numerical values are positive, values are plotted
above axis, otherwise, negative values are plotted
below axis
• It is convenient to show the shear and moment
diagrams directly below the free-body diagram

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 19

6. Bending
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

p
Ay = Cy =
2
Segment AB 0 ≤ x ≤ L/2
p p
å fy = 0 Þ - v = 0 Þ v =
2 2
p p
åM = 0 Þ x - M = 0 Þ M = x
2 2

Segment BC L/2 ≤ x ≤ L
p p
å fy = 0 Þ - p-v = 0 Þ v =-
2 2
p L p
å M = 0 Þ x - M - p(x - ) = 0 Þ M = (L - x)
2 2 2
Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 20
6. Bending
6.1 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS

COMMON RELATIONSHIPS

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 21

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.1

Determine the internal shear and moment acting in the

cantilever beam shown in figure at sections passing
through points C & D

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 22

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.1 (Cont.)

 F =0
y - VC - 5 - 5 - 5 = 0
VC =15kN
M C = 0  - M c - 5(1) - 5(2) - 5(3) - 20 = 0
M c = -50kN.m
Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 23
6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.1 (Cont.)

 F =0
y  VD - 5 - 5 - 5 - 5 = 0
VC = 20kN
M C = 0  - M D - 5(1) - 5(2) - 5(3) - 20 = 0
M D = -50kN.m
Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 24
6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.2
Determine the internal shear and moment acting in section 1 in the
beam as shown in figure
18kN

RA = RB = 9kN

6kN

F = 0y  -V + 9 - 6 = 0
V = 3kN
M at section = 0 M + 6(1) - 9(2) = 0
M D = 12kN.m
Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 25
6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.3

Determine the internal shear and moment acting in

the cantilever beam shown in figure at sections
passing through points C

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 26

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.3 (Cont.)

F = 0
y  -VC + 9 - 3 = 0
V =6k
M c = 0 Mc + 3(2) - 9(6) = 0
M D = 48k. ft
Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 27
6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.4
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for
the beam shown.
Solution:
From the free-body diagram of the left segment, we apply the
equilibrium equations,

Left segment of the beam extending a

distance x within region BC is as follow,

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 28

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.4 (Cont.)

The shear diagram represents

a plot of Eqs. 1 and 3 ➔

The moment diagram represents

a plot of Eqs. 2 and 4 ➔

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 29

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.5
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
beam shown
Solution:
The distributed load is replaced by its resultant
force and the reactions.
Intensity of the triangular load at the
section is found by proportion,

Resultant of the distributed loading is

determined from the area under the
diagram,

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 30

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.5 (Cont.)

The shear diagram represents

a plot of Eqs. 1 ➔

The shear diagram represents

a plot of Eqs. 1 ➔

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 31

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.6
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for beam
shown below.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 32

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.6 (Cont.)
Solution:
2 regions of x must be considered in order to describe
the shear and moment functions for the entire beam.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 33

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.6 (Cont.)
Shear and moment
diagrams

The shear diagram represents a

plot of Eqs. 1 and 3 ➔

The moment diagram represents

a plot of Eqs. 2 and 4 ➔

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 34

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.7
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for beam
shown below.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 35

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.7 (Cont.)

wL
å fy = 0 Þ - wx - v = 0
2
L
v = w( - x)
2
wL x
åM = 0 Þ ( )x - (wx)( ) - M = 0
2 2
w
M= (Lx - x 2 )
2
L L
v = w( - x) = 0 Þ x =
2 2
w é æ L ö æ L ö ù wL2
2

M max = ê L ç ÷ - ç ÷ ú =
2 êë è 2 ø è 2 ø úû 8
Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 36
6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.8
Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams [SFD and
BMD] for a simply supported beam subjected to three point
loads as shown in the Fig. given below.

Solution:
Using the condition: ΣMA = 0
- RB × 8 + 8 × 7 + 10 × 4 + 5 × 2 = 0 ➔ RB = 13.25 N
Using the condition: ΣFy = 0
RA + 13.25 = 5 + 10 + 8 ➔ RA = 9.75 N
Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 37
6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.8 (Cont.)

Shear Force at the section 1-1 is denoted as V1-1

Shear Force at the section 2-2 is denoted as V2-2 and so on...
V0-0 = 0; V1-1 = + 9.75 N V6-6 = - 5.25 N
V2-2 = + 9.75 N V7-7 = 5.25 – 8 = -13.25 N
V3-3 = + 9.75 – 5 = 4.75 N V8-8 = -13.25
V4-4 = + 4.75 N V9-9 = -13.25 +13.25 = 0
V5-5 = +4.75 – 10 = - 5.25 N
Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 38
6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.8 (Cont.)
5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2m 2m 3m 1m
9.75N 9.75N
4.75N 4.75N

SFD 5.25N 5.25N

13.25N
Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 13.25N 39
6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.8 (Cont.)

Bending moment at A is denoted as MA

Bending moment at B is denoted as MB
and so on…
MA = 0 [ since it is simply supported]
MC = 9.75 × 2= 19.5 Nm
MD = 9.75 × 4 – 5 × 2 = 29 Nm
ME = 9.75 × 7 – 5 × 5 – 10 × 3 = 13.25 Nm
MB = 9.75 × 8 – 5 × 6 – 10 × 4 – 8 × 1 = 0
or MB = 0 [ since it is simply supported]

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 40

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.8 (Cont.)
5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2m 2m 3m 1m
29Nm
19.5Nm
13.25Nm

BMD
Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 41
6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.8 (Cont.)

5N 10N 8N
A B
C D E
2m 2m 3m 1m
9.75N 9.75N
4.75N 4.75N

SFD 5.25N 5.25N

13.25N 13.25N
29Nm
19.5Nm 13.25Nm

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen BMD 42

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.9
Draw SFD and BMD for the single side overhanging beam
subjected to loading as shown below. Mark salient points
on SFD and BMD.

60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m

A
C B D

3m 2m 2m

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 43

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.9 (Cont.)
Solution: Calculation of reactions:
ΣMA = 0
-RB × 5 + ½ × 3 × 60 × (2/3) × 3 +20 × 4 × 5 + 20 × 7 = 0 ➔ RB =144kN
ΣFy = 0
RA + 144 – ½ × 3 × 60 – 20 × 4 -20 = 0 ➔ RA = 46kN

Shear Force Calculations:

V0-0 =0 ; V1-1 = + 46 kN V4-4 = - 84 + 144 = + 60kN
V2-2 = +46 – ½ × 3 × 60 = - 44 kN V5-5 = +60 – 20 × 2 = + 20 kN
V3-3 = - 44 – 20 × 2 = - 84 kN V6-6= 20 – 20 = 0 (Check)

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 44

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.9 (Cont.)
60kN/m
20kN
20kN/m
1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6
RB = 144kN
RAA = 46kN 3m 2m 2m

46kN Parabola 60kN

20kN

SFD 44kN
84kN
Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 45
6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.9 (Cont.)
Max. bending moment will occur at the section where the shear force is
zero. The SFD shows that the section having zero shear force is
available in the portion AC. Let that section be X-X, considered at a
distance ‘x’ from support A as shown above. The shear force
expression at that section should be equated to zero. i.e.,
Vx-x = 46 – ½ .x. (60/3)x = 0 ➔ x = 2.145 m
Calculation of bending moments:
MA = M D = 0
MC = 46 × 3 – ½ × 3 × 60 × (1/3 × 3) = 48 kNm[Considering LHS of
section]
MB = -20 × 2 – 20 × 2 × 1 = - 80 kNm [Considering RHS of section]
Absolute Maximum Bending Moment,
Mmax = 46 × 2.145 – ½ × 2.145 ×(2.145 × 60/3) × (1/3 × 2.145)
= 65.74 kNm
Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 46
6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.9 (Cont.)

65.74kNm

Cubic Parabola
parabola

Point of
BMD Contra flexure
Parabola
80kNm

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 47

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.10
Draw SFD and BMD for the single side overhanging beam
subjected to loading as shown below. Mark salient points
on SFD and BMD.

40kN
0.5m
30kN/m
20kN/m
0.7m
A
B C D E

2m 1m 1m 2m

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 48

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.10 (Cont.)
40kN 30kN/m
0 1 20kN/m 2 4 6 7
3 20kNm5

A
0 1 B2 3 C 4 5 D6 E
7

2m 1m 1m 2m
Solution: Calculation of reactions:
ΣMA = 0
-RD × 4 + 20 × 2 × 1 + 40 × 3 + 20 + ½ × 2 × 30 × (4+2/3) = 0
-➔ RD =80kN
ΣFy = 0
RA + 80 – 20 × 2 - 40 - ½ × 2 × 30 = 0 ➔ RA = 30 kN

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 49

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.10 (Cont.)
1 20kN/m 40kN 30kN/m
6
2 3 4 5 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
RD =80kN
RA =30kN
2m 1m 1m 2m

Calculation of Shear Forces: V0-0 = 0

V1-1 = 30 kN V5-5 = - 50 kN
V2-2 = 30 – 20 × 2 = - 10kN V6-6 = - 50 + 80 = + 30kN
V3-3 = - 10kN V7-7 = +30 – ½ × 2 × 30 = 0(check)
V4-4 = -10 – 40 = - 50 kN

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 50

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.10 (Cont.)

Calculation of Shear Forces: V0-0 = 0

V1-1 = 30 kN V5-5 = - 50 kN
V2-2 = 30 – 20 × 2 = - 10kN V6-6 = - 50 + 80 = + 30kN
V3-3 = - 10kN V7-7 = +30 – ½ × 2 × 30 = 0(check)
V4-4 = -10 – 40 = - 50 kN

30kN Parabola
30kN

x = 1.5 m
10kN 10kN
SFD
50kN 50kN

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 51

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.10 (Cont.)

1 20kN/m 40kN 30kN/m

6
2 3 4 5 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
RD =80kN
RA =30kN
2m 1m 1m 2m
Calculation of bending moments:
MA = M E = 0
MX = 30 × 1.5 – 20 × 1.5 × 1.5/2 = 22.5 kNm
MB= 30 × 2 – 20 × 2 × 1 = 20 kN.m
MC = 30 × 3 – 20 × 2 × 2 = 10 kN.m (section before the couple)
MC = 10 + 20 = 30 kN.m (section after the couple)
MD = - ½ × 30 × 2 × (1/3 × 2) = - 20 kN.m (Considering RHS of the section)

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 52

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.10 (Cont.)
40kN 30kN/m
20kN/m
X 20kNm
A
B C D E
x = 1.5 m X
RA
2m 1m 1m RD 2m
22.5kNm 30kNm
20kNm
Parabola 10kNm
Point of contra flexure

Cubic parabola

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 20kNm 53

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.11
For the timber beam and loading shown, draw the
shear and bending moment diagrams and determine
the maximum moment.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 54

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.11 (Cont.)

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 55

6. Bending
EXAMPLE 6.11 (Cont.)
Identify the maximum shear
and bending moment from
plots of their distributions.
Vm = 26kN
Mm = MB = 50kNm

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 56

6. Bending

Graphical Method For

Constructing Shear And
Moment Diagrams

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 57

6.Bending
Bending

Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen 58